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Civic spaces outside of the city:Shooting ranges in the Holy Roman Empire
Jean-Dominique Delle Luche
LabEx HASTEC (Histoire et Anthropologie des Savoirs, Techniques et Croyances)Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris (Paris 1)
A European phenomenon since the 14th-15th centuries
● Late medieval urban warfare : bow or crossbow as typical equipment for city defense and urban contingents
● Shooting grounds as training field for the growing use of fireweapons in cities and territories ("Military revolution")
Hartmann Schedel,Weltchronik 1492/1493
Wurtzburg
Toponymy as evidence of an European phenomenon
Schützen-/Schießhaus, Maison, jardin, clos, champ, place de l'arbalète/arquebuse
Schießwasen, -plan, -rain, Schützenwiese, Schützenmatte
Butte, Ziel, DoelenPapegai, Popinjay, Vogelstange
Festive meadows
Rosenau (Augsburg)Haller Wiese (Nuremberg)
Pfingstwiese (Leipzig)
The popinjay of Penig, Saxony in Braun & Hogenberg's
Civitates Orbis Terrarum VI20 (1617)
Topography● Flat meadows
● Unurbanized non aedificandi spaces
● Relocations rather rare in the Early Modern (cemeteries, bastions, princely residences)
● Continuous use up to the 19th century (defortification, railway stations)
The handgunners' complex in ZurichJos Murer, 1576
Limmat river
Limetrees
Sandclock at the shooting stands
Evolving places● Liability to war, fire and arson,
flooding
● Crossbowmen's fields unfit for the wider range of handguns : new shooting fields in the second half of the 15th century
● Growing differenciation wooden huts / representative stone buildings
● Lotteries for new Dutch marksmen guildhalls
Territorial city of Rottenburg (Swabia)House built ca. 1582 : 150m² x 2 floors
Cost of the house of Thann (Alsace) : 150 lb
Handgunners's house in Nuremberg (1582)(photo below)
Cost of the building : 7700 lb
Building complexes● Stand, targets or popinjay,
huts, walls,
● Sand / mechanic clocks for the crossbowmen
● House and tavern
● Lime trees
Clocktower Gate of Lauf (inner wall)
Target
Nuremberg's arquebuse house, 1582/1583
Relocation of the lime tree in Zurich
Civic spaces● Mandatory place for proofing
and using loaded weapons
● Training field of the marksmen society, festive place of the marksmen interurban contests and bowling greens
● Typical landmark of the German city for visitors (Machiavelli, Montaigne) and in urban engravings
Shooting places in the Braun-Hogenberg engraving series
Popinjays : Bardowick, Bremen, Breslau, Cracow, Görlitz, Iena, Königsberg, Luneburg, Magdeburg, Neisse, Penig, Prague, Straubing, Weimar
Shooting grounds : Basel, Dantzig, Dresden, Freiberg, Hildesheim, Kempten, Marienberg, Nördlingen, Regensburg, St. Gall, Stettin, Stade, Strasbourg, Zurich, Norwich
Actual Northern GermanySouthern Germany [+ Alsace,
Switzerland]Cities with important german
culture
Uses for not-so-quite soft power
Casus belli against neighbours
St. Gallen vs Prince-Abbot 1485 (War 1489-1490)
Free City of Cologne vs the Archbishop 1581 (War 1583-1588)
Destruction of shooting facilities as common border conflict
Diebold Schilling d. J., Luzerner Chronik fol.321vConstance vs Kreuzlingen Abbey 1509
Competition and solidarity● Contests : occasions for the
city for showing off new buildings (city house, shooting house)...
● One of the rare buildings to benefit from Swiss confederate subventions (stained glass panels)
Canton panel of Uri, ca. 1550Unknown provenience
W.Tell