keramikuli nakeTobani

medieval georgiaceramics in theSua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

In memory of academician Levan Chilashvili - the author of the idea for creation the album

Author of the album and the introductory letter: Nodar Bakhtadze

Authors of annotations and bibliography: Nodar Bakhtadze; Margalita Chemia

Editorial group: David Lortkipanidze; Ramin Ramishvili; Zurab Tvalchrelidze; Mikheil Tsereteli

The photos in the album are provided by Georgian Monuments Photo Recording Laboratory personnel, also by G. Bumbiashvili, L. Chilashvili, N. Bakhtadze, G. Bagrationi, G. Chubinashvili, J. Chkhvimiani.

© Georgian National Museum© Nodar Bakhtadze

eZRvneba am albomis Seqmnis ideis avtoris, akademikos levan WilaSvilis xsovnas

albomis Semdgeneli da Sesavali werilis avtori: nodar baxtaZe

anotaciebis da bibliografiis Semdgenlebi: nodar baxtaZe, margalita Cemia

saredaqcio jgufi: daviT lorTqifaniZe; ramin ramiSvili; zurab TvalWreliZe; mixeil wereTeli

albomSi gamoyenebuli fotoebi gadaRebulia saqarTvelos xelovnebis ZeglTa fiqsaciis laboratoriis TanamSromlebis, agreTve g. bumbiaSvilis, l. WilaSvilis, n. baxtaZis, g. bagrationis, g. CubiniSvilis, j. Cxvimianis mier.

© saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi© nodar baxtaZe

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Georgia is situated in the Caucasus. The western part of the country is washed by the Black Sea. The state bound-ary generally passes along the main Caucasus ridge from the North and borders with Russia and the countries compris-ing Russian Federation - in particular, Karachai-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ossetia, Chechnya, Ingushetia, and Dagestan. Georgia borders with Azerbaijan from the East, Turkey and Armenia – from the South. The country covers the area of 69 500 square kilometres, its population makes up approximately 5 million.

Almost all climatic zones characteristic for the earth are represented on the territory of Georgia – from the Black Sea-shore humid subtropics to always snow-capped and glacial peaks of Caucasus mountain ridge, at times exceeding 5000 meters in height.

Larger part of the Georgian territory is covered with wooded mountainous ranges; between them fertile valleys, abundant with irrigation and drinking water, are situated. Mildly warm and dry climate created ideal conditions for hu-man residence from ancient times. Traces of the oldest hom-inid habitation dated from 1.8 million years ago (in Dmanisi) have been discovered here. As it seems, many regions of the Georgian territory were cultivated for living during the stages following the Lithic as well as the Bronze metallurgical ages.

Favourable climatic conditions and geographical proxim-ity to the ancient civilization of the Asian Near East countries defined formation of the Georgian statehood at a rather early age. For example, power and high culture developed by one of the first state and political formation established by Geor-gian ethnic group – Kolkheti (Colchis), is well reflected in the ancient Greek myth concerning Argonaut voyage to Georgia in the quest to obtain the Golden Fleece.

The Kolkheti Kingdom existed until Hellenistic age. Later traditions were continued by the Kingdom of Kartli, formed in the Eastern Georgia at the turn of the IV-III centuries B.C., known in the ancient Greek and Roman sources under the name of Caucasian Iberia. According to the Georgian historic sources, the founder of the state – king Parnavaz is ascribed to create one of the oldest in the world Georgian written lan-guage and book learning as well. Later in the late antique age the Kingdom of Iberia almost constantly had to balance for hegemony over Asian Near East between two confronting empires – Rome and Iran.

saqarTvelo samxreT kavkasiaSi mdebareobs. qveyanis farTobia 69 500 kv. km; mosaxleobis raodenoba 5 milonamdea.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmodgenilia dedamiwis xmeleTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TiTqmis yvela klimaturi zona _ dawyebuli Savi zRvis sanapiros notio subtropikebiT da damTavrebuli maradiuli TovliT dafaruli kavkasionis qedis mwvervalebiT, romelTagan zogierTis simaRle 5000 m-s aRemateba.

saqarTvelos teritoriis didi nawili daserilia tyiani qedebiT, romelTa Soris moqceulia nayofieri, sarwyavi da sasmeli wyliT mdidari velebi. zomierad Tbili da mSrali hava odiTganve idealur pirobebs qmnida adamianTa binadrobisTvis. sworedAamitom, saqarTelos teritoriis mravali regioni intensiurad yofila aTvisebuli sacxovreblad qvis xanisa da brinjaos metalurgiis epoqis yovel stadiaze.

xelsayrelma klimaturma pirobebma da wina aziis uZvelesi civilizaciis qveynebTan geografiulma siaxlovem ganapiroba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sakmaod adreuli Camoyalibeba. magaliTad, qarTuli eTnosis erT-erTi pirveli saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri warmonaqmnis, kolxeTis samefos Zliereba da maRali kultura kargad aisaxa Zvel berZnul miTSi, sadac moTxrobilia argonavtebis am qveyanaSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb oqros sawmisis mosapoveblad.

kolxeTis tradicia gaagrZela Zv. w. IV-III saukuneTa mijnaze aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebulma qarTlis samefom, romelic Zvel berZnul da romaul wyaroebSi kavkasiis iberiis saxeliTaa cnobili. qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, swored am saxelmwifos fuZemdebel mefe farnavazs miewereba msoflioSi erT-erTi uZvelesi, qarTuli damwerlobis da mwignobrobis Seqmna.

326 wels saqarTveloSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda da sul male marTlmadidebluri qristianoba qarTvelTa erovnul sarwmunoebad iqca. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis mravali dargi _ xuroTmoZRvreba, monumenturi ferwera Tu oqromWedloba, romelTa srulyofis gzazec qarTvelma xalxma msoflio mniSvnelobis mwvervalebs miaRwia, Tavisi arsiT qristianulia.

keramikuli nakeTobani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (saqrTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqciebidan)

Ceramics in the Medieval Georgia (Georgian National Museum Collections)

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In 326 during the reign of King Mirian, Christianity was declared state religion in Kartli. This was not only ideological but also political act: in the struggle between Iranian East and Greek-Roman worlds, Georgia made unambiguous choice in favour of western cultural and political orientation for once and forever. Throughout the later history, Georgia has never diverged from the mentioned above strategic policy.

Soon afterwards Orthodox Christianity became the Geor-gians national denomination. Since this period of time, the local, original material and spiritual culture has developed in different orientation. Spiritual life has undergone major al-terations – Georgian written language has been evolved and spread; Biblical texts, religious doctrines have been trans-lated from Greek, Latin and some other literary languages; original works - rich and priceless hagiographic as well as historiographic literature - have been created.

The whole Georgian medieval art - architecture, monu-mental painting or goldsmithery, which the Georgian people have mastered to perfection, and that reached the world heights – is of Christian nature per se.

Throughout centuries the Georgian state, especially after falling of the Byzantine Empire, remained the stronghold and outpost for Christianity in Islamic East. The entire history of Georgia represents the history of struggle for independence, sovereignty, maintenance of Christianity. In the XI-XIII cen-turies unified Georgia became the most powerful state in the Asian Near East and its dominions were stretched from Nikopsia to the Caspian Sea. At the given period of time eco-nomics and culture of Georgia reached its revival climax.

However, several centuries later, after Mongolian-Tatar and Temur Lang repeated expansions, Georgia suffered a lot of troubles and hardships and the Georgian nation was even under threat of physical extermination. Despite the men-tioned above facts, the enemy could not succeed in breaking down the Georgians’ resistance and conquering the entire Georgia. The Georgian nation, exerting all the spiritual forces as well as physical strength, frequently even at the expense of hard compromises and unredressed territorial losses, could maintain and handed down to present days the most valuable treasures and purities that it possessed: mother-land, language, faith.

Even though, existence or non-existence of the Georgian statehood by the end of the XVIII century turned out to be undecided. King of Kartli and Kakheti, Erekle II was forced to ask the closest powerful Christian country, Russian Empire for protection and patronage and in 1783 the appropriate treaty was concluded in Georgievsk. However, soon, in 1801 Russia violated the mentioned above agreement unilaterally and annexed by force at first Kartli and Kakheti kingdoms and subsequently over a period of 1810-1964 – all the remained kingdoms and princedoms of the separated and scattered country. The Georgian statehood ceased to exist but the na-tions’ aspiration for independence did not die. After the Rus-sian revolution, in 1918, under favourable circumstances, at

XII-XIII saukuneebSi erTiani saqarTvelo wina aziis uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca da misi samflobeloebi nikofsiidan kaspiis zRvamde iyo gadaWimuli. swored am periodSi miaRwia aRmavlobis kulminacias qarTuli saxelmwifos ekonomikam da kulturam. qarTvel xelovanTa Sedevrebi tols ar udebda bizantiuri kulturuli wris sxva dawinaurebuli qveynebis imJamindel miRwevebs.

Tumca, oriode saukunis Semdeg, monRol-TaTarTa Tu Temur-lengis urdoebis araerTgzisi eqspansiis Semdeg, saqarTvelos ukiduresi gaWirvebis xana daudga da qarTvel ers ფizikuri mospobis saSiSroebac ki daemuqra. Mmiuxedavad amisa, mterma ver moaxerxa qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexva da mTeli saqarTvelos damorCileba. SemdgomSic, mTeli gviani Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da XIX-XX saukuneebSic, qarTvelma erma udidesi sulieri da fizikuri ZalisxmeviT, xSirad mZime kompromisebisa da aunazRaurebeli teritoriuli danakargebis xarjzec ki, SeZlo mezobeli, didi imperiebis agresiisgan daecva da dRemde SeenarCunebina Tavisi kulturuli TviTmyofadoba.

Msruliad bunebrivia, rom amdenad mdidari istoriuli warsulis mqone saqarTvelos, metad mravalferovani kulturuli memkvidreoba xvda wilad. cxadia, didZali istoriuli Zeglebi zemoT aRniSnul, TiTqmis uwyvet peripetiebs Seewira, magram saqarTveloSi mainc sakmaod SemorCa warsul didebaze metyveli monumenturi xuroTmoZRvrebis, ferwerisa Tu gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebi.

warsulSi qarTuli ekonomikisa da xelovnebis maRal doneze mimaniSnebel artefaqtTagan mravalricxvovnebiT, mravalferovnebiTa da SedarebiT kargad daculobiT gamoirCeva Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva etapze damzadebuli, teqnologiurad daxvewili, maRalmxatvruli keramikuli nakeTobebis nimuSebi.

winamdebare, anotacebiTa da bibliografiiT aRWurvil albomSi, swored am epoqis Tixis nakeTobaTa koleqciebia warmodgenili. Aam eqsponatTa absoluturi umravlesobaBamJamad saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi Semaval s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis Sua saukuneebis fondebSia daculi. keramikuli nawarmisEes nimuSebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda (SemTxveviTi monapovrebi), saqarTvelos teritoriaze XX-XXI saukuneebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegadaa Sesuli muzeumSi. isini momdinareobs qveynis sxvadasxva regionebSi arqeologiurad Seswavlili naqalaqarebidan da nasoflarebidan, sasaxleebidan, qarvasla – qulbaqebidan, eklesiebidan, samonastro kompleqsebidan, TavdacviTi nagebobebidan da sxva Zeglebidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom am nakeTobaTagan zogierTi gaTxrebiT gamovlenil keramikul saxelosnoTa naSTebis

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long-awaited will of the population and by the efforts of the leading Georgian intelligentsia, the country declared its in-dependence.

The Georgian Democratic Republic, officially recognized by League of Nations and the world leading states, existed for only two years and 9 months. And again Soviet Russia de-nounced the agreement signed with Georgia and in February – March of 1921, despite the protests from most European and American countries, occupied the territory of Georgia and finally annexed it.

Only in 1991 the cherished dream of the Georgian nation came true – Georgia restored its independence. To the plea-sure of all progressive-minded people, and in spite of period-ical, temporary political and economic difficulties, new era of the sovereign Georgia revival started and is still in progress.

Having such a rich historic past, it’s absolutely natural that very distinctive cultural heritage fell to Georgia’s lot. Apparently, numerous historic monuments, pointing out the centuries-old material and spiritual life, were sacrificed due to the mentioned above almost continual peripeteias but yet sufficient samples of monumental architecture, paintings and applied art, revealing past glory of our country, still re-main in Georgia. From the artefacts demonstrating highly de-veloped levels of Georgian economic and art, highly artistic clay ware samples, brought to perfection from technological viewpoint and made at different stages of medieval centu-ries, can be distinguished by their particular variety, diversity and fair preservation.

Nowadays the richest and most valuable collections of medieval Georgian pottery presented in the given album, are kept in Georgian National Museum.

Georgian National Museum is one of the most outstand-

ing and important scientific and educational centre of the state. It was established in 2004 owing to unification of sev-eral leading museum institutions of the country. National Museum is the direct successor of the founded in 1852 in Tbilisi Caucasian Museum, which was the only scientific cen-tre in Caucasus for a long period of time. At present more than a million exhibits from Georgia as well as adjacent Mid-dle East countries are kept in the museum. The museum is of complex profile – next to collections reflecting material and spiritual culture, funds describing natural history are also preserved.

Absolute majority of the ceramic artworks, presented in the given album, are kept in medieval funds of included in the mentioned above museum unification - S. Janashia Geor-gian Museum, where besides rare exceptions (occasional findings), artefacts, discovered as a result of archaeological explorations carried out throughout the territory of Georgia, are preserved.

Systematic archaeological study of medieval monu-

teritoriazea aRmoCenili, naxevarfabrikatebTan, sawarmoo mowyobilobebTan da xelsawyoebTan erTad.

* * *

kacobriobis ganviTarebis xangrZlivma da winaaRmdegobriobiT aRsavse istoriam ramdenime didi aRmoCena icis, romelTac adamianTa sazogadoebis winsvlaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula. Zveli adamianis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCena, Tixis Taviseburebis migneba, misgan WurWlis gamoZerwva da gamowva iyo. kacobriobis winsvlasTan erTad, keramikuli WurWlis warmoeba TandaTan ixveweboda, teqnologiurad mdidrdeboda da dRemde ar Seuwyvetia ganviTareba. Ziebis uwyvet jaWvSi, Tixis nakeTobaTa warmoebis srulyofis mravali aspeqti gamoikveTa _ Sesaferisi nedleulis moZiebiT dawyebuli, maRalmxatvruli da natifi WurWlis esTetikuri efeqtiT damTavrebuli. ise, rom arqeolog mecnierebs da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis istoriis mkvlevarebs xelT aqvT keramikul nakeTobaTa damzadebis mravalaTaswlovani gamocdilebis amsaxveli artefaqtebi _ rogorc xeliT naZerwi, primitiuli nimuSebi, ise daxvewil teqnologiaze da maRal gemovnebaze metyveli naxelavebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom keramikuli warmoebis cikli arsobrivad TiTqos msgavsad gamoiyureba sxvadasxva xalxebSi, gansxvavebuli eTnosebis anTropologiuri Taviseburebebisa Tu sxvadasxva civilizaciaTa istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xelosnobis am dargs, ama Tu im epoqasa da regionSi, bevri ganmasxvavebeli niSani axasiaTebs. Tixis nakeTobaTa damzadebisa da Semkobis wesSi kargad aris areklili adgilobrivi tradiciebi, sameurneo da saojaxo yofa, rwmena-warmodgenebi da sxva eTnologiuri aspeqtebi.

Tixis WurWlis damzadebis saidumloebas qarTveli tomebi jer kidev neoliTis epoqaSi gaecvnen. AZv. w. IX-VII aTaswleulebis Zeglebze mopovebuli WuWlis mcirericxvovani nimuSebi srul safuZvels gvaZlevs es xana kavkasiis regionSi keramikuli warmoebis Casaxvis periodad vaRiaroT. Uunda iTqvas, rom am rigis primitiuli arqeologiuri monapovari tipologiurad metad axlos dgas xmelTaSua zRvis auzisa da wina aziis qveynebSi dadasturebul imavdroul nakeTobebTan.

Ggauwafavi xeliT damzadebuli Tixis nakeTobani SedarebiT mravalferovani xdeba e.w. `adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis~ fenebis Semcvel nasoflarebze (Zv. w. VI-V aTaswleulebi), sadac arcTu iSviaTad gvvxvdeba umi Tixisgan naZerwi skulpturebic ki. dRevandeli monacemebiT, amave epoqaSi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT Tixis (alizis) arqiteqturis Casaxvac.

Kkeramikuli warmoebis adreuli etapebidan udavod maRali doniT gamoirCeva adrebrinjaos

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ments in Georgia started from 30-s of the 20th century and these researches are still being provided successfully until recently. After almost a century-long field studies, along with other, very interesting artefacts, numerous, typologically and stylistically diverse pottery samples of the IV-XVIII centuries are discovered. These artworks have been found due to ar-chaeological excavations from the former settlements of vil-lages and towns, caravansaries – bazaar stores, churches, monastery complexes, defensive constructions and other ob-jects. Apart from this, several ceramic workshops and even large-scale enterprise centres together with their rather inter-esting production and semi-manufactured goods have been discovered.

Remarkable examples of ceramic artwork included in the given album and kept in Georgian National Museum, have been found in different historic areas of medieval Georgia. These are the following localities: Tbilisi, Dmanisi, Gudarekhi, Rustavi, Ujarma, Urbnisi, Nekresi, Cheremi, Nokalakevi, Zhin-vali, Gavazi, Areshi, Akhalkalaki in Javakheti, Chapala, Gremi, Telavi and others.

The presented album-catalogue with brief introduction, annotations and bibliography aims at providing the interest-ed reader with general, necessary information on rather in-teresting field of applied art developed in medieval Georgia.

The long, full of resistance history of human progress knows several great inventions, which played particular role in the advance of the society. One of the most important find-ings of the ancient man was discovery of clay peculiarities, modelling vessels out of it and annealing them. In the course of human advancement, pottery manufacture was gradually improving, enriching technologically and has been constantly developing until now. In this continuous quest, various as-pects for perfection of ceramic production have been dis-tinguished - starting from finding appropriate raw materi-als and ending with aesthetic effect of highly artistic and delicate vessels. Therefore, scientist and archaeologists and applied art history researchers hold in their hands artefacts reflecting thousand-year experience of pottery manufactur-ing – hand-moulded, primitive samples as well as artworks narrating about skilful technology and exquisite taste.

Despite the fact that the cycle of ceramic production in its essence seems to be the same in different peoples, the mentioned above craft is characterized by numerous distinctive features in one or another epoch and within dif-ferent regions, taking into account anthropological peculiari-ties of ethnic origin and historic and cultural development conditions of various civilizations. Local traditions as well as household activities, life domesticities, beliefs and other eth-nological aspects are well reflected in ceramic manufacturing and decorating.

The Georgian tribes acquainted themselves with the se-cret of pottery making as long ago as Neolith epoch. Few vessel samples obtained from the historical sites of the IX-VII

xana (Zv. w. IV-III aTasw.). garda imisa, rom am dros ukve daxvewili Cans WurWlis damzadebis teqnologia, metad mravalferovania TviT nawarmis asortimenti. keramikis ZiriTadi nawili sqelkeciania, xSirad gaprialebuli, Savi an mowiTalo zedapiriT. Ggvxvdeba didroni saojaxo, aseve mravalgvari momcro WurWeli. damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia viwro Ziri, ganieri muceli da Taviseburi, wibovani yurebi. saojaxo WurWlis garda im dros Tixisgan amzadebdnen originaluri formis kerebs da saritualo daniSnulebis nivTebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored am epoqidan dauwyiaT zrunva keramikul nakeTobaTa mxatvruli saxis srulyofaze; imdroindel WurWelze arcTu iSviaTad vxvdebiT frinvelebisa da cxovelebis gamosaxulebebs, agreTve geometriuli da astraluri niSnebis reliefurad gadmocemas.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi keramikuli warmoebis aRmavlobis tendecia kidev ufro gaZlierda. Uufro mravalferovani gaxda Tixis damuSavebis teqnologia. Ddaixvewa nawarmis formebi; mxatvrulad SemkobaSic mravalma siaxlem iCina Tavi _ swored am dros aRwevs maRal dones WurWlis moxatvis teqnika. rogorc varaudoben, vrceldeba keramikuli Carxic, riTac ufro intensiuri xasiaTi mieca Tixis nawarmis damzadebas.

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis bolos da I aTaswleulis dasawyisis keramikuli nawarmi upiratesad Savad an lega ferad aris gamomwvari. gamomsaxvelobiTiFformebi daxvewilia da mravalsaxiani. NnakeTobani xSirad Semkulia zoomorfuli ornamentiT.

Zv. w. bolo saukuneebidan Savad da legad gamomwvari Tixis nawarmis gverdiT sruluflebian adgils ikavebs wiTelkeciani keramika. WurWlis zedapiris gaprialeba da mowiTalo tonalobebSi SeRebva Semkobis erT-erT mTavar principad iqca. es siaxle gansakuTrebiT gabatonebul pozicias ikavebs Zv. w. pirvel saukuneebSi. amave dros, ufro mcire zomis Tixis WurWelSi, arcTu iSviaTia liTonis nawarmis formaTa imitireba; gaxSirda didi zomis, sakulto ritualebisTvis gankuTvnili Rvinis, WurWlis damzadeba, romlebzedac geometriuli ornamentTan erTad, sxvadasxva scenebia gamoxatuli adamianTa Tu cocxali samyaros sxva warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT.

aRniSnuli uZvelesi epoqebis qarTuli keramikuli nawarmi arasodes amJRavnebda izolirebis tendenciebs _ mis ganviTarebaSi aSkarad igrZnoboda Zveli samyaros mezobeli civilizaciebis keramikis sawarmoo centrebTan siaxlove da kavSiri; arcTu iSviaTad vxvdebiT ama Tu im regionis Tixis nawarmis identur formebs da teqnologiur xerxebs, rac mezobel xalxebTan mWidro kulturul-ekonomikur urTierTobebze migvaniSnebs.

Cv. w. IV saukunidan, mas Semdeg rac qveyanaSi qristianuli sarwmunoeba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda (326 w), axalma socialurma da kulturulma

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centuries afford us good ground to recognize the given period as origin of ceramic manufacture in the Caucasian region. It should be noted that the primitive archaeological findings of the mentioned above types are proved to stand typologically very close to those artworks referred to the same period and made in other countries around the world.

Clay ware made by unskilled craftsmen became relatively diverse in the layers of so called “early agricultural” village settlements (the VI-V millennium B.C.) where we frequently encounter even sculptures moulded from raw clay. According to the current data, origination of clay (unbaked adobe clay – “alizi”) architecture can be considered to be dated back to the same period of time.

The Early Bronze Age (the IV-III millennium B.C.) is un-doubtedly notable among all early stages of ceramic produc-tion for its high level. Apart from the fact that technology of vessel manufacturing seems to be well-developed at the re-ported period, assortment of production is rather diverse as well. Most part of the ceramic production is thick-walled and often polished, with black or reddish surface. We can also see large household crockery and various small-sized clay ware. Ceramics of the described period is characterized by narrow bottom, wide bodies and peculiar, arcuate, rib-like handles. Apart from household crockery, at the given period of time originally-shaped cult and ritual objects were made of clay. It should be mentioned that from this age craftsmen started paying attention to artistic improvement of ceramics; relief depictions and images of birds and animals along with geo-metrical as well as astral signs are not rare on the surfaces of the vessels of this period.

During the II millennium B.C. advancement tendency of ceramic manufacture strengthened even more. Clay process-ing technology became more diverse. Shapes of ware were improved; a lot of innovations in artistic decoration were provided as well – just at this period of time the decoration technique of crockery reaches high level. As it is supposed, ceramic machine by means of which clay ware manufacture became more intensive, was widely spread.

By the end of the II millennium and at the begin-ning of the I millennium B.C. ceramic products were mainly baked in black or grey colours. Various expressive forms are skilfully made. Clay ware is often decorated with zoomorphic ornaments.

Old Georgian ceramic artworks never exhibited a tendency to isolation – proximity and connection to ceramic manufacture centres of the ancient world adjacent civiliza-tions were obvious; identical shapes and technological meth-ods of clay production from one or another region can be fre-quently found - that points out to close cultural and economic relations with neighbouring peoples.

From the latest centuries B.C., along with black and grey baked clay ware, reddish-wall ceramic occupies its rightful place. Polishing of crockery surfaces and painting it in red-dish tonality became one of the main decoration principles.

yofam Zirfesvianad ucvala saxe qveynis ekonomikur struqturas, ramac cota xanSi mosaxleobis materialuri mwarmoeblobis aRmavali gziT ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. Ees pirvel rigSi Seexo soflis meurneobis dargebis upirates gavrcelebas, ramac, Tavis mxriv, sameurneo da saojaxo saWiroebis Tixis nawarmis mravalferovnebas daudo dasabami. amasTanave, am periodSi Tixis damuSavebis da nawarmis Semkobis mxatvrul-teqnikur dones wina epoqasTan SedarebiT winsvla ar ganucdia. erTaderTi, imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom e.w. gardamavali xanis, IV s-is Tixis nawarmis mniSvnelovani nawili (ZiriTadad tradiciul urbanul zonebSi damzadebuli keramika) arc dekadansis niSnebs amJRavnebs; am dros xelosnobis am dargSic, inerciiT, kvlav grZeldeba antikuri tradiciebi _ WurWlis keci guldasmiT aris damuSavebuli, zedapiri gaprialebulia an SeRebilia mowiTalod.

am droidan moyolebuli, mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba mieniWa meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli Tixis msxvili (qvevrebis) da wvrili WurWlis warmoebas: qristianul RvTismsaxurebaSi xom Rvinis warmoeba da moxmareba gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda, vinaidan Rvino macxovris sisxlis simbolod iqca da purTan erTad Seadgenda qristianobis erT-erTi mTavari saidumlos, ziarebis aucilebel komponents.

am drois saRvine, mcire zomis doqebi mravalgvari

formebiT gamoirCeva. amasTan, niSandoblivia, rom msgavsi keramika ZiriTadad IV s-is SedarebiT mdidrul samarxebSia dadasturebuli sxva samarxeul inventarTan, zogjer oqros samkaulTan erTadac ki. cxadia, amgvar inventariani samarxebi winaqristianuli tradiciis pirdapiri gamoZaxilia. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi gaTxrili, aseTi mravalferi masalis Semcveli samarxebi, savaraudod SeZlebul, Tumca sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis warmomadgenel moqalaqeebs ekuTvnoda. magaliTad: vaWrobiT da xelosnobiT dakavebul pirebs (urbnisi); aristokratuli wreebis, SesaZloa MMmmarTveli jgufis warmomadgenlebsac ki (modinaxe, armazis xevi).

keramikuli warmoebis Semdgomi ganviTareba mimdinareobda sazogadoebaSi patronymuri socialuri wyobis elementebis Casaxvis mxardamxar, `naturaluri~, agraruli meurneobis saWiroebasa da moTxovnebze aqcentirebiT. Mmeore mxriv, jer kidev ar iyo Sewyvetili antikur samyaros qveynebs Soris saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebi da, Sesabamisad, savaWro kavSirebi. swored amitom, am dros moTxovnileba gazrdila sqelkecian Tixis WurWelze, radganac isini saWiro iyo rogorc sasoflo produqciis xangrZlivad Sesanaxad da TandaTan mosaxmarad, ise eqsportisTvis dasasawyobeblad da, nawilobriv, transportirebisaTvisac (amforebi). Aam drois arqeologiuri Zeglebis gaTxrebis dros, xSirad

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The given innovation takes up especially dominating posi-tion during the I millennium B.C. At the same time, among the smaller-size pottery we often come across imitation of shapes found in metalwork; manufacture of larger-sized wine vessels, used for religious rituals became more frequent; to-gether with geometrical ornaments, different scenes with the participation of people or other representatives of wildlife are depicted on their surfaces.

A new cycle in Georgian ceramic manufacture started from the IV century A.D. Further development of this very im-portant and greatly popular field of material culture seemed to be closely linked to social and economic changes going on at the given period in the country that gave new cultural im-pulses to spiritual as well as everyday traditions of the Geor-gian society. It’s apparent that spread of Christianity in Geor-gia and its declaration as the state religion in 326 provided an outstanding contribution to the mentioned above altera-tions – new social and cultural reality fundamentally trans-formed economic structure of the country that after a period of time promoted progressive development of the popula-tion’s material productivity. This, first of all, concerned pre-dominant prevalence of agricultural fields that, in its turn, gave rise to diversity of household crockery; however, at the described stage clay processing and artistic and technical decoration of pottery in comparison with the previous epoch did not undergo significant positive changes. We can only say that considerable part of the clay ware of so called transition period, dated from the IV century (ceramics manufactured mainly in traditional urban areas) did not reveal any deca-dence signs either; Therefore, ceramic production of the IV century can be included in particular group notable for the features of two different epochs – antique and Christian. The mentioned above fact is well-reflected in technological as well as artistic peculiarities of the pottery – under its own inertia, antique traditions were continued: walls of the crockery are thoroughly worked up; surface is polished or painted in red-dish colours.

From this time onward, during the entire medieval centu-ries, even more importance was attached to manufacturing of large (“kvevri” – large wine jugs buried in the ground) as well as small-size wine vessels: as it is known, making and using wine played special role in Christian Divine Liturgy as wine became the symbol of Christ’s blood; along with bread it made up one of the main sacramental essence – wine and bread – blood and flesh of the Saviour, constitute necessary elements while performing Communion.

Small-size wine jugs of the given period are prominent for various shapes. At the same time, it is remarkable that similar ceramics, mainly of the IV century, are proved to be found in relatively luxurious burial places together with other sepulchral implements, sometimes even with golden jewel-lery. It’s obvious that such tombs with various implements

dasturdeba ramdenime aTeuli qvevris Semcveli marnebi da didZali saRvine WurWleuli. safiqrebelia, rom Rvino, sxva sasaqonlo produqtebTan erTad, Warbi raodenobiT gaedineboda rogorc Sida bazrebze, ise eqsportze. Uunda iTqvas, rom marnebis mowyobis aseTi suraTi, politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, Rvinis sazRvargareT eqsportis ramdenadme Semcireba-gazrdis kvalobaze damokidebuli masStaburobiT, Semdgomac SeiniSneba, praqtikulad mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze.

Rvinis dasayenebeli da Sesanaxi WurWeli _ qvevrebi, gamoirCeva kargi gamowviT, aqvT sada an dakeWnili pirebi, viwro da dabali yelebi, sferoseburi muclebi, konusisebri an viwro, brtyeli Zirebi; maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia sada an Tokisebrad ornamentirebuli irgvlivi reliefuri zolebi (rgalebi). zog maTgans amkobs jvris reliefuri gamosaxuleba an qarTuli warwerebi.

V-VI saukuneebis arqeologiur Zeglebze, sqelkedlian WurWelTan erTad gvxvdeba mcire zomis nawarmic, romlebic formebiTa da damzadebis teqnikiT naTesaobas amJRavnebs IV saukunis Tixis nakeTobebTan. maT axasiaTebs msxlisebri tani da Txeli kedlebi. wiTel da yavisferkeciani keramikis gverdiT Cndeba moTeTro-monacrisfrod gamomwvari Tixis WurWeli, yelis irgvliv wiboTi da yuriT. Mmsgavsi nawarmi, maT Soris oryurianebic, didi zomisac aris dadasturebuli. axasiaTebT brtyeli Zirebi. mcire zomis WurWeli ufro xSirad ornamentirebuli ar aris, Tumca gamonaklisia talRurad gravirebuli motivi _ aseTi Semkulobis mravlobiTi zolebi doqebs msxlisebri formis muclebze Semouyveba. V saukunis patara zomis ramdenime WurWlis gaprialebul zedapirze amokawrulia daqaragmebuli qarTuli warwerebi, romlebic SesaZloa nivTis patronis saxels gadmoscemdes.

V-VI saukuneebSi didi raodenobiT awarmoebdnen samSeneblo keramikas. Qqristianobis sayovelTaod gavrceleba da, Sesabamisad, saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis masStabebis zrda dakavSirebuli iyo samSeneblo masalebis damzadebasTan; imdroindel saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul 30-ze met saepiskoposos daqvemdebarebul mravalricxvovan eklesiebs da eparqiis winamZRolTa sasaxleebs (iqneb, monastrebsac), bunebrivia, maRalxarisxovani aguris, kramitis da mosapirkeTebeli filebis didi raodenoba esaWiroeboda. Aamitomac, am saqmianobas specialuri keramikuli saxelosnoebi emsaxureboda. aRniSnuli periodis samSeneblo keramikis maRal doneze, garda nairgvari, brtyeli Tu Rariani kramitebisa, Tundac Cvenamde moRweuli, maRalmxatvrulad Semkuli safasade antefiqsebi metyvelebs _ maTze gamosaxulia stilizebuli jvrebi da sxva qristianuli simbolika, cxovelebi, frinvelebi, qarTuli warwerebi. Ggvxvdeba SenobaTa fasadebis damamSvenebeli sxva tipis mxatvruli keramikuli filebic.

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represent direct repercussion of pre-Christian tradition. Ex-cavated burial places located in different regions of Georgia containing the described diverse materials are supposed to belong to wealthy citizens, though representatives of differ-ent social groups. For example: to people involved in trade, merchants and craftsmen (Urbnisi); aristocrats, possibly even governing classes (Modinakhe, Armazi Khevi).

Further development of ceramic manufacture was pro-vided along with germination of serfdom-based social struc-ture elements in the society, with accentuation on needs and requirements of “natural”, agrarian economy. On the other hand, economic relations and, correspondingly, trade rela-tions, formed for centuries between ancient world countries, have not been destroyed yet. As a result of the described situation, the mentioned above period requirements on thick-wall pottery have increased as this kind of ware was nec-essary for long-term preservation of agricultural production and its gradual consumption as well as stocking and storage and, partially, transporting for export (amphorae). During the archaeological excavations of the period, existence of wine cellars with several dozens of large wine jugs (kvevri) and numerous wine vessels is frequently confirmed to be found. It is thought that wine together with other marketable products flowed away in vast quantities within inner markets as well as for export. It should be mentioned that arrangement of wine cellars in this way, due to political circumstances, can be noticed also in the subsequent period, practically during the entire medieval centuries, depending on the scope of in-crease or decrease in wine export abroad.

Vessels for making and preserving wine – large jugs (kvevri), can be distinguished by their proper baking, having plain or notched mouths, narrow and short necks, sphere-shaped bodies, conical or narrow, flat bottoms; they are characterized by plain or rope-like annular ornamented relief stripes (circles). Some of the vessels are decorated with re-lief cross image or Georgian inscriptions.

Among the excavation layers of the V-VI centuries, along with thick-wall vessels, we come across to smaller-size pro-duction, which reveals affinity in shapes and technique of creation to clay ware dated from the IV century. These prod-ucts are characterized with pear-shape bodies and thin walls. Along with reddish and brown-walled ceramics, white and greyish baked pottery with ribs around mouth and handles, also appears. The similar products, among them two-handled vessels, relatively large-sized, are also found. Small-sized as well as large samples have flat bottoms. Small vessels are not frequently ornamented, however, motive of wavy engravings represents an exception – numerous stripes of such decora-tion are made around pear-shaped bodies of the jugs. On the polished surfaces of the V-VI centuries several small-sized vessels titled Georgian inscriptions are scratched; they may contain the owner’s name.

During the V-VI centuries construction ceramic was man-

bunebrivia, samSeneblo keramikaze didi moTxovnileba iyo ara mxolod saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis, aramed am masalas farTod iyenebdnen saero daniSnulebiTac: safortifikacio nagebobebis, warCinebuli moqalaqeebis sasaxleebis, abanoebis Tu sxva obieqtebis asagebad da gasamSveneblad.

aqve mosaxseniebelia imxanad alizis warmoebis masStabis zrdac _ didi zomis bzenarev agurebs, romlebsac yalibSi Wridnen da mzeze aSrobdnen, ZiriTadad TavdacviT nagebobebSi iyenebdnen; am mxriv aRsaniSnavia qalaqebis _ mcxeTisa da urbnisis grandiozuli, unikaluri safortifikacio sistemebi.

V-VI saukuneebis Semdeg, daax. 2 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTveloSi keramikuli warmoeba SesamCnevad daqveiTda. Ees gansakuTrebiT exeba saojaxo nawarms: asortimenti Raribulia, formebi ar gamoirCeva mravalsaxeobiT. qalaqebis da saqalaqo cxovrebis dacemam, vaWrobis Sesustebam da savaWro gzebis moSlam Tavisi daRi daasva keramikis warmoebasac. adreuli Sua saukuneebis am etapisTvis tipiuri keramika ufro konservatiulia, rac gamoixateba formebisa da teqnologiebis stabilurobaSi. yofacxovrebaSi gamoiyeneboda Tixis WurWlis zogierTi iseTi saxeobac, romlebsac formebis gansakuTrebuli saxecvlileba ar Sexebia _ magaliTad, pirmoyrili, dabalqusliani da naprialebi jamebi praqtikulad imeorebs III-IV saukuneebSi damzadebuli amdagvari nakeTobebis moyvanilobas da Semkulobas, amitomac VI-VIII saukuneebSi damzadebuli aseTi reminescenciuli nawarmis antikuri prototipebisgan garCeva mxolod mowiTalo saRebavis naklebi simkveTriT, arcTu idealurad naprialebi garepirebiT da ramdenadme naklebad wmindad ganleqili keciTaa SesaZlebeli. an kidev: IV saukunisTvis tipiuri Tixis samtuCa, msxlisebri formis taniani, calyura doqebis ramdenadme msgavsi nimuSebi, spontanurad V-VI saukuneebis masalebSic iCens xolme Tavs (Tuki es Zveli WurWlis xangrZlivad gamoyenebis mizeziT ar aris gamowveuli).

VII saukunis Sua xanebidan, arabebis Semosevis da maT mier zogierTi qarTuli provinciis damorCilebis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi politikur-ekonomikuri viTareba mkveTrad gauaresda, ramac, bunebrivia, negatiuri gavlena iqonia materialur warmoebazec. meore mxriv, TandaTan ufro mWidro gaxda kontaqtebi aRmosavleTis wamyvan saxelosno centrebTan, ramac SesamCnevi kvali daatyo qarTuli gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis araerT dargs (gansxvavebiT, monumenturi xelovnebisgan). amis TvalsaCino dadasturebaa Tixis mxatvruli nawarmis metad Taviseburi saxis _ moWiquli keramikis farTod gavrceleba.

dResdReobiT, arabTa saxalifos xanmokle politikuri centris _ samaris arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarTa umravlesobas ucilobel faqtad miaCnia, rom moWiquli keramikis

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ufactured in great quantities. Spread of Christianity and, ap-propriately, expansion scope of ecclesiastical architecture was linked to manufacture of building materials; numerous churches subordinated to more than 30 episcopacies in Georgia of the given period and palaces (maybe monaster-ies) of eparchy leaders, naturally, needed large numbers of high-quality bricks, tiles and decoration planches. Therefore, special ceramic workshops served the purpose. Apart from diverse, flat or channel tiles, even highly artistic ornamented façade antefixes reached us proving high level of construction ceramic of the mentioned above period – stylized crosses and other Christian symbolics are represented on them: ani-mals, birds, Georgian inscriptions. We can find other types of artistic ceramic tiles and planches adorning the building facades.

It’s natural that construction ceramic was especially demanded not only for ecclesiastic needs – these materi-als were widely used in secular architecture: in building and decoration of fortification constructions, palaces of noble citizens, bathhouses and other objects.

In the described period production of adobe bricks (air-dried bricks) was also increased – large-sized straw bricks cut in moulding forms and dried in the sun, were used mainly in defence buildings; from the given viewpoint, unique, im-mense fortification systems of the cities – Mtkheta and Urb-nisi – are outstanding.

After the V-VI centuries we can observe notable decline of ceramic manufacture in Georgia. This fact is particularly apparent while reviewing household crockery: assortment is poor and forms lack for variety. As it seems, decline of cities and urban life, weakening of trade and destruction of trade routes left traces on ceramic production. On the one hand, along with continual development of Christian monumental art, things expressing Christian symbolics still continue to expand in the everyday life of the Georgian population, in-creasing need for ritual as well as cult objects, new clothing accessories and jewellery was clearly felt. In spite of this, re-sulting from peculiar economic factors, in general, typical ce-ramics for early medieval Georgia (until the final stage of the given epoch) turned out to be more conservative - this was expressed in stability of forms and technologies. In daily life they used clay utensils of some kinds, the shapes of which did not undergo drastic alterations – for example, inwardly bent, flat-bottomed and polished bowls practically repeat the shapes and decorations of those made in the III-IV centuries, therefore such reminiscent manufacture made in the VI-VIII centuries can be distinguished from antique prototypes by only less brightness of reddish colour, not ideally polished surfaces and not very purely processed walls. Or as well: sev-eral samples of typical for the IV-V centuries three-mouthed and single-handled clay jugs with pear-shaped bodies spon-taneously appear in the materials of the VI-VII centuries (if it is not caused by long-term utilization of the old vessels).

From mid VII century, as a result of the Arabs’ invasion

warmoebis aRmavloba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi IX saukunidan iwyeba, Cinuri mxatvruli keramikis gavleniT.

unda iTqvas, rom moWiqul nawarms saqarTveloSi adrec amzadebdnen. yvelaze Zveli nimuSebi daTariRebulia Zv.w. X-VIII saukuneebiT. WiquriT damSvenebuli WurWlis ramdenime nimuSi aRmoCenilia gvianantikuri xanis arqeologiur fenebSic. ise rom, Cv. w. IX saukuneSi CvenSi ufro am Zveli tradiciis ganaxleba-aRdgenaze unda visaubroT, Tumca, es movlena aRmosavluri samyaros kulturulad dawinaurebuli qveynebis gavlenis gareSe ar momxdara. niSandoblivia, rom arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ramdenime iseT urbanul punqtSi, romlebic axlad gakvaluli an aRdgenil savaWro gzebis maxloblad mdebareobda, aRmoCenilia IX-X ss-is iranuli mxatvruli, mravalfrad moWiquli WurWlis nimuSebi, romlebic Semkulia rogorc geometriuli da mcenareuli ornamentiT, ise antropomorfuli da zoomorfuli gamosaxulebebiT. magaliTad,Nnaqalaqar nekresis gaTxrebisas aRmoCenilia moWiquli langari fexmorTxmuli mamakacis gamosaxulebiT, romelic zusti analogebis mixedviT, aSkarad IX saukunis iranuli nawarmia.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRmoCenili nimuSebis mixedviT, moWiquli WurWlis warmoebis aRmavloba IX saukunidan ucxouri mastimulirebeli faqtorebis Sedegad iwyeba, misi Semdgomi ganviTareba ukve adgilobrivi kulturuli da mxatvrul-teqnologiuri tradiciebis Sesabamisad mimdinareobda. Ppirveli 4-5 saukunis ganmavlobaSi am saxeobis WurWlis mxatvrulad Semkobis xerxebi TandaTan rTuldeboda da ixveweboda – ganviTarebis pirveli stadiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, uangobo SiSvel kecze moWiquli nawarmi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xelovnebis zenitis xanaSi, WiqurqveS rTuli kompoziciuri sqemebiT da mravalferad moxatulma WurWelma Secvala. amasTan, ganviTarebis am procesSi Tvali gaedevneba WurWlis Semkobis meTodebis gadaxalisebas qveynisTvis tradiciuli motivebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

ueWveli faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi keramikuli warmoebis am gamococxlebas myari ekonomikuri safuZveli gaaCnda _ swored IX-X saukuneebidan iwyeba aRmavloba qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi, rac saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxeebis gaerTianebiT da erTiani, mtkice eTnikur da ekonomikur safuZvelze Seqmnili Zlieri saxelmwifoebrivi sistemis SeqmniT dagvirgvinda.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi moWiquli keramikis warmoebis mravalsaukunovani istoriis ganmavlobaSi, am nakeTobaTa damzadebis teqnologiuri da mxatvruli xerxebi icvleboda, amasTan, es cvalebadoba, qveyanaSi Seqmnili politikur-ekonomikuri viTarebis kvalobaze, xan aRmavali, srulyofis niSniT viTardeboda, xanac daqveiTebas ganicdida. swored amitom, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi moWiquli WurWlis damzadeba-moxmarebis

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and conquest of several Georgian provinces, the political and economic situation in Georgia worsened drastically that, nat-urally, negatively influenced material production as well. On the other hand, contacts with leading oriental handicraft cen-tres gradually became closer that left notable trace on some fields of Georgian applied arts (in contrast to monumental art). Very peculiar kind of clay artwork – in particular, glazed ceramics and its wide prevalence provides us with convincing and undeniable proof of this fact.

Nowadays, based on outcomes of archaeological study in Samara – short-term political centre of Arab Caliphate, the majority of the researchers considers irrefutable the fact that ascent of glazed ceramic manufacture in the Near East, commenced in the IX century under the influence of Chinese artistic pottery. H

It should be mentioned that glazed pottery was made in Georgia even earlier. The oldest samples are dated back from the X-VIII centuries B.C. Several samples of utensils beauti-fied with glaze were discovered even in the archaeological layers of the late antique epoch. So in the IX century A.D. we should speak about renewal or revival of that ancient tra-dition, however, the given fact could not be discussed with-out taking into account influence of the culturally advanced countries throughout the oriental world. It is noteworthy that samples of the IX-X centuries multicoloured glazed Iranian artistic crockery decorated with geometric and vegetable or-naments as well as anthropomorphic and zoomorphic pat-terns, were revealed during the archaeological excavations in some of the eastern Georgia urban areas, which were situ-ated near the newly made or restored trade routes. For in-stance, during the excavations in the former city – Nekresi, glazed tray with the image of a man sitting cross-legged was discovered that, according to its exact analogy, obviously rep-resents Iranian production of the IX century.

Despite the fact that, according to the samples found in different corners of Georgia, the rise of glazed crockery manufacture started from the IX century as a result of for-eign stimulating factors, its further development proceeded in compliance with the local cultural, artistic and technologi-cal traditions. During the first 4-5 centuries artistic decora-tion techniques were becoming more and more complicated and exquisite – non-engobed glazed products characteristic for the first development stages, were replaced with clay ware decorated with multicoloured complicated compositional schemes under the glaze cover at the zenith of the Georgian medieval art. At the same time, during the given development process, we can observe renewal of adornment techniques that were used taken into consideration traditional motives of the country.

It can’t be doubted that animation of ceramic manufac-ture in Georgia had its solid economic ground – political as-cent started exactly from the IX-X centuries in our country that ended with unification of separate corners of Georgia and formation of the sustainable state system founded on a

gzaze ramdenime stilisturi safexuris gamoyofa SeiZleba.

am epoqis moWiquli keramikis didZal, mravalferovan koleqciebSi yvelaze meti ganmasxvavebeli, TviTmyofadi niSnebiT swored gardamavali xanis, IX-X saukuneTa nawarmi gamoirCeva. saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebSi warmoebuli moWiquli WurWlis pirveli nimuSebi sqeli keciT da Wiqurebis mravalferovani gamiT xasiaTdeba _ Tixis WurWlis SiSvel zedapirs gamowvis win xan uangobod gadausvamdnen Wiqurs, xan kidev am zedapirs angobis saxeebiT Seamkobdnen da Semdeg gadaavlebdnen xolme gamWvirvale an ferad Wiqurs. Aam stilis nawarmis ornamentaciis ZiriTadi motivi iyo geometriuli dekori. am xanaSi moWiquli Tixis nawarmis mxatvruli Semkobis kidev erTi gavrcelebuli xerxia e.w. `CamoRvenTili~ saxeebi. am teqnikiT nawarmis Semkobis Sedegad WurWlis zedapirze rCeba mravalferi, TiTqmis uwesrigod gaJRenTili, magram vertikalurTan miaxloebuli, CamoRvenTili, msxvili xazebi. sabolood, aseT WurWels gadavlebuli aqvs gamWvirvale Wiquri.

am periodSive gavrcelebuli iyo WurWlis Semkobis Semdegi xerxi: SiSvel kecze, TeTri angobiTa da feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT gamoyvanilia sworxaza geometriuli figurebis da wertilovani laqebis kombinaciiT Sedgenili ornamenti, romlis zedapirze gadavlebulia gamWvirvale Wiquri.

aseve IX-X saukuneebSi iCens Tavs Tixis WurWeli, romlis SiSvel zedapirze TeTri angobis sqeli monasmebiT gamoyvanilia Semkulobis saxeebi _ wreebi, `gulebi~, kauWebi; aseT nawarms gadavlebuli aqvs mwvane feris Wiquri.

am periodis, daaxloebiT amgvaradve Semkuli importuli jamebi gamoirCeva sqeli keciT da odnav SigniT gadakecili piriT; igive tipis adgilobriv nawarms quslamoRaruli Zirebi aqvs, pirebi ki vertikaluria an SigniT gadazneqili.

X-XI saukuneTa nawarms ganekuTvneba moWiquli keramikis ricxvmravali jgufi _ angobiT moxatuli da erTferi WiquriT Semkuli WurWeli. Semkobis saxeebia jer kidev IX s-idan cnobili, angobis sqeli monasmebiT datanili wreebi, `gulebi~ da kauWebi; Tumca, imxanad aseTi stilis WurWeli mxolod mwvane WiquriT ki aRar aris dafaruli, aramed RviZlisferi da firuzisferi WiquriTac.

am periodis moxatul-moWiquli WurWlis meore ZiriTadi xerxia gravireba, anu e.w. `sgrafitos~ xerxi, rac SemdegSi mdgomareobs: nawarmis SiSveli an angobiT mTlianad SeRebuli zedapiris kideebis irgvliv Semoyolebuli gravirebuli zolebiT moniSnul farTobze gamoyavdaT sxvadasxva saxeebi _ geometriuli figurebi, spiralebi, koncentruli wrexazebi, ufro xSirad ki maryuJebi; Semdeg es ornamentirebuli zedapiri ifareboda erT-erTi feris WiquriT.

XII-XIII saukuneebSi moWiquli WurWlis gamSvenebisTvis

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single, durable ethnic and economic basis.As it was denoted, during the centuries-old history of

glazed ceramic manufacture in Georgia, technological as well as artistic techniques of making clay ware have been changed. And these alterations have been developing in ac-cordance with political and economic circumstances existent in the country, at times in ascending, perfectionistic way or occasionally in descending direction. Therefore, in the pro-cess of manufacture and usage of the glazed crockery in medieval Georgia, several stylistic stages can be singled out.

Within these numerous and diversified ceramics collec-tions of the given epoch, transition stage production of the IX-X centuries is notable for its the most distinctive, original features. The first samples of glazed crockery, manufactured in the medieval Georgia, are characterized with thick walls and various gamut of glazing – sometimes, before baking, clay ware surface was glazed without engobe layer, or at times the surface was decorated with different engobe types and afterwards transparent or coloured glaze was applied. The leading ornamentation motif of the mentioned above production style was geometric décor. At this stage one more widespread technique of the crockery artistic decoration is so called “dripping” mode. After ornamenting the ware with this technique, multicoloured, almost diffused in disorder but nearly vertical dripping thick lines remain on their surfaces. In the end, this crockery is covered with transparent glaze.

At the same period of time the following decoration tech-nique was common: ornament, consisting of rectilinear geo-metric figures and dotted spots, made with combination of white engobe and colour glazed paint, is applied on the bare wall and the whole surface is covered by transparent glaze.

Clay utensils, on the bare surfaces of which thick white engobed dabs make different types of decorations – circles, “hearts” and hooks – also appear in the IX-X centuries; this kind of production is covered with green coloured glaze.

Imported bowls of the same period, decorated in ap-proximately similar way, are remarkable for thick and slightly inward-bent walls; local production of the same type has grooved foot-ring, vertical or inwardly curved mouth.

Numerous groups of the glazed ceramics – particularly decorated with engobe coating and one-colour glaze belongs to the X-XI centuries production. The decoration types have been famous since the IX century - made by means of thick engobe dabbed circles, “hearts” and hooks; however, at the defined period crockery of the mentioned above style is cov-ered not only in green colour but also liverish and turquoise glaze.

The second basic method of glazed and decorated clay ware of the given period is engraving or so called “sgrapito” technique that implies the following: on the area marked by means of engraved stripes round the edges of the bare prod-uct or entirely engobe-painted surface, different images are formed – geometric figures, spirals, concentred circles, more frequently – loops; afterwards this ornamented surface was

gamoyeneboda yvela adre cnobili xerxi, Tumca wina planze wamoiwia axalma, ufro rTulad Sesasrulebelma meTodma (msgavsi tendencia, imave epoqis wina aziis regionebis da kavkasiis mezobeli qveynebis mxatvruli keramikis warmoebaSic SeimCneva). am axali xerxiT, rogorc wesi, amkobdnen mxolod jamebs, Tasebs, fialebs da langrebs. saerTod, es qronologiuri monakveTi saqarTveloSi mxatvruli keramikis warmoebis kulminaciur stadiad iTvleba. upiratesoba, gansakuTrebiT XII s-is bolos da XIII saukuneSi, poliqronizms eniWeboda _ am dros mxatvruli WurWlis ostatebi feradovan gamas iyenebdnen metad natifad Sesrulebuli geometriuli da mcenareuli ornamentis, agreTve axali mxatvruli siuJetebis efeqtis gasaZliereblad. imxanad, WurWlis angobirebul Sidapirebze, dekori gamoyavdaT gravirebiT da funjiT naxati konturiT; amis paralelurad, zogjer, gravirebiT gamoyvanili naxatis angobirebul fons moWiqvamde amofxekdnen xolme (e.w. “rezervaciis” xerxi). aRniSnuli meTodebiT gamoyvanil geometriul da mcenareul dekorTan erTad, vrceldeba frinvelebis, cxovelebis da, iSviaTad, adamianis gamosaxulebani. Ffrinvelebi (TiTqos-da ufro mtacebeli saxeobebi), rogorc wesi, mTeli taniT arian gamosaxulni stilizebulad, profilSi; rac Seexeba cxovelebs _ jamebze gvxvdeba rogorc mtaceblebis, ise Cliqosnebis, ZiriTadad moZraobaSi gamoxatuli sxeulebi, Tumca, cxovelTa martooden frontaluri pirsaxis gamosaxulebiT Semkuli oriode nimuSicaa aRmoCenili. sainteresoa Tixis jamebze moWiqvamde, igive wesiT gamoxatuli e.w. `qal-Citebic~ (fantastiuri arsebani Citis taniT da gvirgvinosani qalis pir-saxiT), agreTve adamianis nakvTebiani mzis manaTobeli diskos gamosaxulebani.

gaTxrebisas saqarTveloSi mikvleul erT Tixis jamze, amave teqnikiT mocekvave qalis figuracaa gamoyvanili mTeli taniT.

CamoTvlil saxeobaTa moWiqul keramikaze SemorCenili calkeuli ornamentebi da siuJetebi imaze migvaniSnebs, rom saqme gvaqvs gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSebTan, romelTa semantikuri gaazreba da simbolur-stilisturi axsna sagangebo kvlevis sagans warmoadgens. msgavsi mxatvruli saxeebis Seqmna daxvewili gemovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi midgomis gareSe SeuZlebelia _ amaSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod mxatvruli saxeebis stilisturi gaazreba, aramed feradovani gamis gemovnebiT SerCeva, uaris Tqma myvirala, mkveTr ferebze, rasac qarTveli xelosnebi yovelTvis gaurbodnen da zomierebis dacviT axerxebdnen sasurveli Sedegebis miRebas.

saqarTvelos didi qalaqebis da dawinaurebuli monastrebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas, xSirad Cndeba oriv mxriv moWiquli, TeTrkeciani Tixis nawarmis _ faiansis natexebi. isini mcire da saSualo zomis Txelkedliani WurWlis _ jamebis, Tasebis, qilebis, doqebis nawilebs warmoadgenen. samwuxarod, natexebis

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covered with glaze of one colour or another.In the XII-XIII centuries all the methods known earlier

were used to adorn glaze pottery; however, a new, more com-plicated technique was brought to the forefront (the analo-gous tendency can be noticed in manufacture of artistic ceramics throughout the Asian Near East regions and Cau-casian neighbouring countries of the same epoch). As a rule, only bowls, dishes, cups and trays were decorated by means of the new technique. In general, this chronological space of time in Georgia is considered to be the culmination stage for manufacture of artistic pottery. Advantage was given to poly-chromy, especially at the end of the XII and the beginning of the XIII centuries – at the time artistic crockery craftsmen used coloured gamut to enhance extremely exquisite geo-metric and vegetable ornaments as well as effect of the new artistic plots and designs. In those days, together with geo-metric and vegetable décor made by engraved or brush-paint contour on inner engobed surfaces of the pottery, images of birds, animals and, frequently, human completed by the mentioned above two techniques, were prevalent. Birds (sup-posedly, more birds of prey species), as a rule, are depicted stylized, with full-length body, in profile; as for animals – we can found beast as well as hoofed animal bodies shown on the bowls and cups mainly in motion. However, one or two samples of animal frontal images are also discovered. De-pictions of “bird - women“ (fantastic creatures with bird’s body and crowned woman’s face) and also shining solar disk with human features, expressed in the same technique before glazing clay ware, are also very interesting.

A full-length figure of dancing woman portrayed on one of the clay bowls, made by means of the same technique, was found during the excavations in Georgia.

Separate ornaments and plots, remaining on the men-tioned above type of glazed crockery, point at the fact that we have the applied art samples, semantic comprehension, symbolic and stylistic explanation of which represents the subject of special research. Creation of such artistic images is impossible without exquisite taste and creative approach – this implies not only stylistic comprehension of artistic images, but also delicate selection of colour gamut, refusal of flagrant, garish and poignant colours that the Georgian craftsmen always avoided. They always managed to achieve the desired results maintaining moderation.

During archaeological excavations carried out in the big cities and leading monasteries of Georgia, we often come across glazed from both sides, white-wall clay ware - faience pieces. They represent pieces of small and middle-sized thin-walled crockery – bowls, cups, chalices, jars, jugs. Unfortu-nately, owing to fragmentariness of the pieces, we don’t have possibility to imagine fully the complete assortment of the given production and shape of separate item. The faience ware belonged to expensive products and their owners can be regarded as propertied citizens, representatives of high class social strata – faience is almost absent in the excava-

fragmentulobis gamo, saSualeba ar gvaqvs srulad warmovidginoT am nakeTobaTa sruli asortimenti da TiToeuli nivTis forma. faiansis nawarmi ZviradRirebul saqonels ganekuTvneboda da maT mesakuTred SeZlebuli moqalaqeni, maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT _ nasoflarebis gaTxrebisas faiansi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba. faiansis nawarmis mxatvruli Semkoba gansxvavdeba wiTelkeciani WurWlisgan. Semkoba aqcentirebulia ori mimarTulebiT _ esaa zedapiris damuSaveba reliefuri dekoriT da movarayeba sxvadasxva ornamentaciiT da siuJetiT. mravalferiani gama imdroindel faiansze metad iSviaTia: rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneboda erTferi an gamWvirvale Wiquri.

XII-XIII saukuneebis faiansis nawarmSi gamoiyofa importuli nimuSebis didi jgufi da adgilobrivi nawarmi saqarTvelos sami cnobili urbanuli cetridan _ Tbilisidan, dmanisidan da rusTavidan.

X-XIII saukuneebSi mxatvrul keramikasTan erTad didi masStabiT iwarmoeboda ubralo, saojaxo Tixis WurWelic. am nawarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia formaTa mravalferovneba, nairgvari teqnologiuri xerxebi. aseTi WurWeli xSirad Semkulia manmade ucnobi meTodiT. sameurneo da sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis sqelkedlian WurWelTan erTad mzaddeboda Txelkedliani, reliefurad damuSavebuli, momcro zomis, faqizad damuSavebuli sasamisebi da WinWilebi, romlebic garedan wiTeli da Savi saRebavebiT iyo moxatuli.

am dros gavrcelebuli saRvine WurWlis (qvevrebis) forma ar gansxvavdeboda winare periodis msgavsive funqciis WurWlisgan, Tumca Semovida da gavrcelda saSualo zomis sqelkedliani da wiTelkeciani WurWlis erTi saxeoba, romlis kedlebic reliefuri sartyelebiT iyo Semkuli, zed frinvelebisa da cxovelebis stilizebuli gamosaxulebiT. aseT WurWels sxvadasxva produqtis Sesanaxad iyenebdnen.

sqelkedliani nawarmidan yuradReba gvinda SevaCeroT cecxlgamZle masisgan damzadebul viwroyelian nivTebze, romelTac specialur literaturaSi sferokonusebis saxeliT moixsenieben sferuli tanisa da konusuri Ziris gamo. Mmsgavsi nawarmi saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiis danarCeni regionebis garda, dadasturebulia maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis Sua saukuneebis Zeglebzec. Mmecnierebi adre fiqrobdnen, rom isini gamoiyeneboda specifiuri nivTierebebis _ vercxliswylis an advilad aalebadi ucnobi, Txieri nivTierebebis Sesanaxad; amJamad, aseT WurWels, `berZnuli cecxlis~ saxeliT cnobili feTqebadi narevis Semcvel sabrZolo Wurvebad ufro miiCneven. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili sferokonusebis didi nawili mezobeli qveynebidan unda iyos Semotanili.

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi X-XIII saukuneebis sameTuneo saxelosnoebis aRmoCenis kvaldakval, sabolood dadginda is, razedac adre mxolod varaudebi iyo gamoTqmuli _ ueWvelia, rom am epoqis saqarTveloSi

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tions of the settlements and villages. Artistic adornment of faience production is different from reddish-walled pottery. Decoration is accentuated in two directions – this is process-ing surface with relief décor and beautifying with various or-naments and plots. Multicoloured gamut on the faience of the given period is rare: as a rule, one-colour or transparent glaze was used.

Among the XII-XIII centuries faience ware large groups of imported samples and local products from three famous urban centres of Georgia - Tbilisi, Dmanisi and Rustavi, can be distinguished.

In the X-XIII centuries along with artistic ceramics, plain, family clay crockery was also manufactured in large quanti-ties. Shape diversity, various technological methods charac-terize this production. This kind of clay ware is frequently decorated with the methods unknown before. Together with thick-wall household and everyday crockery, thin-wall, small-sized, exquisitely processed relief chalices, cups and drink-ing vessels decorated from outside in red and black paints were made as well.

Shape of wine vessel (kvevri), widely-spread at the given period of time, did not differ from the previous period uten-sils of similar function; however, simultaneously one type of middle-sized thick-wall reddish vessels, the walls of which were adorned with stylized images of birds and animals on the relief belt were imported and broadly spread. This crock-ery was used for preservation of various products.

Among the thick-walled clay production we would like to draw your attention to narrow-necked vessels made of fire-proof materials that are mentioned in special literature as sphero-conical containers due to their spherical body and conical bottoms. Apart from some regions of Georgia and South Caucasus, similar goods are confirmed to be found in medieval monuments of other Middle East countries. The scientists thought earlier that they were used for storing spe-cific substances – mercury and highly inflammable unknown liquids; at present these vessels are considered as fighting mines consisting of explosive mixture known under the name of “Greek fire”. Large part of revealed in Georgia sphero-conical vessels must have been imported from the adjacent countries.

Along with discovery of the X-XIII centuries pottery workshops in different corners of Georgia, the fact that was only a supposition earlier was finally proved – no doubt that there were several local powerful clay ware making centres in Georgia of the given epoch, which mainly satisfied local requirements. As a result of archaeological researches and investigations, existence of such ceramic workshops is reg-istered in Tbilisi, Dmanisi, Rustavi, Gavazi, Trani, Zhinvali, Ktsia monastery. According to indirect evidences, existence of these manufacturing centres should be supposed in other places as well. Excavations of ceramic workshops affirm al-most identically structured kilns, finished products, equip-

arsebobda Tixis WurWlis damamzadebeli adgilobrivi mZlavri kerebi, romlebic ZiriTadad akmayofilebdnen adgilobriv moTxovnebs. Aarqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad aseTi keramikuli saxelosnoebis arseboba dafiqsirebulia TbilisSi, dmanisSi, rusTavSi, gavazSi, TranSi, JinvalSi, qciis monasterSi. Aarapirdapiri monacemebiT, aseTi sawarmoo centrebis arseboba albaT unda vigulisxmoT sxva adgilebSic. Kkeramikuli saxelosnoebis gaTxrebis dros dadasturebulia aRnagobiT TiTqmis identuri gamosawvavi qurebi, mza nawarmi, gamosawvavad saWiro mowyobilobani, naxevarfabrikatebi da wundebuli masalebi.

aRniSnuli sawarmoo centrebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos Tbilisis saxelosno, sadac gaiTxara eqvsi qura da warmoCinda didi raodenobis mza, aseve gamosawvavad gamzadebuli produqcia. numizmatikuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saxelosno uecrad aris dangreuli da gadamwvari XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi.

unikalur aRmoCenaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba qciis monasterSi mikvleuli, WurWlis gamosaZerwi nedleulis damzadebis xangrZlivi ciklis amsaxveli mowyobilobanic _ iq kargad Cans, Tu raoden gulmodgined, etapobrivad awarmoebdnen meTune ostatebi Tixis pirveladi masis ganleqvas gamdinare wyliT, auzebis kaskadSi (Tanabrad plastiuri naxevarfabrikatis misaRebad), agreTve nedleulis xangrZlivad dasawyobebas mavne airebisgan ganTavisuflebis mizniT.

zemoT dasaxelebuli sawarmoo centrebis produqcia damzadebis teqnikiTa da mxatvruli stiliT zogadad urTierTmsgavsia, Tumca araarsebiTi, lokaluri TaviseburebebiT mainc gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. Ees arc aris gasakviri _ isini xom Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli nedleulisgan mzaddeboda, amasTan, qveynis ama Tu im kuTxis xelosanTa samezoblo `gildiebi~, albaT gamorCeulad mimzidveli mxatvruli xerxebiTac avlendnen SemoqmedebiT aqtivobas.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTul mxatvrul keramikaze metad iSviTad gvxvdeba warwerebi da xelosnis damRebi, riTac is mkveTrad gansxvavdeba msgavsi stilis aRmosavluri nawarmisagan.

XIII saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTveloSi politikuri situacia mkveTrad gauaresda _MmonRolebis ganuwyveteli laSqrobebis gamo qveynis mSvidobiani ganviTareba Sewyda da kulturul-ekonomikuri urTierTobani mezobel qveynebTan moiSala. AaseTi arastabiluri viTareba saqarTveloSi, moklevadian `fexze wamodgomis~ periodebs Tu ar CavTvliT, praqtikulad gviani Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT gagrZelda.

xangrZlivma politikurma krizisma, bunebrivia, qveynis ekonomika Zalze daasusta. Sesabamisad, raodenobrivad da xarisxobrivad daqveiTda keramikis warmoeba. Aam

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ment necessary for baking, semi-manufactured articles and refused materials.

From the mentioned above manufacturing centres we should single out Tbilisi workshop, where six kilns and large amount of finished, ready for baking products were excavat-ed. Taking into account some numismatic data, the work-shop was all of a sudden destroyed and burnt in the mid XIII century.

Equipment reflecting long-term cycle for modelling crockery from raw materials found in the Ktsia monastery belongs to unique discovery –we can clearly see diligence of clay craftsmen, who carried out step-by-step sedimentation of primary clay mass with flowing water in series of basins (in order to get plastic semi-manufactured articles) and pro-vided long-term storing of raw materials with the purpose of their liberation from harmful gases

Production of the listed above manufacturing centres is generally similar due to manufacture techniques and artistic styles; but they differ in unessential, local peculiarities. It is not surprising – they were made of various, qualitatively dif-ferent raw materials; at the same time, neighbouring “guilds” of craftsmen from various corners of the country, expressed creative activity by means of extremely attractive artistic techniques.

It is also remarkable that inscriptions and craftsmen marks on the Georgian artistic ceramics are very rarely found on the pottery samples – this fact distinctly distinguishes the Georgian production from the oriental style goods of similar character.

From the second half of the XIII century the political situ-ation in Georgia deteriorated drastically – due to the Mongols persistent inroads and forays, the country’s peaceful devel-opment was interrupted and cultural and economic relations with neighbouring countries were destroyed. This unstable situation in Georgia, with the exception of short-term “rising” periods, practically continued until the late medieval centu-ries inclusive.

The prolonged political crisis, naturally, weakened the country economics. Correspondingly, clay ware manufacture was reduced qualitatively and quantitatively. From the time onward, import of the necessary raw materials for highly ar-tistic pottery in the country could not be provided any more: production became more expensive and the number of con-sumers diminished. Decadence of the mentioned above field of applied art becomes particularly obvious when we review artistic clay ware of the XIII century second half and throughout the XIV century. Nevertheless, the glazed ceram-ics of the period seems to repeat artistic style of part of the glaze crockery characteristic for previous epoch, but in quality - technologically as well as by exquisiteness of dec-orator-craftsmen, the production drops the former similar goods behind; transparently glazed ornamental motifs and

droidan dawyebuli, qveyanaSi maRalmxatvruli Tixis nawarmisTvis aucilebeli nedleulis Semotana veRar xerxdeboda; produqcia gaZvirda da momxmarebelTa ricxvmac iklo. EgamoyenebiTi xelovnebis am dargis dekadansi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino xdeba, rodesac XIII s-is meore naxevrisa da XIV s-is Tixis mxatvrul nakeTobebs vadevnebT Tvals. Yam periodis moWiquli keramika, marTalia, TiTqos-da imeorebs wina epoqis moWiquli WurWlis erTi nawilis mxatvrul stils, magram xarisxobrivad _ teqnologiuradac da Semamkobeli ostatis xelis gawafulobiTac, Zlier CamorCeba misabaZ, ramdenadme adreul nimuSebs; am xanis moxatuli, gamWvirvaled moWiquli jamebis ornamentul-siuJeturi motivebi da feradovani gama Raribdeba. magaliTad, am epoqis moWiquli jamebidan qreba cxovelebis, frinvelebis da adamianebis gamosaxulebebi; samagierod, izrdeba mxolod erTi, ZiriTadad mwvane feris, arcTu rTuli ujredovan-geometriuli da rto-ylortovani ornamentiT gaformebuli egzemplarebis xvedriTi wili. es movlena arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swrafi monasmiT cxovel-frinvelTa stilizebul gamosaxvas gacilebiT safuZvliani profesiuli momzadeba sWirdeba, vidre paraleluri StrixebiT ujredebis an Tundac mcenareTa rtoebis gamoyvanas. Ggarda amisa, saRebavi imxanad xSirad gravirebul sazRvrebs dasaSvebze metad iyo gadacilebuli.

xSirad Wiquris Zalian Txeli feniT ifareboda WurWlis mxolod nawili, arcTu iSviaTad ki uangobo keci. swored amitom, am saxis keramikul nawarms mkvlevarTa erTma nawilma, savsebiT marTebulad uwoda `moWiquli keramikis imitaciebi~.

ufro metic: aRniSnul xanaSi SedarebiT iSviaTad, magram mainc mzaddeboda angobiT SeRebili da Wiquris saRebaviT geometriulad ornamentirebuli jamebi, romlebic sruliad aRar iyo moWiquli (adre am tipis WurWels mecnierTa nawili naxevarfabrikatebad miiCnevda).

natifi, importuli saRebaviT damSvenebuli mxatvruli Tixis WurWlis warmoebis uaRresad Semcirebis kvaldakval, XIII s-is meore naxevars da XIV saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi umTavresad mzaddeboda adgilobrivi saRebaviT, wiTeli wernaqiT SeRebili an moxatuli, ramdenadme uxeSad naZerwi WurWlis nairsaxeobani. magaliTad, swored am dros Cndeba moxmarebaSi wernaqiT SeRebili doqebi da WinWilebi, romelTa zedapirebic e.w. `Tevzifxuri~ (wiwvovani) an talRovani da paralelur sartyelebiani, nakawri ornamentiTaa Semkuli. Uunda iTqvas, rom am ukanaskneli stilis mouWiqavi WurWlis ramdenadme saxecvlili variaciebi saqarTveloSi Semdgomac, mTeli gviani Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda, amitom mkvlevarTa nawilma isini erTianad gviandel nawarmad miiCnia.

amave xanebSi (ufro XIV s-Si) iCina Tavi brtyelZiriani

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coloured gamut of the beautified bowls in the given period are becoming poorer. For example, images of animals, birds and humans disappear from the glazed bowls of the given epoch; Instead, only the portion of one, mainly green-co-loured sample, not very complicated, consisting of checked, geometric, branch and sprout ornaments, increases. This is not unexpected, if we take into consideration that depiction of stylized animal-bird images with quick brush dabs, needs much more well-grounded professional training than draw-ing checks made with parallel strokes, or even painting plant sprouts and shoots. Apart from this, at the given period, paint frequently went over the engraved borders more than it was allowed.

Often only a part of a vessel or not frequently non-engobe bare wall was covered with very thin layer of the glaze. There-fore, one part of the researchers rather correctly called ce-ramics of this type „imitations of glazed ceramics“.

Moreover: in the reported period relatively seldom but nevertheless geometrically ornamented bowls decorated with engobe and glazed paint were manufactured; but they were not entirely glazed (earlier part of scientists considered this type of crockery as semi-manufactured articles).

Along with dramatic decline in manufacture of artistic clay ware decorated with exquisite, imported paints, during the second part of the XIII century and acrooss the XIV cen-tury, many types of roughly modelled clay crockery, coloured and adorned with local reddish paint, were still being made. For example, exactly at this period jugs and other, painted in reddish colour vessels (special wine vessel „chinchila“) ap-pear in use; surfaces of these jugs are decorated with so called „tevzipkhuri~ or wavy and parallel belted scratched ornament. It should be stated that slightly altered non-glazed crockery variations of this latest style were made in Georgia even later, throughout the late medieval centuries; so, that is why one part of researchers regarded them all as later period production.

At the same time (more in XIV c.) they began to manufac-ture flat-bottomed non-glazed bowls, straight sides of which are connected with rib-like refraction; Bowls of this type were widespread across the entire late medieval centuries.

In general, there are relatively few ceramic samples of late medieval centuries (XV-XVIII centuries) among the col-lections of Georgian National Museum. This is conditioned by an inadequate study of archaological monuments of the specified period. Despite this, we have materials – one or two samples at our disposal provided from former cities, also several village type settlements and former monastery site. Analysis of the production assured us that the ceramics of the reported period lag long behind the IX-XIV centuries pro-duction in not only technology methods but also its artistic standards. Glazed in colours, bare-walled bowls and pots, sometimes plainly decorated (with dots, wavy lines) with the dark paints of similar tone before glazing, dated back from

mouWiqav-SeuRebavi jamebis warmoebam, romlebis swori bortebi da gverdebi wiboseburi gardatexiTaa dakavSirebuli; am tipis jamebic farTod gavrcelebuli yofila mTeli gviani Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi.

saerTod, gviani Sua saukuneebis (XV-XVIII ss) keramikuli nawarmi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqciebSi SedarebiT cotaa. es ganpirobebulia am drois arqeologiuri Zeglebis arasaTanado SeswavliT. miuxedavad amisa, Cven xelT mainc aris ori-sami naqalaqaridan, agreTve ramdenime soflis tipis dasaxlebidan da namonastralidan momdinare masala. am nawarmis analizma dagvarwmuna, rom xsenebuli perioidis keramika, rogorc teqnologiuri meTodebiT, ise mxatvruli doniT mkveTrad CamorCeba IX-XIV saukuneebis nakeTobebs. erTgvar gamonakliss warmoadgens XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos zogierT, ekonomikurad SedarebiT dawinaurebul dasaxlebul punqtSi damzadebuli, SiSvel kecze feradad moWiquli, zogjer ki moWiqvamde imave tonalobis muqi saRebavebiT martivad moxatuli (wertilebi, klaknili saxeebi) jamebi da qoTnebi. radganac gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos meTune ostatebi produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesobasa da axali mxatvruli saxeebis Ziebaze aRar zrunavdnen, am ukanaskneli tipis nawarmma XIX-XX sukuneTa eTnografiul yofamdec ki moaRwia (am ueWvelad adgilobriv nawarms mosaxleoba, iranis cnobili keramikuli warmoebis centridan importirebul moWiqul nawarmTan Soreuli asocirebiT, `qaSanuris~ WurWels uwodebda). amave periodis ganaTxar Zeglebze, agreTve, mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba importuli TeTrkeciani keramikac _ magaliTad, kobaltiT, Cinuri analogiebis minabaZi motivebiT moxatuli iranuli warmoebis faiansis WurWlis fragmentebi. amave epoqaSi, ramdenadme metad yofila gamococxlebuli saamSeneblo keramikis warmoeba _ adgilobriv mzaddeboda rogorc mouWiqavi, ise moWiquli aguri, kramiti da Sorenkecebi. aseve, mosaxleobis mxriv minimaluri moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad, arcTu mcire raodenobiT mzaddeboda qvevrebi da ubralo saojaxo-samzareulo keramika.

17

the XVII-XVIII centuries and manufactured in some, economi-cally relatively developed settlements of Georgia, represent definite exception. As the Georgian clay craftsmen of the late medieval centuries did not care about production quality im-provement and searching of new artistic images any more, the XIX-XXcenturies clay ware of latest type reached ethno-graphical reality (the population called this undoubtedly lo-cal production „Kashanian“ crockery in association with the well-known glazed crockery imported from Iranian ceramic manufacturing centre ). Also few samples of imported white-walled ceramics of the defined period are found in the ex-cavated monuments – for example, Iranian faience crockery fragments, decorated with cobalt by analogy with Chinese motifs. Manufacture of construction ceramic was rather ac-tive in the same epoch – non-glazed as well as glazed bricks, tiles and ornamented tiles and bricks were made locally. Also, large wine jugs (kvevri), plain household and kitchen ceramics were manufactured in not small numbers in order to meet the needs of the population.

18

19

1. doqi, mrgvalmucliani da dabalyeliani, caly-ura, keci wiTelia. simaRle 18 sm. naqalaqari urbni-si (1-62:3616). IV s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XX-3; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 2.

1.Jug with globular body and short neck with handle; red body. Height 18 cm. Urbnisi (1-62:3616). 4th century. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl.XX-3; Chilashvili 1990, Fig2.

20

2. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, dabalqusliani, caly-ura, keci wiTelia da Txeli. simaRle 17,5 sm. urbni-si (1-61:3099). IV s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XX-4.

2. Jug with pear-shaped body and short foot-ring; one handled; thin red clay. H 17.5cm. Urbnisi (1-61:3099). 4th century. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl.XX-4.

21

3.1. doqi, kvercxisebri taniT, calyura. keci muqi yavisferia, Txeli. simaRle 15 sm. naqalaqari urbni-si (1-61:3025). IV s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XXIII-6.

3.2. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, brtyelZiriani. Tixa Calisferia. simaRle 14 sm. loWinis nasoflari (2-60:52). IV-V ss. gamoqveynebulia: abramiSvili... 1962, sur. 4.

3.1. Vessel, with ovoid body, one handled; thin dark brown body. H.15 cm. Urbinisi (1-61:3025). 4th century. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl. XXIII-6;

3.2. Vessel, pear-shaped, with flat base; straw-colored earthen-ware; with one handle. H14cm.Lochini (2-60:52). 4th-5th century. Published: Abramishvili…1962, fig 4.

22

4. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, calyura, brtyelZira, keci moTeTro-monacrisfroa. simaRle 17,5 sm. urb-nisi (1-61:137). IV s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XXII-4.

4. Jug with ovoid body, flat-bottomed with one handle, grayish earthenware. H. 17.5 cm. Urbnisi (1-61:3137). 4t h century. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl. XXII-4.

23

5.1. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, brtyelZira, caly-ura. keci sqelia, movardisfro; mxarze amokawru-lia ori qarTuli, asomTavruli niSani qaragmiT. simaRle 16 sm. urbnisi (1-61:3016). V-VI ss. gamoqvey-nebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XLIII-1.

5.2. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, pirgadmokecili, brtye l Zira. keci wiTelia. Semkulia am okawruli talRuri ornamentiT. yelze daqaragmebulad amo-kawrulia ori qarTuli, asomTavruli niSani. simaR-le 14 sm. loWinis nasoflari (2-60:46). IV-V ss. gamo-qveynebulia: abramiSvili… 1962, sur. 4-1; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 13.

5.1. Jug, with pear-shape body, flat base and thick handle, thick pink earthenware, two Georgian letters scratched as an abbreviation on the shoulder. H 16cm. (1-61:3016). Urbnisi, 5th-6th centuries. Pubished: Chilashvili 1964, pl. XLIII-1.

5.2. Jug, pear-shaped, flat-bottomed, with wavy ornament; red earthenware; two Georgian letters scratched as an abbreviation. H.14cm. Lochini (2-60:46). 4th-5th centeris. Pubished: Abramishvili…1962, fig. 4-1; Chilashvili 1990, pg. 13.

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6. doqi, sferuli taniT, maRali yeliT, brtyelZi-ra. keci movardisferoa. simaRle 25,5 sm. noqalaqevi – arqeopolisi (12-974:2070), IV-VI ss.

6. Jug, with tall neck and flat base; pinkish earthen ware, spherical body. H.25.5cm. Nokalakevi (Archaeopolis) (12-0974:2070). 4th-6th centuries.

7. doqi, sferuli taniT, maRalyeliani, brtyel Zirze. keci movardisferoa. simaRle 27,5 sm. noqa-laqevi – arqeopolisi (12-974:2068), VI-VIII ss.

7. Jug, with tall neck, globular body and flat base; pinkish earthenware. H 27.5cm. Nokalakevi (Archaeopolis) (12-974:2068). 6th-8th centuries.

25

8.1. doqi, wiTelkeciani. brtyelZira. simaRle 16,5 sm. naqalaqari urbnisi (1-57:804). V s. gamoqveyne-bulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XLII-1.

8.2. doqi wiTelkeciani. calyura. simaRle 16 sm. naqalaqari urbnisi (1-61:3187). VI s. gamoqveynebu-lia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XLII-2.

8.3. qusliani, vardisferkeciani jami. mowiTalod SeRebili da naprialebi. Ddiametri - 28 sm. simaRle - 11 sm. naqalaqari nekresi (62-988:337). V-VI ss. gamo-qveynebulia: WilaSvili 2004, sur. 57; baxtaZe 2010-A, gv. 50.

8.1. Jug, red -wall earthenware with flat base. H. 16.5cm (1-57:804). Urbnisi. 5th century. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl.XLII-1.

8.2. Jug, red-wall earthenware , with handle. H. 16cm.(1-61:3187). Urbnisi, 5th century. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl. XLII-2.

8.3. Pink-wall bowl foot-ring. Painted in reddish colour and polished. D. 28 cm. H. 11 cm. Nekresi (62-988:337). V-VI centuries. Published: Chilashvili 2004, fig. 57; Bakhtadze 2010-A, pg. 50.

26

9. amforebi, gaTxrisas gamovlenili saxiT. noqa-laqevi – arqeopolisi, citadeli (1977). IV-V ss. Ggamoqveynebulia: noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi 1981, tab. XLII-1.

9. Amphorae in time of excavations. Nokalakevi (Archaeopolis). Citadel (1977). 4th-5th century. Published: Nokalakevi- Archeopolis 1981, Pl. XLII-1

27

10. doqi, calyura, brtyelZira, yelwiboiani. keci sqelia, monacrisfero. simaRle 38,5 sm. naqalaqari urbnisi (1-62:3663). V-VII ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaS-vili 1964, tab. XL-1; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 10.

10. Jug, with handle and flat base; thick-walled, grayish. H. 38.5cm. Urbnisi (1-62:3663). 5th-6th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl.XL-I.

28

11. dekoratiuli filis fragmenti, sasmisis win mdgomi farSevangis gamosaxulebiT. zeda frizze vazis da yurZnis gamosaxulebaa. keci wiTelia. naqa-laqari urbnisi (1-58:1991). VI-VII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: WilaSvili 1964, sur. 50; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 10.

11. Fragments of decorative tile, with a peacock facing a bowl and a vine with a bunch of grapes; thick red earthenware. Urbnisi (1-58:1991), 6th-7th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1964, fig. 50; Chilashvili 1990, Fig.10.

29

13. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, brtyelZiriani, caly-ura. keci wiTelia da sqeli. simaRle 24 sm. naqalaqa-ri urbnisi (1-58:3664), VI-VIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XLI-2.

13. Jug, pear-shaped, with flat base and handle; thick red earthenware. H. 24cm. Urbnisi (1-58:3664). 6th-8th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl. XLI-2.

14. doqi, msxlisebri taniT, brtyelZiriani, caly-ura. Tixa Calisferia, sqeli piri samtuCaa. simaRle 28 sm. naqalaqari urbnisi (1-61:3663), VI-VIII ss. gamo-qveynebulia: WilaSvili 1964, tab. XLI-1.

14. Jug pear-shaped body, flat base and handle, trefoil lip, thick straw earthenware . H28cm. Urbnisi(1-61:3665), 6th-8th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1964, pl.XLI-1.

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15. kedlis mosarTavi fila, cxovelebis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT. keci wiTelia da sqeli. zomebi: 34X25X2,5 sm. TeTri wyaros raioni (78-976:1), V-VII ss.

15. Decorative tile, with animal relief figures, thick red-walled clay. (34X25X2,5cm). Tetri Tskaro (78-976:1). 5 th-7th centuries.

31

16. antefiqsi, reliefurad gamosaxuli jvriT da qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebiT. keci wiTelia, sqeli. vaCnaZianis eklesia (v. 11), VII –VIII ss. gamo-qveynebulia: jRamaia 1980, tab. XVII-I.

16. Antefix, with a relief representation of a cross and Georgian inscriptions; thick red clay. Vachnadziani (Shroma). 7th-10 th centuries. Published: Jgamaia 1980, Building Ceramics of Feudal Georgia, Tbilisi, 1980, pl. XVII-1.

32

17. antefiqsi, irmebis reliefuri gamosaxulebe-biT. keci wiTelia, sqeli. naqalaqari artanuji (a. 47), VI-VIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: javaxiSvili...1962, tab. IV; zaqaraia 1965, gv. 68, tab. XXVIII-3.

17. Antefix, with a relief representation of a deer; Thick red clay. Artanuji (A. 47). 6th-8th centuries. Published: Javakhishvili… 1962, pl. IV; Zakaraia 1965, p. 68, pl. XXVIII-3.

33

19. antefiqsi, jvris da qarTuli warwerebis gamosaxulebebiT. keci wiTelia, sqeli. Naqalaqa-ri artanuji (a. 95-07), VI-VIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1990, sur. 14.

19. Antefix, with a relief representation of a cross and Georgian inscriptions; thick red clay. Artanuji (A. 95-07). 6th-8th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1990, fig. 14.

18. antefiqsi jvris, frinvelisa da qarTuli warwerebis gamosaxulebebiT. keci wiTelia, sqeli. simaRle 18 sm. besleTi (a. 48), VI-VIII ss. gamoqveyne-bulia: zaqaraia 1965, gv. 43.

18. Antefix, with a relief representation of a cross, a birds and Georgian inscriptions, thin red clay. Besleti (A. 48). 6th-8th centuries. Published: Zakaraia 1965, Fig.43.

34

35 20. naqalaqar urbnisis

marani gaTxrebisas, 1958 w., IV-V ss.

20. Wine cellar in time of excavation. Urbnisi, 1958. 4th-5th centuries.

36

21. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, gaSlili piriT da dabali qusliT, WiqurqveSa moxatviT Sesrule-bulia fexmorTxmuli mamakacis figura. Ppiris diametri - 32.5 sm. naqalaqari nekresi (62-988:352), IX s. gamoqveynebulia: Cemia 2011, sur. 1; baxtaZe 2010-A, gv. 51.

21. Glazed bowl, red-wall with open mouth and low foot-ring, with paint of cross-legged man figure under glaze. The mouth diameter 32,5 cm. Nekresi (62-988:352), IX c. Published: Chemia 2011, fig. 1; Bakhtadze 2010, pg. 51.

37

22. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da dabali qusliT. keci wiTelia, Sesrulebulia WiqurqveSa moxatva. piris diametri 23,5 sm. areSi (66-971:1236), IX-X ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, sur. 1.

22. Glazed bowl with even rim and short foot-ring; red earthenware, polychrome painting under glaze cover . Mouth diameter 23,5 cm. Areshi (66-971:1236). 9th-10th centuries. Partly restored, one side is missing. Published: Chilashvili 1991, fig.1.

23. moWiquli jami, aweuli piriT da quslamoRa-ruli ZiriT. moWiqva CamoRvenTvis wesiT aris Ses-rulebuli, feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT. piris diametri 21,5 sm, rusTavi (77-983;3), IX-X ss.

23. Glazed bowl on a short grooved foot-ring and vertical mouth; red earthenware, polychrome painting by the so called “dripping” technique. M. D. 21.5 cm. Rustavi (77-983:3) 9th-10th centuries.

38

25. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. Tbilisi, (1-54:2219), IX-X ss. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. IX; WilaSvili 1970, tab. XIII-2.

25. Bowl fragment. Red clay with under-glaze painting. Tbilisi (1-54:2219). 9th-10th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1969, pl. IX; Chilashvili 1970, pl.XIII-2.

24. TeTr angobze mravalferi zolebiT moxatuli da uferod moWiquli jamis fragmenti. keci wiTe-lia, sqeli. naqalaqari dmanisi (17-37483), IX-X ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XXXIV-1; mai-suraZe 1953, tab. 3-2.

24. Fragment of a glazed bowl, with polychrome – multicolor stripes on white engobe under colorless glazed painting: thick red clay. Dmanisi (17-37:483). 9th-10th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. XXXIV-1; Maisuradze 1953, pl.3-2.

39

26. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. Tbilisi (1-54:1958), IX-X ss.

26. Bowl fragment, red clay. Under-glazed polychrome painting. Tbilisi (1-54:1958). 9th-10th centuries.

27. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. dmanisi (81-65:1716), IX-X ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1970, tab. XIII-2.

27. Fragment of a glazed bowls, with under glazed painting; think red earthenware. Dmanisi (81-65:1716). 9TH-10TH centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1970, pl.XIII-2.

40

30. moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti. naqa-laqari rusTavi (77-983:4), X-XI ss.

30. Fragment of a glazed bowl, with even rim, on foot-ring; thick red earthenware; under glaze, with white engobe. Rustavi (77-983:4). 10th-11th centuries.

28. moWiquli jami, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. Ddiametri 20,3 sm. rusTavis naqalaqari (04-82:240), IX-X ss.

28. Glazed bowl with under-glazed painting. D. 20,3 cm. Rustavi (04-240). 9th-10th centuries.

41

29. oryura WurWeli, tuCiani. keci wiTelia, Ziri brtyeli aqvs. simaRle 12 sm. naqalaqari areSi (66-971:446), X s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, tab. XVI-1;

29. Vessel with two handles and long beak on flat base; reddish earthenware. H.12 cm. Areshi (66-971:446). 10th century. Published: Chilashvili 1991, pl. XVI-1.

42

31. sqelkedliani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, vertikaluri piriT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveS moxatulia angobiT. naqalaqari dmanisi (6-65:5771), X-XI ss.

31. Fragment of a glazed thin-walled red clay bowl, with an even and foot-ring; under glaze painting with white engobe by the reservation technique. Dmanisi (6-65:5771). 10th-11th centuries.

32. moWiquli jami, vertikaluri piriT, wiTelke-cini, qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveS angobiT moxatuli. diametri 22,5 sm. naqalaqari dmanisi (81-65:1451), X-XI ss.

32. Glazed bowl with even vertical rim, on foot-ring; thick red earthenware. Under glazed ornament with engobe. D.22.5cm. Dmanisi (81-65:1451). 10th-11th centuries.

43

34. ̀ sferokonusis~ formis nacrisferkeciani Wur-Weli. naqalaqari dmanisi (31-65:1892), XI-XII ss. gamo-qveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. IX.

34. Sphero-conic ware. Grey-walled vessel. Dmanisi (31-65:1892). ). 11th-12th centuries. Published : V. japaridze, Georgian Pottery, PL.IX.

44

45 33. Tixis WurWlis gamosawvavi qurebi gaTxrebis

Semdeg: 1. Tbilisi (ganjiskari, 1949 w), XIII s; 2. naqa-laqari Jinvali. quris gaTxrebi (1976 w).

33. Kilns and wastes after excavations: 1. Tbilisi (Ganjiskari, 1949), 13th century; 2. Zhinvali (1976), 12th-13th centuries. Kiln Excavations (1976).

46

35. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da quslamoRaru-li ZiriT. keci wiTelia. diametri 18,5 sm. Tbilisi (a 1930), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XX-1.

35. Glazed bowl, with even rim, on the grooved foot-ring; red earthenware;. D. 18.5cm. Tbilisi (a 1930). 11th-12th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. XX-1.

36. jami, erTferad moWiquli, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. keci wiTelia. diametri 14,5 sm. Tbilisi (a 1943), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe, 1956, tab. XVI-2.

36. Glazed bowl, with even rim, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glazed engraving; monochrome glaze. D. 14.5CM. (a1943). 11th12th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. XVI-2.

47

37. jami, erTferad moWiquli, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. keci wiTelia. diametri 20 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3266), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: miwiS-vili 1979, tab. XI-1.

37. Glazed one-color bowl. With even rim. On foot-ring; red earthenware; D. 20 cm.Tbilisi (1-54:3266). 11th-12th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XI-1.

38. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. keci wiTelia. diametri 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3284), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: miwiS-vili 1979, tab. X-1.

38. Glazed bowl, with even rim, on foot-ring; thick earthenware; D.20,5 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3284). 11th-12th centuries. Published: M. Mitsishvili, Manufacture of Glazed Pottery at Medieval Tbilisi (IX-XIII cc.), pl. X-1.

48

40. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da wiTe-li keciT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, diametri 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (a 1928). XI-XII sm. diametri 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3998), XI-XII ss.

40. Glazed one-color bowl, with even rim, on foot-ring; under glaze engraving; monochrome glaze. D.20.5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3998). 11th-12th centuries.

39. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, diame-tri 20 sm. Tbilisi (a 1928). XI-XII sm. diametri 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3284), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. LIX-3.

39. Glaze one-color bowl, with even rim, on foot-ring, red earthenware; under-glaze engraving, monochrome glaze. D.20 cm. Tbilisi. (A 1928). 11th-12th centuries. Diameter 20,5 cm, Tbilisi (1-54:3284), XI-XII c.c. Published: japaridze 1956, pl. LIX-3.

49

41. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, diametri – 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2743), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. XV.

41. Glazed bowl, with even rim, on foot-ring; red earthenware; underglaze engraving;monochrome glaze. D.20.5 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2743). 11th-12th centuries. Partly restored. Published: Mitishvili 1969, pl.XV.

42. erTferad moWiquli jami, WiqurqveSa gravire-biT, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, diametri – 19,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3285). XI-XII ss.

42.Glazed bowl, with vertical rim and foot-ring; red earthenware; underglaze engraving; monochrome glaze. D. 19.5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3285).11th-12th centuries. Rim is missing.

50

44. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, diametri 20,7 sm. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:13), XI-XII ss.

44. Glazed bowl, with vertical rim, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving; monochrome glaze. D. 20.7cm. Rustavi (77-983:13).11th-12th centuries.

43. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, diametri 22,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:553), XI-XII ss.

43. Glazed bowl, with vertical rim and foot-ring; thick red earthenware; under glaze engraving; monochrome glaze. D. 22.5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:553). 11th-12th centuries.

51

45. erTferad moWiquli jami, qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, diametri – 15,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2273), XI-XII ss.

45. Glazed bowl, on foot-ring, with downtrend rim, red earthenware, under glazed engraving; monochrome glaze. D. 15.5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2273).11th-12th centuries.

52

46. keramikis dasamzadebeli nedleulis min-arevebisgan wyliT gansawmendi auzebis sistema, XII-XIII ss. aRmoCeniliaQqciis monastris teritoriaze Catarebuli gaTxrebisas, 2009 wels.

46. System of reservoirs for cleaning ceramic production raw materials from admixtures with water. XII-XIII centuries. Found during the excavations on the territory of Ktsia Monastery in 2009.

53

47. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. diametri – 16 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2535), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. LIX-2.

47. Glazed bowl, with even rim and foot-ring; red earthenware; D. 16.cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2535). 11th-12th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. LIX-2.

48. erTferad moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. diametri – 15 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2105), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XLII-1.

48. Glazed bowl with even rim and foot-ring; red earthenware, D. 15cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2105). 11th-12th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XLII-1.

54

49. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, swo-ri piriT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravire-biT. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:10), X-XI ss.

49. Fragment of a bowl, with even rim and foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving; Rustavi (77-983:10). 11th-12th centuries.

50. erTferad moWiquli jami, WiqurqveSa gravire-biT, Wdeuli piriT da qusliani ZiriT. keci wiTeli, simaRle 9 sm. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:8), X-XI ss.

50. One-color glazed bowl with under-glaze engraving, grooved mouth and foot-ring bottom. Red-walled, height – 9 cm. Rustavi (77-983:8), X-XI c.c.

55

51. erTferad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, Wiqurqve-Sa gravirebiT, wiTelkeciani. Tbilisi (1-54:202), XI-XII ss.

51. Fragment of a one-color glazed bowl, with under-glaze engraving, red-walled. Tbilisi (1-54:202), 11th-12th centuries.

56

52. moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveS mravalfradaa moxatu-li. diametri 24 sm. dmanisi (dm. 400), X-XI ss. gamo-qveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, qarTuli keramika. tab. XXXVII.

52. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; D. 24 cm. Dmanisi (D 400). 11th-12th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. XXXVII.

57

53. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. Semkulia WiqurqveSa gravirebuli ornamentiT. diametri 39 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3391), XI-XII s.

53. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; rich under glaze monochrome engraving. D. 39cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3391). 11th-12th centuries.

58

54. erTferad moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. Semkulia WiqurqveSa gravi-rebiT. diametri 20 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2276), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. II.

54. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glazed engraving; monochrome glazed. Diameter – 20 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2276). 11th-12th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. II.

59

55. fragmenti moWiquli jamisa, wiTelkeciani, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. naqalaqari dmanisi (d. 29), XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XXXV-1.

55. Fragment of a glazed bowl, with under glazed painting. Dmanisi (D.28). 11th-12th centuries. Publishes: Japaridze 1956, pl. XXXV-1.

56. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa moxat-viT, naqalaqari dmanisi (d. 28), XI-XII ss. gamoqveyne-bulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XXXV-2.

56. Fragment of a glazed bowl, with under glaze painting. Dmanisi (D 28). 11th-12th centuries. Publishes: Japaridze 1956, pl. XXXV-2.

60

57. erTferad moWiquli larnaki, kvercxisebri formis taniT da cilindruli yeliT, qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT. simaRle 35 sm. Tbili-si (a 1964). XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XXVI-1; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 7.

57. Glazed vase, with ovoid body and cylindrical neck, on foot-ring, under glazed engraving; monochrome glaze; H.35cm. Tbilisi (A 1964). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. XXVI-1; Chilashvili 1990, Fig 7.

61

58. erTferad moWiquli qila, sferuli taniT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT gamoyva-nilia mcenareuli motivi. simaRle 15 sm. naqalaqari dmanisi (61-64:801), XII-XIII sm.

58. Vessel, with globular body, on foot-ring; under glazed engraving, monochrome glaze, vegetable ornament. H 15 cm. Dmanisi (61-64:801). 12th-13th centuries.

62

59. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani. diametri – 22 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (09-27:7571), XII-XIII ss.

59. Glazed bowl, red earthenware. D. 22cm. Zhinvali (09-27:7571). 12 th-13th centuries.

63 61. erTferad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, Semkuli Sver-

ilebiT, Tbilisi (1-54:72),), XII-XIII ss.

61. Fragment of a bowl, with knobs; thick red earthenware; monochrome glazed. Tbilisi (1-54:72). 12th-13th centuries.

60. erTferad moWiquli oryura, qusliani Tasi, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT. simaRle 18,5 sm. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:12). XII-XIII ss.

60. Chalice, with cylindrical body and two ears, on foot-ring; engraving in monochrome glazed, H. 18, 5cm. Rustavi (77-983:12) . 12th-13th centuries.

64

62. moWiquli Wraqebi. wiTelkeciani, arasruli moWiq-viT. Tbilisi (6-61:81; 1-54:1554; 6-61:81), XII-XIII ss.

62. Lamps, in the forms of shells; red earthenware; monochrome glaze; incomplete glazing. Tbilisi (6-61:81, 1-54:1554, 1-54:128, 6-61:81). 12th-13th centuries.

65

63. erTferad moWiquli samarileebi da samelne. dabaltaniani da wiTelkeciani. samelne Wiqurqve-Sa gravirebiTaa Semkuli. Tbilisi (1-54:3192; 04-59:1708; 04-81:231), XII-XIII ss.

63. Salt-cellars and inkstand with low body; red earthenware; monochrome glaze; surface of the inkstand engraved in green glaze. Tbilisi (1-54:3192, 04-59:1708, 04-81:231). 12th-13th centuries.

66

64. naxevarsferuli Tasi, erTferad moWiquli, brtyelZiriani, maRal sadgamze. simaRle 10 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3452), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. LIX-1.

64. Semispherical cup on a tall foot with flat base; monochrome glaze. H. 10 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3452). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. LIX-1.

67

65. zarismagvari sasanTle. keci wiTelia, moWiqu-lia erTferad. simaRle 11 sm. naqalaqari dmanisi (2-62863), XII-XIII ss.

65. Bell-shaped candlestick, red earthenware; monochrome glaze. H. 11cm. Dmanisi (2-62:863). 12 th-13th centuries.

68

66. moWiquli qilebi. wiTelkeciani, moWiqulia erTferad. simaRle 13 da 11 sm. Tbilisi (a1921; 1-54:3451), XII-XIII ss.

66. Glazed vessels; thick red earthenware; monochrome glaze. H. from left to right 13 and 11 cm. Tbilisi (A 1921, 1-54:5451). 12th-13th centuries.

69

67. erTferad moWiquli qilebi, wiTelkeciani, simaRle 12,7 sm da 8,4 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2245; 1-54:2664), XI-XIII ss.

67. Glazed vessels; thick red earthenware; monochrome glaze. H. from left to right 12.7 and 8.4 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2245, 1-54:2664). 11th-13th centuries.

70

68. erTferad moWiquli qila, maRaltaniani da dabalyeliani, wiTelkeciani. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:7), XII-XIII ss.

68. Glazed vessels, with tall body and short neck; thick red earthenware; monochrome glaze. Rustavi (77-983:7). 12th-13th centuries.

69. erTferad moWiquli qila, cilindruli taniT da dabali yeliT. keci wiTeli ferisaa. simaRle 19 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3240), XII-XIII ss.

69. Glazed vessel, with cylindrical body and narrow neck; red earthenware; monochrome glaze. H.19 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3240). 12th-13th centuries.

71

70. erTferad moWiquli qila (albarelo), WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da arabuli warweriT. simaR-le 23 sm. Wapala (96-972:329), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: Синауридзе 1977, tab. XXII-1; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 16.

70. Albarello, with cylindrical body; blue glaze; under glaze engraving of an Arabic inscription. H. 23 cm. Chapala (96-972:329). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Sinauridze 1977, pl. XXII-1; Chilashvili 1990, Fig. 16.

72

71. moWiquli jami, vertikaluri piriT, oryura, qusliani ZiriT, Semkulia gravirebiT, geometriu-li da mcenareuli motivebiT. diametri – 19 sm. naqa-laqari ujarma (2-57:734), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. LXIII; WilaSvili 1970, tab. XXIII-1.

71. Glazed bowl, with vertical side and two ears, on foot-ring; engraving with geometrical and vegetable ornament. D. 19cm. Ujarma (2-57:734). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1969, pl. LXIII; Chilashvili 1970, pl. XXIII-1.

73. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalfera moxatviT. naqalaqari dmanisi (d-127), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: jafariZe 1956, tab. LVI-5;

73. Fragment of a polychrome bowl; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. Dmanisi (D 127). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. LVI-5.

72. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalfera moxatviT. naqalaqari dmanisi (81-65:1745), XII-XIII ss.

72. Fragment of a polychrome bowl, under glaze engraving; polychrome painting. Dmanisi (81-65:1745). 12th-13th centuries.

73

74. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, wiTelkeciani, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. dmanisi (81-75:1767), XII-XIII ss.

74. Fragment of a bowl, under glaze painting; red earthenware. Dmanisi (81-75:1767). 12th-13th centuries.

75. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa gravire-biT da moxatviT. dmanisi (d-154), XII-XIII ss.

75.Fragment of a glazed bowl, with under-glaze engraving and painting. Dmanisi (D 154). 12th-13th centuries.

74

76. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, swori piriT da WiqurqveSa mravalfera moxatviT. dmanisi (d-75:1741), XII-XIII ss.

76. Fragment of a glazed bowl with even mouth and under-glazed polychrome painting. Dmanisi (d-75:1741). 12th-13th centuries.

75

78. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, wiTelkeciani. dmanisi (d-313), XII-XIII ss.gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XXXIII-4; mai-suraZe 1953, tab. 2-1.

78. Fragment of polychrome glazed bowl, red-wall.Dmanisi (d-313), 12th-13th centuries.Published: Japaridze 1956, Pl. XXXIII-4; Maisuradze 1953, pl.2-1.

77. moWiquli jami, movardisfro keciani, swori piriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalfera mox-atviT. diametri 11,5 sm. dmanisi (81-65:1254), XII-XIII ss.

77. Glazed bowl, pinkish-wall with even mouth and under-glaze engraving and polychrome painting. Diameter 11,5 cm. Dmanisi (81-65:1254), 12th-13th centuries.

76

79. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, wiTelkeciani, WiqurqveSa damuSavebiT. naqalaqari dmanisi (d-399), XII-XIII ss. gamo-qveynebulia: maisuraZe 1953, tab. 21-1.

79. Fragment of a red-clay bowl, with under glazed painting. Dmanisi (D 399). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Maisuradze 1953, pl. 21-1.

80. erTferad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, wiTelke-ciani. Tbilisi (1-54:2639), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. XLII; miwiSvili 1979, tab. XL-2.

80. Fragment of a red earthenware bowl, with under glazed polychrome painting. Tbilisi (1-54:2639). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XLII; Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XL-2.

77

81. jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelke-ciani, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalferad moWiquli. naqalaqari dmanisi (2-62:284), XII-XIII ss.

81. A bowl with even mouth and foot-ring bottom. red-walled, under-glazed engraving and polychrome glazing. Dmanisi (2-62:284). 12th-13th centuries.

82. jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelke-ciani, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalferad moWiqu-li. diametri -20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3592), XIII s.

82. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. D. 20.5 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3592). 13th century.

78

84. jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelke-ciani. Semkulia WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mraval-feri Wiquris saRebavebiT. diametri – 20 sm. Tbili-si (1-54:3237). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXV-2.

84. Glazed bowl with vertical side, on foot-ring; under glazed engraving and polychrome painting. D. 20. cm; Tbilisi (1-54:3237).13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXV-2.

83. jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelke-ciani, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT, mravalferad moWiquli. diametri – 18,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2796), XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXIII.

83. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting D. 18.5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2796). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXIII.

79

86. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. Semkulia WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalferi Wiquris saRebavebiT. diametri – 19,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3236). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiS-vili 1979, tab. XXVII-1.

86. Red-clay glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; under glazed engraving and polychrome painting. D. 19.5 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3236). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, Pl. XXVII-1.

85. jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelke-ciani. Semkulia WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mraval-feri Wiquris saRebavebiT. diametri - 20 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2796). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXVII-2.

85. Glazed red-clay bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; under-glazed engraving and polychrome painting. D.20cm. Tbilis (1-54:2796). 13 th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, Pl. XXVII-2.

80

88. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT. Tbilisi (1-54:3297). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. XXVI.

88. Fragment of glazed bowl, with under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. Tbilisi (1-54:3297). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XXVI.

87. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani. Semkulia mravalferi Wiquris saRe-bavebiT. diametri – 20 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3234). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXXVIII-1.

87.Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. D.20 cm Tbilisi (1-54:3234). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, Pl. XXVIII-1.

81

89. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da poliqro-mulad moWiquli. diametri – 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3278). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXXV-1.

89. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring, red earthenware, under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. D. 20, 5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3278). 13th century.Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXXV-1.

90. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. gravirebulia da moxatuli. diame-tri 19,5 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:41). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXXVI-2.

90. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware, under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. D. 19.5 cm. Zhinvali (71-985:41).13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXXVI-2.

82

92. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. gravirebulia da moxatuli Wiquris qveS. diame-tri – 20,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2539). XIII s. gamoqveyne-bulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXX1-1.

92. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. D. 20,5 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2539).13th century.Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXXI-1.

91. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani, gravirebulia da moxatuli Wiquris qveS. diametri 20 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3595). XIII s. gamo-qveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXXIII-1.

91. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting. D. 20cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3595). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXXIII-1

83

94. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, frinvelis da mcenareuli motivis gamosaxulebiT. naqalaqari dmanisi (d-1696). XII-XIII ss.

94. Fragment of a glazed bowl, red earthenware decorated with a bird and vegetable ornament. Dmanisi (D. 1696).12th-13th centuries.

93. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, frinvelis da mcenareuli motivis gamosaxulebiT. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:15). XII-XIII ss.

93. Fragment of glazed bowl, decorated with a bird and vegetable ornament, red earthenware. Rustavi (77-988:15). 12th-13th centuries.

84

96. wiTelkeciani, moWiquli jamis fragmenti, frinvelis da mcenareuli motivis gamosaxulebiT. Tbilisi (2907). XIII ss.

96. Fragment of a glazed bowl featuring a bird and a vegetation, red clay. Tbilisi (2907). 13th century.

97. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da poliqromuli moxatviT. gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareuli ornamenti. diametri -19,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3596). XIII s. gamoqvey-nebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XIV-1.

97. Glazed red-clay bowl, with vertical sides, on foot-ring; under-glaze engraving and polychrome painting; depiction: a bird and vegetable ornament. D. 19.5 cm Tbilis (1-54:3596). 13th century Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XIV-1.

95. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani. gravirebulia da mravalferi Wiquris saRebaviT moxatuli. frinvelis da mcena-reuli motivis gamosaxulebiT. diametri – 20 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3297). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvi-li 1979, tab. XVIII-2.

95. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring, red clay; under-glaze engraving and polychrome painting; a bird and a vegetable motifs depicted. D. 20cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3297). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XVIII-2.

85

98. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da da mravalferi Wiquris saRebaviT moxatuli. gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareuli motivi. Ddiametri 19,5 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3242). XIII s.

98. Fragment of a glazed red-clay bowl, with under glaze engraving and polychrome painting, represented: a bird and vegetable ornament. D. 19.5cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3242). 13th century.

86

99. jami moWiquli, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalferi Wiquris saRebaviT moxatuli. gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareuli motivi. Tbilisi (1-54:2753). XIII s. gamo-qveynebulia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. XXIX; WilaSvili 1970, tab. XIX-2.

99. Glazed red-clay bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; under-glazed engraving and painting; depicted: a bird and a vegetable ornament. Tbilisi (1-54:2753). 13 th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XXIX; Chilashvili 1970, pl.XIX-2.

100. jami moWiquli, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa moxatviT gamosaxu-lia frinveli da mcenareuli motivebi. Tbilisi (1-54:2906). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1979, tab. XV-2.

100. Glazed red-clay bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ing; engraving and under glazed painting, depicted: a bird and a vegetable ornament. Tbilisi (1-54:2906). 13th century. Published: Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XV-2

87

102. poliqromulad moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, frinvelisa da mcenareuli motivebis gamosaxulebiT. gamoyenebulia gravireba da mraval-feri Wiquris saRebavebi. Tbilisi (1-54:3310). XIII s.

102. Fragment of a glazed polychrome red-clay bowl representing a bird and a vegetable ornament; engraving and polychrome painting. Tbilisi (1-54:3310). 13th century.

101. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, wiTelkeciani, gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareu-li ornamenti. Tbilisi (1-54:3245). XIII s.

101. Fragment of a glazed polychrome red-clay bowl representing a bird and a vegetable ornament. Tbilisi (1-54:3245). 13th century.

88

103. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiTa da feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareuli motivi. diametri 24,3 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:2765). XIII s.

103. Glazed red-clay bowl, with vertical side and foot-ring; with color painting; decoration; a bird and a vegetable motifs. D.24.5 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:2765). 13th century..

104. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani, WiqurqveSa gravirebiTa da feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareuli motivi. diametri 19,7 sm. Tbilisi (1-54:3280). XIII s.

104. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthen-ware; under-glaze and polychrome painting ; a bird and a vegetable ornament. D.19.7 cm. Tbilisi (1-54:3280). 13 th century.

89

105. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmenti, wiTelkeciani, frinvelis gamosaxulebiT. gamoyene-bulia gravireba da mravalferi Wiquris saRebavebi. naqalaqari areSi (66-971:498). XIII s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, sur. 2.

105. Fragment of a polychrome glazed bowl featuring a bird with engraving and polychrome glazed painting; red earthenware. Areshi (66-971:498). 13th century. Published: Chilashvili 1991, fig. 2.

106. moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. Semkulia Wiqurqve-Sa moxatviT. gamosaxulia frinveli. diametri 17,5 sm. naqalaqari areSi (66-971:520), XIII s. gamoqveynebu-lia: WilaSvili 1991, tab. XXXI-1.

106. Fragment of a bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring, red earthenware; under glaze painting: a bird. D.17.5 cm. Areshi (66-971:529). 13th century. Published: Chilashvili, 1991, pl. XXXI-1.

107. poliqromulad moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. gamosaxu-lia frinveli da geometriuli figurebi. diame-tri – 23,5 sm. naqalaqari dmanisi (81-65:954). XIII s.

107. Fragment of a glazed polychrome bowl; red earthenware; under glaze decoration: a bird and a geometrical motifs. D. 23.5 cm. Dmanisi (81-65:954). 13th century.

108. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. gamo-saxulia frinveli. diametri – 19 sm. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:26), XIII s.

108. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring, red earthenware, under glaze painting of a bird. D. 19 cm. Rustavi (77-983: 26).13th century.

90

110. mravalferad moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, cxovelisa da mcenareebis gamosaxule-biT. naqalaqari dmanisi (81-65:947), XII-XIII ss.

110. Fragment of a glazed polychrome bowl depicting with animal and plants, red earthenware. Dmanisi(81-65:947). 12th-13th centuries.

109. moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. gamoyenebulia WiqurqveSa gravireba da moxatva. gamosaxulia gareuli cxoveli da mcenareuli ornamenti. Tbili-si (1-54:2874), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: miwiSvili 1969, tab. XXX; miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXII; gvritiSvi-li....2011, sur. 4.

109. Fragment of a glazed bowl, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under glaze engraving and polychrome painting: wild animal and vegetable ornaments. Tbilisi (1-54:2874). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XXX; Mitsishvili 1979, pl XXII; Gvritishvili…2011, fig. 4.

91

111. mravalfrad moWiquli, wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT Semkuli. gamosaxulia qalis saxiani da cxovelis taniani figura mcenareul ornamentebTan erTad. Zveli gavazi (31-970:111). XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1975, tab. XXXV-1.

111. Fragment of a glazed polychrome bowl featuring an animal body with female’s head and vegetable motifs, red earthen ware; under-glazed engraving and painting. Gavazi (31-970:111). 12th-13th centuries. Published:Chilashvili 1975, pl. XXXV-1.

112. jami, qalis saxiani frinvelis gamosaxulebiT, wiTelkeciani. gamosaxuleba miRebulia WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalfera moxatviT. diametri – 19 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:12), XIII s. gamoqveyne-bulia: Рамишвили....1982, tab. LXXXVI; rCeuliSvili 1985, gv. 127-128; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 5.

112. Glazed bowl depicting a bird with female’s head; red earthenware, under-glazed engraving and painting. D. 19 cm. Zhinvali (71-985:12). 13th century. Published: Ramishvili… 1982, pl. LXXXVI; Rcheulishvili 1985, pp. 127-128; Chilashvili 1990, Fig.5

113. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveS cxove-lis gamosaxulebiT. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:17). XII-XIII ss.

113. Fragment of a glazed bowl representing a beast. Zhinvali (71-985:17). 12th-13th centuries.

92

114. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT gamosaxulia mocekvave qalis figura. diametri - 19 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:35). XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia:L Рамишвили....1982, tab. LXXXVI; rCeuliSvili 1985, gv. 127-128; WilaS-vili 1990, sur. 6; gvritiSvili 2010, sur. 1.

114. Glazed bowl, with vertical side and foot-ring; red earthenware; engraving and under glaze painting: a dancer woman. D. 19cm. Zhinvali (71-985:35). 13th century. Published: Ramishvili…1982, pl. LXXXVI; Rcheulishvili 1985, p. 127-128; Chilashvili 1990, Fig.6; Gvritishvili 2010, fig. 1.

93

115. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, qusliani ZiriT, WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da feradi Wiquris saRebave-biT gamosaxulia mamakaci da xari. naqalaqari Jin-vali (71-985:7). XIII s.

115. Fragment of a glazed bowl on foot-ring; engraving and under glazed painting: a man and an ox. Zhinvali (71-985:7). 13th centuries.

116. moWiquli jamis fragmenti, qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da feradi Wiquris saRebavebiT gamosaxulia gareuli Txa. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:43). XII-XIII ss.

116. Fragment of a glazed bowl on foot-ring; red earthenware; depicted: a wild goat. Zhinvali (71-985:43). 12th-13th centuries.

94

117. moWiquli jami, wiTelkeciani, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da fera-di saRebavebiT gamosaxulia lomi da mcenareuli motivebi. diametri – 21,9 sm, simaRle 8,8 sm. Qqalaqi kaspi (5-43:1). XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XLIV; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 1.

117. Glazed red-clay bowl on foot-ring; under glazed engraving and polychrome painting; depicts: a lion and vegetable motifs. D. 21.9 cm. H. 8.8cm. Kaspi (5-43:1). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl XLIV; Chilashvili 1990, Fig.1.

95

117-1. moWiquli jamis Ziri. WiqurqveSa gravire-biT da feradi saRebavebiT gamoyvanilia mtacebeli cxovelis (lomis?) stilizebuli saxe anfasSi. Ddi-ametri – 12 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:37). XII-XIII ss.

117-2. moWiquli jamis Ziri. WiqurqveSa gravi-rebiT da feradi saRebavebiT gamoyvanilia xaris stilizebuli saxe anfasSi. Ddiametri – 11.5 sm. nekre-sis monasteri (62-988:607). XII-XIII ss.

117-1. Glazed bottom of a bowl; stylized depiction of a predator (lion?) full face is made by means of under-glaze engraving and coloured paint. D. 12 cm. Zhinvali (71-985:37). XII-XIII centuries.

117-2. Glazed bottom of a bowl; stylized depiction of an ox full face is made by means of under-glaze engraving and coloured paint. D. 11.5 cm. Nekresi Monastery (62-988:607). XII-XIII centuries.

96

118. calyura doqi, kvercxisebri wagrZelebuli taniT, viwro da brtyel Zirze, moTeTro-monacris-fero keciT. simaRle 41 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:24), XII-XIII ss.

118. Jug, with an elongated ovoid body and handle, on a narrow flat base. H. 41cm. white-grayish wall; Zhinvali (71-985:24). 12th-13th centuries.

97

119. calyura doqi, kvercxisebri wagrZelebuli taniT, moTeTro-monacrisfero keciani, brty-eli ZiriT, simaRle 31,5 sm. naqalaqari Jinvali (71-985:49), XII-XIII ss.

119. Jug, with a slightly elongated ovoid body and handle, on a flat base; white-grayish wall. H. 31.5 cm. Zhinvali (71-985:49). 12th-13th centuries.

98

120. calyura qila, maRaltaniani, brtyeli ZiriT. simaRle 24 sm. naqalaqari rusTavi (77-983:20), XII-XIII ss.

120. Jug, with a slightly convex body and a handle, on a flat base. H. 24 cm. Rustavi (77-983:20). 12th-13th centuries.

99

121. calyura doqi, moTeTro-moCalisfero keciT, msxlisebri taniT. yelSi aJuruli Zgide aqvs datanebuli. irgvliv sparsuli warwera Semouyveba or rigad. yuri motexili aqvs. simaRle – 18 sm. mar-jvniv aseTive WurWlis Zgide. Tbilisi (91-54:3604), XII-XIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. XI-2; WilaSvili 1970, tab. XI.

121. Jug of whitish straw hue, with pear-shaped body and handle, an open-work partition between the body and neck, the upper part of the body covered with a Persian inscription in two rows, handle broken off. H. 18 cm. On the right, the open- work partition of a similar jug. Tbilisi (1-54:3604). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Japaridze 1956, pl. XI-2; Chilashvili 1970, pl. XI.

100

122. calyura doqi, kvercxisebri taniT, brtyel-Ziriani. keci movardisfroa. simaRle 46 sm. Jinvali (71-985:23), XII-XIII ss.

122. Jug, with a tall ovoid body, handle and flat base: pinkish-red earthenware. H.46 cm. Zhinvali (71-985:23). 12th-13th centuries.

101

123. WinWila, sferuli taniT, calyura, viwro mil-iT. simaRle 11 sm. Zveli gavazi (66-971:77), XII-XIII sm. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1975, tab. LXV.

123. Vessel with globular body, handle and narrow beak. H. 11cm. Dzveli Gavazi (66-971:77). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1975, pl. LXV.

102

124. calyura doqi, sferuli taniT da brtyeli ZiriT. simaRle – 32,6 sm. dmanisi (d. 1731), XII-XIII ss.

124. Jug, red clay with thick spherical body and flat base. H. 32.6 cm. Dmanisi (D 1731). 12th-13th centuries.

103

125. sferokonusi, momwvano-monacrisfero keciT, viwro xvreliT. simaRle 11 sm. dmanisi (d. 2221), XII-XIII ss.

125. Sphero-conical vessel, with greenish-grayish baked clay and narrow neck. H 11cm. Dmanisi (A 2221). 12th-13th centuries.

104

126. doqi, sferuli taniT, calyura, brtyeli ZiriT. keci moTeTro-movardisfero, moxatulia wiTeli da Savi saRebavebiT. simaRle 11 sm. Jinvali (3398). XI-XII ss.

126-1. doqi, sferuli taniT, calyura, brtyeli ZiriT. keci moTeTro-movardisfero, SeRebilia TeTrad da moxatulia Savi saRebaviT. simaRle 15 sm. dmanisi (81-65:1925). XI-XII ss. gamoqveynebulia: jafariZe....1971, tab. IV-1.

126. Jug, with globular body, handles, and flat base, whitish-pinkish earthenware, painted in red and black hues. D. 11CM. (3398) Zhinvali. 12th-13th centuries.

126-1. Jug, with globular body, handle and flat base, whitish-pinkish earthenware, painted in white and decorated with black paint. H.15 cm. Dmanisi (81-65:1935). XI-XII c.c. Published: Japaridze....1971, pl. IV-1.

105

127. faiansis qila, cilindruli yeliT da sferu-li mucliT, maRal, brtyel Zirze. movarayebulia. simaRle 19 sm. rusTavi (77-983:30). XII-XIII ss. gamo-qveynebulia: WilaSvili 1990, sur. 17.

127. Faience vase with a cylindrical neck and convex body, on a tall foot-ring, painted in luster. H. 19 cm. Rustavi (77-983:30). 12th-13th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1990, pl. 17.

106

129. movarayebuli faiansis jamis fragmenti (fskeri), qalis gamosaxulebiT. diametri 8,6 sm dma-nisi (d. 1089). importi iranidan. XII-XIII ss. gamoqvey-nebulia: jafariZe 1956, tab. LXIII-8.

129. The bottom of a faience bowl, fragment, depicting a women. D. 8.6 cm. (D1089). Imported from Iran. 12th-13th centuries. tPublished: Japaridze 1956, pl. LXIII-8.

128. movarayebuli faiansis jamis fragmenti (fskeri), qalis gamosaxulebiT. dmanisi (2-63:617). importi iranidan. XII-XIII ss.

128. The bottom of a luster faience bowl, depicting a woman. D. 7.5 cm. Dmanisi (2-63:617). Imported from Iran. 12th-13th centuries.

107

130. poliqromulad moWiquli jamis fragmen-ti. gamosaxulia geometriuli motivi. areSi (66-971:437). XIII s.

130. Fragment of a glazed polychrome bowl with a geometric ornament, red earthenware. Areshi (66-971:437). 13th century.

131. wiTelkeciani moWiquli jami. poliqromulad moxatuli diametri 18 sm. dmanisi (d 176). XIII s.

131. Glazed bowl, a red earthenware, polychrome painting. D. 18 cm. Dmanisi (D 176), 13th century.

108

133. wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti. moxatulia muqi yavisferi saRebaviT. areSi (66-971:575). moWiqu-li keramikis minabaZi. XIII s-is II naxevari.

133. Fragment of a red clay bowl, painted in dark-brown hue. Areshi (66-971:391). Imitation of a glazed ceramics. Second halt of 13th century.

132. moWiquli jami, swori piriT da qusliani ZiriT, wiTelkeciani. WiqurqveSa gravirebiT da mravalferi saRebavebiTaa moxatuli. diametri 17,5 sm. areSi (66-971:378), XIII s-is II naxevari. gamoqveyne-bulia: WilaSvili 1991, tab. XXX–2.

132. Glazed bowl, with vertical side, on foot-ring; red earthenware; under-glaze and polychrome painting. D. 17.5 cm. Areshi (66-971:378). Second half of 13th century. Published: Chilashvili 1991, pl XXX-2.

109

134. wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, angobirebuli da muqi yavisferi saRebaviT moxatuli. SemorCenil-ia erTi frinvelis gamosaxuleba da meoris nawili, agreTve yurZnis mtevnebi (samwertila stilizebiT) da xazovani ornamenti. areSi (66-971:575), XIII s-is II naxevari. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, sur. 7.

134. Red- clay bowl fragment, with engobe, painted in dark-brown hue, one bird image preserved in full, and part of another, as well as of a bunch of grapes ( three dots) and a liner ornament. Areshi (66-971:575). Second half of 13th century. Published: Chilashvili 1991, fig. 7.

136. wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa poliqromuli naxatiT. rusTavi (77-983:25), XIII s-is II naxevari.

136. Fragment of a bowl, with under glazed polychrome painting. Rustavi (77-983:25). Second half of 13th century.

135. wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, WiqurqveSa moxatviT. areSi (66-971:1252), XIII s-is II naxevari.

135. Fragment of a red- clay bowl, with under glazed polychrome painting. Areshi (66-971:1252). Second half of 13th century.

110

137. wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, quslian Zirze. zedapiri angobirebulia da gravirebuli, gamoyene-bulia mravalferi saRebavebi. gamosaxulia frinve-li da mcenareuli motivebi. nawilobriv dafaru-lia gamWvirvale WiquriT. moWiquli nawarmis min-abaZi. diametri 17,5 sm. areSi (66-971:343), XIII-XIV ss mijna. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, sur. 6.

137. Fragment of a red-clay bowl on foot-ring, the surface with engobe and engraving, various colors used: decoration: a bird and vegetable motifs: partly covered with transparent glaze; imitation of glazed pottery. D. 17.5cm. Areshi (66-971:343). Border of 13th-14th centuries. Published : Chilashvili 1991, Fig.6.

138. wiTelkeciani jamis fragmenti, quslian Zirze. angobirebul Sidapirze amokawvriT da moxatviT gamosaxulia frinveli da mcenareuli motivi. nawilobriv gadavlebuli aqvs gamWvirvale Wiquri. moWiquli nawarmis minabaZi. diametri 17,5 sm. Zveli gavazi (66-971:36), XIII s-is II naxevari – XIV s. gamo-qveynebulia: WilaSvili 1975, tab. XXXIII.

138. Fragment of a red-clay bowl on foot-ring; the surface with engobe, birds and plant shoot motif, engraved and painted; only the figures are glazed partially with transparent glaze. Gavazi (66-971:36). Imitation of glazed pottery. D – 17,5 cm.Second half of 13th-14th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1975, pl. XXXIII.

139. wiTelkeciani jami, Sidapirze frinvelis gamo-saxulebiT. moWiquli keramikis imitacia. diametri 16,5 sm. areSi (66-971:376), XIII s-is II naxevari – XIV s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, sur. 5.

139. Fragment of a red-clay bowl with a bird figure. D.16.5cm Areshi (66-971:376). Imitation of glazed pottery. Second half of 13th-14th centuries.Published: Chilashvili, 1991, Fig.5.

111

140. wiTelkeciani jami, mcenareuli da geometriu-li ornamentebiT Semkuli. moWiquli keramikis imi-tacia. diametri 16,5 sm. areSi (66-971:725), XIII s-is II naxevari – XIV s.

140. Red-clay bowl decoration with vegetation and geometrical ornaments. Imitation of glazed ceramic. Areshi (66-971:725). Second half of 13th-14th cent.

141. wiTelkeciani jami, frinvelis gamosaxulebiT. moWiquli keramikis imitacia. diametri 17 sm. areSi (66-971:1827), XIII s bolo – XIV s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1991, sur. 3.

141. Red-clay bowl featuring a bird. Areshi (66-971:1827). Imitation of glazed pottery. End of 13th-14th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1991, fig.3

112

143. wiTelkeciani jami, brtyel Zirze. diametri – 17 sm. gremi (94-67:102), XV s – XVI s-is dasawyisi. gamo-qveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, tab. XXXI-4.

143. Red-clay bowl on a flat base. D. 17cm. Gremi (94-67:338). 15th-early 16th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1980, pl. XXXI-4.

142. wiTelkeciani jami, vertikaluri gverdebiT, brtyelZiriani. diametri – 16,8 sm. gremi (94-67:338), XV s – XVI s-is dasawyisi. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvi-li 1980, tab. XXXI-1.

142. Red-clay bowl with vertical side and flat base. D. 16. 8 cm. Gremi (94-67:338). 15th-early 16th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1980, pl. XXXI-1.

113

144. Wraqebi: wiTelkeciani, sokosebri, calyura, simaRle 8 sm da 7,7 sm. gremi (994-66:172; 94-66:364). XVI s-is bolo – XVII s-is dasawyisi. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, tab. XXXI-5.

144. Lamps of red earthenware, mushroom-shaped, with a handle. H. 8cm. and 7.7 cm Gremi (94-66: 172. 94-96:364). 16th-early 17th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1980, pl. XXXI-5.

145. wiTelkeciani WinWila, sferuli taniT da viwro, maRali yeliT, naxvretebiani brtyeli ZiriT. simaRle 18,5 sm. zagemi-bazari (65-979:2). XVI-XVII ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, tab. XLV.

145. Red-wall vessel – chinchilla, with spheral body and narrow, tall neck on a flat bottom with holes. H - 18,5csm. Zagemi-bazari (65-979:2). XVI-XVII c.c. Published: Chilashvili 1980, pl. XLV.

114

146. oTxyuriani qila (ori motexili aqvs), lurjad moWiquli, keci wiTeli ferisa. simaRle 19,5 sm (gre-mi (94-67:386), XVI s-XVII s-is dasawyisi. aRdgenilia, aklia 2 yuri. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, sur. 1.

146. Pot, with four handles (two broken off), covered with blue glaze, red earthenware. H. 19.5 cm. Gremi (94-67: 386). 16th-early 17th centuries.Published: L. Chilashvili, Towns of Kakheti , Fig.1

115

147. calyuriani doqi, brtyeli ZiriT, viwro da maRali yeliT. keci movardisfroa. dafarulia firuzisferi WiquriT. simaRle 24 sm. gremi (94-67:247), XVI s – XVII s-is dasawyisi. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, sur. 2.

147. Jug, with tall narrow neck, handle and flat base, pinkish earthenware, turquoise- glazed. H., 24 cm. Gremi (94-67:247). 16th-early 17th centuries. Published: Chilashvli 1980, fig.2.

116

148. jami gadaSlili piriT, quslian Zirze. Sida-piri dafarulia erTferi, mocisfro WiquriT. diametri – 19,5 sm. gremi (94-67:79). XVI s – XVII s-is dasawyisi. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, sur. 4.

148. Fragment of an open bowl - plate, with an even downtrend rim, on a short foot-ring, the inside covered with monochrome glaze. D. 19.5cm. Gremi (94-67:79). 16th-early 17th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1980, fig.4.

149. faiansis jami, naxevarsferuli, quslian Zirze. moxatulia kobaltiT da dafarulia uferuli WiquriT. diametri 17,3 sm. gremi (94-67:247). importi iranidan. XVI s-XVII s-is dasawyisi. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, sur. 8.

149. White earthenware globular bowl on short foot-ring, painted on both sides in cobalt and covered with colorless glaze. D. 17.3 cm. Gremi (94-67:247). 16th-early 17th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1980, Fig. 8.

117

150. langari moWiquli, gadaSlili piriT da qusliani ZiriT, keci movardisfroa. centrSi mcena-reuli ornamentia, irgvliv sparsuli warwerebi. dafarulia momwvano WiquriT. diametri 32 sm. gremi (94-67:245). importi iranidan. XVI s-is bolo, XVII s-is dasawyisi. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1980, sur. 3; WilaSvili 1990, sur. 12.

150. Glazed dish on foot-ring, pinkish earthenware, with a vegetable ornament, surrounded with Persian inscriptions, covered with green glazed in the center. D. 32 cm.Gremi (94-67:245). 16th-early 17th centuries. Published: Chilashvili 1980, fig.3; Chilashvili 1990, pp. 12.

118

151-152. jami faiansis, naxevarsferuli, dabalquslian Zirze. moxatulia kobaltiT. fsker-ze gamosaxulia kvici. javaxeTis axalqalaqi (76-983:5). importi iranidan. XVII-XVIII ss. gamoqveynebu-lia: jandieri 1978, tab., VI.

151. 152. White earthenware faience bowl; semispherical, on short foot-ring, painted in cobalt, depicted foal on the bottom. Akhalkalaki (76-983:5). 17th-18th centuries. Published: Jandieri 1978, pl. VI.

119

153. oryuriani qila, kvercxiseburi taniT, viwro, cilindruli yeliT, brtyelZiriani. keci movard-isferoa. simaRle 60 sm. Zveli gavazi (66-971:125). XVII-XVIII ss. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1975, tab. LXXIV.

153. Jug with ovoid body and narrow cylindrical neck, two handles, and flat base, pinkish earthenware. H. 60cm. Dzveli Gavazi (66-971:125; 17th-18th centuries. Publisheed: Chilashvili 1975, pl. LXXIV.

154. qila, sferuli taniT, cilindruli yeliT, brtyelZiriani, oryuriani, dafarulia orferi WiquriT. keci wiTelia. simaRle 19 sm. Zveli gavazi (66-971:123). XVIII s. gamoqveynebulia: WilaSvili 1975, tab. LXXV-1.

154. Glazed pot with globular body, short cylindrical neck, two handles, and flat base, red earthenware, covered with two-color glaze. H. 19cm . Gavazi (66-971:123).18th century. Published: Chilashvili 1975, pl. LXXV.

120

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bibliografiuli cnobari (albomSi warmodgenili keramikuli nawarmis analogiur nakeTobaTa Sesaxeb)

Bibliography References (about analogical to the presented in the album exhibits clay ware):

1,2 – 21. mamaiaSvili 2004, tab. XVIII, LVIII-2 (Mamaiashvili 2004, pl. XVIII, LVIII-2 ) ; 29. nadiraZe 1975, sur. 5 (Nadiradze 1975, fig. 5). 3.2 – 39. WilaSvili 1964, tab. XLII-1 (Chilashvili 1964, pl. XLII-1) ; 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. XXIX-1 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. XXIX-1).

4 – 21. mamaiaSvili 2004, tab. XI-93, XX-1 (Mamaiashvili 2004, pl. XI-93, XX-1) ; 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. XXIX-4 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. XXIX-4).

5.1 – 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. XXIX-5 ((Lomtatidze 1988, pl. XXIX-5).

5.2 – 21. mamaiaSvili 2004, tab. LXI-1,2 (Mamaiashvili 2004, pl. LXI-1,2 ); 6. baxtaZe 2010, tab. II-6,7 (ornamentis mixedviT); (Bakhtadze 2010, pl. tab. II-6,7) (by ornament); 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. XXIX-1 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. XXIX-1).

8.2 – 21. mamaiaSvili 2004, tab. LIX-1,2 (Mamaiashvili 2004, pl. LIX-1,2; 17. lanCava 2007, sur. 118 (Lanchava, fig. 118).

8.3 – 6. baxtaZe 2010-B, tab. V, 1-4 (Bakhtadze 2010, pl. V, 1-4) .

9 – 50. jafariZe 1989, tab. XI (Japaridze 1989, pl. XI).

10 – 21. mamaiaSvili 2004, tab. IX-54 (Mamaiashvili 2004, pl. IX-54); 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. XXXI-3 ((Lomtatidze 1988, pl. XXXI-3).

11 – 53. Амиранашвили 1963, tab. 37, kompoziciis mixedviT (Amiranashvili 1963, pl. 37, by composition); 78. Magen 1993, gv. 179, tab. 10 (pg. 179, pl. 10).

13,14 – 6. baxtaZe 2010, tab. II-5 (Bakhtadze 2010, pl. II-5); 17. lanCava 2007, sur. 113 (Lanchava 2007, fig. 113).

15 – 65. Чубинов 1916, tab. XII , kompoziciis mixedviT (Чубинов 1916, pl. XII, by composition). 16 – 52. jRamaia 1980, tab. XVII-2 (Jgamaia 1980, pl. XVII-2).

19 – 52. jRamaia 1980, tab. XVII-1 (Jgamaia 1980, pl. XVII-1).

21 – 87. Wilkinson 1973, gv. 248 (pg. 248); 86. Watson 2004, sur.66 (fig. 66); 72. Fehérvári 1963, gv. 79-88 (pp. 79-88).

22 – 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. II-5 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. II-5).

23 – 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. III-1 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. III-1); 79. Morgan 1942, tab. XIX (pl. XIX); 80. Pope 1939, gv. 568-B (pp. 568-B);

24 – 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. VII (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. VII); 68. Якобсон 1959, tab. XV-3 (Iakobson 1959, pl. XV-3).

25, 26 – 76. Kalantarian 1996, tab. 86-4,5,6 ( pl. 86 – 4,5,6); 87. Wilkinson 1973, gv. 82 (pg. 82); 84. Treptow 2007, gv. 34 (pg. 34).

27 – 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. I (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. I); 34. qarciZe 2010, tab. VII-5, IX-1 (Qartsidze 2010, VII-5, IX-1); 70. Fehérvári 1973, tab. 4-1 (pl. 4-1).

126

28 – 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. I-1 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. I-1).

29 – 55. Ахмедов 1992, tab. X-1,2 (Ахмедов 1992, pl. X-1,2); 87. Wilkinson 1973, gv. 352 (pg. 352); 75. Ibrahimov...2002, gv. 58, 63 (pg. 58, 63).

30 – 18. lomTaTiZe 1989, tab. XXXII-1,2 (Lomtatidze 1989, pl. XXXII-1,2); 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XII (Japaridze 1956, pl. XII); 34. qarciZe 2010, tab. VIII-5 (Qartsidze 2010, pl. VIII-5).

31, 32 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XII (Japaridze 1956, pl. XIII); 18. lomTaTiZe 1989, tab. XXXII-1,2 (Lomtatidze 1989, pl. XXXII-1,2); 16. TvalWreliZe 2010, tab. VII-2 (Tvalchrelidze 2010, pl. VII-2); 75. Ibrahimov...2002, gv. 36 (pg. 36).

34 – 56. Ахмедов 1959, Табл. XIV-3 (Ахмедов 1959, pl. XIV-3); 60. Минкевич-Мустафаева, sur.7 (Minkevich-Mustafieva 1959, fig. 7); 84. Treptow 2007, gv. 30 (pp. 30).

36, 37 – 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. XI-1 (Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XI-1).

38 – 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. X-1,2 (Mitsishvili 1979, pl. X-1,2).

39 – 76. Kalantarian 1996, tab. 93-3 (Kalantarian 1996, pl. 93-3).

41, 42 – 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. IX-1 (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. IX-1); 8. baxtaZe... 2005, VI-1 (Bakhtadze… 2005, VI-1); 76. Kalantarian 1996, tab. 93-5 (pl. 93-5).

43, 44 – 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. XV (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XV); 8. baxtaZe... 2005, tab. XI-1 (Bakhtadze… 2005, XI-1).

45 – 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 32-595 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 32- #595).

46, 47, 48 – 4. baxtaZe 2010, gv. 70 (Bakhtadze 2010, fg. 70); 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. XLVII (Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XLVII).

49 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XX-2 (Japaridze 1956, pl. XX-2); 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. XIV-1 (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XIV-1).

50 – 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 34-4 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 34-4).

51 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XXIX (Japaridze 1956, pl. XXIX); 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 38 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 38).

52 – 36. CikoiZe 1979, tab. VII (Chikoidze 1979, VII).

54 – 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 34-2456 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 34-#2466).

57 – 82. Riviére 1928, sur. 22 (Fig. 22); 77. Lane 1977, sur. 24 ( Fig. 24); 80. Pope 1955, gv. 762 (pg. 762).

58 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XXVII (Japaridze 1956, pl. XXVII); 74. Hobson 1932, tab. XI ( pl. XI); 80. Pope 1955, gv. 635-D (pg. 635-D).

59 – 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 60 (Najafova 1964, pg. 60).

60 – 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. L (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. L); 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. VII-1 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. VII-1).

61 – 43. WilaSvili 1958, tab. XXVI-4 (Chilashvili 1958, pl. XXVI-4).

62 – 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. LVI-2 (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. LVI-2); 43. WilaSvili 1958, tab. XXVII-3 (Chilashvili 1958, pl. XXVII-3); 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. XXXII-7 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. XXXII-7); 24. mindoraSvili 2008, tab. IX-4,5 (Mindorashvili 2008, pl. IX-4,5); 7. baxtaZe 1991, tab. XIII-13 (Bakhtadze 1991, pl. XIII-13).

127

63 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. LIX-1 (Japaridze 1956, pl. LIX-1); 18. lomTaTiZe 1989, tab. XXXIX-1 (Lomtatidze 1989, pl. XXXIX-1); 3. arCvaZe ...2005, tab. XXXI-3,4 (Archvadze…205, pl. XXXI-3,4); 23. mindoraSvili 2010, tab. XVII-195 (Mindorashvili 2010, pl. XVII-195); 34. qarciZe 2010, tab. XIV-3 (Qartsidze 2010, pl. XIV-3).

66, 67, 68, 69 – 74. Hobson 1932, tab. XI ( pl. XI); 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. LVII-3 (Japaridze 1956, pl. LVII-3); 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. XLIX (Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XLIX); 43. WilaSvili 1958, tab. XXVIII-2 (Chilashvili 1958, pl. XXVIII-2); 3. arCvaZe... 2005, tab. XXXIX-1 (Archvadze…2005, pl. XXXIX-1); 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 1 (Najafova 1964, fig. 1).

70 – 41. WilaSvili 1990, sur. 16 (Chilashvili 1990, pg. 16); 33. Синауридзе 1977, tab. XXII-1 (Sinauridze 1966, pl. XXII-1); 84. Treptow 2007, gv. 34 (pg. 34).

73 – 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 25-3 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 25-3); 67. Якобсон 1959, sur. 3-№ (Iakobson 1959, pg. 3-a).

74 – 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 27 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 27).

76 – 27. miwiSvili 1976, tab. III (Mitsishvili 1976, pl. III); 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 76 (Najafova 1964, pg. 76).

80 – 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. XLIII (Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XLIII); 3. arCvaZe... 2005, tab. XXXV (Archvadze... 2005, pl. XXXV); 23. mindoraSvili 2010, tab. XIX-1618 (Mindorashvili 2010, pl. XIX-1618).

82 – 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXVII (Mitsishvili 1979, pl. XXVII).

83, 84, 85,86 – 37. WilaSvili 1991, tab. XXXI–2 (Chilashvili 1991, pl. XXXI-2); 19. lomTaTiZe 1988, tab. IV-3 (Lomtatidze 1988, pl. 1988); 68. Якобсон 1959, tab. XXVIII-8, XXIX-1 (Iakobson 1959, pl. XXVIII-8, XXIX-1). 87 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. LV-1 (Japaridze 1956, pl. LV-1); 37. WilaSvili 1991, tab. XLIV–2 (Chilashvili 1991, pl. XLIV-2); 4. baxtaZe 2010-A, gv. 40, 70 (Bakhtadze 2010-A, pp. 40,70).

90 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. LIX-4 (Japaridze 1956, pl. LIX-4); 25. miwiSvili 1979, tab. XXXVI-1 (Mitsishvili 1979, XXXVI-1).

92 – 61. Мушегиан 1982, tab. XL-6 (Mushegian 1982, pl., XL-6).

93 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XLII-2 (Japaridze 1956, pl. XLII-2; 37. WilaSvili 1991, tab. XXIX–2,3 (Chilashvili 191, pl. XXIX-2,3); 54. Аракелян 1958, tab. XVIII-2 (Arakelian 1958, pl. XVIII-2).

95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XXXIX-XL (Japaridze 1956, pl. XXXIX-XL); 20. maisuraZe 1953, tab. 8-15 (Maisuradze 1953, pl. 8-15); 42. WilaSvili 1970, tab. XVIII-XIX (Chilashvili 1970, pl. XVIII-XIX); 8. baxtaZe... 2005, tab. VI-3 (Bakhtadze…2005, pl. VI-3); qarciZe 2010, tab. XXIX-2,3,4 (Qartsidze 2010, pl. XXIX-2,3,4); 83. Talbot Rice 1930, sur. XVIII-2 (fig. XVIII-2); 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 85,86 (Najafova 1964, fig. 85,86); 76. Kalantarian 1996, tab. 92-1 (pl. 92-1); 75. Ibrahimov...2002, gv. 32 (pg. 32); 71. Fehérvári 2000, sur.19 (fig. 19).

109 – 11. gvritiSvili....2011, sur. 3,5,8 (Gvritishvili...2011, pg. 3,5,8); 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 99 (Najafova 1964, pg. 99); 68. Якобсон 1959, tab. XXV-3 (Iakobson 1959, pl. XXV-3).

110 – 68. Якобсон 1959. tab. XXVI-3 (Iakobson 1959); 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 99 (Najafova 1964, pg. 99).111 – 37. WilaSvili 1991, tab. XXIX-1 (Chilashvili 1991, pl. XXIX-1); 36. CikoiZe 1979, tab. XI-1 (Chikoidze 1979, pl. XI-1); 77. Lane 1977, sur. 46 (Fig. 46).

112 – 36. CikoiZe 1979, tab. XI-1 (Chikoidze 1979, pl. XI-1); 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. XXXIV-XXXV (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XXXIV-XXXV); 32. rCeuliSvili 1985, gv. 126 (Rchaulishvili 1985, pg. 126); 83. Talbot Rice, 30, tab. XIX-a (pl. XIX-a); 74. Hobson 1932, tab. V (pl. V). 114 – 10. gvritiSvili 2010, sur. 1 (Gvritishvili 2010, fig. 1); 61. Мушегиан 1982, tab. XL-3 (Mushegian 1982, pl. XL-3); 81. Redford 1990, gv. 119-135 (pp. 119-135).

128

116 – 62. Наджафова 1964, sur. 90 (Najafova 1964, fig. 90); 68. Якобсон 1959, tab. XXV-2 (Iakobson 1959, pl. XXV-2)..

117 – 81. Redford 1990, gv. 129, sur. 20 (pg. 129, fig. 20).

124, 124-1 – 8. baxtaZe...2005, tab. I-7,8,9, III-9,11 (Bakhtadze…2005, pl. I-7,8,9, III-9,11); 7. baxtaZe 1991, tab. XII-7, XVIII-2, XXXII-1 (Bakhtadze 1991, pl. XII-7, XVIII-2, XXXII-1); 2. arCvaZe 1974, tab. II, III (Archvadze 1974, pl. II, III); 22. mindoraSvili 2009, tab. XII-23 (Mindorashvili 2009, pl. XII-23); 50. jafariZe 1956, XXXI-2 (Japaridze 1956, pl. XXXI-2).

125 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. LIX-18 (Japaridze 1956, pl. LIX-18); 60. Минкевич-Мустафаева 1959, nax. 7 (Minkevich-Mustafieva 1959, fig. 7); 57. Джанполадян 1958, sur.48,55 (Janpoladian 1958, fig. 48, 55); 76. Kalantarian 1996, tab. 75 (pl. 75); 75. Ibrahimov...2002, gv. 96 (pg. 96).

126 – 31. ramiSvili 1970, tab. XXX-105 (Ramishvili 1970, pl. XXX-105); 8. baxtaZe...2005, tab. V-1,9 (Bakhtadze…2005, pl. 1,9).

126-1 – 51. jafariZe....1971, tab. IV-1 (Japaridze...1971, pl. IV-1); 16. TvalWreliZe 2010, tab. IX (Tvalchrelidze 2010, pl. IX); 31. ramiSvili 1970, tab. XXVIII a-1,3 (Ramishvili 1970, pl. XXVIII a-1,3).

127 – 66. Шелковников 1959, tab. II (Shelkovnikov 1959, pl. II); 77. Lane 1977, tab. 52-A (pl. 52-A).

128 – 85. Wallis 1885, sur. VIII (fig. VIII); 80. Pope 1939, gv. 635-D (pg. 635-D); 70. Féhérvari 1973, tab. 48-b (pl. 48-b); 84. Treptov 2007, gv. 29 (pg. 29); 86. Watson 2004, gv. 348 (pg. 348); 73.GGrube 1976, gv. 221 (pl. 221).

129 – 21. mamaiaSvili 1976, tab. IX (Mamaiashvili 1976, pl. IX); 85. Wallis 1885, sur. VIII (fig. VIII); 80. Pope 1955, gv. 635-D (pg. 635-D); 66. Шелковников 1959, tab. III-3,4 (Shelkovnikov 1959, pl. III-3,4); 69. Allan 1991, tab. XXI (pl. XXI); 86. Watson 2004, gv. 349 (pg. 349); 84. Treptov 2007, gv. 29 (pg. 29); 73. Grube 1976, gv. 222 (pg. 222).

131 – 18. lomTaTiZe 1989, tab. XXXVII-413, 540 (Lomtatidze 1989, pl. XXXVII-413, 540); 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. XXXVIII (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XXXVIII);

132 – 50. jafariZe 1956, tab. XXIV (Japaridze 1956, pl. XXIV).

136 – 26. miwiSvili 1969, tab. XLIII (Mitsishvili 1969, pl. XLIII).

142 – 37. WilaSvili 1991, tab. XXVIII (Chilashvili 1991, pl. XXVIII); 7. baxtaZe 1991, tab. XXI-1,2,3 (Bakhtadze 1991, pl. XXI-1,2,3).

149 – 70. Fehérvári 1973, sur. 70b, 71a, 73 (tab. 70b, 71a, 73).

151, 152 – 87. Watson 2004, gv. 471 (pg. 471).