LIST O F GAELIC B O OKSAmi Worfes on [fig/22mm:

PUB LISH ED AND SO LD B"

MA C L A C H L AN S T E W A R T ,

B O O KSEL LERS TO TH E UN I VERSIT",

Boston’s Fourfold State , 1 2mo , clot/1,Crook m the Lot , 1 8mo , cloth

Brooks’Apples ofG old , 1 8mo, cloth,

Bonar’

s (Rev . Dr H . ) Christ 1s all , 18mo, sewed ,

“

Buohannan_ (Dugald) ofRannoch

’s Life and Con

version,with his Hymns, 18mo, cloth

Hymns, separately , 18mo, sewed ,Bunyan

’

s Come and Welcome, 18mo, cloth,World to Come, or Visions fromHell, cloth,Grace Abounding, 181110 , cloth,Pilgrim

’

s Progress, (three p a rts) c lolo

li,

Water of Life , 18mo, cloth ,

64 South B ridge, Edinburgh .

G a e lic B oo/cs So ld '

by Ma cla ehtan and Stewart.

Bunyan’s Sighs from

'

Hell,18 1110 , cloth ,

H ea venly Footman, 1 8mo, cloth ,Holy War, l 8mo, c loth ,

Bn1de1 s Village Se1mons, 1 8mo, cloth,Campbell (Donald) on the Language , Poe t1y , andMusic ofthe Highland Clans, royal 8vo clothwith Music

,English and G aelic,

Church , The , of the Millennium Worshipping inG len Tilt

,1 2mo

,sewed ,

Catechism, Shorter, 1d . G aelic and English ,Mothe1 ’s, 1d . G aolic and EnglishShorter

,with Proofs,

B 1own’

s Sho1 tel for"oung ChildrenConfession of Faith

,fcap . 8 vo, cloth“

Dairyman’s,The

,Daughte1 , 12mo, sewed ,

Doctrine and Manner of the Church ofRome,Doddridge

’s Rise and Progress, 1 2mo, c loth,

Dyer’

s Christ’s Famous Titles, 1 8mo , cloth ,Earle s Sac1amental Exercises

,18mo

,e lc /h

,

Edwards’

(Rev . Jonathan) Sermon, sewed ,English Poems, w ith G aelic Translations, arranged

on opposite pages, 1 2mo , sewed , partPart 2 , 1s 6d , or 2 parts in one , cloth,

Etiquette , or Book ofGood Manners,in Gaelic,

Farq‘

uharson’s (A. ) Address to Highlanders respect

ing their Native G aelic, 8vo, sewed O

Farquharson’s Hymns, 12mo, sewed , 0

Flavel’s Token forMourners

,1 8mo

,cloth, 1

Forbes’

(Rev . J .) G aelic and English Grammar, 12mo, 3

O

H

ND

OO

O

O

MO

O

O

O

O

Baptism and the Lord’

s Supper, 0

An Loch1an : Dialogues regarding the

Church ,LongGheal : The White Ship a Spi1itualPoem, .

G aelic Tracts, 58 difl'

e 1 ent kinds,sorted

,for

"

Do . bound m 2 vols, cloth, eachG aelic Dictionary , by the H ighland Society , 2 vols.

4 to,ha lfea lf, for 70

Grant'

s (Rev . Pete1) Hymns, 18 1110, clot/1, . 1

G uthrie ’s Christian’s Great Interest , c lotk , . 2

Harp ofCaledonia , G aelic Songs, 32mo, sewed , 0

64 Sou th B ridge, Edinburgh .

T H E

C E L T I C O R I G I N

O F A G R EAT PART O F T H E

GREEKAND LATIN LANGUAGES,AN D O F MAN"

CLASSI CAL P R OP ER NAME S,

PR OVED B" A

Comp arison ofGreek and L atin with the G aelic Language

O R TH E

C E LT I C O F SC O TLAND .

I

TH OMAS STR ATTON ,

D ep uty Insp ector- G enera l , R oy a l N avy .

SECO ND Eamon.

EDINBTJR GH

MA C L A CH LAN ST EWAR T , SOU T H B R I D G E ;SIMPKIN , MARSH ALL 00 ,

LONDONAND . JOH N SMITH , 40 TREVILLE STR EET , PLYMOUTH .

1 8 7 0 .

PL"MOUTH

J OH N SMITH , P R INTER , TR EVILLE STREET .

THE RIGHT HONORABLE HUGH c . E. CH ILDERS, M.P

i-‘ms'r LORD or THE 11 11111a 11“,

TH IS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULL" INSCRIBED B"

THE AUTHOR .

June , 1870.

C O N T E N T S.

CELTIC O RIG IN OF

CELTIC O RIG IN OE GREEKH EB REW AND GAELIC O o o o o O Q O Q - c o o o o o o - o o - o

CELTIC OR IG IN O F CLASSICAL PR OPER NAMESI

0 0 0 0 0 - o o o

P R E F A C E .

IN issuing a second edition ofmy thre e small publications relating

to th e Gaelic language , it occurs to me that some may wish to knowwh at local opportunities th e writer has h ad of b eing practically

acquainted with that language .

As every ten or twenty years, the number of those who speak

Gaelic is somewhat less, it is as well to make some reference todates.

Although It is s‘

aid that e gotism shoul d b e avoide d , l et me mentionthat , born in th e town ofPerth I remained there for about

eigh t years.

I th en lived for ab out five years, fifteen miles north-we st fromPerth , at Dunk eld , wh ich is on th e Gaelic border, and has b e en

called th e mouth of th e H ighlands. B eing th e mou th of th e H ighlands, it h as b e en said of it , that it ought to speak Gaelic . I was in

the way of he aring a good deal ofGaelic spok en there , but did not

pay any attention to it .

Th e next four years, from 1829 to 1833, I sp ent in Northumberland . In 1831 , a strong feeling ofnationality which I have alwayshad on all subjects, took th e particular b ent of a wish to learn

Gaelic . I procured Stewart ’s G aelic Grammar, Macl e od and Dewar’sG aelic Dictionary , and some otherworks, and without any he lp , inth e course of two or three months, taught myself th e language .

From 1833 to 1837 in Scotland , attending medical classes at

college , I h ad no time for any except professional studies.

In July, 1840 th e Celtic O rigin of La tin was published ; in September, 1840 th e Celtic Origin of Greek ; and in 1845

'

th e Celtic

O rigin of Classica l Prop erNames.

I have been about twenty- six years on full - pay in th e Navy , of

which about ten years in different p arts of Canada , and about ten

years in Prince -Edward Island near Nova Scotia , and have not hadany opportunities ofhearingmuch Gaelic spok en .

Th ere are in Gaelic , some wordswhich have b een introduced from.

th e English (some of these from a French or Latin source ) th ese

are not referred to in the following pages.

At th e same time it is right to say that there are five or six words,

such asma l lachcl,biast

, do , which may have b een taken by the Gaelicinstead offromit .

6 PREFACE .

As it is likely that a third edition will appear, I shall be glad toreceive , addressed tomyself, any corrections or suggestions that mayoccur to my readers.

Any published criticisms, good -natured or otherwise , will be carefully attended to .

As to th e area overwhich Gaelic is or h as b een spoken , and th e

degre e of its use therein ,some information may b e found in the

three following publications .

Th e Sta tistica l Account of Scotland in twenty- one volumes, octavo ,p ub lished b e twe en 1 791 and 1799, was drawn up from th e communi~

cations of th e Ministers of the different parishes. To th e p atriotic

exertions of Sir J ohn Sinclair th e country was indeb ted for thisvaluabl e work .

Th e N ew Sta tistica l Account of Scotland , in fift een vol umes, octavo ,pub lish ed in 1847. This is on a. b etter p lan than th e former, as eachcounty is in a separate volume , and may b e purchased separately.

Each parish is d escribed by itse lf.For a great many years, Messrs. Oliver and Boyd have pub lished

the Edinburgh Almanac , a yearly volume containing copious infor

mation on all national subjects, and an ab stract of th e p arliamentaryacts of th e previous year. I t is of ab out nine hundred p ages. I t

notes th e church es wh ere th e service is eith erwh oll y or p artial ly inGaelic . Th e year 1845 was th e one when it b egan to denot e this : itis to b e hop ed that it will ever continue to do so.

In 1871 , th e u sual decennial census ofScotland will b e tak en . In

th e H igh lands and H ebride s it woul d b e very d esirable to ascertain :

—l . Th e numb er of p ersons ab le t o sp e ak Gaelic —2 . Th e numb er

abl e to read Gae lic .—3 . Th e numb er abl e to sp eak Gae lic and not

abl e to sp e ak English: Wh en th e census of 1861 was tak en ,th is

matterwas not attended to . If, at each d e cennial c ensus these particul ars were ascertained and publish ed , theywould in after- times be

look ed up on as a val uab le historical record . (Th e same steps sh ould

b e,tak en in Wales, and in th e Irish - speak ing parts of Ire land . )In March , 1870, I wro te to Mr. Bru ce , th e H ome - Se cretary, sug

gesting that wh en th e Scotch census in 1871 was tak en, th ese Gaelicstatistics sh oul d b e secured : I h ad an answer acknowledging th e

receip t ofmy l etter.

Th e H ighland Society of Scotland , th e H igh land Society ofLon

don, th e Grampian Club of L ondon , and other b odies might use

th eir influence to ge t this information ob taine d abou t th e ancient

language ofAlbyn .

4 Va lletort Terra ce ,Stoke ,

Devonp ort ,J une

,1870.

CELTIC O RIG IN O F LATIN .

*

TH E darkness ofe arly history may in some cases b e lessened by thel igh t of e tymological research .

“Th e similitude and derivation

of languages afford th e most indubitab l e proof of th e traduc tion of

nations, and th e genealogy ofmankind . Th ey often add p hysical

c ertain ty to historical e vid ence , and often supp ly th e only evidenceofancient migrations and of th e revolu tions ofages, which l e ft nowritten monuments b ehind th em, and th e assertions of th e se

writers who disb e lieve th e Bible account of th e creation ofman ,

h ave b e en in p art answered by a comp arison of th e different l an

guage s of th e e arth , in th e l earned work ofDr. P1ichard . 1 In th e

foll owing Essay on th e affinity of th e Cel tic and Latin , I confinemy examination of th e Ce l tic to one ofits branches , name ly—th eGae lic , or th at now sp ok en in th e H ighlands and Western Isles of

Scotl and ; th e words introduced are in modern use with abou t six

excep tions, and may b e found in th e Gae lic Dictionary by Macleodand Dewar.

—(Edinb .

I t used formerly to b e said th at th e Latin wasmere ly a dial ect of

th e Gre ek , bu t it is evident tha t a small p art only of the language

can b e referred to a H ellenic source .

When we reflect that th e C el ts, th e first inh ab itants ofEurop e ,p art ly re tired b efore th e races wh ich foll owed th em and partly inter

~

mingl ed with \th ose races, we may , a priori, suppose th at some p art of

th e C el tic language was adop ted by th e foreign trib es wh ich se ttled

in th e ancient possessions of th e C e lts ; as in more mod ern timesth e Normans in Sou th Britain adop t ed a gre at p art of th e language

of th e Saxons, wh o preceded th em in th e conquest of th at p art of

th e island ; and as it seems probable th at foreigners arriving in a

coun try would adop t some of th e names given to th e hills and riversby th e original inh abitants, we may contrast this probability withth e fact , that in th e Sou th of Scotland , t he name s ofmany of th e

hill s, riv ers and natural divisions of th e country are Gae lic,h aving

b e en retain ed by the Saxons who succe eded th e Gael in th ose parts.

In the following p ages, it will b e found , th at th e above two theoriesregarding common words and prop er names ,

are matched with th eir

corresp onding facts it will b e seen that th e Latin words signifyingsuch objects as sea , earth , air, &c . , and domestic animals, &c .

,h ave

i'Pub lish ed in 1840 with this title ,“Ill ustrations of th e Affinity of th e

L atin L ang uage to th e G aelic L anguage , or th e Celtic ofScotland .

Toronto, Upp er Cana da . H ugh Scob ie . Printed by H ugh Scobie , atth e office ofth e B ritish Colonist N ewspap er,

Dr. Sam. J ohnson in a lett er to Mr. Wm. Drummond .—Life by B oswell .

V ol . 2, p . 38 .

1 Physical H istory ofMan . London, 1837.

v CELTIC ORIGIN 011“ LATIN .

th e same sound as th eir Gae l ic equival ents ; and th at th e names of

many of th e mountains and rivers of I taly h ave almost unobj e c tionab le d erivations provided for th em from th e Ga e lic , wh il e th e Latinlanguage or th e Gre ek may b e se arch ed in vain for th is purpose .

I n this Essay my obj e cts are - First, To enquire if th ere b e anyaffinity b e twix t th e Gaelic and Latin. Se condly, To examine th e

amount of th e affinity and to consider wh ich language is th e more

ancient , and th e source of th e oth er. Thirdly , To apply th e sameto history .

Th e first question mentioned above is negatived by Vans Kenn edy ; with regard to th e se cond , I l e an to th e Op inion that th e

Latin is thre e - fourth s d erive d from th e Ce l tic ; with re sp e c t to th e

third h ead of inquiry , it may b e supposed th at th e early inh abitants

ofR ome were Ce lts.

Many of th e Latin words h ereafter mentioned have b e en derive dfrom th e Gre ek , b ut again th e se Gre ek words are d erive abl e fromth e Ce l tic , so that th e qu estion of th e Ce l tic origin of th ese words

remains th e same .

Th e re ader unacquainte d with Gae lic is re queste d to notice th at

M and mh are sound ed lik e th e English p k like f e and 9 are

always h ard lik e Is; ch is l ik e ch in l och as th e Scotch pronounce it ;(l and t wh en fol lowe d by h are general ly sil ent .

In adop ting a Cel tic word th e Latin some times drop s initial t , asard eofrom tior.

In adop ting a C e l tic word th e Latin sometimes drops initial f, asarsfromfeart .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word th e Latin some t imes drops initial 5 , asave fromsaobh .

I sh all now contrast th e two vocabulariesAb erro , wander: Gaelic , I arraidh , wandei .

Ab ac tus (abigo ) , ab actio, actio , ac tor, ac tus :Euchd , a fea l .Ab alieno :E 1l e , anothm,

ia-14,—eféer ; uidh e , a way .

Ab e do : I th , ea t .

Abripio : R eub , tear.

Ab dicatio : D each d .

Ab eo, dep art : Uidh e , a way .

Abrump o : R eub , tear.

Absimilis Amhuil , like .

Abstineo : Te anu ,tense .

Ac Agus, and .

Accip io Do , to gabh ,l ake .

Ac cendo : Cana , white .

Acclamo : Do , to ; gl aodh , ca ll.Acc lino Claon , incline .

Accommodo :Do , to ; co, toge lhm modh , manner.

Accre do : Do,to ereid , believe .

Accresc o Cre, ea rth .

Accub o,accumb o Cub , bend .

Accumolo Do , to co , together ; maol , a round object .

Aceuro C uram, ca re .

Acc uso : Cu is, a c ause .

Acei , acerb a s , acesco , ace tum, acida s, acrimonia , acritudo : G en-r

sharp .

“

13On th e Languages ofAsia and Europe , eta—London, 1828.

CELTIC ORIGIN OI" LATIN . 9

Ac ta , a shore Ach , a bank .

Ad : Do , to .

Add ic o D e ach d , dic ta te .

Addivius Dia , G od .

Addo Do , to .

Admire r Do , to n1 eur, j iuger.

Admisceo Mcasg, mix .

Admodum Modh , manner.

Admolior Maol , a round objec t.Admoneo Mein , mind .

Adol e o , adol esco , adolesc ens O], drink .

Adore , adoratio Do , to ; radh , sp eech .

Adrep o Crub , bend .

Advena Adnan (obsol e te ) , a stranger.

Advolo Aile , a ir.

Aeger, aegrotus G e ur, p a inful , . afilic live achiar, sharp , bitter.

Aer, ae th erus Ath ar, a ir.

Aevum,a e tas, a eternitas Aoi, aoidh , an age .

Affero : Do , to b eir, carry .

Afi‘

e e tus, afiicio , affe c tio Euch d .

Agens, agendus , agil io , agito , ago :Euchd , an exp loit.

Ager, a field Ach a , a fie ld .

Aggrego : Do , to ; gre igh ,a herd .

Agnomen : Do , to ; ainm,a name .

Agnus, a lamb Uan ,a lamb .

—ago , a termination ofsome femal e nouns, as Virago—ag, a com

mon t ermination of femal e nouns in Gae lic , as nionag, a little

daughter, from nigh eanag, fromnigh e an , a daugh ter.

Agria , an u lcer: G e ur, sharp .

Agrarivs , ager Ar, p lough .

Albus, white Alainach d , whiteness.

Al ius : Eile , another.

Al endus : 01, drink .

Almus, alo O], drink ; aladh , nursing ; a], a genera tion .

Al tarius, al tare , al tus, al tum,altitudo

,al te Ail t , high .

Al tivolans Ail t , high ail e , wind .

A—privative prefix in Gae lic th e same .

—am, a t ermination of adverbs signifying manner, as clam, fromc elo : C l eidh :modh , manner.

Am amb around : Uim,aroun d .

Amarus, bitter : Amb , bitter : muir, the sea .

Ambitio . amb eo : Uim,around : uidh e , way .

Ambulo , from amb eo Uim u idh e .

Amens, amentia : A priv mein ,mind .

Amnis : Amh uin ,a river h ence many rivers in Britain receive th e

name ofAvon .

Amniculus Amhuin , river ; caol , sma ll .Amnigenus Amhuin ; gin , beget.

An con , agul us, augustia : Eang, a corn er.

Annnmero : Do , to ; aire amh , a number.An ima , animo , animal , animus Anam,

the soul .

Animulus : Anam caol , little .

An—a prefix signifying with difficul ty : Ana , a common prefix, withdifficul ty .

Anh elo :An a , with difiicu lty ; ail e , air.

Annus, annalis, annona Eang (obsol ete ) , a year.App e ll o , I drive : Do , to ; buaill , strike .

App ello , I ca ll : Beul ,

10 LATIN AND GAELIC .

‘

Apporto : Do , to ; heir, carry .

5 Apprimus : Priomh ,first .Ara , b e cause on h eigh ts : Ard , high .

—arius, a termination ofnouns,as essedarius - ar, fromFear, a man.

Aratio , arator: Ar, p lough .

Area , arce o , arcanus Airc , a sma ll chest .Arcula : Aire ; caol , sma ll .Ai duus : Ard , high .

A1 e o : a1 deo , ardor, areno Tior, dry .

Al gentum : Airgiod , silver.

A1 enu la Tior caol , sma ll .Aries, (t ram: Beithe

, a ram,

Arma Airm, a rms.Armifer: Airm ; b eir, carryArrec tus, arrigor: Do , to ruig, rea ch .

Arripio : Do , to re ub , tear.

Ars (original ly p ower ), th e genitive art- is is a more ancient form:

F e art , efiiea ey .

Arval is, arvum Ar, p lough .

Ascrib o :Do , to ; sgriobh , write .

As— a prefix from ad , signifying to , as aspiro Do, lo .

As— a prefix from ex , signifying out of, as asp el lo As, out of.

Asp el lo :As, out of; huaill , stribe .

Assil lo Do , to ailt , high .

Asside o , assessor, assid uitas : Do ; suidh , sit .ASpicio , asp ectus B eachd , vision .

Arusp ex : Ath ar, slay ; beach d , viewing.

If any of th e d erivations given se em doub tful to th e reader, h e

is requested to rememb er th e observation of Lord Mon

b oddo We ough t not to reject d erivations of words

from roots in oth er languages , th ough th e words do not

agre e in th eir consonan ts any more th an in their vowe ls.

"

Asp iro , asPiratus Sp re e d , incite from a l ost Gaelic root .Assimil o, assimulo : Do , to ; amhujl , lihe .

Astituo , asto Steidh ich , establish .

Attenu o : Tana , thin .

Attribuo Treubh , a tribe .

Aviu'

s : A , priv . ; uidh e , a way .

Ao at prefixes from ad : Do, to .

Ave Saobh , we ll .

Ave llo : B eall , skin .

Avoco A , priv. ; focal , a word ; from a lost Gael ic root.Avolo : A ; ail e , a ir, wind .

Aura Ath ar, air.

Aurum : O r, gold .

Axill a : Ach l ais, the axilla .

—as, a termination ofabstrac t nouns,—as, a common termination

as caritas (Caird eas) ofabstract nouns.

Aliusmodi : Eil e , another ; modh , manner.Al lab ens : Allabain , wandering.

Annuntio to tell news Ad nuntio : do , to , nuadh, new.

Antenna , th e cross p ie ce to which th e sail IS fastened , ormade tense .

T e anu , tense .

Astfromat :Ach , bu t.

*J ack el’s G ermanisch e Ursprung der Lateinisch en sprache tind des

R oemisch en vol -k es. Breslau , 1832 .

Origin and Progress ofLanguage , Vol . 1. p . 488. Edinb . 1773.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN .

B ustum,th e place wh ere dead bodies were burned . Perhaps once

busetum. B as, dea th : aite , p la ce .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Latin some times prefixes s,as

csedo , to p rune , from sgath , c ut ofi'

.

In adop ting a C el tic word th e Latin some time s ch anges b to e ,

as p erce l lo , per- e e lloJ rombuaill ; coruscofrombrath ; cremo

frombrath .

In th e corrup tmodern me th od Latin 0 is pronounced soft b eforeth e smal l vowe ls e and i ; in Gaelic as with th e ancientR omans, it is always h ard .

Cab allus : Capu l , a horse .

C ado ,fa ll : Cadam (ob sol e te ) , fa ll .Carruca , a little cart Car (ob sol e te ) , a cart b eag, little .

Calamu s, a reed : Caol , slender.

Calcu lus C ailc , a stone .

Calx , cal carius, cal culator, calculus : Cailc , cha lk .

Cal endae , from calo (obsol ete ) , ca ll : Gail l (obsolete ) , ca l l ; glaodh ,a shout .

Cal endae, from th e Gre ek : G laodh , shout .Call eo , callid as Caill , wisdom.

G al e , a servant Gill e , a la d.

Camelus Cam- a] , a crooked horse .*

Campu s; camp ester : Caimp , a camp .

Camurus Cam, crooked .

Candefacio : Cana , white : acb d , an a c tion .

Candel a , cando , candor, candidatus, can e o Cana , while .

Cannabis : Cain b , canvas .

Canis : Cu ; c onn ; caol , little .

C anor, cantator, canto, cantus Cainnt , sp eech .

C anu s : Cana , while .

Cap er, cap eratu s, cap ero Gabhar, a goa t .Cap esse , capio G abh , ta ke .

Capra , caprea : Gabh ar, a goa t .Capreolus : Gabhar , caol .Capricornus Gabh ar, corn , horn .

Cap tatio , cap tio , captiva s, cap to , cap ture , cap tus G abh ,

gabh ta , taken.

C areer : Carcair, a p rison .

Caritas : C ar. a friend ; c airde as,friendship .

Caro , carnis,flesh : Carn (ob sole te ) flesh .

C arp entum c arbad , a chariot .

Carp o , carp or, carp tus, carp us : Crub adh , bending (as ofth e finge rs) .

C arptim : Crub adh modh ,manner.

Capu t , a hea d : Cab , a head .

Carrum, carrus : Car, a chariot.

Carus : Car, dear.

Caseu s, caseal e : Caise , ch eese .

Cateia , a da rt : Gath a dart .

Cateia : Gath , a j a ve lin .

C atellus : Cu ; caol , little .

Ca terva : C e ath airne , amu ltitude , b and , the . this is th e word cateranor fre ebooter ; h ence th e name ofLoch Katrine , (SirW. Scott . )

Causa , c ansor : Cu is, a cause .

C ausu la : Cuis caol .

C ausidicus : C uis ; d each d , dic ta te .

C athedra , through th e Gre ek Cathair, a sea t .

Celsu s, calator, ce lo C l eidh , concea l .

Fromth e Diction . Scoto- Celtic . 4to . Edinb . 1828 .

LATIN AND G AELIC . 13

C onseo , to judge : C eann, the head .

C ontum, centurio C eud , a hundred .

Centumviri : Cend ; fir, men .

C c leber : Cliu , praise heir,bear.

Ce lsus, high Ailt , high .

Cephal icus, from the Greek k ephalo, kaph k cp Cab , head .

Cera , ceratus, cereus Ce ir, wax .

Ce rastes, ceratitis Corn ,a horn .

Cerasus, a Carasun ta urbe Corn , a horn .

Cerdo C eard , a sma ll trader ; in Scottish, caird .

C erevisia, beer, fromCeres C e , earth ar, p lough .

Charitas, eharus Car, afriend .

Chirograph ium: Coir (obsole te ) , the hand : grabh , write .

Chorea , a dance : C ar, a turn .

C ertus, certo , certamen , cerno , cernuo , cernuus O sart, right .Chorda : Cord , a cord .

Chorus : Cor music ,—chra ; —cra some names of towns end in these : Cathair, pro

nounce d O s- hur, a city .

Cieo , to drive back : Gath , a dart .Cingu lum, cingo , cinctura : Cea ngal , a girdle .

inis, ashes Cana , while .

Cio , to stir, excite Gath , a javelin cath , a ba ttle .Circa : Cuairt , a circ le .

Circum—many of the words with which circum is compounded are

derived from th e Gae lic ,Circus, circa , circum: Cuairt , a circle .

Cirrus, rough hair: Garbh , rough .

Cithara , citharizo : Ceath ar, a harp ; cruit, a harp .

Cista , cisterna : Cist , a chest .

Cistula , a singl e diminutive Cist ; caol .Cistell ula, a doubl e diminu tive : Cist caol ; caol .Cistifer, cistophorus : Cist : hei r

, carry .

Glades : C laoidh , misfortune .

C lam,a ce lo : Cle idh , conceal ; modh , manner.

C lamator, clamito , clamor: G laodh , ca ll .Clathrus, clathro : Cleath .

C laudo , claudor, claudico , clavis, claudianus, clausus, clausum,

clau snl a : C leidh , concea l .

Cl epo Cluip , stea l .

C liens, clienta : Cliamh uin , a c lient , pronounced cluin .

Clinamen , clin icus, clino : Claon , incline.C ludo , cludor : Cl eidh , concea l .

C lueo : Cliu ,fame .

Co col com con cor in Gael ic co and comh are

in common use as prefixes, signifying together.Cognomen : Co ainm, name .

Cogo , cogito, cogitans : Comb ; achd .

Collaudo Co luaidh , mention, p raise .

Colluco , cut down a grove from lucus which is a non lucendo , fromla ceo : L ens, light.

Coeo Co ; uidhe , a way .

Collare , col lum Caol , narrow.

Collu ce o Co ; l eus, ligh t .

Coll atio , col latus : Co ; lamb , hand .

Columba : Columan,a dove .

Colum : Caol , narrow .

Co lumen, col umis , columnarir, col ume lla : Caol , narrow.

1 4 CELTIC OR IGIN OF LATIN .

Comedo , comesus : Co ; ith , ea t .

Come s, comitatus, comitia , c omitor: Co uidhe , a way .

C omis, comitas : Caomh , mild .

C omminuo : Co ; mean , sma ll .C ommeo , t.e . con -meo , i. e . eo :Uidh e .

Commercium: Co ; margadh , dea ling.

Commil es : C o‘

; mileadh , a soldier.

Commisceo Co ; measg, mire .

Conisso , butt Ce ann , head .

C onquinisco , conop eum l

Connisus, c onnitor, from connisso : 5C '

op ia , wea lth : C ob ,~a bundanee . This h as th e same sp ell ing,

a d ifferent word fromCopia , help Cohhair, help .

Corbita , a ship Cairb , a ship .

Corium,a skin : Croie , a skin .

Corusco , cremo B rath ,fire (C elt ic b changed to e ) .Cremaster, a hook : Crom, crooked .

Crudus : .Cruaidh , hard (Macarthur in Notes on Ossian) .Cucul lus . Cochull , a hood .

—etum, a termination contracted from - oshum, as fil ictumfor filicetum, solictumfor solice tum - e tum: Aite , a p lace ,

Cum, with : Comb , with .

Cum, when C e am,wha t time .

Cyaneus, blue , dye . , Cu an , the sea .

Commodus, commodo : C o ; modh , manner.Commorior, d ep onent : Co ; mort , active , hill .Communis, communitas,

‘

communico, c ommunicatio : Co ; maoin ,

wea lth .

Comp ello : Co ; huaill , drive .

Comp esco , from con and presco Comb , together ; ho , cow.

Compilo , compilatio : Co ; p eall .Conce l ebro : C o cliu , p raise ; b eir, carry .

Concaco : Co ; cac .

C oncall eo Cial l , wisdom.

C oncenturio : Co ; c end , a hundred .

Concen tus, conc en tio : Co ; cainnt , sp eech .

C onceptio , co'

ncep tus (pronounced concep tus) Co gahhta , taken .

Cone—"under t h eir simple forms, th e fol lowing compounds will hefound d e rived entire ly from Gaelic roots —concerpo , concerto ,coficino , c oncipio , conclamo , concludo , conclusio , concordio ,concorporo , concresco , concumbo , concuro , c ondico , condole o ,confero , congener, congregatio , conqu estus, conscribo , consen

e sco , conscrip tio , conc essor, consid eo , consido , consilio , con

sisto, consp e c tus, c onspicuus, conspiratio , conspiro , constan ts,constituo , consto , c

-

ontego , contendo , contentio , conte stor, con

tinentia , contineo , continua s, contribuo , contumu lo , convol esco ,

convolo , corripio , corrotundo , corrumpo , corruptas, c ongl isco ,confe ctio , conficio , confictus, confingo .

Cornu : Corn ,a horn .

Cor, cordatus Cridh e , a heart , pronounced cri.Corona Coron , a crown .

Corp oreus, corp us : Corp , a body .

Cortex : Cairt , bark .

Crassus Craois, sensua lity .

Creator creo , cresco : Cre , earth .

Cre ditor, cre do , credu lus : Creid , beliere .

Crypta : Crubadh , bend-ing.

Ceann , head .

LATIN AND GAELIC . 17;

Cubans, cubiculum, cubo , oub lle : Cub , bend .

Cuneo , c uneus : G oinne , ‘

a wedge .

Cunicul us : G oinne ; caol .Cura , curiosus : Curam,

care .

Curtus, curto : G oirid , short .

Currus : Car, a chariot .

Curriculum: Car ; caol .

Curvus, curvo : Car, a turn.

Cyathus : Cuach , a cup or quaich .

Cynicus : Cu , conn , a dog.

Cynodontes, through th e Greek : Cu , conn ; dcud , a tooth .

Cothurnus : Cuaran , a bushin .

Cul ex : Culag, a smallfly .

culum, a termination ofdiminutives, as curricul um Caol, sma ll .

onlum, a termination ofadverbs signifyi1 2 3 4 l 2

manner, as clanculum; clam, from C leidh , 00710901 ;2 modh

,manner ; caol ,

0610fromCle l dil amfrommodh little ; modh , manner.

fromcaol —umfrommodh .

In adopting a Celtic word , th e Latin some times change s g to c,

as caperfromgabhar.

danus, a termination ofnouns, as oppidanus : Duine , a man .

De , of: De , of.

De—negative prefix , as de armatus : Dith , di, want of.

De—intensive prefix, as deb ello : Di th, utterly .

Dator, dato :Do , do.

Decem,decimo , decuma , denarius: Deich, ten .

Decemviri : Deich fir,men.

Dedico : Dia , G od ; do , to .

Dedol eo, give overgrieving: Dith , want ; duilich , difiicult .

D edoleo , grieve much Dian and teth , intens ; duilich , difiicult .Defec tio , a revolt F ag, leave .

Dilaudo , praise high ly : Dian ,-warm luaidh , p raise .

Dexter, dexteritas : Deas, right.D enique ,fromd e , novo , and cue : De of; nuadh , new ; agus, and .

Denuo : De ; nuadh .

D ens: Deud , a tooth .

D esum: Di ; want ; ismi, I am.

Deus, dicatus, dico Dia , G od .

Dearmatus and th e following compounds are derived entirely fromG aelic roots

deb ello , decanto , decerns, decerpo , decip io ,‘

declamo, decline ,

de col lo , d e cortico , decretum, decumbo , d efero, degenero , dego ,delator, d emens, d emergo , d eminus, d emiror, demolior,demorior, d enomino , depasco , d ep ello ,

~ d epilatus, d eporto, de

pravo , depul so , derepo , deripio , d erumpo , de scribo , desideo ,d esidia , de sido , desilio , d espicio, destillo , destituo , desul torius ,de tego , de tineo , devins, devolo , diminuo , direpo , dirigo , diripio ,dirumpo , defectus, deficio , decep tio , decresco , deerro, devo

'

to,

devotio, denoto , denudo, devido , diverto, divorto.

Dies, a day : Di, a day .

Dies, diam,diurnus : Dia , a day .

Digitus, so called b ecause ten on the two hands Deug, ten.

Diu , in the day- time Di, a day .

Diverto , divorto 2 Da, two ; b eir, carry .

Divido, to divide :Da, two ; uidhe , a way .

l G LATIN AND GARLIC .

Divi,th e le sser d e ities, Di—vi : De us. The afiix - vi is the same as th eprefix ve and is from Beag, little .

Divina tio , divinus : Dia .

Dico , dicax , dictata : D each d , dicta te .Dic tator, dic tio , dictum Deach d .

Do , dono : Do , to .

B occo , doc- eo : T eagaisg, tea ch .

Dole o , dolor: Duilich , defi eztlt .

Dubius Da , two ; uidhe, a wag.

D uo : Da , two .

Dis,—many of th e compounds ofdis are ofGael ic origin .

Dum: An t’

am,the time .

D urab ilis, duro : Doirbh , hard .

Duumvir : Da ; fir, men .

Dynasta : Tanaiste , a thane .

E from ex, a prefix signifying out , as edens : As, out of.

Ex : As, out of.

E do : I th , eat,Eh eu : O ch , a las.

Eblandior and th e following compounds are of Gael ic origin

ebullo, ebul lio , edico , e dictum, editor, e do , efi'

ero , emergo , emercor,emiror

,emol ior, emorior, engonatu s, enumero , eremigo , crepo ,

erigo , eripio, erro , e vado , evoco , evolo , exacerbo , e vane sco , ex

actor, esanimo , exard e o exaro , excandesco , excanto , excep to , ex

eruo , excerpo, excipio , exclamo , excludo , excors, excre sco , ex

cubo , excuso , exedo , exeo , exerro , exhalo , exilio , exitium, exor

ab ilis, exoro , expe cto , exp ello , expilo , expiro , exporto , expulso ,exporrigo , expolio , ex tendo , extenuo , estilo , extorris, extumeo ,exugo , exul to , exuro , egregia s, e luceo , exp lico , explodo , expedio ,explano , expl eo, effector, efi

‘icax, efficio , efiigies, effingo , erigo ,egurgito .

E quus : Each , a horse .*

E 0 : Uidh e , a way .

Eugenia , through the Gre ek : Agh , j oy ; gin, beget.

Erythrae a s R uaidh, red .

e l lula , a termination double diminu tives, as cistellula : Cist , chest ;caol

,sma ll ; caol .

" etum, a termination ofnouns, signifying a place , as anise tum, as

pre tium, arundine tum, bu ce tum, buxe tum,b ustum, cupresse

tum, care ctumfor caric e tum, castane tum, ch alce tum, cometum,

c oryl etum, dumetum, e scul e tum,fice tum, frute tum,

-filictumforfil ice tum,

fime tum, fruticetum, glabre tum, ilice tum, junce tum,

lnmec tum, laure tum, myrte tum, mascu l e tum,nu ce tum, oliv

e tum, ole tum, p alme tum, p ine tum, p opu letum, p orcul e tum,

querce tum,rose tum, rub e tum, sepu lcre tum, sab ul e tum, sen tis

e tum, saxe tum,spine tum, salictumfor salicetum,

vepre tum, vir

e tum, virgc tum, vere trum, vine tum,virgul tum for virgule tum.

—e t from -Aite , a p lace .

Ea , she I she .

— en , a termination ofsome nouns, as numen :Naomh , holy ; aon , one .

Equiria : Each ,a horse .

B ja lo , to cry Eigh , a shout .

E linguis ; lingua , once tingua : Teangadh , tongue .

— e trum, a t ermination , as fulge trum,a. grea t lightning ;

—e t fromAite , a p la ce ; ~ rum from ridh

,a number

,a col lec tive termina

tion , as in eachridh , ca va lry .

Ejulo shou t ; E igh , a shout .

Fromthe DictionariumScotd - Cel ticum, 4to . Edinb . 1828 .

LATIN AND G ARLIC . 17

Egurgito , gurge s Cuairt, a whirl .

Eminens, high Monadh , a hil l .—e]lus, a termination ofdiminu tive s, as libe l lus :— ol , from ch ao l ,

little .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Latin some times prefixes f, asfacio from achd : changes b tof, as frater from brathair,fero from. heir.

Faba : F aob , a bean .

Fero , ferox , fertilis : Be ir, carry .

—fer a termination of adje ctives, signifying to carry , as armife iBeir, carry .

Ferns, ferox F e arg, anger.

Fi, be thou Bith , be .

F laccus, fiaccidus Ploc , hanging down.

Fodio : Fod , turf.F or, fatur : Rad h, sp eech .

Fortis, fortitude F e art , virtue .

Frater: Brathair, a brother.

Fronsfromferendo B eir, carry .

F undus, fundo Fod , turf.

Fretus, fre tum,an arm of the sea : Frith -mhuir

, an armof the sea ;a firth orfrith .

Fero , carry B eir, carry .

F erveo , to be hot B rath ,fire .

Flacons, hanging down P locach,ha ving swoln cheeks.

Flagel lo , to thrash P100, to strike .

Flo , to blow : Aile , a ir.

C eltic c is changed to Latin f, as filius from. caol ; filumfromcaol ; fragosusfrom. craig ; funis from caoin also Ce l tic c

is ch anged to Latin p .

Fab er: a workman : Ohair, work .

Furo , to be angry : F e arg, a nger.

P uruns, an oven Brath ,fire .

Folium, a. leaf: B ilcach , a leaf.

Fal lo , di ceive F enll , deceit .

F luctus, fluo , fiumen : F luich , wet.

Fuga , fugo , fugio Fogair, exp el .

Frar , frugaliter, frumentum, frutico , fruor: Beir, bear.

Frustum: Bris, break.

F rivolus : Frith ,sma ll .

Farina : B ru th ,bruise .

Fala , a tower to throw da rtsfrom B uaill , throw.

Falarica , fal ere , from fal a : B uail l , throw .

Foe tus, a birth : Bith , existence .

Fragor, a noise fra -

gor: G aoir, noise,F ui, I ha ve been Bh a , was.

Fulmen , a stroke of lightning : B uail l , strike.

Fundo,to p our out allied to O nadh

,a wa ve .

F undo , tofound F od , turf.

Fu turus,future : Bith , be ; iar after.

F utilis,futile : Bith , be ; - 01, caol , little .

Fur, a thief: Beir, carry . O ne who carries off.

F acinus, facil io , factofromfacio , to do Ach d,a deed .

Facio , to do : Acb d , a deed Euchd,a.fea t , a n a chievement ; from this,

several adj e c tives are formed . E ach d , an exp loit ; hence e achdire , a n historian .

Fingo , fictio , figura fromfacio Acb d .

Fundus, land : F od , turf.

18 CELTIC O RIG IN or LATIN .

Funaro, to bury , from fundu s: F od , turf.Fragro , to be sour ; G eur, sharp ,Fragor, noise G aoir, noise.Frio, crumble Bru th , bru ise .

Fricc , r ub : Bru th , bruise .

Frigeo, to be cold R eodh , reogh ,freeze .

Frigo , tofrg : Brath ,fire .

F acundus, eloquent Focal , a word .

Frustra : Bris, break .

Frustro, to disapp oint Bris, break .

G in Gael ic is always pronounced hard b efore th e small vowe lse and i, which is a proof th at it was so pronounced by the

Romans.

G ens, gentih'

s : Cinneadh , afamily , c lan .

G albanus, gal banum Geal and b an ,white .

G annio ; Cu , genitive conn , a dog.

Geno , genero , generalis, generosa s, gigno, genitura, germen , germino ,genuinus : G in , beget .

G lacies : G eal gwhite .

Gladius Claidheamh , _ a sword th e F rench glaive and Scotchcl ay -more .

Gloria : Gloir, glory .

G rab atus : Crubadh , bending.

Grando , granum Gran , gra in .

Graphium, grammatica, through th e Greek : G rabh , write grabhal ,engra ve .

Gratus, gratis, G radh , afi‘

ee tion .

Grex , gregarias : Greigh , a herd .

Gula : Caol , narrow.

Gyrus, through th e Gre ek : Cuairt , a circuit.

G allicus, Gall ia , Galatia : G aelig, Gae l , p erhaps from coille , a wood .

Th e Cel tic l anguages of Scotland are two in numb er: - l . Th e

Gae lic now spok en in' th e H igh lands. 2 . Th e Galwegian or th e

extinct language of Stra th clyde and Galloway , wh ich more

resembles the Welsh than th e Gael ic . Every H ighlanderregre ts that there is not a Profe ssorship ofGaelic in one of th e

Universities of Scotland .

Garbh , rough ; b eann , a hil l ; monadh , a

mounta in .

1 2 3 4 5 6

G rampn mont es,1

G ra , from garbh ,G rampn montes,

mountains of

Scotland , th e

Grampians.

G rati‘

se : G radh , love, afi’

eetion .

G lauc‘

ns : Glas, grey .

Gel u , ice : all ied to Geal , white .

Gemino , to coup le together : Comb , together.

G arrio, to ja bber : C o , together ; Radh , sp eech .

o

m, euphonise gratis. be fore p ,3

p ii, from b eann , a hill ,4

mon , frommonadh ,J

t , euphonise gratia after 11 ,6

es, a p lural termination not derivedth e Gaelic .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

20 LATIN AND G ARLIC .

imhe llis, interrumpo , interscribo , intestatus, invade , invius,invoco , inurgeo , inuro , irrepo , irrumpo .

I iigenium: Eanch ain , bra in ; ann , in ; ceann, head .

Inclytus Ann ,in cliu ,fame .

Ignominia : Ana , not ; aium, name .

l llunis : Ana , not lu an , moon.

l l lu c eo : Ana ; leus, light .

Insula , an island , p erhaps anc iently a small island : Innis, island ;caol , sma ll . Insh , Scot tish .

Interim: E adar, between ; am, time .

Intectus, covered' Ann ; tigh , roof.

Inte ctus, bare : Ana , not ; tigh , roof.

I ter ( ab eo ) , itic , itus : Uidh e , a way .

Inedia : Ann , in di, dith , want .Interamna : B adar, between ; amhuin ,

a river.

—illa , —a termination ofdiminu tive s, as mammilla : Caol .- icu lus, a t ermination -of doubl e diminutives, as fasciculus fromfascis :—ag fromB eag, little 111 or 01 from caol , sma ll .

Infra : Ana , not ; bar, top .

1 00 , to smile Gath , a dart .—ibus, t ermination ofdative p lural , as regibus th e same in Gael ic :—ibb , as righ ibh . (From Prichard ’s Eastern O rigin of the

C eltic Na tions, p .

—ix , a termination of femal e nouns , as potrix, p otric , p otrig : —aga termination ofGael ic female nouns, as nionag, a little daughter,from nigh ean ,

and b eag, little .

Indico , . to p ut on E/Eik ach , c lothing.

—im,a termination ofadverbs relating to t ime , as olim Am, time .

Lacus : Loch , a lake .

Lacuna , a ho llow p lace : Loch , a take ; - eu ,mean, little .

Lamina : Lann ,a sword .

Late , l atitudo , latus : Leud , breadth .

Le teo , l ate sco : Luidh , lie .

Laue , laudo : Lu aidh , mention, p raise .

Lima , limo : Liomh , afile .

Litera : Litir, a letter.

Lucifer: L ens, tight ; heir, carry .

L eo , gen . l eon - is, which is th e more ancient form: L eomhan , a lion .

Lingua , anciently dingua , ligurio , lingo T eanga , a tongue .

Lu ce o , l ucidus, lucubratio , lucus, lux : Leus, light .Lu cus, a grove , a non luc endo , lu cco Leus.

—1entus, a t ermination ofadjectives, as luculentus, opolentus Lan ,

ful l .Latro , a highwayman, a robber latro Laidh , lie down.

Larix , the larch L earag, the larch .

Lorica : Lu ireach ,a coa t ofma il .

L aatus, joyfu l : Aite as, j oy .

Lancea , a lance Lann ,a sword .

Lamina, a p la te : Lann , a sword .

Lambo , to lick with the tongue Lioh , lip .

Lamb ero , to cut, from lamina : Lann ,a sword .

Laniu s, a butcher, froml anio Lann .

Lapis, a stone ia -

pis Lia , a stone .

L egio ,a legion Luch d , p eop le .

Lembue , a bark , a fishing- boa t Long, a ship .

L embuncu lus, a little bark ; a doub le diminutive : Long, a

—an fromme an , sma ll ; caol , little .

L av, thefireside , one’

s home , L ar, the j loor.

CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN. 2 1

Lana , wool , moss, cotton Lion , lih th fla a'

.

Lapso , slip Lub , bend , inc line .

Mamma :Mam, a round hill .

Mammilla :Mam ; caol , sma ll .Male dictum Mal lachd , a curse this word has b e en borrowed by th eGae lic from th e Latin .

Mare , margo , maritimus, marinus : Muir, the sea , frommu , around ,and tir, land.

Mater, maternas, matrona : Mathair, a mother.

Me (me ) :Mi, (I ) .Media s, medul la : Me adhon , middle .

Mel Mil , honey .

Mell ifer :Mil , honey ; beir, bear.

Me llifico :Mil ; acb d .

Mens : Mein , the mind .

Mensis, menstruus Mics, a month .

Meo (ab 6 0 ) Uidh e , a way .

Merces, mercor, mereenarius Margadh , trading.

Merge , mergus, mersorfrommare Muir, the sea .

Meridie s :Me adh on , middle di, day .

Mevs ,mi, mihi :Mi, I .

Miles Mileadh , a soldier.

Mille Mile , a thousand .

Minus, minor, minutus ,minno , minimus : M ean,sma ll .

Misceo , misce l lanea :Measg, misc ; p erh aps fromuim, around ; uisge ,wa ter.

Mirus, mirabilis Meur,finger.

Mitis, mitigatio , mitesco Maoth , soft.Modus, modu lus, modestus, moderor : Modh , manner.Mola : Meil

, grind .

Mol es, mole stia , molior :Mao], a round object.Moneo , (mens) , monitor : Mein , mind .

Mons, montanu s Monadh , a hill .

Mos, moralis Modh , manner.

Mordeo , bite Mir, a bite .

More , mortalis : Mort , kill .Mu llus Mul lach , a mullet .Mutio :Maoth , soft.Maj or, majestas Mor, grea t.

Muria , sa lt wa ter: Muir, the sea .

Murus, a wa ll : Mur, a wa ll .Mundus, nea t, delica te Mnaoi, a woman .

Munus, a gift : Maoin ,wea lth .

Mutilus, without horns : Maol , without horn s.

In adop ting a C e l tic word , th e Latin sometimes omits initial s,as nixfrom sneachd nofromsnamh n eofromsniomh .

N ae , rea lly : Ana , very .

N e , not N e o, not.

N e , whither: An , if.N eu : N eo , not .

N i : An ,if.

N at-rix : Nathait,a serp ent .

Nebul a , n ebulo : N enl , a c loud .

Nidus Nead , a nest .

Nitidus : Nigh te , washed .

N ix : Sne ach d , snow .

Nolo , i.e . non volo : N eo, not ; aill , will .Nomen :Aium, a name .

22 CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN .

Nomenclatura : Aium; e aill (obsolete ) , ca ll ; glaodh , ca ll .N ox , nocturnus : N och d , night .

N on : N eo , not .

Nonus,n ovem Naoi, nine .

N ume l u s Aire amh , a number.

N unc upo : Ainm ; gabh , take .

N ux : C 110 , a nu t .

Noto , notaria s, uotie , nota : N och d , shew.

Numen,a deity : N aomh , holy ; aon , one .

Nudus, naked : N och d , naked . N och d from neo, not , and eudach ,c lothed .

Nucl eus, diminu tive fromnux : Nux fromCno , nut caol,little (in

comp os.o ol . )

Nudiusquartus, four days ago ; nu - dius- quartus : An , the ; di, daye ea th ar

,four.

N undinum, the market ; so call ed be cause it was held every ninedays : Naoi, nine ; di, a day .

N untio, to carry news Nuadh , new.

N eo , sp in Sniomh , sp in.

N o , swim Snamh , swim.

Nudus : N och d , naked .

Nuce tum, _

a p lace where nu ts are found : 011 0 , a nut ; aite , a p la ce .

Niger, bla ck N och d , night.Nimbus, a c loud : N eamh , the skies.

Ningo, to snow Sneach d , snow .

Nemus, a grove : Ne emb , holy . As rel igious ceremonies were therep erformed . From Prichard .

In adop ting a C e l tic word , th e Latin some times omits initial b ,as ovofrom b uadh ; ol eofromb oladh .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Latin sometimes omits initial f,as orgiafromfearg.

Octo : O ehd , eight.O ra Qir, a margin.

Ol eum: Uill eadh,oil .

Olor : Eala .

Opus, op eris Ohair, workOh many of its compounds are from th e G ae l ic .

Oratio , oro , orator, oracu lum, os, oris : Itadh ,sp eech .

O ratiuncu la : R adh ; mean , little ; caol , little .

O riens : E ar, the east .

Ovum Ubh,an egg.

O s prefix as in ostendo O s ceann ,above

,over head ; ceann ,

hea d .

O vo , ovatio B uadh , victory .

O rgia : F earg, excitement.Ostendofromteneo : O s ; teann ,

tense .

—or, a t ermination ofnouns, as orator:—ar, a common termina tion

ofnouns, from fe ar, a man.

Oceanus Aigeann , the deep cuan ,the sea .

O lim,fo

'

rmerly ol - im Eil e , another ; am,time .

O h a prefix signifying 1 . a round ; 2 . against. Th e se cond is ia

c lude d in th e first . O h fromuim, around, mb eing ch ange d to b .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e L atin some times prefixes p , as

p aterfromathair, p l enusfromIan , privofrom. reub , profromroi, p erfromro , p iscisfromiasg, postfromais.

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e Latin some time s ch anges initial 0to p , as 0 also is to Gre ek p : see p ullu s, p anlum, p ollen ,

p alumbus, p aean , p ontus, pugna , p ar, p eto , pius, poena .

FromStewart ’s G ae lic Grammar, 2d edit . B aiah . 1812 .

LATIN AND G AEL l C . 23

Pugna : Cog, jighi.Pa1 , a coup le : C a1 sid , a coup le .

Pe to : Ce ad , leave , p cmnzsszonPius, kind : Caomh , aflectiona te .

Poona : Caoin , “

lament, wa il .Pontus, the sea : Cuan , the sea .

Pze an ,a hymn : Cainnt , sp eech . H ence cano, sing.

Pulex : Cuile ag, aflea .

Pullus, the young ofevery thing Caol , little .

I’aulum,a little Caol , little .

Paululum,a very little ; a double diminu tive : Caol ; ~ul from caol

modh , manner.

Pollen , sma ll dust Caol , sma ll .Pulvis, p owder : Caol , sma ll. O r frommeil , grind .

Pal la : Pe all , a skin.

Pabulumfromp asco , p ari : B o, a cow.

Pars Pairt , a p art.Particul a : Pairt ; caol , little .Parcus, p at ento, pario , p arturio, p artus B eir, carry .

Per p el a prefix , through , thorough ly Troi, through .

P er a prefix , thoroughly : R 0 , very .

P eracer and th e fol lowing comp ounds will b e found under theirsimp le forms d erived from th e Gaelic z—p erago , p eragro , p erard uus, p eraro , p ercera s, p erce l ebro , p erficio , p ercip io , p ercolo .

p erduro , p erdol es, p ererro , p erfrigeo, perla ceo, p ermisceo , p ernox ,p ernumero , p e 1 orat1o , p erp e ll o , p articip io , p ersalsus, p ermmp o ,p errepo, p ersede o, p erscribo , p ersido , p ersisto , p erspicuus, p ersto ,

p e 1 sul to , p ertego , p ertendo , p e 1 tenuis , p e 1 tinacia , p ervius, p er

vq l

lg1

0’

e1

p ervolo, p eru1 o , p ervu lgo , andmany otherwo1 ds b eginningwit

Pascofrombos, pastor : B o , a cow .

Pe llo B uaill , strike , drive .

Pe llis, p e llio : Peal] , skin .

Pilum, pil anus, p il a , pilatus B uaill , strike .

Pil a , a ba l l Ball , a round object.Pila , pileus, p il osus : Peal], skin .

Piscis : I asg, a fish .

Plaga : Plaigh , a p lague .

Plenus, pl enitudo L an ,fu ll .Poena , poenal is, p oenitentia : Pian, p ain .

Politicus, through th e Gre ek : Baile , a town .

Porto : Beir, carry .

Portus : Port , a harbour.

Pree : R oi, before .

Prae prefix : Roi, a common prefix .

Prae intensive prefix , as prmcarus: Ro , very .

P eregre , quasi p er agros Troi, through ; ar, p lough .

Pridie : Roi, before ; di, day .

Primus : Priomh ,first .Primigenius : Priomh ,first ; gin , beget .

P 1 0 , befoae . Roi, before .

P 1 avus : R 0 , very , baoth , bad .

P 1 secino and th e fol lowing are from the Gaelic —~

p1 incipio , praecludo,prseconeeptus, praedivino , prmdico , praeeo , praefatio , preefei or,prsegignor, prseluceo , p rmmoneo , praerip io , praescribo , praeside o ,prsesilio , praesto , prsesul to , praetendo , praetenuis, praerideo , pro

e lamo , proolino , procreo , procub o , procuro , prodeo, prodigo ,prodo , profero, proficio, progenevo, pregonero, promiscuus, pro

2 4 CELTIC OR IGIN OF LATIN .

mulgo, prop el lo , prop ediem, prop emodum, propul so ,_pror1p 1o ,

proscrib e , prosilio, prosp e ctu s, pre sto , protege , proverb ium, pro

vide o , provivo , provulgo , propono .

Proh "R 0 , very .

Puer: B ar (obsolet e ) , a son .

Prop e (ex pro vel prae , Seal . ) Roi, before .

Procul : B e , very ; on], behind .

Pude e B aoth ,vile .

Pae ll a : B ar, son caol , little .

Pul se , pu l to B uaill , strike .

Punic : Pian , p unishment .Prora : R oi, before .

P eriodus, p eriodicus : R oi, before uidh e , a way .

Privo , privatus, privatio : R eub , tear, dep rive .

P e s, from th e Gre ek ; in many instances th e Greek , m adopting a

Ce ltic word , ch anges c to p Cos,foot.Pareo , I obey p erh aps from B ar (obsol et e ) , son . This h as th e same

sp e lling, but is a different word from:Pareo , I app ear R oi, before ; b eir, carry .

Polio , to p olish , from th e Gre ek p olis : Baile , a town .

P alatio , a founda tion made in wet ground by driving in p iles p erhapsfrom B uaill , strike .

P erendie , over one day : B ar, over ; aon , one (ii, a day;Publicum hal f ofthis is from th e C el tic ; pub - licum:Luchd , p eop le .

Pude o , to be ashamed B aoth , wicked ,Pau ci

,few B eag, sma ll . Small in numb er.

Pal lo , a covering, a garment Feil e , a p laid .

allium, p all ca , &c .,frompal lo Feile .

ingo ,fromfingo ,fromfacio Acb d , a deed .

Puerp erium : B ar, a son heir, to bear

Pu lmen frompulse B uaill , strike .

Promontorium R oi, before mon adh , a hill .Proprius : R0 , very ; briadh a , p retty .

Post , after Ais, behind .

Pono , to lay down , to p la ce B un , a founda tion .

Pera , a bag to carry v ictua ls Beir, carryPusio , a boy : Paisd , a child .

Pusillus, from pusio .

Purus, p ure ,fitfor sacrifice : Brath ,fire .

Pa t ens, a we l l orp it Pit , a hollow . I t occurs in names ofp laces, asPitloehrie .

Pyra , a wood - heap for a fire Brath ,fire .

Pyralis, pyrites, p yrausta , and several oth er words b eginning withpyr are through th e Gre ek , from Brath ,fire .

Pyrgus, a tower : Burg, a tower.

Pyren ,the kern el or stone offru it , such as cherries Cridhe , heart, pron .

cri, as if th e h eart of th e fruit .

Pygmaeu s, sma l l : B e ag, sma ll .P urge , p urifico from p uru s : B rath ,fire .

Pyrtaneeum,where Vesta ’

s fire was k ep t : B rath , ,fire .

-

p otens, a t ermination ofadje ctives, as sagittipotens :B uadh , victory.Pot1s, a ble B uadh,. vic tory .

Potie r, p otens, p otentia : B uadh , victory .

Praetorfrompree - itor : R oi,before u idh e , a way .

Planitia , a p la in Leana , a p lain.

Prae timeo , tofear before - hand : R0 , before ; tioma , afraid . This has th e"

same sp e l ling, bu t is a different word fromPraetimeo, tofear grea tly : R e , very ; tioma , afraid .

10 C

1CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN .

Pa luda tus, c lothed F eil aeadh , a covering.

Palumbus, a p igeon Col eman ,a p igeon .

Pango , to p lant B un , a founda tion .

Passim, here and there (lik e foo tsteps ) ; fromp es : Cos,foot .Passus, p ace from p es : C os, a foot .

Pe cul ium, p e cuniafromp ecu s : B e , a cow .

P e l lu ceofor p erluc e e ; p erfromro , very : Leus, light .Perdo , to waste , from th e Gre ek p erdo B rath

,fire .

Perp e tuus, p erp etua l : R 0 , very ; bith , being.

P essimus, the worst , the lowest , from p es Cos,foot.P e ssundo , to east underfoot , from p es : Cos,foot.Pestis, a p est , dea th : B as, dea th .

P e te fromp es : Cos, a foot .Qua : C

'

e , who .

Quadre , quator : C e atl iar,four.Quaestio G eist , a question .

Qui, quiane : C ’

c , who .

Quid , quidni : Ciod , wha t.Quies, gen . quie t

- is, quiesco : Cuid , rest.Quinqu e : Cuig,five .

Quomodo : C ’

s/who ; modh , manner.

Qu Ce ltic 0 is sometime s ch anged to Latin qu .

Qu Ce ltic b is some time s ch anged to Latin qu , as it is al so toLatin 0 as

Quatio , ba tter : B at , a stafi’

; bat , bea t .Queo , to be a ble , to may or ca n : Bith , be .

Quurn ,when : C e am, wha t time .

Querer, to lament : =Cionran (ob sol ete ) , melancholy music . Fromcion,desire oran , a song.

Quando , when : C ’

um when ; 06 , wha t ; nine , time .

Quantill um, how little . Ciod , wha t ; - 01from c aol , little .

Quicum,with whom: C ’

e , who comb , with .

In adop ting a Cel tic word , th e Latin some time s omits initial d ,as rosfrom drus.

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Latin sometimes omits initial 0,as rep ofromcrub .

R amus R amh , an oar.

R apio , rapidu s, rabidus, rap to, rap ax : R eub , tear.

R e ctum : R e ach d , right .

R ex , rego , re c t10 , re 0 num R igh , a king.

R e prefix , again .

c>

A ris, again .

R eb e llio and th e following will b e found und er their simpl e forms,referred to Gae lic roots -reb oo , reb e llo , re cand e o , recano , re

canto , re ce lle , rec ep tacu lum, re c ep to , re c ep tio , re cingo , re eipio ,re clamo , re cline , recludo , re cogito , re cre atio , re corder, re creo ,

re crementum, re cresce , recub o , recumb o , recup ero , re cure , recurvoo , redard e sco , redde , redio , re digo , redoro , re dundo , red ur

e

e sco , refe e tio , refero , reficio , refodis, refrigeo , refrigero , reh alo ,rejieio , re latio , re luc eo , remisceo , remol ior, renarro , renovo , re

p e llo , rep orto , repressento , rep uerasco , repu lse , repurge , re quie sco , rescrib e , rese co , re sideo , reside , resilio , resisto , resp e c to ,respiro , restillo , restito , re stituo, resto , resul to, ret ego , re tendo ,retente , re tine o , re torresco , re troactus, re troeo , re trorsum, reval

e sco, revenio , revideo , revise , revisito , revoco revolo , revolve ,revulsio ,

revolu tus .

R epo : Crub adh , creep ing.

R ige o , rigidus R e ogh ,freeze .

Rhe tor, th rough th e Gre ek R adh , sp eech .

26 LATIN AND GAELIC .

’

R e ta , rotundus B oth , a wheel .

R ep erio (ex re e t p ario , Fest . ) A ris, aga in heir, bear.

Rup es : R eub , tear.

R e trofromre A ris, again .

Rivus Ruith , run ,flow .

R ivu lus : Ruith ; cae l , in compos. chaol and pronounced u l .Rumpe : R eub , tear.

R u cte : B ruchd , belch .

Rosmarinu s R e s,a rose ; muir, the sea .

Rosa , a rose : R es, a rose .

—rium, a col l ective afiix , as rosarium, saginarium.

—ridh , a coll e ctive afiix, as eachridh , cavalry, from each , a horse .

R osarium,a bed ofroses : R os, a rose ; —ridh , a. c olle ctive termina

tion -efsome nouns, as in eachridh , cavalry,fromeach , a horse .

Rostrum,a beak , he . R e s, a promontory .

R e s, dew Drus, exuda tion .

R ue , tofa ll , to rush R uith ,flow .

Rutilus, red : Ruaidh , red .

R eus, arraigned, p erhap s because br‘

ought before the hingfor tria l , fromrex : R igh ,

king.

R egulus, a p etty hing : Righ , king ; - 01from cae l , little .

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e Latin some times inserts t afterinitial s, as still ofrom sil .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Latin sometimes prefixes s, as

similis from amhuil , strenu u s from treun , scande fromceann ,

scinde fromgeinn, spol iumfromp eall , sportulafromheir, sude fromad .

Saccus : Sac , a sa ck .

Sagitta : Saigh ead , an arrow.

Saevus Saebh ,fierce .

Sal : Sal , sa lt .

Salie , salax , salebra, salte , sal tus : Ailt , high .

Sat , sat-is, satie , satie tas Sath , satiety.

Satisfacie : Sath ach d .

Satisde : Sath ; do , to .

Scarifiee : Sger, a rock ; acb d , an a ct .

Scrib e : Sgriobh , write , from sgriob , a line .

Sed ,fromsedie Suidh , sit .

Se , himse lf, themselves Esan , himself.Se

_ prefix ,ap art : Esan , himse lf.

eclude : Esan ; cl eidh , concea l .Segrege : Esan ; greigh , a herd .

Senatus, senex : Se an , old .

Sedatu s, se dco , se des, sede , sesser, side Suidh , sit .

Septem Se ach d , seven .

Sep temviri : Seach d : fir, men .

Serra : Searr, a saw .

Sex : Se , six .

Siccus : Se ae , dry .

Similis : Amh uil , like (FromStewart) .Sin e Is e n eo , is it not .

Sincerus,fromsine and cera Ceir, wax .

Sisto, situs, statio , statim, status, ste : Steidhich , esta blish ; stad , stop .

Se lus, solo Leu s, ligh t .Solstitium: Leus ; stad .

Sp olie z P e al l , skin

it FromB arclay ’sSeque l to the Divg

o

i

sions ofP arley—London. 1826 .

page

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

28 LATIN AND GAELIC .

Scab er; rough , rugged : Sger, a rock .

Sator, a sewer, p la nter Suidh , sit , p la ce .

Scando , mount , c limb C eann , hea d ; 8 b eing prefixed .

Scinde , rend : Sgain ,rend . Al lied to geie n , wedge ; 8 being prefixed .

Scateo , burst ou t Sgaith , vomit.Securus, safe Se cair, safe .

Sedco , sit : Suidh , si'

Solus, a lone : As, without ; e il e , another.

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e L atin some times changes initial 0to t as tergnee fromcar, tremofrom critli

, terebrafromcar,

turbo from car. Also th e Latin ch anges initial g to t ; astruncu sfromgcarr, torvusfromgarbh .

Taurus : Tarbh , a bull .T enu is, tenuo Tana , thin .

Te ctum, tege , toga : Te ach , tigh , a house .

Tenax , t endo, t eneo , tenor, tentatie , tentorium,tenus : Teann , tense .

T er : Tri, three .

T erra : Tir, ea rth ; all ied to th e Gaelic tier, dry .

Tero : T eirig, waste .

T este r : T eist , a witness.

Timeo , timidus Tioma , afraid .

Tonitrus Torrunn ,thunder.

T erre e , torridus : Tier, dry .

Trans : Tar, a cross.

Tres : Tre as, third tri, three .

Tresviri, triumviri Tri, three fir, men .

Triangulus : Tri ; e ang, a corn er.

Triclinium: Tri ; c laon , incline .

Tridens : Tri d end , tooth .

Trimestris : Tri ; mios, month .

Transcribe , and th e foll owing compounds, are th e Gaelictransdo , transco , transfere , transfodio , transilio

‘

, transmarinus,transmee , transp e ctu s, transp orto , transige .

rimodia : Tri ; modh .

Tribus, tribuna s, tribu tio : Treubh , a tribe .

Triremis Tri, three ramh , an e ar.

Tritus, tritura , t erer : T eirig, consume .

Tristis Tuirseach , melancholy .

Tumor, tumidus, tub er, tumu ltus : Tom,swell .

Tu , tuus : Du ,thou .

Tum : An t’

am,the time .

Turrus : Tur, a tower.

Trivium, trivialis : Tri, three ; uidh e , way .

Tacitus, tace o T e st , tosdach , silence .

Tyrannu s, through th e Gre ek Tighh earn ,a lord .

Tergum,the t0p ofa hill : Torr, a hil l .

Terminu s, the bounda ry of land . A running stream was the easiestand most natural boundary of land . De ir, water.

Taenia , a ribbon Tana , thin , slender.

Te l lus, the earth : Talamh , the earth .

Tempus, time An t’

am,the time ; am,

time .

Tener, tender, young, do Tana,slim, slender.

T ennis, slender : Tana , slender.

Terebra , an auger Car, a turn .

Torreo , roast Tier, dry .

Torrens, a torrent : Doir, wa ter ruith ,flow .

T ervus, grim Garbh , rough .

Trade , to hand over: Tar, across ; do, to .

CELTIC ORIGIN OF LATIN . 2 9

Trauo , to swim a cross Tar, a cross Snamh , swim.

Tremo , tremble Crith ,shake .

Tre pide , to qua ke : Crith , shakeTripos a tripod : Tri, three ; cos, a foot .

Tueorfkto see : this h as th e same sp e ll ing, but is a different word

from] 2 m,m

Tusor, to defend , which is from T igh , a house . From tigh comes tege ,to cover.

Turbo ,a whirling : Car, a turn .

Terge o , to scour, to wip e : Do ir,wa ter.

Terminus, a bound between one man'

s land and a nother'

s . The e asiest

and mosn. na tural boundary ofland is a running stream: Doir,wa ter.

Terre o , to be afraid : Crith , shake .

T e stie , a witness : T eist , testily .

Te ter, darh ; te - ter : Dorch , dark .

Toga , a gown ,a covering, from tego : Tigh , a house .

Tome , turn: C ar, a turn .

Tomions, cu tting : T e um, bite .

Toma s, tomentum T eum, bite .

Torque o , to twist Car, a tur n.

Turb a, a rout ; turliidus, turbo , to disorder ; from turbo : Car, a turn .

Turgeo , to swe ll : Torr, a hill .In adopting a C e l tic word , th e Latin some times omits initial f,

as urgee fromfeurg.

In adop ting a C el tic word , th e Latin sometimes omits initial t ,as urofrom tier ; urnafromde ir.

Ulna : Uilean , the e lbow.

Ulule Iolach , a shout .—u la , a t ermination ofdiminutives : Caol , in composit . pronounced

ul , little .

Umbil icus : Iomlag, the navel .—uncu la , a termination of double diminutives :—au '

, mb ean, mean ,

sma ll ; —01, ch aol , caol , little .

Unanimus Aon , one ; anam, sou l.

Unctus : Ungadh , anointing.

Unda , undula tus : O nadh ,a wave .

Unguis, uncus : l ong, a na il .

Ungula l ong ; caol .

Unde ceni : Aon d e ; d eich .

—11m, a termination of adverbs, signifying manner, as clanculum '

Modh , manner.

Ulmus Ailm,the e lm.

Urge o : F e arg, anger.

Uro : Tie r, dry .

Uter : Eadar, betwixt.

Unus, nnitas : Aon ,one .

Uti : Sud , tha t.

Unigena : Aon ; gin , beget .

Unicornis : Aon ; corn , a horn.

Ul tra , ,beyond ; ul~ tra z T ar, beyond .

- um, a t ermination ofadverbs re lating to time , as sextum, tertium,

cum (wh en). p aulum, octavum, de cennium, quatrid uum, quip.

tum Am, time .

Uror, to be burned : Tie r, dry ; kiln- dry .

Urina : Doir, wa ter.

Urna , a wa ter-p itcher : Doir, water.

Utrarius, one who carries wa ter Doir, water'

.

CELTIC OR IGIN OF LATIN .

Uveo , to be wet : Abh (obsole te ), wa ter.

—ul lus, a termination ofdiminutives, as homu l lus: - ul , —01 fromcaol , sma l l .

—uca , a t ermination ofdiminutives, as carruca :—agfromb eag , little .

In adop ting a‘

C él tic word , th e Latin some times omits initial v‘

,

as volvofrom aill .

In adopting a Ce l tic word , th e Latin some times ch anges initial0 to v , as vinco fromce ann verto from car ; vinculumfromceangal versofromcar ; veragofrom car.

Vadum,vado Uidh e a way .

Vanus : F eoin , vain .

Val ens, vale tude , val e e : Ealain , strong.

Vate s, vaticiner F aidh , a prop het .

Ve lamen , velatus, ve ll us, velo , velum, villus, villosus F eiladh , a

covering,V el lific e F eil eadh ; acb d .

V e l livolans : F eil eadh ; ail e .

Verbum: Briath ar, a word .

Ve sp er : F e asgar, evening.

V e a prefix , signifying little , as vesanus B eag, sma ll .Via , viaticum Uidh e , a way .

Viginti : Fich ead , twenty .

Villa Bail e , a town a farm-house and outheuses are in Scotland- called a town .

Vinum: Fien , wine .

-V ir : Fear, a man—Stewa-ri.

Vita : B eath a , life .

Virtu e : F e art , virtue .

Vitium : Be e th , vile .

Votum, ve vce Boid , a vow .

Vocabul um, vocalis, voco , vex : Fe cal , a word ; froma lost Gae l ic root .

Vocifero : Fe cal b eir, carry .

Vide o : ‘

B eachd , vision .

Vulgus : B e lg, the bulk .

Volvo Aill , a turn .

Ve a prefix, signifying grea t , _ as vegrandis :Mo , grea ter, fromMor,grea t.

V e a prefix , signifying little , as vecers, vesenne B eag, little—vi, an affix

,signifying little ; th e same as th e prefix ve ~

divi : B eag, little .

Vacans, void : Ce ca (obsolete), emp ty .

Vacca , a cow B e , a cow.

Vafer, cunning F e , under; h eir, carry .

Vager, to wander : F ogradh , wandering.

Val ens, strong F all ain , strong.

Vegie , to cry as a child or little one Beag, litt le .

Valium, a wa ll : Balla , a wa ll:Vap ule , to be bea ten va -

pulo : B uaill , strike .

V arius,ofdivers colours, d

'c . Mor

,a bundant , cop ious .

Vasto , waste : F as, waste .

Vitulus, a ca lf: B e , a cow caol , little .

Vitel lus, a diminutive from vitula : B e , cow -01, one ], little .

Vestigium: Cos , a foo t .Vestibulum, entry to a house , a foot -

p a th : Cos,foot ; huaill , strike .

Veru , a sp it, a dart : B eir, carry .

it FromWilliams in Trans. R oy . Soc . B aiah . , vol . xiii. , part 1 ,p age 64 1636 .

CELTIC O RIG IN OF LATIN . 81

Virgultum, a group ofyoung sprigs growing togeth er. Perhaps a

place where young sprigs are found ; forvirgu etum:Aite , a p lace .Vis, vi, energy B oo , a live .

Video , see B eachd , observe .

Vivo , to live : B e o , a live .Volo , tofly Aile , a ir.

Volo , to be willing : Ail l , will .Volvo, to rol l or wind : Fil l ,fold , wrap . This has the same spelling.

bu t is a d ifi‘

e rent word fromVolvo , to throw out B uaill , throw.

Votum,a vow Boid , a vow.

Vorago , a whirlp ool : Car, a turn.

Vulnus, a wound : B ualll , strike .

Vecors,foolish ; —ve fromb eag, little : Cridhe , heart.V esanus, mad ; V e fromb eag, little : sona , sound , happy .

V e scor, to ea t ; ve - scor: B iadh , food .

Vasto , to waste Fas, destroy .

Veho , to carry : F o , under.

V er, the sp ring Fe ur, grass.

Viridis, green F eur, grass.

Venus : Bean , woman .

Vere , tru ly : Fior, true .

Varunla , a little bond- slave : Fear, man ; - eu , frommean, little ; oul ,fromcaol , sma ll .

Verto , to turn Car, a turn .

Villus, wool , hair: F eil adh , a covering.

Vinculum, a band C e angal , a fastening.

Virgo , a virgin ; p erh aps at first spe l t Virago : Fear, a man ; - ago

from - ag, a termination offemale nouns,fromnionag.

Virguncula , a youngma id . A trip l e diminu tive . Virgo is a diminative from fe ar.

- nu from ' an , ormean , sma ll -ul a , from. - 01, or

little.—vir, a termination ofsome nouns, as duumvir: Fir, men .

Vigil : F aicill , wa tchfulness faic , see.

THE FOLLOWING WERE NOT INSERTED IN THEIR PRO PER PLACES

Antrum: Ann , in ; tir, the earth .

Ater, a - ter: Dorch , dark.

—'

aris, a termination ofnouns, as familiaris - ar, fear, a man .

- am, a termination of adverbs relating to t ime , as jam, quondamAm, time .

w anus, a termination ofnouns, as Romanus : Duine , dhuine , a man"

:

Carmen at first was canmen : Cainnt , sp eech .

Domus : Tamb , a n abode .

Durus : Doirbh , hard .

—em, a termination ofadverbs relating tomanner; as item: Modh ,manner.

Germen at first was genmen : G in , beget.

J am, now I s e am, this is the time .

—um, a termination ofadverbs relating to time , as panlum,iterum,

d ecennium, octavum, sextum, quintumz Am, time .

Seculum: Saogh al , an age orgenera tion .

Sedulus Saod , care , a ttention.

32 CELTIC O RIG IN or LATIN .

From th e evidence now given it app e a1 s prob ab l e that the originof th e L atin language and of th e R oman p eopl e was ch iefly Cel tic ,th e proof of th eir German origin in th e work of J aek e l b eingmuchl e ss in amount th an wh at is given in th e pre ceding p ages ; almost

th e on ly oth er source to which th ey can b e a ttribu te d , name ly , th e

Gree k , fails in p roviding parentage for one h alf of th e Latin tongu e ,and th e Gre ek roots from which some h ave derive d th e oth er h alf,

may , for th e most part , b e shewn to b e from th e Ce l tic .

Th e proofs of th eir C e l tic origin woul d l ike ly be made morenumerous by introdu cing exampl e s from th e Irish , We lsh , and oth er

b ranch es ofCe l tic , th e instances given being tak en from only one of

th e dial ec ts of that ancient langu age .

I have made similar rese arche s regarding th e Gre ek , and havefound in it lik ewise considerabl e re semblance to th e Ce l tic .

O n finish ing th is sh ort Essay , it b e come s me to acknowl e dge th e

aid ofwh ich I h a v e made u se ; in th e H ighland Socie ty’

ss D iction'

arium Scoto Ce ltie um, compile d by Mi . Mackintosh , Dr. Mack e y and

o th ers, I found a good many examp l e s of compara tive ph ilology .

Ste“art’

3 G ae lic G rammar gives e igh t. or nin e e tymologica l references,and Archde acon Williams h as pub lish ed in th e Tra ns R oy . Soc . E d . ,

two l e arne d and original pap ers, which I h ave several time s quoted .

B esides th e applic ation of philological inquiries to Speak for th e

O i igin ,descent , and al liance s of nations, wh en th e 1 e i s no o th er

e vid ence in existence,and to move t hat th e wh ol e h uman rac e is

d e scende d fromAdam, grammatics est ars, ne ce ssaria p ueris, j ucundasenibus , du lcis secre torumcomes, e t qu es v e l sola omni studiorumgenere p lu s h ab e t op eris, quam osten ta tionis. N e quis tanquamp

'

arva fastidiat grammatice s e lements qu ia interiora ve lu t sacri hnjusad e un tibus a pp arebit mu lta rerum sub tilitas, qu e n on modo acuere

ingenia puerilia , se d exerc erc al tissimam quoque eruditionem ac

scientiam p ossit .—Quintilian .

NOTE , June , 1 870.

—When th e above app eared in 1840 it containedabou t. a hundred and fifty names ofp laces. Th ese are given inPart Third .

CELTIC O RIG IN O F G REEKfi“

IN this comparison of th e Gre ek with th e Ce ltic , only one branch ofth e Ce ltic is made use of, and , no doub t , additional proofs ofaffinitymigh t b e found in th e Irish ,

We lsh , and o ther Ce ltic tongu es. Th e

Gae lic words introd uced are all in mod ern use with abou t six or

e igh t e xc ep tions , and may b e found in Mac leod and D ewar’s G a e licD ic tionary (G lasgow , 193 1 ; and 2d Edition , Edinb . 1833 ) and in

Macalp ine’

s G a elic D ic tionary .

When compiling this comparative vocabulary in 1833 , I d erivedsome assistance

“from th e H ighland Socie ty’

s Dic tionarium Scoto

Cclticum (2 vols. 4 to . , Edinb . and one or two sugge stions Ifound in two p ap ers by Mr. Williams in th e Trans . R oy . Soc . Edinb .

,

vol . 13 .

I t is sufficiently evident th at th ere are many words (nearly one

h al f th e words in th e Gre ek l anguage ) in Ce l tic and Gre ek h avingth e same sound and me aning, and as for th e qu estion which languageb orrowe d th ese from th e oth er, we may he a lmost c ertain tha t the

C e l tic did n ot borrow th em from th e G re ek , and tha t th e Gre ekadop ted them from th e Ce l tic .

Where th e se p age s are printed , it is not very convenient to use

G re ek ch arac ters. T he accents ought to b e use d to distinguish

b e twe en e psilon and e ta , and b e twe en omikron and omega ; there aderwill p le ase excuse th e omission of th e accents.

ALPH A .

Alpha ,ailm (the e lm) is th e name of th e first l etter of th e Gaelic

alphab e t .In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek some time s prefixes ag—z

se e age llo , aglaos, agle e is, aigolios. This is analogous to itsprefixing og and och—7 .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Greek some times emits—eIni-tia l a ; se e ari, ame , aidos :Initial b ; se e achen , airo

Initial 0 ; see ania :Initial f se e aexo , ail io

Initial s se e akis, sei z

Initial t se e amas , ak alos, aka.

Aexo

Ania : Caoin ,wail .

An tron , a ca ve : Ann , in tir, the earth .

Ano,upwards A nic e

,up .

*Pub lish ed in 1840with th e titl e 1 Proofs of the Ce ltic Origin of a Grea tP a r t of the G reek Language , found ed on a Comp a rison of the G reekwi th the G a e lic L a nguage , or th e Ce l tic of Scotla nd . Kingston,Up p er Ca na d a . Prin te d by J ohn Creigh ton , a t th e Omoe of theChrou tc le a nd G a ze tte " N ewsp ap er. 1840.

34 CELTIC ORIGIN O F GREEK .

Achen : B ochd , p oor.

Arix, a ram B e ith e , a ram.

Amao : Tiom, timid .

A , in composition , p riva tive : A , out of.

A , who : A , who .

Au , au th i, authis, again : Ath ,again , the next .

Ab ebaios, abios : A , priva tive ; b e o , a ln e .

Abolos : A , p riva tive ; buaill , strike .Agene s : G in . beget .

Agersis, agora , ageiro , aguris : Greigh , a herd .

Agkulos : Eang, a corner.

Agkura Acair, an a nchor.

Agrios, agros : A1 , p lough .

Aguia , ago , guia : Eachd , a deed ; uidhe , a way .

Ago : Eachd , a n a ct .

Agchi, near : Aig, a t.

Akis, akidos Saigh ead , an arrow.

Ado, ase , atos, h ade o : Sath . sa tiety.

Aei, a lways Sith , continua lly .

Agon, a contest Each’

d , a fea t.cl akrntos : De ur, a tear.

Addi : Uidh e , a way .

Adoros : A , p riva tive ; Do , to .

Aiero , aireo , airo , ares Beir, carry .

Aer, either, aura : Athar a ir.

Ath eos : A , priva tive ; Dia , G od .

Ai, which A,who.

Ai, gaia f C e , earth .

Aide o .fro-m a p riva tive and eido ; aidos, aideémai, aidoion ; A ,tive : b eachd , vision.

Aitho , aithos, auo : al lied to C aith , consume, waste .

Akelos, aka , ak e : Tachd , silence .

Akalup tos Cl eidh , concea l .

Ak erios : Cridh e , heart.

Ak eruk tos k erux, k eras : Corn ,a horn .

Akl e tos : G laodh , ca l l .

Aclines : Claon , inc line .

Alaste o , le tho , al e thea, l e the : Luidh , lie .

H a liok austos, h e lios , k aio : Leus, light ; caith , consume , waste .

Al los, all e : Eil e , another.

Al legoria , agoreuo Greigh , a herd .

Allogenes : E1le , another , gin , beget .

Allote :_Eile , another; aite , p lace .

Alp eis : Alp , high .

H als, the sea . Sal , sa lt .

Ame , amos :Mi, I .

Ametor :Math air, mother.

Amos, when : Am, time .

Anamix : Ana , very ; measg, mix .

Anegkle tos : A , p riva tive : as, out of; glaodh , call .Anemos : A , p rivative ; anam, soul .

Anexodus :Ana ; as ; ni‘

ob e .

Anodos : Ana ; uidhe .

Anesios : Suidh , sit .

Anephe los : Neu l , a c loud ,

pais P aisd , a child .

Aproaire tos : Roi, before ; heir, carry .

Aran , ertso Ard , high .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

36 CELTIC O R l G l N OF GREEK .

B ounos Eesun , a hill .

B aion , little :Me an,little .

B abalon , b e lns, a thresho ld B eul , mouth .

B ou , int e nsive p artic le :Mo , grea ter.

Drakos, p e rhaps from Briogais, breaches.

B a lanos Ba l l , a rouml object —an , mh ean ,sma ll .

Bambalo , B amba lizo , b lache : Be ul , mou th .

B aros, baruno , b arns : B e ir, carry .

B e haios, sta ble ,firm Bith , ever, a lways ; beo , a live .

B alios, rap id : B uaill , throw This h as th e same sp e l ling, 1s a

different Word fromB alios

,sp otted : B al lach , sp otted .

Batos B ad , 0. thicket .

GAMMA .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek sometimes changes 0 tosome times prefixes g.

Gaia , gaios : C e , pronounced k e , the earth .

G ampsos : Cub ,bend .

G aruo Radh , sp eech .

G einomai, gene sis . genitor, gennep , genos, ginomai G in, beget .Glaukos G las, grey , blue .

G lausso : Le ns , light.Grapho : G rabh , write .

G ua : Uidh e , a way .

Garos Cuairt , a circle .

G uroo : Car, a turn .

Gonu , gonia Eang, a corner.

Gune : G in, beget.

Ge lao , ge laso , shine Lens, light.

Grup os, bent Crub , bend , crouch .

DELTA .

In adopting a Cel tic word , th e Gre ek some times changes initial0 to d . This is analogous to C e l tic c b eing changed toGre ek t se e daio , da d eris, dakuo .

In adop ting a (‘

e l tic word , th e Gre ek some time s ch ange s initialg to d .

,

T nis is analogous to Ce ltic 0 b eing changed to

Gre ek d . Se e‘

de loo , dou los .

Deka : De ich , ten .

Dekagonia : De ich , ten ; gin , beget.

D ekaok to : Deich ; ochd , eight.

Dee o Di, dith , wa nt .

Dod eka : Da , two ; d e ich , ten .

Du , duas, duo , dis , dicha , dixos Da, two .

Dia , between : Da , two .

Dis : Dia , G od .

B e rk o , dra‘

kon ,cl erko Dearc , see .

D exia : De as, right .D e ka . Many of the compounds ofdeka are derived from th e Cel tic .

Diogenes : Dia ; gin .

Dip ou s : Ua , two ; C os a foot. (Cel tic initial 0 is some time s changedt o Gre ek p . )

Dirk a , dirkaia : Doir (ob sol e te ) , wa ter.

Dich otome o : Da , two te um, bite .

Doru , doura , dorusso, drus, drualos, drumos :Doir, the oak ; de t ach ,the oak .

CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 87

Dakuo ,fight : Cog,fight.Deris, a. battle : Ciurr, hurt , torture .

Daio , burn , d eiao , deis : Caith , consume, waste .B e , the earth C e , the earth .

De loo , p rocla im G laodh , ca ll.

Doulos : G il le , a servant .

Deinos : Dian , hasty , vehement.Deiras, the top ofa hill : Torr, a hil l .Deomai, d eo , want Di, want .

Daio , divide : Da , two . This has th e same sp ell ing, but is a difi’

erent

word fromDaio , destroy : Dith , destruction.

Daktulos, so called b ecause ten on th e two hands : Deug, ten.

Doruph ore o : Doir ; heir, carry .

Doun'

kl eitos Doir ; cluiteach ,famous .

Drutomos : Doir ; teum, cut.

Drepo : Crub , sit, crouch .

Dynastes : Tanaiste , a thane or lord .

Du e , ca lamity : Di, want.Doron : Thoir, give .

Diminutives.

—Some end in—aion and —ion : these are fromormheen , sma ll .

Some end in—ul lion , -ul lis, and —ulos th ese are from—01 ,chaol , sma ll .

Some end in - ex and —aigx these are from —ag, bheag,sma ll .

Some end in—arion : these are from crion , chrion , little .

Some end in —karion , as gunaik arion : these are from crion ,

little .

EPSILON .

In adop ting a Cel tic word , th e Greek sometimes omitsInitial b as eidofromb eachdInitial g ; as eraofromgradh :

Initial f; as eik osi, eik otifromfich eadInitial p ; as eil eofrompill .Initial s as edosfromsuidh .

E , him: E , he .

E asi, they are I s iad , they a re .

Eggene s, eggone , eggonos :Ann , in ; gin, beget .En

, in : Ann , in .

En , one : Aon , one .

Ek ,. ex : As, out of.

Eri, an intensive particle : R0, very .

Em prefixfromen Ann , ifa .

Egk aleo : G laodh , ca ll .Egk arsia : Car, a turn .

Egkop e Gaob , a section .

Egth eireo , egch eiridion : Coir (obsolete ) , the hand .

do , ede sma : I th , ea t.Eggus: Aig, a t.Eik osi, eik ati : F ich ead , twenty .

E ar : B arrach , sp ring.

B imi, I am: B i, am; mi, I .

Emos, mine :Mi, I .

Erse , dew Drus, exuda tion .

no , bur n p erh aps all ied to Caith , consume, waste .

1do, see : B eachd , vision .

CELTIC OR IGIN OF G REEK.

Eik o , resemble Aoges, likeness.Eikos : Aoges, likeness.

Eil eo , turn : Pill , turn .

Eil eo , assemble Uil e,a ll .

Eimi : I smi, I am.

Enalios : Ann , in sal , sa lt.

Ennea : Naoi, nine .

Einanuch es : Naoi, nine ; noch d , night .E iren , ere o R adh , sp eech .

H ekatogch eir : C eud , a hundred ; coir (obsolete ) , hand .

H ek atomb e : (‘

eu d b o , an ozs.

H ekatomp olis : Cend ; b aile , a town .

H ek atompodos : Cend ; cos, a foot .H ekatompulos : C eud ; caol , narrow.

(Ce l tic 0 b eingc hanged to Greek p . )Ekklesia : As, out of; gl aodh , ca ll. Many words compounded

ek are from th e C e l tic .

Ekstasis, existemi, istemi, istao Steidhich , establish .

H ep ta : Seach d , seven .

Ek tik e from e cho : Aig, a t ; ta agmi, I have .

E k teino : As te ann ,tense .

Ekpb ero : As ; b eir, carry .

E kph oneo : Fonn ,a tune .

H ek aton , a hundred , h e- kat - on C e ud , a hundred .

Emballo , embap to , emblems , empaizo , emp edos, empodion, empodostates, empoth en , emp oliteno , emph ore o , enagkonizo , enalios,enall atto , enallomai, enarthmos, end ek e , endexia , endon , endios,endoiasmos, endruon , eneiles, entheos, enech o, enteino , exagorago , exago , exaireo , exairo , exal lomai, exallos, exarguroo ,exegeiro , exedo , exe ikazo , exeil eo , exeres , exegeiro , exegoria ,exerc e s, exerou o , exonomaiuo , exodu os, exul omenos, exorgismai ,exo tikos, and oth er c ompounds ofex em and eu will b e

found under th eir simpl e forms derived from th e Celtic .

Enos, a year : E ang (ob solete ) , a year.

Endeia : Ann,in ; di, want .

Enduo Endach ,covering.

Eneroi, enerth e Ann,in tir

, the earth .

Enth ousiastes, enth eos : Ann ; dia .

Enti, they are I s iad , they are .

Enudros Ann, in Doir, wa ter

Exeo, exodos : As, out uidh e , a way .

Epi Many ofth e words compounded with epi are ofCeltic origin .

Erebos, era Tir,earth .

Ere eino , ereo : R adh , sp eech .

Ere tmos : Ramh , an oar.

Ereugo : R u ch d .

H erme s, eire o : R adh , sp eech .

H ermogen es : R adh ; gin .

H erpo , h erp es Crub , crouch , bend .

Erotao , inquire : I ar, after ; radh , sp eak .

E sth o : I th , ea t.E u , happ ily : Agh , fe licity .

Eu a prefix, welt : Agh , j oy . Many of th e Words with which ens - H

is comp ounded'

are from th e C el tic .

E uaire tos B eir, carry .

Eugene s, endia , eu ch os,'

eukardios, euk l ees, eumene‘

s, euodia , capais,eupatricl es, eup olio , e upnrgos, e uroia , euph oros, euch eir, andoth er comp ounds are from the Ce ltic :

CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 39

Echo , I have : Ta agam, that is, to. agmi, I have .ge omai, ago Each d , a fea t .

E eroeis, e er, aer : Athar, a ir.

Echos, echo : Eigh , a shout.

H eranos, a king Ard , eminent .H ekalos, tranquil , p erhaps al lied to Cala, a harbour.Erras, errhoos, a ram: B eithe , a ram.

ZETA.

In adopting a Celtic word , th e Greek sometimes changes initialb to ze ta : se e zoe , zallo .

In adop ting a C e ltic word , th e Gre ek some times changes initialc to zeta : see zaboo , zonnuo , z eugle , zone .

Za , in composition , very Sath , sa tiety .

Zamenes Sath mein , mind .

Zeusor Jupiter, from giving life , j romzoe B eo , a live .

Zan or J uno ,fromZeus and be an , . in composition—an ,fema le .Zoe , zodion , zodiakos, zotikos B eo , a live b eatha, life .Zoographos : B eo grabh , write .

Zoogonos : B eo gin ,beget .

Zal lo , throw B uaill , throw .

Zephuros, or life- bearing : B eo, a live ; beir, carry .

Zeo , . to befervent , or to“b e alive ,

"

from zoe : B eo , a live .

Ze los, zea l , from zeo , from zoe : B eo , a live .Zelotes, ze loo : B eo .

Zomos, broth , zo -mos : Sugh , j uice .

Zab os, curved : Car, a turn .

Zonnuo , gird : C eangal , bind .

Zeugle , a yoke : C eangal , bind .

Zone , a girdle Cean -

gal , ceangal , bind .

ETA .

H eros : Ard , mighty .

Esan , they were Is iad , they are .

Es, thou art Is tu , thou art .

Ech os, a sound : Echo eigh , a cry .

H elios, he - lios, the sun Leus, light.

TH ETA.

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e Greek some times omits initial 3in words beginningwith th eta : see th ego .

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e Gre ek sometimes changes d toth : se e th eoreo .

In adopting a Celtic word , th e Greek some times prefixes theta :se e thelo .

Theros, summer Tior, dry .

Th el e , a sma ll swelling : Tula, a hillock .

Thoreo Dearc , see.

Thuo , to sa crifice , to offer to G od : Dia, G od .

Thuo , to be hot Teth , hot.Th omos Tom, a mound .

Thin , th en , a heap : Dun , a hill .

Thin , the shore . Th e shore is usually a hil l as seen fromthe waterDun , a hill .

Then , certa inly : Dian , hasty .

Th ego : Stuig, incite ; s omitted and t changed to th .

The lo, will, wish :Aill , will .

CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK .

IOTA .

In adop t ing a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek sometimes omit-s initial bse e iallo , ideo .

l a , a voice Eigh ,

a shou t.

I a lgghus, iacho Eigh , a shout

Igima , gonu : Eang, a corn er.

Idou : Sud , tha t .I s , go Uidh e , a way .

Iib aros, ithi, orous : Uidh e ; ruith ,flow .

I ollo . send : Buaill , throw.

I luo : A01, lime .

I l eos, eile o : Pill , turn .

Istemi : Suidh , sit ; steidhich , establish .

I t-alos, a bu ll : Eu dail , ca ttle.

Iof a las O ch , a las

In , in : Ann .

~ in .

I droo : Doir, wa ter.

I ladon ,il e : Uil e , a ll .

I al lo , sen d : B uail l , throw . This has th e same sp ell ing, but is a

different word fromI al lo , desire : Aill , desire , will .Id eo , eido , see : B eachd , vision .

Ihuo , boao , bellow B o , cow.

Iaros, surmounting : Ard , h igh .

I eros, sa cred ; p erh aps so named because th e holy p laces were on

h eigh ts : Ard , high .

Ilao ,I agree :Aill , will , p leasure .

I lu o : Aol , time .

1 110 : Fill ,fold , wrap .

Iops, name ofa fish : Iasg, a fish .

—ion , a t ermina tion ofdiminu tives —an , mheen , sma ll .—ill os, a t ermination of adj e c tives : —ai1 is a c ommon termination

ofGae lic adj e ctive s, from amhuil , l ike .

—ikos, a t ermination ofadje ctives —ach is a common termination

ptae lic adj e ctives, from aig, implying p ossession , as ta agmi,

ave .

—inos, a t ermination of adjectives :—ain , a termination ofGae licadj ective s, as fallain ,

hea lthy .

11103 , the eye Sui] , the eye .

l oge , the shore : Ach , a ,

bank .

KAPPA.

In adopt ing a Cel tic word , th e Greek sometimes changes initialb to k see kora , kuros, kara .

Kab all es: Capu11, a mare .

Kath edra : Cathair, a sea t.

Kath airo : Cairt , p urge .

Kaio , kaminos Caith , consume , waste .

Kal eo , k lazo G laodh , ca ll .

Kal upto , kl eidoo , k lax , k ollao , k alux , kle io : Cleidh , concea l .Kamp to ; ku amp to : C- em

'

,crooked .

Karron : Car, a chariot .

Karsios, k erannumi, k urtos, kirrao, krater : Car, at turn .

Kardia , k ear : Cridh e , h eart .Karpos, krupto : Crub , crouch , bend .

CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK . 4 1

Kata , down C e , pronounced k e , earth ; do , to . Th e primary meaningof th e prop osition k ata is down many of the compounds ofl

é

a

ga will b e found under th eir simp l e forms d erived from th e

e tie .

Ka ie ch ismos, kate ch eo , e chos: Eigh , a shout.Kerss, k erux : Corn, a horn.

Keros : Ceir, wax .

Kith ara : Ceath ar, the harp .

Kara , hea d : Barr, top .

Kuros : B ar, top .

“

Kora , kore , a girl : Bar (obsolete ) , a son.

Kai : Agus, and .

Kiste : Cist , a chest.-Kio , io , eo Uidh e , a wa y .

Kuamp to , k amp to ; kup to : Cub , bend .

Kuodon , odous : B eud , a tooth .

Koliao : Ail t , high .

Kopto : Caob , a section .

Kruos : R eodh ,freeze ,Kach lex : Clach , a stone.

Kalamos Caol , sma l l , slender.

Kalon , wood Coill e , a wood .

Kap to , ea t quickly : Cab , mouth .

R ap to , to brea the Cab , mouth .

Keiro : G earr, cut .Kenos, emp ty Cian , want .

Kephal e , kub e : C ab , head .

Kleio , ce lebra te C liu , fame .

Kle io , shut C leidh , concea l .

Kluo , k luso , hear : Cluas, the ear.

Klep to , stea l : Cluip , deceive .

Klino,Claon , inc line ,

Koilos, conca ve ; p erhaps allied to Cala, a harbour.

Kome o Comadh , ea ting together.

Krazo : G aoir, noise ; radh , sp eech .

Kreas : Cam (obsnl e te ), flesh ; Cre , a body .

Kuanos Cu an , the sea .

Ka lio -z Pill , turn.

Koluo : Col , restraint.Kerdos : Ceard , a sma ll trader.

Kos, how : Cia , wha t .

Kuon : Cu , conn , a dog.

LAMBDA.

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , the Gre ek sometimes prefixeslil eofromail l ; laleofrom iolach .

L ea , laas, lithos, lian eos, Ias Lia , liath , a stone .

Lambano , l emma ; p erhap s fromLamb , the hand .

Le th e , l e tho , Latinos, lanth ano , l eno , Let-haios Luidh , lie .

L aigx : Lia , a stone —ag, b eag, sma ll .Leon : L eomh an ,

a lion.

Lian : L an,full .L al eo lala : I olach ,

a shout .

L ileo , lillomai, lip to , lao : Aill , will , desire .

Limne : Linne , a marsh .

Lakkos : Loch , a lake.Laos Luchd , peop le .

42 CELTIC OR IGIN OF GREEK.

Lachaino , to dig, from lakkos : Loch, a lake .

Leiaino , laios, l eicho : Liomh , smooth .

Lembus : Long, a ship .

L e usso : Leu s, light.Leibo, lib as Lioh , lip ,Laas, leos ; perhaps allied to Luchd , p eop le.

MU .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Gre ek some t imes changes initialb to m se e mikkos, moleo .

In adopting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek sometimes prefixesm see

monos, mio , mudao , muro , musso.

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , p erhaps th e Greek sometimes changesinitial 0 to m. (Th e Latin ch anges Cel tic initial 0 to p . )See mache , mach omai.

Mikkos, mikros Be ag, sma ll .Me li :Mil , honey .

Meiro :Mir, a bit .Malakos, mal asso , malos Malta, soft .Mallos Feile , a covering.

Malon ,an app le Maol , round, blunt .

Meion , minnos : Me an , sma ll .Menos, mnao , menno Mein , mind .

Me ter:Math air, mother.

Miguno , mignumi, mixis, misgo Measg, mix .

Moira , a p ortion moros, a p ortion Mir, a bit .Moira , dea th moros, dea th Mort , kill.Monos, one , a lone Aon , one .

Mio , mnio , ea t I th , ea t.

Mache , mach omai : Cog, fight.Me , me :M-i, I .

Mukae B o , a cow.

Mitulos, mu tilos, without horns Mac], without horns.

Meirax ,a little girl ; meir- ax : B ar (obsol ete ) , son ; —ag, beag, little .

Me trop olis :Mathair, mother ; baile , town .

Mul e Meil , grind .

Many of th e comp ounds ofmeta are ofCeltic origin.

Muro , toflow Ru ith , /low .

Mol eo , tofight Buaill , strike .

Mu dao : Ad (obsole te ) , wa ter.Musso , c leanse Uisge , wa ter.

Methusis : Misg, drunkenness.Me los Bal l , a member.

Murios :Mor, grea t .

Neos, neao : Nuadh , new.

Nephe le Neul , a c loud .

N e , privative prefix : N eo , not.N esos Innis, an island .

Nnx : N ochd , night .

Naos, a temp le Naomh , holy .

N eossus N eud , a nest .

Nco , to go Uidh e , a way .

N(30 , to retur n, to go anew Nuadh , new uidhe , aN eo, to swim Snamh, swim.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

44 CELTIC OR IGIN O F GREEK.

O ruoo : Ruith ,flow.

O phrus Abhra , eye lid .

O puio , opio, opioso : Pos, marry .

O ch th e , och thos, a bank : Uchd , the side ofa hill .

PI .In adop ting a C eltic word , th e Greek sometimes changes initial ~

c to p s e e p a , pul e , p ous, puxos, prin , p eras, paian , p eina ,

pinninos, p lau so , p othi, p enth eo , p ente , p ontos, p oneo ,p ugme .

In adop ting a Cel tic word , th e Gre ek sometimes prefixes p : seepater, platus, p leon , pioion , p aros, pro , prin .

C eltic b is some times changed to Greek p ; and Celtic p to

Gre ek b .

In adop ting a Cel tic word , th e Greek sometimes changes initialg to p : see prio , p orroo, p elos.

Pa , where ; pou : C’

c , who .

Pul e , polos : Caol , narrow, sma ll.Pous, p edao , p edon , p eith o : Cos, a foot.Penth eo , p oneo , : Caoin , dep lore .

Puxos Ciste , a chest .

Prin : Crann , a beam.

P eras : Crioch , the end .

Pente : Cuig, j ive .

Paian, a hymn C ainnt , sp eech .

Peina , hunger : Cion , want.

Pothi, who : C ’

c , who .

Pinninos, p ontos Cuan , the sea .

Planao : Claon , go astray .

Prio , cut G earr, cut .

Poroo Garbh , rough .

Pelos, dark Glas, gray .

Paros, p eri, p orro , pro , p ara , prin , pro i, protos, pros: Roi,Pater : Athait ,fa ther.

Platus : Leud , brea th .

Ple on ,more Lan ,fu ll .

Pleion Long, a ship .

Pagos : Bach , a hill.Pal la : B all , a ba ll .Pello , p lesso ; p il e o : B uail l , strike .

Par, p are os, p erth o , puroo B rath ,fire .Patasso , p ateo : Bata , a stall

“.

Pao , to p asture : B o , a cow .

Pl eion B liadhna , a year.

Pais : Paisd , a child .

Pluno , wa sh ; p erhap s all ied to Plum, sink .

Pelagos, the sea , p e - lag- os : Loch , an arm of the sea .

Purgos : Burg, a town .

P er, exp letive p articl e : BPeri. In some words th e prefix p eri ~ is fromB ar, top , as

P eriall os B ar ; eile , another.

P eribioo : B ar ; be o , a live .

Pro , an intensive prefix , a s in prod e los R0 , very .

Peri, an intensive prefix , as in p erideido R 0 , very .

Polis, politikos Bail e , a town .

Proago , proal e s, proball o , programme , andmany other compounds ofpro are from th e Cel tic .

Pianos Blanda , courteous.

CELTIC ORIGIN OF GREEK. 45

Para . The primary meaning is near : R oi, before . Many of th e comp ounds ofp ara are entire ly from th e Ce l tic .

Pera , a sa ck , ph ero : B eir, carry .

P leko Fill t , a fold .

Potes, potizo : Poit , drink .

Proix Prac , sma ll tithe .

Pugmaios : Be ag, sma ll .Puth ia : Feidh , a prop het .Parok eanitis, the sea - shore par

- ok ean - itis . Par from roi, before ;

ok ean from aige an ,the sea itis from aite

,a p la ce .

Pion ,wea lthy . Once flocks were weal th : B o, a cow.

P toch os : B och d , p oor.

Pugme , a ba ttle C og,fight.P elomai, L am B eil mi, I am.

Pe lo , I am: Beil , I am. Th is h as th e same spelling, but is a aid‘

eront

word fromPe lo , move B uall l , strike .

P erie ch o , I amsup erior: B ar, top ; ag. This h as th e same spe lling,b ut is a different word from

P e rie cho , I op p ose Roi, before ; eig.

Ploein , to sa il : Long; a ship .

Patronymics. Some female patronymics end in—ine or —one . Theseare from—an

,or bh ean , woman .

RH O .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Greek sometimes omits initial 0see rh achis , rh ep o .

Rhachis, rh ox : Craig, a rock .

Rh a , entirely R 0, very .

Rh e e : Ruith ,flow .

Rh e o , rh etor, rema Radh , sp eech .

Rh igos R eogh ,freeze .

R h ep o : Crub , bend , crouch .

Rh e sso : Bris, break .

Rhin , rh ion Sron ,a nose .

Rhioth os, the noise ofwa ters Ruith flow ; eas, a waterfa ll .—ros, a termin ation ofadj e c tives —ra is a common termination of

Gaelic adje ctives, from —or, mhor, mor, grea t .

SIGMA .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Greek sometimes inserts t afterinitial s .

f se e stal azo , stergo .

In adop ting a C e ltic word , th e Greek sometimes prefixes s : se estege , stenos, scambos, strenes, sph allo , soros, sk izo , sk e llo ,shuzo , streph o .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Greek sometimes prefixes se : se ese l ene , se las.

Stergo Seirc , love .

Stalazo : drop .

Stenos, steno , stenion : Teanu , tense .

Stege Tigh , a house .

Strenes : Treun ,bold .

Sph allo : Esall , deceive .

Skizo : G eiun ,a wedge ; sgain , rend .

Sk ello , make thin Caol , thin .

Se lene : Luan , moon .

Selas : Leus, light ; soillse , light ; solus, light.

4G CELTIC OR IGIN O F GREEK .

Sakkos, a sack : Sac , a sa ck .

Sak os , a shie ld . Sgath , a shade .

Salos, als, sal eno : Sal , sa lt .

Stao , istemi, stadion , spadion , stasis, stereos . Stad , stop ; steidhich ,establish .

Skep o, cover : Sgiath , shield .

Soo , incite from seuo : Suas, up . This h as th e same spelling, but

is a different word from .

$00 , p reserve , from soos : Saobh , well .

Skamb os : Cam, crooked .

Skis , sk otos : Sgath , a shade .

Skiros Sgor, a rock .

Skuzo , sk ubalon ,kuon : Cu , conn ,

a dog.

Soos, soter, soo , sostron , sozo Saobh , well .

Spairo : Spreod , incite .

Soo , seno, incite , move : Suas, up .

Soros, a h eap Ard ,. high .

Streph o (c changed to t, and s prefixed ) : Car, a turn .

TAU .

In adop ting a Cel tic word , th e Gre ek sometime s ch anges initialc to t : se e ti, t e ssare s, t eiro , treo , truo , ta p to .

In adopting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek sometime s ch anges initial

g to t se e trachus, tragos.

Ti,wha t : C

’

e , who .

T essares : C eath ar,four.

T eiro,toreo , tornoo G arfa turn.

Treo , shake : Crith , shake .

Truo , vex tru cho , truch uo : Cradh , vex .

Tup to , tupos, tupa o , tump anon : Caob , bite , strike:.T ereo, behold Dearc , see .

Te tao , dep rive Dith , want .Trach us Garbh , rough .

Tragos, if from trachu s Garbh , rough .

T eimo , tenon ,tanno , t enesmos, tonos : Teann , tense .

T anros : Tarbh , a bu ll .

T egos, teichos, tek ton ,

’

tench os, teucho : Tigh , teach , a house .

T eiro : T eirig, waste .

Temno : T eum, a bit .

T erso , turos : Tior, dry .

Treis, tris : Tri, three .

Tursis : Tur, a tower.

T ainia,tanaos, tune s : Tana thin

,sma ll .

Trugeo , to dry Tior, dry .

T u , thou : Du , thou .

Tumbos : Tom, a hillock .

Turannos : Tigh earn , a lord .

—tos, a termination ofadje ctives ta is a common termination of

Gaelic adjectives.

Temos, then : An t ’am,the time .

UPSILON .

In adopting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek some times omits initial c :se e u l e , hub os, hymnos.

Ule , a wood : Coill e , a wood .

H ubos : Cub , bend .

B a sde o , H uas, huakizo , huo , budos, hugl os : Abh (ob sole te ) , wa ter ;Ad (obsolete ) , u= .a ter

CELTIC O RIGIN O I"

G REEK . 4 7

Uios, a son O gha , a grandchild .

Ul e , ma teria l ofany kind : AO 1, lime , mud , (S'

s .

E ndor, h udrops : Doir, wa ter.H up er : O s b arr, over.

H up sos, hupsoo , hupsose Suas, up .

H usteron , after :Ais, backwards.

H umnos : Cainnt, :ap eech ; can , sing, say .

PH I .

In adopting a Celtic word , th e Greek some times prefixes «

11h :

see p hrazo , pharoo , phil eo, phlego , phoitao , phradao .

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , the Greek some times change s initial

c to p h (as it ch anges 0 to p ) see phlia , phren, phuo, phrix .

Phrazo , phradao Radh , sp eech .

Pharoo : Ar, p lough .

Phlia,a threshold : Caol , narrow.

Phren, phroneo : Crionna , p rudent, saga cious.Phrix , motion of the sea : Crith , shake , move ; uisge , wa ter.Phuo C e , the earth .

Phul opis, a ba ttle : Buaill , strike .Phrater : B rathair, a brother.

Phone : Form,a tune .

Ph ero , ph oreo, phortos B e ir, carry .

Pholeos : Foil , a den .

Phatis, an ora cle : Faidh , a p rop het .Phl ego , ph lexo , Ph lox,flame : Leus, light.Phoitas, tofrequent , to go often to a p la ce : p erhaps fromAite , a p la ce .Philos, phil co ; Aill , desire , p leasure ; muileach , beloved .

Phuo , I am: Bith , am.

Phuo , beget ; phuso, phusis : F as, grow .

Phor, a thief; one Who carries ofi‘ Be ir, carry .

Phul l a , phullon : B il each , a leaf.

Ph e llos : Feile , a covering.

Ph eugo , ph euge : F ogair, exp el .Phulasso, to take care of F eileach , hosp itable.

CH I .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Greek sometimes changes initialc and g to ch .

Cholos, lame : Cl eidh ,make lame

,(3‘s .

Ch abos, curved : Cub , bend .

Charis, ch airo : Car, a friend gradh , love .

Cheilos'

: Cial , a brim.

Cheir : Coir (obsol ete ) , a hand .

Ch errh os : Garbh , rough .

Ch eo , ch azo, take : G abh , take.Ch loeunes : Cluain , a lawn .

Ch oos, ea rth : Cé , the earth .

Chortos : Gort , standing cor n.

Chronos : Cron (ob sol e te ) , time .

Ch alix : Cail c , lime .

Chore o , I ta ke : Coir (obsole te ) , the hand .

Chorde Cord , a cord .

Ch arasso : Sgor, cut.

Ch amai : C e , the earth .

Ch andano , chazo : G abh , ta ke .Ch a tos, in the ground : Ce , earth .

CELTIC OR IGIN OF GREEK .

Cholas, an intestine : Caol , narrow , sma ll .Cheras, a heap ofstones : Cairn , a heap ofstones.

Psucho , dry : Seac , dry , wither.

OMEGA .

Olene Uilean , the elbow .

O si : Is iad , they are .

Omos : Amb , crude .

O on : Ubh , an egg.

O ra , time ; oraios : Uair, an hour.

O ra , care : Curam, care .

O raizo , to a dorn : C '

uram,care .

O raizo , to ma ture : Uair, an hour,O chros Odh ar, p a le , sa llow .

O di : Sud , tha t .

Ogen , ok eanos : Aigean , the deep .

APPENDIX TO PART SECO ND .

HEBREW AND GAELIC .

Ager, gather: Greigh , a herd .

Ageme , earth : Ce , ea rth .

Ah er, after: I ar, after.

Am,mother : Am.

Ane , p resence : Ann , in .

Ar,flow R uith ,run .

At , thou : Tu , thou .

Aur,light : Ath ar, a ir.

Orus, the Egyp tian Ap ollo : Athar.

Ar,curse : Ar, sla ugh ter.

Aur, grass : Feur, grass.

Are , p luck : Beir, carry .

Aro , the earth : Ar, p lough ; tir, the earth .

B a , come Uidh e , a way .

B eg, a p ortion Beag, little .B e l , hasten B uaill , throw.

B 01 : B eul , the G od B elus.

B or, c lear 01? B eir, carry .

B or, burn B rath ,fire .

B er,a son : B ar (obsol e te ) , a son .

G er,bent downwards Car, a turn .

Geme l , a camel : C amh - al , a crooked horse .

G er, cut : G earr, cu t.

G er, sojourn : Cor (obsol ete ) , a visit.

G ered , scrap e G rabh , engrave .

Du , langu ish Do , unfortuna te .

Die , bla ck and ink Du , bla ck and ink.

Di, of: De , of.

D e l ech ,trouble : Duil ich , difitcult .

Deqn , covering : T each , a house .

Dere ck , st-ra ightway : Direach , straight .E , which A , who.

Eia , he : E , he .

Ele l , mad Alluidh , wild .

El , exa lt : Ail t , high .

E l , shine : Ail e , air ; leus, light .Er, a hil l : 0rd , a hill .

Ieir, p roud : Ard , high ardan , p ride .

Ze , this So , this .

Zequ en , old Sean , o ld .

Ch ere , hea t : Tior, dry .

Ch erej , shorten G oirid , short.Ch eres, p lough Ar, p lough .

Th e ch , cover : T e ach , house .

Th ire , a tower Tuir, a tower.

Thur, a hil l : Torr, a hill .Th erech , waste T eirig, waste .

l al , will Aill , wil l .Il le , shout : Iolach , shout .

50 H EBREW AND GAELIC .

l in, wine Fion , wine .

I se , is : I s, is, are .

I so , save : Saobh , wel l .

Ked , dart : Gath , a javelinKu e , burn Caith , consume , waste .

Ke la , restra in : Col (obsolete ) , restrain .

Kep e , bend : Cub , bend .

Ker, round : Cuairt, a circuit.

Kers, baw : Car, a turn .

Keret , cut off G oirid , short ; gear, cut .

Lath , cover: Luidh , lie .

Kere , cut Gear, cut.Leb en , white : Lia (grey ) 3 ban, white .

L e l , turn Aill , turn .

Meshek , mix Me asg, mix .

Mera , swell :Mor, grea t .N a , a particl e imp orting fail ure Neo , not .Ne ze l , drop Sil , drop .

Nir, p lough : Ar, p lough .

Sh ek,cover: Sgath , a shade .

Sh emsl , image Amhuil , like .

Sh en ,sp read out Sin, extend .

Sh e ten , stop up Stat , stop .

01, a bove Ail t , high .

Ogur, cut : Gear, cut ; geur, sharp .

O r, rise E ar, the east .

O rej , agita te : F earg, anger.

Par, adorn Briadh a, p retty .

Pra , run Ruith , run.

Pered , divide Pairt , a p art.Pre , bear Beir, bear.

J eri,flow Ruith ,flow .

Qua , vomit Sgath , vomit .

Qubo, opp ress Cub , bend .

Qu then ,sma ll Tana , sma ll .

Que l , sound G laodh , shou t .

Qu en , lament : Caoin , lament .Qane , hollow Cian , emp ty .

Qujer, shorten G oirid , short .

Qujer, cu t Gear, cu t.Quj eb , cut Csob , a section .

Qura , meet : C or (obsol e te ) , a visit .

Qurie , a city : Cathair, a city .

Qurech , ice R eogh ,freeze .

Qurn , a horn Corn , a horn.

R eb , strive : R eub , tear.

R ego , still : R eogh ,freez e .

Ru e ,moisten Ruith , run .

R ep e , submit : Crubadh , bending.

Arej , the earth Ar, p lough tir, earth .

R ejej , run : Ru ith , run .

R ej e , p leased with G radh , afiection .

Seq , a sa ck : Sac , a sack .

Sequi, drink : Sugh , juice .

Ses, sizv : Se , sire .

Se t , p la ce : Steidhich , establish .

Teme , wonder: Tioma , afraid.Turin, oxen : Tarbh , a bul l .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

52 CELTIC ORIGIN OF

Of th e names ofp laces in Italy , a few were formerly derived fromth e Latin , and from name s of p ersons ; bu t ofmost of th em no

etymology wh atever h as be en given . These derivations are hereexch anged for C e ltic ones, and some of th e d eficiencie s are now

supp lied from th at ancient l anguage . To sh ew more distinctly th eextent to wh ich th e L atin language is indebted to th e C e l tic , th e remigh t h ave b e en given a sep arate list of p laces in Italy ; a simil arlist of p laces in Gre e ce wou l d h ave served to illustrat e th e sameprincip l e with regard to its language .

Th e illustrations from th e C el tic are tak en from only one of its

branch es, name ly , th e Gae lic ,and al l th e w01 ds, with th e excep tion

offive or six th at are obsol e te , are in common use at th e present dayin th e H igh lands and Western Isl es of Scotland , and may b e foundin th e Gaelic Dic tionary ofMacl eod and D ewar (Edinb . or

in th e Pronouncing Gaelic Dictionary ofMacalpine (Edinb .

I t is extremely prob ab l e th at th e proofs of th e p artly Cel tic origin of

th e Gre eks and R omansmigh t b e greatly incre ase d by references toth e Irish , We lsh , Armoric , Manx , Cornish , and oth er dialects of th e

C el tic ; since wh at one of th ese diale cts h as l ost may b e preservedby another, and words found in some of th emmay b e referab l e toroots now extant only in th e oth ers. As th e C el tic , lik e any oth er

langu age , is liabl e to b e altered by time , and to h ave roots and wordswhich h ave b een lost rep lace d by modern c orrup tions, it will re adilyoccur to th e re ader, that if a cert ain similarity exists b e twe en th e

Greek and Latin , as spok en about two th ousand ye ars ago , and th e

Gae lic of to - day, th at simil arity was prob ab ly gre ater originall y th an

it is now .

Th e obje cts of this Essay are—First . To inquire into th e prop ortion of Ce ltic name s of p lace s mentione d by Gre ek and it omanwriters. Se cond . To apply th e same to h istory .

Th e re ader unac quainted with Gaelic is reque st e d to notice thatin its pronunciation bh and mh are sounde d lik e th e English v ; p h

lik e f; b efore th e small vowe ls e and i, c an d g are always h ard lik eIs ; ch is lik e ch in loch , as th e Scotch pronounce it ; d and t , whenfollowed by h , are generally silent .

Ab ella , a town ofCampania : Bail e , a town .

Ab el linum, a town ofth e H irpini and anotherofLucama dit toAbila , a town of Syria : dittoAbylon , a town ofEgyp t : ditto

Abdera , a town of Sp ain and another ofThrace Tur, a tower.

Abderia, a town of Sp ain Torr, a hill .[Th e words torr, dun , and burg signify a hill ; and dun and burg

came to b e applie d generally to towns, as th ese at first werefor se curity built on heigh ts ; torr was al so so app lied ,th ough l ess fre qu ently

Abobrica , a town ofLusitania and another of Sp ain : Burg, a hill ,a town .

Ab oraca , a town of Sarmatia : ditto

Abrotonum, a town ofAfrica : ditto

Arus, a town of th e Sap sei : dittoAbylon , a city of Egyp t : Baile , a town .

Aca Ace Ach Aci Aeg Aug Some names of

towns b egin with th ese Ach a , a p la in , a p lace . (Ach a en tersinto th e composition ofnumerou s names ofp laces in Scotl and , asAuchinlech Auch terarder,

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 5 3

Acacesium, a town ofArcadia : Ach a , a p lain, a p la ce .Accua , a town ofApulia ditto

Ace , now Acre dit to

Ace , a p lace ofArcadia ditto

AceSta , a town of Sicily d itto

Ach aaium, a p lace ofTroas ditto

Accila , a town of Sicily : dit to

Acila , a town ofArabia : ditto

Acarnan , a stony mountain ofAttica : Cam,a ca irn or heap ofstones.

Acara , a town in Pannonia and anoth erin Italy : Cathair (pronouncedO il - hum) a city .

Acerina , a colony in Italy ditto

Acerrae , a town in Gau l and another in Campania : ditto

Achara , a town near Sardis ditto

Ach arne , a town ofAttica : ditto

Acersecome s, a name ofApollo , signifying th e unsh orn Gcarr, cut .Ach eron, a bitter stream Gear, bitter ; amhuinn ,

a river.

Ach eron , a river on th e Riph ean mountains, anoth er of E lis, and

anoth er of Italy : Garbh , rough ; amhuinn (pronounced Aven) ,a

Acil la , a town in Africa : Acha , a p lace .Acontius, a mountain of B oetia : Ceann ,

a head .

contobul us, a place ofCapp adocia : Bail e , a town .

Acradina , th e citadel of Syracuse : Garbh , rough dun ,a hil l .

Acrae , a town ofSicily : Cath air (pronounced Ca -h ur) , a city .

Acrsephia , a town of Boeotia : ditto

Acriee , a town ofLaconia ; ditto

Acrisione , a town ofPe loponnesus ditto

Acrothoon , a town ofThrace : ditto

Acritas, a promontory ofMessenia : Garbh , rough , hiqh .

Acrop olis, th e citade l ofAth ens Garbh , rough ; baile , a town .

- acam,— acus. Ab out fifty name s ofplac es end in th ese (as

noticed by Prich ard , Physic . H ist . Mank . ,iii. which

are th e same as Aca Ace , &c . Acha , a p lain , a p la ce .

Ades, orH ades, from a and eido , which is from th e Gaelic B each d,

72282072 .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Gre ek some times omits initial 6 .

2 2

Adgand estrius, a prince of Gau l Ad -

gan- destrius Ceann (th e c

pronounced lik e k) , a head or chief.Adiatorix , a governor ofGalatia . Th e last syll ab le

—rt‘

mis a commontermination of th e names ofCeltic kings and chiefs, and is th eGaelic righ , fromwhich is derived th e Latin refs .

Adrana , a river in Germany : Doir (obsol ete ) , wa ter.

Adranus, a river in Sicily : ditto

Adrasta , one ofth e Oceanides ditto

Adrastia , a fountain of Sicyon : ditto

Adria , Adrianum, orAdriaticum, th e Adriatic Sea : ditto

Adria , a town at first on th e Adriatic , th ough by th e gaining of th e

l and it is now about twenty mil es distant ; d eriving its namefrom th e se a, which is from Gaelic Doir, wa ter.

Adrumet um, a town on th e Mediterrane an B oir, wa ter: aite , a p la ce .

Al as, a river ofEpirus Uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

1

I 2 —ME gaeon son of Terra and Pontus, zE -

gaeon ; aia , gaia : C e , earth ;

54 CELTIC O R IGIN OF

rEga , a town of th e p eninsula of Pallene : Acha , a p lace , a p lain .

Aigeas, a town in Gre ece ditto

Aflgae , a town ofMac e donia : ditto

Eub oea dit to

Ach aia ditto

ZEO lis ditto

n aeas, a town ofCilicia dit to

Aflgaeus, a p lain in Phocis ditto

n as, a p lace ofEub oaa : ditto

Italy : ditto

E ge lion , a town of Th essaly : d itto

fE sis ; Ath- e sis ; jfi sarus ; Api

- usa ; rivers of Italy : Uisge , wa ter.

Ai gee on , a pirate : Aigeann , the sea ; cuan , the sea .

n eumMare : ditto

rEgaeus, a surname ofNep tune ditto

a rive r ofCorcyra ditto

ZEgan , th e [Ege an Sea : ditto

E gesta , a town of Sicily : Acha .

JEgida , a town in Gre e ce ditto

.lEgila , a place in Laconia ditto

l Eginium, a town in Th essaly : dittoE gira , a town ofAchaia : Cathair, a city .

JEgiroessa , a town ofJEtolia ditto

E gon , a promontory ofLemnos Ceann ,a head .

E gy , a town near Sp arta : Acha .

n ypsus, a tow nne ar th e Danube ditto

iEmonia , th e hilly country afterwards call ed Thessaly Monadh(pron . mona ) , a hill .

JEnus, a river ofGermany Abhuinn ,a river.

E olus, th e king of th e winds Aile , wind .

.lEolide s, a name ofUlysses dit to

rE olida , a city ofT en edos : ditto

near Th ermopyl ae ditto

o liae , th e [E olian Islands : ditto

o lia , a country ofAsia Minor ditto

E s some names ofrivers b egin thus : Uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

iEsapus, a river ofMysia : Uisge .

r’Esar, a river ofGre ece Uisge ; Mor (in composition ,

—or) , great.fEsis, a river of Italy , which gave its name to a town : Uisge .

E son , a river ofThessal y, ditto

2 2

E thusa , a daughter ofNep tune fE th - usa : Uisge , uis-

ge , water.Agar, a town ofAfrica : Cathair, a town .

Agarum, a town ofArabia : dittoAgassae, a city ofTh essaly : Acha .

Agasus a harbour ofApul ia : Acha uisge .

Agatha , a town ofGau l : Ach a .

Agath opolis, a town ofGau l : Bail e , a. town .

Agendicum, a town ofGau l ; Agendi cum: Acha.

Acragas, a hill, river, and town of Sicily : Creag, a hill , a rock. a

Agoranis, a 1'

1ver fal ling into th e Ganges : Garbh , rough ; abhuinn ,a river.

Agoraea , a name ofMinerva : Greigh , a flock .

Agore us, a name ofMercury , frompresiding overmark ets:

Agoranomi, mark et - insp ectorsAgra , a p lac e near Athens Cathair, a city .

a town of Susa : ditto

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES.

Agra , a town ofArabia Cathair, a city .

Arcadia : ditto

Agi e , a dog’

s name : G e ar, sha rp .

Agi iane s, a l ive 1 of Plu se s, and a p eop le on itsbanks : G aibh , rough

abhuinn , a river.

Agriuium, a c ity ot‘

Acarnania : Cathair.

Agrionius , a name ofBacchus, fromhis fondness for savage b eastsGarbh , wild .

Agyrium, a town of Sicily : Cath air.

Al ba Longa , a town on Mons Albanus : Alp , a height or eminence , amounta in.

Alba , a town of the Marsi ditto

Alba , a city of Liguiia : ditto

Albani and Al bensis, inh abitants of th e townsnamed Alba : ditto

Albana s , a hill of Italy : ditto

Al bania , 3. country ofAsia ditto

Albici, a p eop le ofGau l : ditto

Albie tae , a p eop l e ofLatium ditto

Albigaunum,a town ofLiguria : ditto

Albania , th e kingdom of Sco tland . In modern Gaelic , Al bainn isthe name of Scotlan d , from alp , a height .

Albion , th e island ofBritain : Alp , a height .

Alburnus, a high hil l of Lucania : Alp , a height ; bar, an eminence ,the top .

Albins, a hill of Illyricum: Al p .

Al binteme lium, a town of Liguria : Alp .

Albanopolis, a town of th e Al b ani in Asia : Alp b ail e , a town .

Al binus was a name common to many Romans , lik e th e p 1 esent common Scottish H ighl and name ofAlpin e and Macalpine .

Alpinus, a family nane among th e Romans, lik e th e Scotch namesAlpine and Macalpin e .

Alpinus, re lating to th e Alp s : Alp .

Al cyone , 01' H al cyone {

N ames in ancientfab l e i e lat ing to a .Al cyon eus, Al - cyoneus, th e se a :

Cuan , the se

Al cyonia Palus, a p ool in Corinth : Cuan , sea .

AlcyoniumMare , part oft h e Gul f ofCorinth ; Al - cyon- ium Cuan , sea .

Alex, a river of th e Brutii : All t , a river, a burn .

2 2

Algidum, a town ofLatium, Alg- id - um: Aite , a p la ce .

AI Al e Al i Some name s of towns b egin withperhaps from Bail e , a town ; initial b being omitted .

Almo , a i ive 1 ne ar Rome : Al lt , a river.

Alp es, th e Alps : Alp , high .

Alp es G raiae : Alp , a height ; garbh, rough .

Al p es Penninae Alp b einn ,a hill.

Aluta , a river ofDacia : All t , a river.

Amagenbrica , a p lace on th e Arar : Burg, a town .

Alyssus, a fountain ofArcadia , Al -

yssus Uisge , wa ter.

Amana , a branch ofMount Taurus Mona, a hill .Amardi, a p eop l e on th e coast of th e Caspian Muir, sea .

Amb enus, a hill of Sarmatia : B einn ,a hil l, a mountain .

Ambiorix, a Gaulish king, Ambio - rix Righ , a king.

Amblada , a town ofPsidia : Baile , a town .

Ambracia , a town ofThrespotia : Burg, a hill , a town .

Ambracus, a fort in Gre e ce : ditto

Amenanus, a river ofSicily : Abhainn or amhuinn, a river.

5 6 CELTIC ORIGIN O F

Aminius, a river ofArcadia : Abha inn , oramhuinn, a river.

Amisia , a river ofGermany ditto

Amnias, a river ofBithynia : ditto

Amnisus, a river ofCre t e ditto

Ampela s, a town ofCre te , Am-

p e l—us : Bail e , a town .

Ligura : ditto

Cyrene : ditto

Amphip olis, a town ofThrace Baile .

Amphipyros, a name ofDiana , from having a torch in both hands1 2 1 2

Amphi- pyros: nim,around ; brath ,fire .

I 2 I 2

Amphitrite , a daughterofOceanus, Amphi - tritc :Uim,around ; tir, land .

Amphitrite , a name for th e se a : Uim, around ; tir, land .

one ofth e Nereide s : dit to

Amydon , a town ofMacedonia Dun , a hill and town .

An Some names ofrivers b egin with An Amhuinn, a river.

Anagyrontum, a town ofAttica : Cathair, a town .

Anagyrus, a p lace in Attic a : ditto

Anassu s, a river of Ital y : Abh uinn , a river.

Anapus, a river of Epirus ditto

a river of Sicily : ditto

Anas, a river of Sp ain : ditto

Anaurus, a river ofThessaly ditto

a river ofTroas ditto

Ana tole , a hil l ne ar th e Ganges, Ana - tol e Tula , a hill .Anch ora

,a fort in Galatia : Garbh , steep ,

high .

Ancon , a town on an angu lar promontory : Eang, a corner.

Ancura , a town ofGalatia Cath air, a town .

Ancyrae , a town ofSicily : ditt o

a town of Phrygia : ditto

Andania , a town in Arcadia , An - dania : Dun , a hill , a town .

Andomadunum, a town in Gaul dit to

Andomatis, a river of India : Abha inn , a river.

Andriclus, a river ofTroas dit to

2 2

Andriclus, a hill ofCilicia , An - dri- clus Torr, a hill .Andromeda , h er history conne cts h er with th e sea De ir, wa ter.

(Doir is not in modern use ; our Scottish h istorian , Bu ch anan ,

in his history , re fers to dur, as signifyingwater ; and fromh is birthp lace , we may b e almost certain th at h e was abl e

to speak Ga elic . )Anemurium, a promontory ofCilicia : Mu ir, sea .

Ane lontis, a river ne ar Colophon : Abh uinn ,a river.

I 2 IAnemo, a river nearRome , worshipp ed as a god , An -nemo :Abhuinn ,

2

a river ; naomh , holy .

Angelus, a son ofNep tune Abhuinn .

Angites, a river of Thrace t ditto

A’

ngrus, a river of Illyricum: Abhuinn ; garbh , rough .

Anicium, a town of Gaul , An - icium Acha .

Anigrus, a river of Thessaly : Abhuinn :

Anio , a river of Italy ditto

Annedonachum, a place in Gau l : Acha, a p lace , a p lain.

Antaeopolis, a town ofEgyp t ? Baile , a toi l-n.

Antemnae , a city at the conflu ence of th e Anio and Tib er : Abhuinn,a river.

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES.

An th edon , a town ofBoeotia ; Anth e - don Dun ,a hill

, a town .

Pal estine ditto

Pe loponnesus ditto

Anticragus, a h ill of Lycia : Craig, a rock .

Anticyra , a city ofPhocis : Cathair, a town.

Antilibanus, a h ill in Syria : B e ann , a hill .

Antinoopolis, a town in Egypt Ba ile , a town .

Antiquaria , a town in Spain A11ti- quar~ ia : Cathair.

Antip odes, Anti- podes, pous, from cos, a foot (Ce ltic 0 b eing changedto Gre ek p ) .

Antipolis, a town ofGau l : Bail e .

Antitaurus, a hill ofArmenia T orr, a hill .Antoninop olis, a town ofMesopotamia Baile .

Antunnacum,a p lace in B e lgic Gau l Acha , a p la ce .

Auxins, a river ofArmenia : Abhuinn , a river.

Anzabas, a river near th e Tigris : ditto

Aon , who first coll e cte d th e inhabitants of Boeotia into c ities, andreign ed over th em: Aon one .

Aornos, a high rock in India : Ard , high .

—B actriana ditto

Ape auros, a hill ofPeloponnesus B ar, an eminence .

Ap enninus, mountains in Ital y : B eann ,a hill, a top .

Apidanus, a river ofTh essaly Abhuinn, a river.

Apiola , a town of Italy : Baile . a town .

Apiusa , a river of Italy : Uisge , wa ter.

Apollo , so call ed from h is b ow, and abou t thirt een words compoundedof this : B uall l , strike , hit .

Arabriga ,*a town of Spain Burg.

I 2 I 2

Aracynth us, a hill ofE tolia , Ara - cyn- thus Ard , high ceann , a head .

Boeotia ditto

Arantinus, a hil l n ear Phlius : Ard , high .

Arara s, a river of Scythia : Ruith ,flow .

Arauris, a river ofGaul : dit to

Araxa s, or Araxes , a river ofTh essaly : Ruith ,flow uisge , wa ter.

Armenia ditto

Persia : ditto

flowing into th e Rhone ditto

Araxa s, a promontory of E lis Ard , high ; u isge , water.

Arb cla , a city ofAssyria : Bail e , a town.

a town of Sicil y : ditto

Arcobrica , four towns so named , in Cel tib eria , Lusitan ia , &c . Burg,_a town .

Ardaxanus, a river of Illyricum Ard , high ; amhuinn ,a river.

Ardonea , a town ofApul ia : D un , a hill and town .

Arethu sa , daugh ter ofOceanus, Are th - usa : Uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

Arge litum,a hil l n ear Rome , Argel - itum : Ard , high ; coill e , wood ;

aite , p lace .

Argantomagus, a town in Gaul :Magh j a p la in , a p la ce .

Argentinus, a god ofc ommerce Airgiod , silver.

Argentarius, a mouu tain ofEtruria : Ard , high ceann, head , hill .

FromProfessorAl exanderMurray , Europ ean Languages, vol . i. p . 1 57.

See a p ap er on th e various riv ers named Araxus, in Hist . d e l ’Acad .

des Inscriptions et B ell es L ettres, 1774, vol . 36 , p age 79 .

1 O fMagh and Ach a , th e primary and separate meaning is a p lain ;bu t th e secondary , and wh en in comp osition , is a p la ce th ese two wordsb eing components in many names ofp laces, towns, &c . Dun signifies a

hil l, but is secondarily used in numerous names of towns.

58 CELTIC OR IGIN OF

Argennum, a promontory ofIona,Ar-

gen- num

Argennum, a promontory ofSicily: an , th e

Argentoratum, a town ofGaul , Argentor- atum Aite , a p la ce .

Argiletum, a place in R ome : ditto

Argonautae, wh o travel led by sea , Ar-

gon- autee Air

,on ; cuan , the sea .

Argyra , a town ofTroas, Ar-

gyra : Cath air, a town.

ditto

Argyre , a town of India : ditto

Ariminus, a river of th e Ap ennines : Ard , high abhuinn , a river.

Aris, a river ofMessenia : Ruith , j low u isge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

Arius, a river ofAria : ditto

Armorica , th e coast ofGaul : Air, on muir, the sea .

Artabrum, a promontory of Spain : B ar, a height, the top .

Artabri and Artabritaa : ditto

Artacae na , a city ofAsia : Ard , high acha , a p lace .

Artace , a town ne ar Cyzicus ditto

of Phrygia : ditto

a fort in Bithynia :Artagera and Artagicerta, a town of Armenia : Ard , high ; cathair,

a town .

Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea : Ard , high ; tom,a height

uisge , wa ter.

Artobriga , a place on th e Danube Burg, a town.

Artona , a town of th e Latins : Ard , high ; dun , a hill , town .

Arvisus, a promontory ofChios : Ard , high ; uisge , wa ter.

Asciburgium, a city on th e Rhine Burg.

Ascii, th e shadow- l ess : Sgiath , a shade .

Ascra , a town ofBoeotia Cath air, a city .

Asia Paulus, a marsh in Lydia , Asia : Uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

sinarius, a river in Sicily , 2Abhainn ,

a river

sine s, Me t (in compos. O r) , grea t—as, terminations of th e names ofrivers, as Anassus ;—assns, Uisge , uis

-

ge , wa ter.

Astura , a river of Latium Doir, wa ter.

Asterusius, a moun tain ofCre te Torr, a hill .Atabyrium,

a town on a hill in Asia : B ar, a height .Atenomarus, a Gaul ish chief :Mor, grea t ; maor, one in authority .

Athamania , a country on th e d eclivity ofMount Pindus : Mona, a hill .Ath esis, a river ofGaul : Uisge , wa ter.

Athymbra , a city ofCarla : Burg, a town.

Atina , an ancient town of th e Volsci : Dun , a hill , town .

Aufona , th e Avon in Glou cestershire : Abhuinn , a river.

Augeae , a town ofLaconia : Ach a, a p lain , a p la ce .

Locris dit to

Auginus, a mountain of Liguria , Au -

gin- us : Ceann , a head, a hill .

(Th e Latin g, and Gae lic 0, both hard . )Augustobrica , a town of Spain : Burg, a town .

Auguston emetum,a p lace in Gau l , - nem- etum: Naomh , holy ; aite ,

a p la ce .

Augustodunum, two towns in Gaul : Dun ,a hill , a town .

Augustoritum, a town ofAquitania : Aite , a p la ce .

Auras, a river flowing into th e Ister: Ruith ,flow .

Aurasius, a hill of Numidia : Ard , high .

Aurora , th e goddess of th e east : Ear, the east.

See Wil liams in Trans. R oy . Soc . Edinb . 1857, vol . xiii. p . 494 .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

CELTIC ORIGIN OF

B arc e , a city ofAfrica : Burg, a town.

a town of B ac triana ditto

a town ofMedia : ditto

B argyliee , a town ofCarla : ditto

Barium, a town ofApulia : ditto

B arnuus, a town ofMac edonia ditto

B arbosth enes, a mountain ofPe loponn esus B ar, at height .

Baris, a h ill ofArmenia dit to

Mons Barca , a cap e in Africa : dittoBaris, a tower ofJ erusal em Burg, a tower.

B atavodurum, a town in Batavia : Doir, wa ter.

B edesis, a river of Italy : Uisge , wa ter.

Baul B e1 B il B ol B ul Some names of towns so b egin : Bail e ,a town.

B auli, a town of Latium Bail e , a town .

B e lemina , a town ofLaconia : ditto

Bau li, th e villa of H ortensius : ditto

B ebryx , a king in Spain , B eb - ryx : Righ , a king.

B e driacum,a town of It al y Acha , a p lain ,

a p la ce .

B e lenus, a divinity of th e G au ls : Beu l , the god B etas.

R eleriam, Land ’

s End , B el - er- ium Ball , a round object tir, land .

B e llona , th e godde ss ofwar : B uaill , strike .

Be lon , a city of Sp ain : Baile , a town .

B elus, a name of a god : Beu l , the god B elus or B el . H ence B e ltane ,th e fire ofB e l , on th e first ofMay .

Bendis, a Thracian name for Diana : B e an -Dia , a goddess.

I 2 IB erecynthus, a mountain in Phrygia , B ere - cyn

- thus : B ar, a height ;2

ceann , a head .

B ereoe , a town of Sicily : Burg, a town .

Bere a , now Al eppo ditto

B erytus, a town of Phoenicia : ditto

Beroea , a town of Syria : ditto

Mac edonia ditto

B erenice , a town ofAfrica ditto

B ernus, or Bora Mons, a hill ofMacedonia : B ar, a height.B ib acum, a p lace in Germany : Ach a ,

-

a p la ce .

Biblus, a city of Ph oenicia , Ri- b lus : Bail e , a town .

B ibract e , a town ofGau l : Burg, a town .

B ibrax , a town of th e R emi t ditto

B igerra , a town in Sp ain : C ath air, a town .

B icorniger, a name of Bacchu s : Corn ,a horn.

Bifrons, a name ofJupiter:Frons fromEcren e , fromB eir, carry .

B imater, a name of Bacchus : Math air, a mother.

B ituntum, a town l

of Spain: Dun ,a hill , a town .

B odobrica , a town of Germany : Burg, a town .

B laviacum,a p lace in Gaul : Ach a , a p lain , a p la ce .

B ituricum, a town in Gau l : ditto

B land enona , a p lace near Plac entia : Bail e , a town .

B lenina , a town ofArcadia ditto

B odincomagus, a p lace on th e Po : Magh , a p la in ,a p la ce .

B oiodurum, a p lace near th e Danub e Doir,wa ter.

Boeotia , so named from b ous, an or : B0 , a cow .

Bola , a town in Italy : Baile , a town.

Bolina , a town in Ach aia : ditto

B’

olissus, a town near Chios ditto

B olbitinum, one of th e mouths ofthe Nile : Beul , a mouth .

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 6 ]

B olbitinum, a town on the Nile : Baile , a town .

Boreum, a promontory of Ire land : B ar, a height .Bora , a mountain ofMacedonia : d itto

Borbe tomagus, a town ofG ermany : Burg, a town .

B orcovium, now Berwick : ditto

Borea , a town tak en by Pompey : ditto

Bornos, a p lace of Thrace ditto

B orsipp a , or B orsita , a town ofBabylonia : dittoB radanus, a river of Italy :Abhuinn ,

a river.

B raboniacum, now O verborough Acha , a p la in, a p la ce .

B remetauracum, now Brompton : ditto

B rovonacium, now Kirkl ey Th ure : ditto

Brica Briga B r1a Erigia B r1 Some names of townsb egin , and some end in these : Burg, a town .

B ovil lac , a town of Latium, B o - villm: Bail e , a town.

Campania : ditto

B rasiae , a town of Laconia : Burgh , a town .

B ratuspantium, a town of Gaul : dit to

B rauron , a town ofAttica : ditto

Erige , a town of Italy : ditto

B rigae , a town of th e Al ps : ditto

B renth e , a town ofA1 cadia : ditto

Brescia , a town of Italy : ditto

Brias, a town of Pisidia : ditto

Brixell um a town of Gaul : ditto

Brixia , a town of Italy : ditto

Brigetium, a town of Pannonia : ditto

Erigenia . a town ofLiguria : dit to

B rundusium, a town of Cal abria : ditto

Brinde s, a town of Italy : ditto

Brigantes, a tribe in Ire land : B urg ?Brigantes, a p eopl e in Britain : ditto

B ricinnia , a fort ofPhocis : Burg, a town , a fort.B rigantium,

now Bregenz : ditto

B renni, a p eop le of th e Alp s : B ar, at height .

Briareus, a giant : dit to

Drincatii, trib e s dwelling on th e Ap ennines : ditto

Brisa , a promontory at L esbos : B ar, a height ; uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter

B rile ssus, a mountain ofAt tica : B ar, a height .B rigiosum, a p l ace of the Pic tone s : Burg.

Brivodorum,a p lace of th e Aure liani : Doir, wa ter.

B ritomai us , a Gau lish ch ie f : M01 , grea t ; maor, one in a uthority .

B 1 itannia , Britanni, B 1 itannicus, &c . : B re atunn,B ritain .

B ritannodunum,now Dumb arton : Dun , a hil l , a town .

B rutobrica and Bru tobria , a town of Sp ain : Burg, . a town .

B ryanium, a p lace in Gre e ce : Burg, a town .

B ryse a , a town of Lac onia ditto

B ucentaurus, h alf ofwhose b ody was that ofth e ox : B o a cow .

Budo1 um, a promont01 y of Salamis : Doir, wa ter ; to1 r, a hill .Bulus, a town of Ph ocis: Baile , a town .

Bullis , a town of Illyricum ditto

Bu col ica , p astoral p oems B uach aill e , a shep herd .

O n —brica , —briga , —b 1 ia , and —brivia ,—see P e tit - Rade l inMemoirsd e l ’Acad . de s Inscrip tions et B el l es L e t tres, 1822, v ol vi. page 324 ; andBu chanan , H ist . ofScot land , edition of 1690, p age 63 .

See B uchanan , Hist . Scotland (edit . p . 10, h e h as coll ected fromStrabo , P tolemy , P liny , and th e Itinerary oi An toninus, a few Cel tic namesofplaces p 63 to 65 .

62 CELTIC ORIGIN OF

B ursia , a town ofBabylonia : Burg, a town .

B urnium, a town of Caira : Burg, a town .

B uprasium, a town of Elis ditto

Bura , a town ofAchaia ditto

Burdigala , now B ourdeux : ditto

Bursa , a town of Bythinia ditto

B utuntum, a town ofApu lia , Eu- tuntum: Dun ,

a hill , a town .

B ylazora , a city ofPeeonia : Bail e , a town .

Byrsa , th e citade l ofCarthage : B ar, a height ; burg, a fortress.

Cabala , a p lace in Sicily , Ca - bal a : Bail e ? a town .

Cabal aca , a town in Al b ania : ditto

Caballinum, a t own in Gaul : ditto

Cabal lio , a town of th e Cavares : ditto

Cab alinu s, a fountain wh ose history was connected with th e horsePegasus : Cab al l , a horse .

Ca or C ab This sound is a comp onent in some names, asin th e following — Cab a1a , Cabalica , Caballinum, C aballis, Cc

b enna , Ch abinus, Cibyra , Cimiuus, Gabala , G ebenna . C 4 -44,

C e ca , a certain goddess Cac .

Cadra , a hill ofAsia : Torr, a hill .Cmnis, a promontory ofItaly : Ceann (th e 0 hard ) , a head , a headland .

Ceelius, a hill at R ome , call ed Querquetul anus, from its oaks Coill e ,a wood .

Caesarobrica , a town in Lusitania : Burg, a town .

Cmsarodunum, now Tours : Dun , a hill , a town .

C aesaromagus, now B eauvois : Magh , a p lain, a p la ce .

Brentwood ditto

Caicinus, a river of Italy, Caic - inus : Abhuinn ,a river.

Calagurris, now Cal ahorra : Cathair ( th e t sil ent ) , a city .

Cal edonia , now Scotland : Gal ed , hard (Camden ) ‘

cal l tiun , the hazel

tree (Buch anan ) ; Gae l dun , G au ls of themounta ins (Macph erson) ;Gae l duth aich (pronounced due ch ) , the country of the G a el

(Macpherson) : coill e du e ch , the country of woods . Such are

various d erivations of th e name Cal edonia .

‘

In modern Gae lic ,th e word G ae lt each d is th e name of th e H igh lands, and from it

Cale donia is d erived , receiving merely a more soften ed termination .

[Th e R omans se em to have given th e country a name somewhatlik e th at given it by its inh abitants : and from this it is an

historical inferenc e , th at :

th e present inh abitants of th e H igh

lands are of th e same race as th ose wh o su cce ssfull y resistedth e Romans . Th e prop er way is not to d erive th e name fromtwo 01 more Gaelic words, bu t first to observe if th e i e is inGaelic a wo1 d lik e it , which G ael teach d is, and th en ,

ifp os=

2 Isible , to d erive this fromGae lic roots : Gae l teach d; gae l , the

2 3

G a e l or G au ls ; du th aich (pronoun ced duoch ) , country ; (1, an

unne ce ssary l e tter added by time .

Callaici or Cal l eeci, a p e ople of Sp ain : Gae l , G au ls.

Cal lidi omus, th e top ofMount (Eta in Thessaly : Coill e , a wood ;druim,

the ridge ofa hil l .

Call ip eu ce , a name given by th e native s to a p ass in Greece : Caol ,narrow .

Callipolis, a town ofThrace : Gael ; bail e , a town .

Sicily : ditto

ditto

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 63

Calpe , a mountain ne ar a strait : Caol , narrow .

Calydon , a town of{E tolia z Dun ,a hill

,a town .

Camalodunum,now Maldon : Dun ,

a hil l , a town .

Cambodunum, a town ofBavaria : ditto

Camaracum,now Cambray : Ach a , a p la in ,

a p la ce .

Camarina , a la ke of Sicily , Ca -mar- ina : Mu ir, sea .

Cambunii, a mountain ofMacedonia : Beann ,a hill .

Camul odunum, two towns in Sou th Britain : Dun , a hill , a town .

1 2 3 1

Canastrum, a promontory of Pallene , Can- as- trum Ceann , head ;

2 3u isge , uis

-

ge , wa ter ; torr, a hill .

Cana , a promontory {Etolia : C eann (0 h ard ) , a head , a hea dland .

Canach e , a dog’

s name : Cu , c onn ,a deg.

Canariae , islands so named from abounding in dogs Cu , conn , a ( log.

C anath us, a fountain in which J uno wash ed yearly Cana , white .

C ane , a mountain of Asia Ce ann ,a head .

Cane tbum, a mountain of Boeotia ditto

Canicul aris : Cu , conn , a dog.

C antse , inh abitants ofRoss- shire , Scotland : Ceann ,a head , headland .

Cantium,now Kent : ditto

Cannae , a river: Caomh ,smooth abh ainn , a river.

Caph areum, a mountain ofEuboea , Ca -

ph ar- cum B ar

,a height .

Capitolinus, a h ill at Rome , from which was tak en Capitolium and

1 2 2 1

th e surname Capitolinu s, Capi- tolinu s : Tu la , a hill ; Cab (obsol e te ) , a head .

Car C er Char Ch er Chor Chry Cir Cor

Cur Cyr Cra Cri Cre Cro Cru Some namesof towns b egin with th ese . Cath air, (pronounced Ca - hur), a city .

Capraria , name s ofislands, from abounding in goats : Gabh ar, a goat .Capricornus : Gabh ar, a goa t ; c orn , a horn .

2 2

Caprima , a town of Caria , Ca -

pri-ma : Burg, a town .

Capripedes, wh o h ad goats’ fe e t : Gabhar, a goa t ; cos, a foot . (Pous,

from cos. Ce ltic c b eing ch anged to Gre ek p ,as in many oth e r

words.

Carasum, a town of Thrace : Cathair (pronounced Ca - hur) , aCarbia , a town of Corsica : dittoCarcaso , a town ofGau l : dittoCarch e , a town of Asia : ditto

Carae , p laces ne ar Susa dittoC aral is, a town of Sardinia dittoC arcinitis, a town of Scythia : dittoCardamyl e , a town ofArgos : ditto

Cardia , a town of Thrace dittoCarias, a town of Pe loponne sus ditto

Cariatae , a town of B actriana : ditto

Carilla , a town of th e Piceni : ditto

Carmona , a townof Gau l : dittoCaristum, a town ofLiguria : ditto

Carin e , a t own ofAsia : dittoCarisiacum, a town of Gaul : ditto

Carissanum, a p lace in Ital y : ditto

Carmana , a town of Carmania : dit to

Carnu s, a town of Illyricum: ditto

Carnea , a town ofPal estin e : ditto

Carabis, a town ofSpain : ditto

at CELTIC ORIGIN or

Caracotinum, a town of Gau l : Cath air (pronounced Ca - hur) , a city .

C arnasius, a town ofMessenia : ditto

Carnion , a town of Laconia : ditto

Carnu te s, a town of Gau l : dit to

Carnuntum, a town of Pannonia : ditto

G arrb a , a town of Arabia : ditto

Carruca , a town of Spain : ditto

Carpasia , a town of Cyprus ditto

Carree , a town ofMe sop otamia : ditto

Carse oli, a town ofth e E qui ditto

C art eia , a town of Sp ain : ditto

Cartena , a town ofMauritania : ditto

Carthaea , a town in C ea : ditto

Carme l , a mountain of Galile e : Garbh , rough .

Carmentis, a craggy h ill Craig, a rock ; monadh , a hill .Carneus, a name of Ap oll o G rian ,

the sun .

Carnicae Alp es : Cairn , a heap of stones or ca irn ; alp , high .

Carpe tes, mountains ofDacia : Garbh ,rough .

Carthago , of th e R omans Carth age ; cathair, a city .

C arth ada , of th e Carthaginians : ditto

C arch edon , of th e Gre eks : ditto

Carth ea , a town of Cos Cath air, a city .

Carya , a town ofArcadia : ditto

Laconia -z d itto

Carynia , a town ofAch aia ditto

C arura , a town of Asia : ditto

Caryanda , a t own of C aria dit to

Carystus , a town ofEuboea ditto

Caryum, a p lace in Laconia dit to

Carus, a river of Gau l : Car, a turn ; uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

C assinomagus, a town in G aul : Magh ,a p lain ,

a p la ce .

Cast e ll odunum, a town in Gaul : Dun ,a hill , a town .

Castabala , a town of Cil icia , Casta - bala : Bail e , a town .

Cappadocia : ditto

Castanea , a town of Th essaly , C as- tane a : Dun .

Catina,a town of Sicily : Dun , a hill , a town .

Arcadia dit to

Catorimagus, a town in Gau l : Magh ,a p la in, a. p la ce .

C atobrica , a town in Spain : Burgh , a town .

Cat ti, a warlike nation ofGermany : Gath , a dart ; cath , ba ttle .

aturigidorum, a p lac e on th e Alps: Doir, wa ter.

atusiacum, a p lace in Gau l : Acha , a p lain , a p lace .

Caunus, a hill in Spain ; Ceann ,a head .

C eb enna now th e Cevennes B e ann , a hill .

Bran ,a mountain stream. I t is also

th e individual name of several

rivers, as ofon e n e ar Dunk e ld .

C el e trum, a town in a p eninsu la : Caol , narrow tir,la nd .

C emaneus, a mountainof Gau l :Monadh ,a hill .

C enaeum. a promontory of Euboea : Ce ann , a head .

I 2 I 2

Cenchrea:a p ort of Corinth , C en - chre ae : Cuan ,the sea ; Cath air, a

town (i. e . a sea p ort ) .

Celtes, Ce l tib eri, C el tica , Ce l tici, Ce l ticum, C eltil lus, C e ltorii: Gae l ,and Coill te ach

, wh ich may b e from Coil le a wood .

Censores, officers wh o numb ered th e p eop l e : C eann ,a hea d .

C entobrica , a town of Cel tib eria : Burg, a town .

C entumviri : C eud,a hundred ; fir, men .

CLASSICAL PRO PER NAMES. 05

C cntnria , a division of th e R omans into a hundre d : C end , a hundred .

C eraca , a town ofMac edonia Cath air (C a - hur) , a c ity .

C erax ,a town of Il lyria : ditto

Ceramium, a p lace of Rome d itto

G eramus, a town of Caria ditto

C erasus a town ofPontus : ditto

C erauml a , a town ofAch aia : ditto

Cerb erion ,a town of th e Cim. Bosph orus : ditto

C erb e ll iaca , a p lace in Gaul d itto

Cercina, a town in Africa : d itto

C ercasorum,a town in Egyp t : d itto

C ercinium, a town in Th e ssaly : ditto

C erdylium, a p lace near Amphipol is ditto

Ceril la , a town of th e Bru tii : ditto

C erinthus, a town of th e Euboea d itto

C eres, th e goddess of farming : C e , earth ; ar, p lough .

C eraton , an a ltarmade ofh orns : Corn ,a horn.

C eraunia , and Ceraunii, and Acroceraunia ,mountains ofEpirus : arbh , rough ; beamu

Ceraunius, a name ofMount Taurus compos.- ann), a hill .

Ceraunii, mountains ofAsia :I 0 1

Cercina , a h ill of Thrace , C er- cin - a : Garbh , rough ; ceann ,a head .

—certa , a t ermination ofsome name s oftowns, as Tigranocerta :Cath air, a city .

Cerymica , a town of Cyprus : Cathair, a city .

Certima , a town of C el tiberia : ditto

C ertonium, a t own of th e Lesser Asia : ditto

C eryne a , a town ofAch aia : ditto

Chaeronia , a town of Boeotia : ditto

C eryx , a son ofMercury : Corn ,a horn .

C e us, a son ofT erra and Coelus : C e , the earth .

Chabinu s, a mountain ofArabia, Ch a—b in- u s t B eann , a hill .

Chab eris, a town of India , Ch a - ber- is: Burg, a town .

Ch abria , a t own of Egyp t , Cha - bria : ditto

Ch aon ,a moun tain of Pe loponne su s : C e ann ,

a headland .

Ch aouia , a mountainous p art ofEpirus : ditto

Charadra , a town on a h igh and rugged rock :Garbh , rough ; torr, a hil l .Ch aradros, a river ofPh ocis : Garbh , rough ; doir, wa ter.

Charadrus, a p lace ofArgos : Cathair, a town .

Charah , a town of Pal estine Cat-hair, a town .

Ch arox , a town ofArmenia : dit to

Ch arisia , a town ofArcadia : ditto

Ch arrae , a town ofMesop otamia : ditto

Ch aris, a godde ss : G radh , affection. (fi'c .

Ch arite s and Gratiae , th e Grace s : ditto

Ch aron , a h ide ous, wrinkl ed ol d man : Garbh,rough , savage ; aon , one .

Ch erson ,a town in th e Ch erson e sus Taurica (Cath air) . If th e

town gave its name to th e p eninsu la , th en we may supp ose th atCh ersonesus, from b eing th e name of a particul ar p eninsu la ,b e came app l ie d to oth ers, as Ch . Cimbrica , Ch . Aure a

, and one

in Egyp t : ne sos, from{nnis, an island .

Ch orsa , a town ofAsia : C at l air.

I I

Chonodamarus, a king of th e Alemanni, Chon - odo-mdr- us : Ce ann ,

2

head ; mor, grea t.Ch cereae , a p lace in Eub oea : Cathair.

66 CELTIC ORIGIN OF

Chrysondium, a town ofMac edonia : Cathair.

Cibyra , a t own of Phrygia : Burg, a town.

Pamphylia ditto

Ciminus, a mountain of Etruria , Ci-minu s : Monadh , a hill .Cinge torix , a princ e of Gaul and of Britain : G inns, a ra ce ; righ ,

a hing.

Cinxia , a name ofJ uno , al luding to girdl e s : C eangal , bind .

Circaeii, a town of Latium: Cath air.

Circestria , a town of Sou th Britain ditto

Circe sium, a town ofMe sop otamia' ditto

Cirraeatum, a p l ace nearArpinum ditto

Cirta , a city ofNumidia : ditto

Cistenae, a town ofZEtolia : Dun ,a hil l , a town .

Lycia ditto

Claudiopolis, a town of Cap adocia : Bail e , a town .

Clio , on e of th e Muse s : Cliu ,fame .

O lota and G l ota , th e Clyde : C luidh ,'

the C lyde .

Clusius, a river ofGau l : Caol , narrow ; u isge , water.

Cnacadium,a mountain ofLaconia : Onc e , a hill .

Cnacalis, a mountain ofArcadia: ditto

Coe le , a p ass in Gre e ce : Caol , narrow .

l a , a p lace in th e B ay of Eub oea :" Caolais, stra its.

C oela , a name for th e Euboean Gu lf : Caolais, straits: caol , narrow .

Coelosyria , a valley in Syria : Caol , narrow .

Coeus, a son of T erra and Coe lu s : C e , the earth .

Cogidunus, a g in Britain : Cog, war duine , a man (a warriorJCoeus, a rive essenia : C aomh , gentle ; u isge , wa ter.

Columba,th e symb ol ofVenus : Columan ,

a dove .

Combre e , a town near Fal lene , Com- brea :3 Burg, a town .

Comitia : Comb ,together ; uidh e , a way .

Con cordia : Comb , together; cridh e , a heart .

C ondatomagus, a town in Gau l : Magh ,a p lain ,

“

a p la ce .

Condat e , a t own in Gau l , Cond - ate : Aite , a p la ce .

Cone todunus, a Gaul ish l e ader: Ceann , hea d ; duine , man .

C oniaci, a p e op l e dwelling at th e h e ad ofth e Ib erus : C eann , head .

Conimbrica , a town ne ar th e se a- coast , Con - im- brica : Cu an ,the sea ;

burg, a town.

Constans, Constantinus, and several compounds : Comb , together

stad , stop .

Constantinopolis : Comb ; stad ; bail e , a townCoraconasus, a town wh ere th e Ladon falls into th e Alpheus,

1 2 3 4 ICor- ao- ou - as- u s : Cathair, a town ;

2

3

28g (m comp os .

- ag ) , Ml lecon b einga double diminutive .

M ean (in comp os - ah ) , sma ll

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

68 CELTIC ORIGIN OF

Croto , a town of Italy : Cathair, a town .

Crotona , a town of Italy : ditto

Crunos, a town of Pe loponnesus : Cathair, a town.

Crustumerium, a town of th e Sabines ditto

Crustumium, a town of Italy ditto

Crustuminum, a town of Etruria : ditto

Cronius Mons, a hill of E lis : Garbh , rough .

Crophi, a hill ofEgyp t : ditto

C i omi, a town of Arcadia . Cath air.

Gromyon , a small p lace In Corinth ta : Catl1a1r, lnean sma ll .Crustunus, a river ofUmbria : Car, a turn , uisge , uis

-

ge , wa ter.

Cryp ta , a p assage through Mount Pausilypus : Crub , bend .

Cnneus, a p art ofLusitania so call ed fromb eing lik e a wedge : G eiun ,

a wedge

Curio , now Corbridge :Cures, a town of th e Sabines : ditto

Curium, a town of Cyprus ditto

Cylbiani, mountains in Phrygia : Coill e , a wood ; b eamu ,a hill .

Cydonia , a city in Cre te : Dun ,a hil l

,a town .

Cynoceph alae , Cynoceph ali, Cyn oph ontis, are p artly derived fromCu ,

Conn ,a dog.

Cynth us, a mountain ofD elos Ce ann , a head , a hill .Cyn thius, a name of Ap ollo ditto

Cyre tia , a t own in Gre e ce Cathair,a town .

Cyrene , a town in Libya dit to

Cyrne , a town in Euboea : ditto

Cyrrum, a p lace in Asia : ditto

Cyrrh us, a town of Syria : dit to- a town ofMacedonia ditto

Cynus, a n aval station at Opu s ; Cu an , the cea .

Cyrop olis : B ail e , a town .

Cytineum,a city of Gre ec e : Dun ,

a hill,a town .

Dadastana , a town of Galatia : Dun,a hill . a town .

Daira , one of th e Oceanides :Doir,wa ter.

Dana , a town of Capp adocia : Dun.

Dandari, a p eop l e who dwe lt ne ar Moun t Cau casus : Daoine , men ;t orr, a hill .

Daradus , a river ofAfrica : Doir , wa ter.

Dardanis, a promontory of Troas : Doir, wa ter ; dun ,a

Dardanus, a town of Troas : Dun,a hill , a town .

Daunium, a town of Italy : ditto

De cap olis, a district cont aining t en citie s : Deich , ten baile , a town .

De curis, De cuma te s : Deich ,ten .

D eme tria : Dia , G od ; math air, mother.

D e obriga , a town of th e V ectons Dia ; burg, a town .

D eobricula , a town ofth e Ve c tons : Dia ; burg; caol (in compos .- ol ) ,

sma ll .D e obriga , a town in Spain : Burg.

D e ssobrica , a town of th e V e ctons : Burg.

Dermona , a river of Gau l Doir, wa ter ; monadh , a hill .Dercynus, a son ofNep tune : D oir, wa ter cuan ,

the sea .

D ertona , a town of Liguria : Dun .

Deudorix , one of th e Ch erusci : R igh , a hing.

Dialis, a priest ofJ upit er: Dia , G od .

Dianium, a promontory of Sp ain , so call ed from a t emple of Diana ,or from Dun ,

a hill .

Dianium, a town of Spain : Dun .

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 69

Diasia , a festival inh onour ofJ ove : Dia . 2 2

Dic tidienses, dwell ers on Mount Athos, Dioti- dien - ses : Dun ,a lu ll .2

Dictynn te um Promonton’

um, a promon tory of Cre te , Dic - tynn- ec l

ém

4 s 6 2 4 sPro -mon - tor- ium: Dun ,

a hill ; roi, before ; monadh , a hill ; torr,a height .

Diespiter, a name of Jup iter as th e father ofday :DI , a. da y ; athair

fa ther.

Dii: Dia,G od .

Dindymus, a mountain ofPhrygia : Dun , a hill ; torr, a height.

a town of Phrygia : Dun ,town.

Dinia , a town of Gaul : Dun , a hil l , a town .

Dione , a sea -

goddess : Di, a. divinity ; chuan , cuan , the sea .

Dionysopolis, a town of India and ofMmsia : Bail e , a town .

Diopolis, a town ofArmenia : Dia ; bail e .

Diospolis, a town ofEgyp t : ditto

Dioscurias, a town of Col chis : Cath air, a town .

Dipolis, from h aving two citie s : Da , two ; baile .

Dirce , a fountain of Boeotia : Doir, wa ter.

Dirc enna , a fountain of Spain : ditto

Dirphya , a moun tain of B ce otia : Torr, a hill .Discordia : Da , two ; cridh e , a heart .Divona, a river: Abhuinn ,

a river.

I 2 I 2

Divi, the l esser deities, Di- vi :* Dia, G od ; b eag, little .

Divodurum, now Me tz : Doir, wa ter.

Dodona , a town ofEpirus : Dun , a hill , a town .

Donuca,a hill ofThrace : Dun ,

a hil l ; b eag (in compos.- ag) , little .

Dorias, a river of India : Doir, wa ter.

Dorius, a hill ofAsia -Minor: Torr, a hill .Doris, a goddess of th e sea : Doir, wa ter.

Doriscus, a p lace in Thrace near th e sea : ditto

Drandacum, a fort near th e city ofO eeneus : Torr, a hil l .Dravus, now th e Drave : Doir, wa ter.

Drinus, a river falling into th e Danub e : ditto

Drilo , or Drinius, a river of Illyricum: ditto

Dru entius, a river of Gaul : ditto

Dric s, a hil l ofArcadia : Torr, a hill .B romus Achillis, a promontory : Druim, _ the ridge ofa hil l .Druidee , th e Druids : Druidh , a Druid , also a magician ,

a sorcerer,

from Doir or Darach ,the oak , as in grove s ofoak th ey p erformed

their rel igious ceremonies.

Dryade‘

s Darach ; doir, the oak .

Drynemetum, a p lace in Gal atia where there was a temp le , is derivedby Prich ard (P hys. H ist. Mank . iii. fromDoir, the oak , andNemet , a temp le . I am inclined to d erive it fromDoir ; naomh ,holy ; and aite , a p lace .

Durnomagus, a p lace in Britain : Magh , a p la in ,a p la ce .

Druna , now th e Drome : Doir, wa ter.

Drymea , a town of Phocis on th e bank s ofa river ditto

Drymo , a sea -nymph : ditto

Durius, now th e Douro : dittoDyras , a river of Th essalyDuria Major and Minor, branches of th e Po :f“This afiix ,

- vi, seems to b e ofth e same import as th e prefix vc signif

fymg li ttle : a s ve in c esanne . Th e prefix was discovered by ArchdeaconWill iams ; see th e Trans. R oy . Soc . Edinb . , 1836 , vol . x1il . p . 64:

70 CELTIC ORIGIN OF

Dunax , a. h il l of Thrace : Dun a hill .

Durobrivae , now Roch ester: Doir, wa ter ; burg, a town .

Durolipsus, a place in Britain : Doir, wa ter.

Durocortora , now Rhiems ditto

DUrocorium, now Cirencester : dit to

Dura , a town ofMesopotamia : ditto

Duronia , a town of th e Samnites : ditto

Duronum, a plac e of th e Nervii : ditto

Durocoregum, a town in Gau l ditto

Durolitum, now Ley'ton ditto

Durnovaria , now Dorchester: dit to

Durocornovium, a p lace in Britain : ditto

Durocobrivium, Stony Stratford : dit to

Durovernum, now Canterbury : ditto

Durol evumfi now Milton : ditto

Dunum and —dunum. Some names of plac es commence with ,and some end in dunum. In Gae lic , dun is a hil l

, and is applie d

to numerous names oftowns. Th e first towns for se curity werebuil t on h eigh ts, and were call e d dun and th e word was afterwardsextende d to towns generally , even th ough th eymigh t not h app ento b e situate d on eminence s. O n th e word Dunum, se e Buchanan ,

H ist . Scotland , 1690, p . 53 ; Falcone t , in Memoirs de l’

Aoa ol . des

I nscrip tions, do ,1 753, vol . xx . p . 1 3 ; and F en e l , in th e same vol .

p . 39 ; and Prichard , P hys. H ist . Manic. iii . 126 .

Duncale don , Dunk e ld : Dun , a kill, a town .

De idunum, Dunde e : dit to

Dunum, a town in South Britain “

: ditto

Dunum,now Down : ditto

Dune lmum, now Durham ditto

Dryades, nymphs of th e woods : Doir, the oak .

Dryop is, a country so called from its oaks ditto

Dumnorix , a chie f of th e {Ed ui z Righ , a king.

Dura , a fort in Asia : Torr, a hill .Durocasse s, now Dreux : Doir, wa ter.

Dyrasp es, a river of Scyth ia : Doir, wa ter.

Dyrrachium, a city on th e Adriatic ditto

Dysorus, a mountain containing gol d min es O r, go ld .

Dyris, th e name given toMount At las by th e n eighb ouring inhabitantsTorr, a hil l .

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e Gre ek some times prefixes E , as

Edon , fromDun .

Eburo E bro Ebor Some names ofp lace s b egin with these .

Aber, the mouth ofa river, and app lied to towns.

Ebrodunum, a town on th e Alps : Ab er ; dun .

Ebora , a town of Lusitania : Burg, a town , ufort.Ebora , a fort in Sp ain : ditto

Ebora , now Muros, n ear th e mou th of th e Tambre : Aber, the mouthofa river.

Ebrolacum, a town in Gaul : Ab er acha , a p lain , a p lace .

Ebodurum, a pl ace ne ar th e Danube : Doir, wa ter.

E ctodurum, ditto

E dinodunum. now Edinburgh :Eudann , thefaee dun ,a hill (a town

on th e fac e ofa hill . )This group ofnames ofp laces, commencingwith Dure , are supposed

'

to

h ave b een situated on riv ers or near water. Some of th e se names I foundready coll ected in Pn ch ard

’s Phys. H ist . Manic. iii. 1 1-8.

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 7 ]

Edon, a mountain ofThrace : Dun , a hil l .

.Edonid es, Edones : dit to

Edylius, a mountain : Tulach , a hill .Elea , or Ve lia , a city ofLucania . In adop ting a Ce ltic word , theGreek and Latin sometimes omit initial b , as E lea (orVe lia) ,fromBaile , a town .

E lmus, a town of Thrace : Baile , a townElaaa , the port of Pergamus : dit to

Elatea , a city of Phocis : ditto

E lis, a city of Pe loponnesus : Baile , a town.

E lissus, now th e Me lisso : Aill t , a river.

Emporias, a town of Spain Burg, a town .

Ephyra , a name of Corinth ditto

a town ofEpirus : ditto

E lis : ditto

Ep etium, now Viscio : Aite , a p lace .

Epidaurus, a se a port ofArgolis: Doir, wa ter.

Epore dorix, a chie f of th e jEdui : Righ , a Icing.

Erginnus, a sh ip-master: Air, on ; cuan , the sea .

- essus, a termination ofsome names of rivers, asNessus : Uisge ,uis-

ge , wa ter.

E te onus, a town of Boeotia : Dun ,a hill , a town .

—e tum,* a termination ofsome name s ofp lace s, as Eretum: Aite ,

a p la ce .

Eub oea , an island famed for its p astures (a nd cattle ) Agh ; bo , cow .

Eulaaus, a river of Persia : Aill t , a river.

Eup olium, a town of Locris: Baile , a town .

Eurotas, a river of Laconia : Ruith ,fiow uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

Th essaly ditto

Evenus, a river offhltolia : Abhuinn ,a river (pronounced Aven . )

F . In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Latin sometimes prefixesf. Cel

tic b is sometimes changed to Latinf.

F abii, Fab ia , Fabaria , from Faba : F aob , a bean .

Fabricius : O b air, work .

F a1 F e1 F ul Fla Some names of towns so b egin :

Bail e , a town .

F er F or Fre Fir Some names of towns so commenceBurg, a town (6 ch ange d to p ; p to p h ; p h tof. )

Fal eria , now F all eroni Bail e , a town .

Fal erii, a city of Etruria : dit to

Fe lsina , a city of Gau l ditto

Fe ltria , now Fe l tre : dit to

Flano'

, now F iarone ditto

F lav'

inium,now Fiano : ditto

1 2

Fu llinum, a small town ofUmbria, Ful l - in - um(in compos.

_ ah ) , sma ll .F erentinum, a town ofEtruria : Burg, a town .

Latium: ditto

F erentum, a town ofApulia ditto

Firmum, a town ofPic enum diito

F ormiae , a town of Latium: ditto

F ornli, a town of th e Sabines ditto

Thistermina tion occurs in abou t forty L atinwords ,most ofwhich signifya placeWh ere p lantsare found , asPinetum, Palmetum, R osetum,Myrte tum,

&c. About three are foroth erob'

ects, asSax etum, &c . I amnot aware tha tany meaningh as b een found b e ore for this Latin termination—etum.

72 CELTIC ORIGIN OF

Frege l lae , a town ofLatium: Burg, a town .

F rucino , a town of Camp ania ditto

Frusinum, a t own ofLatiumFregense ,

a town on th e sea- coast of Etruria : Burg, a town ; cuan ,

the sea .

Feronia , a nymph , from Fero B e1r carry .

F laviobrica , a town in Spain : Burgh ,a town .

Fortuna : B eir ? bear, p roduce .

Fretum, a strait : Frith ,a narrow sea orfirth orfrith , as th e Firth of

Forth,Frith ofClyde , doc .

Gabala . Several towns are so named : Bail e , a town .

G ab anodunum, a town in Noricum: Dun .

G abromagus, a p lace l n Noricum: Magh ,a p lain , a p lace .

Galatia , a distrtct of Asia Minor, se ttled by a c olony of Gaul s, B .C270 In th e time of St . J erome , A .D . 336 , th at is, six h undre d

years after, th ey continu e d to sp eak th e Ce ltic language Gae l .G alesus, a riverwh ich flowe d through shady groves: Coil le , a wood

uisge , uis-ge , wa ter.

Gallia,G allicus, Gal lus, &c . : Gae l .

G ar G er G or G ra Geir G ir Some name s oftownscommence with the se . Cath air (pronounce d Cah ur) , a city .

“

G araeticum, a town ofAfrica : Cathair, a city .

Garama , a town ofAfrica : ditto

G araethyra, a town ofCappadocia : dit to

G arge ttu s, a town ofAttica : ditto

G aurium, a town ofAn dros ditto

G eirh a , a town of Egyp t : ditto

G annascus, a German ch ie f : Ce ann , a hea d .

Garatas, a rirei ofArcadia : Garbh,rough ; uisge , wa ter.

G arienus, th e river Yare : Garbh ; abhuinn ,a river.

G arganum, a mountain ofApulia : Garbh ; ceann ,a headland .

G argaru s, a summit ofMount I da : Garbh .

G argyttius, a dog’

s name Garbh,rough .

Garumna , now th e Garonne : Garbh , rough ; abhuinn ,a river (Mac

pherson ) .

G aul us, a small island : Caol , sma ll .G aurus, now Monte Barb aro : Garbh , rough .

Gehenna , now th e Cevennes : B eann , a hil l .

G eminiacum, a place in Gau l : Ach a , a p la ce .

Gerisa , a town ofAfrica : Cathair, a city .

Gerara , a town ofArabia : ditto

Gerasa , a town ofAsia : ditto

G ergis, a town ofAsia : ditto

G eronthrae , a town ofLaconia ditto

G ergithum, a town ofZEtolia ditto

G ergovia , a town ofGaul : dit to

G erastus, a town of Boeotia : dit to

G eruns, a town of Il lyria : ditto

Gerra , a town ofArabia dit to

Syria : ditto

G erze stus, a port in Euboea Cathair ; uisge , w ater.

G eresticu s, a h arbour in l onia : ditto

G erunos, a fort in Mace donia : Garbh ,

‘

rough , (limenli.G errhus, a river ofScythia : Garbh ; u isge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

G eranus, a village n ear Pylos : Cathair.

G esodunum, a town of Rhaetia : Dun .

Geranium, a town ofI taly : Cathair.

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES.

Girgis, a town ofAfrica : Cathair.

( i laucus , a se a d eity :

a river ofAchaia : G las, grey ; du -ghlas is dark -

grey , and

Pontus was th e name ofa river in Sco tlandLycia which gave its name to th e family

Glau cusSinus, a gulf ofLycia : of Douglas.

Gl issas, a river of Boeotia :

G lota , a river of Scot land : C luidh , the C lyde .

G ordiaai, mountains in Armenia : Garbh , rough , u'lltl ; ord , a 1nozmta in .

G ordium,a city ofGalatia : Cathair, a city .

Gorgo , a city ofAsia: ditto

G ortyna , a city ofCrete : ditto

Arcadia ditto

G radiaci, a city ofNoricum: ditto

Gorgon Garbh ,rough ; e rran d

—m .

-

gra . Some names of towns so end , as Agra Cathair, a town .

Gorh ens, a fort in Armenia : Cath air.

Graese , monsters : Garbh , rough , wild .

Alp es Graiae : Alp ; garbh .

Granicus, a river ofMysia : Garbh abhuinn ,a river.

G ration , a giant : Garbh ; aon , one .

sea -

p ort ofE truria : Cath air ; u isge , wa ter.

Gratiss,thre e goddesses : G radh ,

love,ej ection .

G ratianopolis : G radh ; Baile , a town .

Garbh ,rough ; b eann ,

a hill ; monadh , a mounta inl 2 3 4 5 (5

G ra-m-

piiMon - t- es ;1

G ra,from Garbh ;

G l 'ampii Montes, m, eup honicc gra tia , b efore pmountams of 3

.

Scotland , now p 11 ,fromB e ann ;th e Gramp ians .

4

mon,fromMonadh ;5

t , eup honice gra tia , after n6

e s, a p lural termination not derivedGae lic .

G rumentum, a town of Lu cania : Cathair, a town .

G ryn eum, a town of1E olis : ditto

iyrton , a town ofGre ece : ditto

Grynaeus, a name ofApollo : G rian , the sun .

H aemonia , the mountainous country afterwards called Th essaly :

Monadh ,a hil l .

H adrianopolis, a town of Thrace : Bail e , a town .

H adrume tum, a tow nin Africa : Doir, wa ter ; aite , a p lace .

H al esus, a river ofAsia Minor, H al ~ e su s : Uisge , wa ter.

H alys, a river ofAsia Minor : Ail lt , a mountain ’

s stream.

H ebromagus, a town in Gau l Magh ,a p la in ,

a p la ce .

H ecatomb ceus, H ecatomboia : C eu d , a hundred : 110 , a c on

H ecatomp olis C eud ; b ail e , a town .

H ecatonnesi : C end ; innis, an island .

H elicon , a river ofMacedonia : Aill t , a river.

Sicily :

H e lisson , a river ofArcadia : dit to

H e lorus, a river of Sicily : ditto

H ermum, a fort near B ysantim Ard , high .

74 CELTIC OR IGIN OF

H eraei Montes, in Sicily : Ard , high .

H erdonia , a town ofApu lia : Dun ,a hill , a town .

H erme s,or Mercury , from eiro , sp eak : Radh , sp eech .

H ermonacum, a p lac e in Gaul : Acha .

H ermopolis : Bail e , a town .

H esp eria , H esp erides, H esp eris, H esperus, al l fromH esp er orVe sp er,th e se tting sun : F e asgar, evening.

H esp eritis, a country ofAfrica : F e asgar ; aite , a p la ce .

H esp eriumCornu , a promontory on th e west coast ofAfrica : F easgar ;corn ,

a horn .

H e sp erius Sinus, a bay on th e west coast ofAfrica : F e asgar ; sin,extend .

H isp alis, a town of Spain , H is-

p al is : Bail e ? a town .

H omol e , a mountain of Th essaly : Mae l .H omonada , a fort in th e h ill s of Cil icia :Monadh

,a hill .

H ortona , a town of Italy : D un ,a hil l , a town .

H yamp olis, a town of Ph ocis : Baile , a town .

H yccaron , a town of Sicil y : Cath air, a city .

H ydra , a water-monster: Doir, wa ter.

H ydroate s, a river_

of India : ditto

H ydrophoria , a fe stival : Doir b eir, carry .

H ydrus, a p ort of Calabria : Doir, wa ter.

H yrcanumMare , p art ofth e Caspian Se a , H yr- canum Cuan , the sea .

H ysp a , a river of Sicily : Uisge , wa ter.

B yssus, a river of Capp adocia : Uisge , wa ter3

H erminius Mons, a mountain of Spain , H - er-min - ius : Ard , high ;3

monadh , a mounta in

Iacchus, a name of Bacchus, from iach ein : Eigh , a shout .—iacum. Some name s of towns end in f iacum: Acha , a p lain ,

a p la ce . Many p l ace s, vill ages , p arish es and farms in Scotland

h ave th eir names b eginning with ach and anch

I axartes, a large river ofAsia : Uisge , wa ter ; mor (in compos.- or) ,

grea t .

Ibera s, a river of Spain , whence Ib eri, and Iberia : Ab er and inbhir,the mou th of a river.

Idalia , a h eigh in Cyp rus, I - dalia : Tu la , a hill .I dunum, a town ofRh oetia : Dun ,

a hi l l,a town .

I llib eris, a town of Gaul : Burg, a town .

Imbarus, part ofMount Taurus : B ar, a height .Interamna , four towns so named from b eing situated b etween rivers

E adar, be tween abhuinn , a river.

Interrex : B adar, betwixt ; righ ,a king.

Iris, fi'

om e iro R adh , sp eech .

Iru s, a mountain of Italy : Ard , a height .I s Some names ofrivers b egin with , and some end in Is : Uisge ,

u is-

ge , wa ter.

I s, a river of Italy : Uisge , wa ter (Williams) .I s, a river ofBabylonia ditto

.Tsapis, a river ofUmbria ditto

I sargus, now th e Ise t : ditto

Isca , th e river Ex in Devonshire : ditto

Isca , or Osk a , th e Usk in Monmouthshire ditt o

Isaurus, a river ofUmbria Uisge , uis-

ge ; mor, grea t .Isar, a river of Gaul ditto

Isar, now th e Oise : ditto

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

7a CELTIC ORIG IN or

Lycorea , a town on Parnassus Cathair, a town .

L e this sound is a comp onent 1n some name s, as L ep inas, Libanus ,Liburnus, Lycone , Lyeorea : h as it any mean1ng 1n th e Celtic

Maenalus, a mountain ofArcadia :Monadh , a hill .Maol , a promontory ; mMal e a , a promontory of Le sb os : Scottish , Mul l , asMu l l

th e Peloponnesus of Cantire .

Mal ea , a c ity ofPh thiotis Bail e , -

a town .

Mal ia , a city of Thessal y : ditto—magus. Some name s ofp laces end in —magus : Magh , a p lain ,

a p la ce .

Mal Mel Mil Myl Some names of towns so b egin , fromB a il e , a town .

Mallos, a town of Cilicia : Baile .

Mantine a , a city at th e £001. ofMount Artemisius :Monadh a hill ;Dun .

Mars, th e Roman god ofwar, p erhap s fromAres : Ar, ba ttle.

Mar Mur some names of t own s so b egin : Burg, a town .

Mar Mur Mer Mor Mir Myre Some names oftownsso b egin : Burg, a town .

Marcianop olis B a il e , a town .

Marcodurum, a p lace in Gau l : Doir, wa ter.

Marcomagus, a p lace in Gau l Magh, a p lain .

Mare Mortuum, a lak e in J udea : Muir, sea mort , kil l , dead .

Mareotis, a lak e in Egyp t : Muir, sea .

Al p esMaritimse : Alp , high ; muir, sea .

Mariaba , two cities in Arabia , Mar- iaba : B urg ? a town.

Marisa s, a river of Dacia :Mor, grea t ; uisge , wa ter.

Maridunum, now Carmarthen : Muir ; dun .

Margidunum, a town in Britain : Dun .

Marmarica , a country on th e shore ofth e Mediterrane an :Muir, the sea .

Marmaridae : Muir.

Maronea , a town on th e Thrac ian sea- coast : Muir, the sea .

Marru cini, a p eop le of It aly , on th e c oast : ditto

Marruvium, a town of th e Marsi, on th e coast : ditto

Marp essus, a mountain in Paros, Mar-

p essus : B ar, a height .Marus, a river of Germany :Mor ; uisge .

Matinum, a city ofMessapia : Dun .

Mattiacum, a place in Germany : Acha , a p la ce .

Matralia , Matronalia : Math air, a mother.

Mauritania , a country on th e shore of th e Mediterranean : Muir,the sea .

Mauri, Maurn , a p eop le ofAfrica : Muir, the sea .

Me deriacum, a pl ace in Gaul : Acha , a p la ce .

MediterraneumMare :Me adh on , middle ; tir, land ; muir, sea .

Megal op olis, a city of Arcadia : B ail e , a town .

Megara , a town of Gre e c e,Me -

gara : Cath air, a town .

Me l eenae , a vill age ofAttica : Bail e ; me an (in compos.- an ) , sma ll .

Mel das, now Me aux : Bail e , a town .

Meliboe a , a town of Thessaly : ditto

a city of Thessaly : ditto

Melitere , a city in Asia dit toMerobrica , a town of Lusitania : Burg, a town .

Mesembria , a town of Thrace : ditto

Meros, a mountain of India : Mor, grea t.

Minariacum,a p lace in Gau l : Ach a .

Minnodunum, a town of th e H elvetu :Monadh ; dun.

C LASSl CAL PR O PER NAMES. 7 7

Mirobriga , two towns in Spain : Burg, a town muir, the sea .

Moenalus, a h ill ofArcadia :Monadh , hil l ; use ], sma ll ; or coille , wood .

Moeris, a lak e ofEgyp t : Mu ir, the sea .

Mogun tiacum, now Mentz : Ach a .

Mons Sacer, Mon tanus :Monadh , a hill .

Morgantuim a town of Sicily : B urg, a town .

Morimorusa , a name give n by th e C imbri to the North ern Ocean ,and wh ich me ans th e De ad Sea . Muir

,sea , 1n01 t , dead .

Morini, a p e op le on the c oast of G au l : l\l ui1 , the seaa Gaulish king: Mao1 , one in a uthority .

kil l .

Murgant ia , a town of Samnium: Burg, a town .

M ursa , a town ofPannonia : dit to

Mutina , a town ofGau l : Dun .

Myenu s, a mountain ofAi tolia :Monadh .

Mylae, a town of Sicily : Baile . a town .

Myon esus , an island n e ar Th essaly : Innis, a n island .

Myra , a city on th e Lycian coast : Muir, sea .

Myrina , thre e sea - coast towns so named dit to

Myrtuntum,a lak e ofAcarnania : ditto

I 3 1 3MyrtoumMare , part ofth en e an Sea :Myr- toumMare ; muir; muir.

Nasos orN esos, an insular town in Acarnania : Innis, an island .

N atiso , a river of Gau l , Nat - iso : Uisge , wa ter.

Nauplia , a town ofArgolis, Nnu -

p lia : Baile , a town.

N auportus, a town of Pannonia : N ua , new ; port , a harbour.

N e a Insula : N u a innis, an isla nd .

N ebrode s, a mountain of Sicil y , Ne - brode s : B ar, a height .Nemus, a grove : N aomh , holy (Prich ard . )

z 3 1 z

N emetacum, a town in Gaul , N em- et - ach a :Neemb,holy ; aite , a p la ce ;

3a ch a , a p lain , a p la ce .

Nemetobrigia , a town in Lusitania : Burg, a town .

N emoralia , from n emus : N aomh , holy .

Ne op olis : N ua ; b aile , a town .

N ep tunus, th e god of th e sea , N ep- tunus : T enn ? a wave .

N eritum, a town of Calabria : Aite , a p la ce .

N ertobriga , two towns in Sp ain : Burg, a town .

Nicopol is, several citie s of th is n ame : Bail e , a town .

N oe omagus, th i e e towns in Gaul : Nua ; magl1 .N oviomagus, a town in Britain : ditto

N ovioburgum: Nua , new ; bu1g, a town .

Noviodunum, a town in Gau l : Nna dun , a hill , and appl ied to townsas Dunedin th e Gae lic name of Edinbui gh .

Noctiluca , a name ofDiana : N och d , night , l eus, light.Novidunum, a town in Gau l : Nua ; dun .

N oviodunum, a town in Britain : ditto

N ovaria , a town in Gaul : Nu a , new ; burg, a town .

N ox : N och d , night .

N u ceria , se veral towns of this name : Nua cathair, a town.

Numa , a king ofR ome : N aomh , ho ly .

N undina , a goddess : Naoi, nine ; di, a day .

Nymphae , femal e d eitie s : N aomh , holy .

Nymphaeum, fromNymph ae : N aomh .

Nymphaea s, ditto

Nymphidius, ditto

78 CELTIC O RIG IN OF

O axes, a river ofCrete : Uisge , uis-

ge , water.

O arus, a river of Sarmatia : Ruith ,flow .

Oceanus, Oc eanide s : Aigionn , the deep .

Oc tavia , Octavius , O ctavianu s: O eh d , eight .

O ctodurus, a town in Gau l : Torr, a hil l .(Ebalia , a name of Tarentum: B aile , a town .

(Enus , a river of Laconia : Abhuinn , a river.

(Eta , a mountain of The ssal y : At , a p rominence .

(Enussae , two isl ands in th e Aege an se a : Innis, an island .

(E nussee , two islands ofi'

th e coast ofMessenia : Innis, an island .

O gyes, son of T erra : Ogb a , a grandchild ; c e , the earth .

Olina , a river ofGau l :Aill t , a river.

O ltis, a river ofGau l : Ail lt , a river.

O lmius, a river of Boeotia : Ail lt , a river.

O u some name s of rivers b egin with , and others end in

Abha inn , a river.

O nch estus, a son of Neptune : Abhuinn , a river.

a riverof Th e ssaly : ditto

O nochonu s, a river of The ssaly ditto

O ps, from Opu s, op eris : O bair, work.

Oraculum R adh , sp eech .

O rme don , a loftymountain ’

in Cos, O r-me - don : Ard , high ; dun, a hill .

O rb e lus, a h ill of Thrace : O rd , a hil l .

O rch alis, a hill of Boeotia ditto

Ordovice s, a p eopl e of Britain : ditto

Oreade s, nymph s ofth e mountains ditto

O rgetorix , a H elvetian chie f: Righ , a king.

Orgia : F e arg, p assion .

O riens : Ear, the east.

Orion , a giant : Ard , high ; aon , one .

Orontes, a hill ofMedia : 0rd , a hill ; ard , high .

Qrmedon , a mountain in Cos : ditto

O rmedon , a giant : ditto

O rosp eda Mons, a mountain in Jpain : dit to

Oront es, a river of Syria : Ruith , flow.

O sa , a river of Italy . Uisge , uis-

ge , wa ter.

O sciu s, a river of Thra‘c e : ditto

O sismii, a p eopl e ofGau l , 011 th e coast dittoOxus, a river ofB actriana : dittoO xydracae , a p e op l e of India, living at th e confluenc e of two rivers

Uisge , and doir, wa ter.

O xydrynchus, a city of Egypt , situated near a canal : Uisge , and

Doir, wa ter.

P . Ce l tic b .is some time s changed to LatinPadus, a river of Italy , Padus : Uisge , wa ter.

Padusa , a river of Italy , Pad - usa : Uisge , wa ter.

Pal Pe1 Ph al Phil—3 Phy1 P1a Pol , Py1 some namesoftown b egin with th e se : Bail e , a town .

P alacium, a town of Thrace : Baile ; b eag (in comp .- ag) , sma ll .Palae , a town of Corsica : Bail e .

Pale ee , a town of Cyprus : ditto

C eph al l enia : dittoPal ee ste , a harb our of Epirus Baile uisge , wa ter.

Palantium a town of Arcadia : Baile , a town .

Palatiuni , a vill age on th e Palatine h il l wh ere R ome was afterwardsbuil t : Baile , a town .

Palatia a town in Sp ain : Baile , a town .

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 79

Pal las, a goddess, so named frompalle in B uaill , strike .

Pal ladium, from Pal las : dit to

Pa l ladins, from Pal las : d itto

Pal lanteum, a town of Italy Baile , a town .

Pal lanteum, a town ofArcadia : d itto

Pa lumb inum, a town ofSamnium: dit to

Palma , a town ofMajorca : ditto

Pallene , a town ofAttica : dit to

Palmyra , a town ofAsia : ditto

Panachaiacus, a hill ofArcadia, so called frompan , or fromB eann ,a hill .

Pan , th e god of sh eph erds, &c . : B o , a cow.

I’angmus, mountains in Thrace : B eann , a hil l .

Paniam, a mountain of Syria : dit to

Panopolis, a city in Egyp t : Baile .

Par, Per Ph ar Ph er Phri Pra P 1'i Pro PruPyr Peri Ph arg Some name s oftowns b egin with the seB urg, a town .

Paradisus, a town of Syria : Burg, a town .

Paraetaca , a town of Pe rsia d itto

Parae tonium, a fort in Egypt : Burg ; dun , a hill .

Parisfi , now Paris : B urg, a town.

Parium, a town ofAsia d itto

Farms. a town of Italy : d itto

Parore ia , a town of Thrace dit to

Pe loponnesus: dit to

Parrh e sia . a town ofArcadia : ditto

Parnassus, a moun tain in Gre eceParnes, a mou ntain in Attic a :Parth enius, a moun tain in Pe loponnesusParth enium, a town ofMysia .

Pe demomium, at th e foot of th e Alps ; Pe s, pous, from Cos, a footmonadh , a hill .

Pelion , a mountain of Thessaly, p erh ap s with a rounded summ1tBall , a round objec t .

Fe lina s , a town ofMacedonia : Bail e , a town .

P e lium, ditto

Pe l la , ditto

P e llane , a town ofLaconia : dit to

P e l linesum, a town of Gre e ce ditto

P e l lene , a town ofAchaia : ditto

Pe l tae , a town of Phrygia : ditto

P e lusium, a town of Egyp t : Baile ; niege , wa ter.

P endalium, a promontory of Cyprus : B e ann, a hill .Pentap olis : Bail e , a town .

P enninaa Alp e s : B eah n , a hill .

P enninus, a die ty of th e Alps ditto

Pente licus a mountain ofAt taca : dit to

P ercote a town of th e H el l espont : Burg, a town .

Perga , a town of Pamphylia : ditto

Pergama , th e citade l of Troy, and th ence app lied to Troy itself ;Pergama omnia loca editiora olimapp e llabantur: Burg, a fortress.

Pergamus, a town ofMysia : Burg, a town .

Perinthus, a town of Thrace : dit to

P eripolium, a town of Locris : ditto

P eritonium, a town ofEgyp t : ditto

Pererene , a p lace of Phrygia : dit to

P erranthes, a hill ofEp irus: B ar, a height.

80 CELT IC OR IGIN O F

Persep ol is a -city of Persia : Baile , a town .

P e rusia , an Etrurian city on a l ak e Burg ; uisge , wa ter.

Pe tra , th e name of several fortre sses : Torr ? a hill,a mound .

Ph alaesia , a town ofArcadia “

: Baile , a town .

Ph alanna , a town of Perrhmbia : ditto

Ph alacrine , a town of th e Sabines: ditto

Ph alanth us, a town ofArcadia : ditto

Ph alcidon , a town of Th essaly : ditto

Ph al erum, a p ort ofAth ens : ditto

Ph arangium, a fort of Persia : B urg, a fort .Ph ara , a town of Afric a : Burg, a town .

Ph are s, a town of P e lop onaesus: ditto

Ph arae , a town ofBoeotia : dit to

a town ofAch aia dit to

a t own of Cre te dit to

Pharis, a town ofLaconia dit to

Ph arna cia , a town of Pontus dit to

Ph arsalus, a town of Th essaly : ditto

Pharyge , a town of Locris ditto

Ph eree , a town ofAttica Burg.

a town of Th essal y ditto

Ph erinum, a town of Th essaly : dittoPhila , a town ofMacedonia B aile , .a town .

Philace , thre e towns so name d : ditto

Philae , a town ofEgyp t : ditto

Ph il eros, a town ofMac edonia : ditto

Phil ene , a town of Attica ditto

Phill eius, a town of'

Mac edonia : ditto

Phillos, a town of The ssaly : ditto

Philomelum, a town of Phrygia ditto

Philonus, a town of Egyp t : ditto

Phlia s, a town ofGreec e : ditto

Phylace , a town ofMacedonia : ditto

Epirus ditto

Th e ssaly : ditto

Phyle , a pl ace in Attica : dit to

Phrycium, a town in Gre e ce Burg.

Phrixa , a town in Elis : Burg.

Pilumnu s, th e god of b ak ers : B all , a round objec t .Picra s, a h il l of Thessal y : B ar, at height .Pieris, a mountain ofMacedonia : B ar, a h eight .

Pierus, a mountain ofTh essaly : dit to

Pindasus, a h il l of Troas B eann ,a hil l .

Pindus, a h ill of Th essaly : ditto

Pind enissus, a town on a mountain : B e ann ; dun

Placentia , a city of Gau l : Bail e , a town .

Plataeae , a city ofBoe otia : ditto

Platine , a city of Pal e stine ditto.

Pleuron , a city ofZEtolia ditto

P l emmyrium, a p romontory of Sicily : Muir,sea :

P lotinop olis, a city of Thrace Bail e,

.

Polichna , a town of Troas : Bail e , a town .

a town of Cret e : ditto

Pol isma , a town of Troas : dit to

Pol emonium, a town ofPontus : dittoPolias, a name ofMin erva : ditto

Poll entia,a town of Liguria : ditto

Politorium, a town of Italy ditto

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 8 1

Pol lupex, a town ofGenoa : B aile .

Polusca , a town of Latium: ditto

Pomp e lo , a town of Spain ditto—p o lis. Some name s of towns end in —polis: Baile , a town.

Portumnus. a sea - deity : Port, a harbour.

Portumnalia : dit to

Prac tium, a town in Asia Burg, a town .

Praeneste , a tow n in Latium ditto

Prae tor, from prfe and itor: Roi, before ; u idhe , a way .

Praetu tium,a town of Pic enum: Burg, a town .

Privernum, a town ofLa tium: ditto

Proerna , a town of Ph th iotis : dittoProschium, a town ofPe loponnesus a1 tto

Procyon : Roi, before ; cu ; conn ,a dog.

Propontis, now th e se a ofMarmora : Roi, before ; cuan , sea .

P rnsa , a town ofBithynia : Burg.

P nl tobria , a town ofThrace : ditto

Pygmtei, a supp osed na tion ofdwarfs B eag, sma l l .Pylene , a town ofABtolia : Baile , a town .

Pylleon , a town ofTh essaly : B aile , a town .

Pylae , a town ofAsia : dit to

Pylos, four towns so named : ditto

Pylos, a town ofPe loponnesus ditto

Pyreeum, a h ill ofMe dia : B ar,a height.

Pyra , p art ofMount (E ta ditto

Pyrenaei, th e Pyrene e s: ditto

Pyrrhus, so named from his h air b eing th e colouroffire : Brath ,fire .Pyrgi, a town of E lis Burg, a town , a fort .Pyrgus, a town ofTriphylia : ditto

Pyrgi, a town of E truria ditto

Pyrgis, a fort in E lis : ditto

Pyrrh a , a town in Eub oea : ditto

a town in Lesbos : ditto

Pyrrh icus, a town ofLaconia ditto

Pyrassus, a town of Th e ssaly : ditto

Pyreum, a fire- temp l e : Brath ,fire .

Pyacmon ditto

Pyrodes, son ofAl ix , who discovered how to strik e fire fromfiints :Brath

,fire .

Pyrene , a promontory : B ar, a height .Pyrene , “a town of the C e l ts (H erod . i. Burg, a town .

Pyramide s : B ar, a height .P ed Th ere are some name s ofplac es b eginning with this sound ,

which is p erh aps al lie d t o th e word Pit wh ich occurs in somename s of p lace s in Scotland , as Pitlochrie , Pitsligo , dzc .

Pe dum,a town of Latium: Pit, a hollow tand occuring in many

Pe tilia , a town of Italy : name s of p laces. )Pitane , a town ofAsia -Minor: ditto

Potidaea , a town ofMace donia : dittoPotniae

, a town of Boeotia : dit to

Puteoli, a town ofCamp ania : ditto

Pu ticulae , a p lace at R ome : ditto

Pityus, a town ofColchis : ditto

Pylae , a general name among th e Greeksfor any narrow p ass:Bealach ,a p ass ; caol , narrow .

Pyrenaei Monte s : B ar, a height monadh,a hill .

Pyth ia , th e priestess ofApol lo , who gave ou t th e oracles : Feidh ,a p rophe t .

CELTIC ORIGIN OF

Qu . Celtic 0 is sometimes changed to Latin qu .

Quadratus: C e ath ar, four.

Qu adrifrons : C eath ar,four ; b eir, carry .

Querque tulanus, a name of"Mount Caelius

,fromits oaks,

2 2

querque - tul - anusi Tula, a hill .Quinc tius: Gu lg,five .

Quinde cemviri : Cuig,five ; de ug, ten ; fir, men .

Quintolianus, Quinctiu s, Quint e ll us : Cuig, j ive .

Quirinalis, Quirinalia , Quirinus, from Cures : Cathair, a town .

“

Quirites from Cures : Cathair, a town“

.

R egiodunum,a town ofG au l ; righ , a king dun , a hill , a town.

Rh a , a river ofEurop e : Ruith ,fiow .

Rh atomagus, a town in Gau l : Magh , a p lain , a p lace .

Rhios, th e loca l name of th e strait b etween Naup aetus and PatraeRuith , j low .

Rh odunia , th e top ofMount (Eta : Dun , a hill .

Rhobodunum, a town in Germany : Dun , a hill , a town:Rigodunum, a town in Britain : dit to—rix , some names ofGau l ish chiefs end in —rix Righ , a king.

Rutub a , a river of Latium Ruith ,fiow .

Rh esus, name ofa river : Ruith ,flow uisge , wa ter.

Rh odanus, a river of E urop e : Ruith , j low .

Rh enus, a. river ofGermany : Bran is th e name ofmany rivers in th eH ighlands of Scot land , ofone near Dunk eld . Also Bran (obso

a mountain torrent .Rutilus, Rutilius, Rutuli : R uadh , red .

Sacrovir, a Gaulish chief, Sacro - vir Fear, a man .

Sala , a river ofGermany , yie lding sal t : Sal , sa lt .

Salamis, a daugh ter of th e river Asop us : ditto

Salamis,an island : (so named from th e above ) ditto

a city ditto ditto

Salana : Sal , sa lt .

Sal ernum, a city ofCamp ania , n e ar th e sea : Sal , sa lt .Salo , a river in Spain : Sal , sa lt .

Saloniacum, a p lace in Gau l : Sal , sa lt ; ach a , a p lain , a p lace .Samarobriva , a town in Gau l : Burg, a town .

Savo , Scu ltenna , names of rivers, Scu l t - enna : Amhuin ,a river,

IVilliams. )Sgordus, mountains in Il lyria:: Sgorr, a rock .

Sciressa , a h ill in Arcadia : ditto

Sciradium, a promontory in Attica : ditto

Sciron , a robb erin At tica , who threw h is victims overrocks: dittoScombrus, a mountain in Thrace : B ar, a height.Scul tenna , a river in Gaul : Abh ainn ,

a river.

Scyros, an island ce l ebrat ed for itsmarbl e : Sgorr, a rock .

Scyrum, name ofa city , S- cyr

-um: Cathair.

Segodunum, a town in G au l : Dun , a hil l , a town .

a town in Britain : d itto

a town in Germany : ditto

Sedunum, a town in th e Al ps: ditto

Sehendunum,a town in Spain : d itto

Segobriga , a. city of Spain Burg, a town .

Se l emnus, a river ofAch aia : Sal ? sa lt ; abhuinn , a river.

Se ll eis, a river of Elis : Sal ; uisge , wa ter.

Selymbria , a town of Thrace : Burg, a town .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

CELTIC O RIGIN OF

Tartessus, a town at th emouth ofth e B oetis:Doir, (obsolete ) , wa ter.T arresium, a city on th e river Silis ; dittoTaunus, a moun tain in Germany : Dun , a hill .T auroscyth ae : Torr, a hil l ; senit , a. wandering na tion .

Taurus, a mountain ofAsia‘ Torr, a hil l .Tauris, th e p eninsula c al l ed in th e time of H erodotus ( IV.

C

hle

l

r

l

soneSus Montosa , th en Ch . Taurica , now th e Crimea : Torr,a z

Tauri, T aurica , from th e ab ove Torr,a hill .

Taurini, a p e opl e near th e Alp s ditto

Tauromenium, a town Sicily , near hills : dit to

Taurus, a mouu tain in Sicily : dit toTaurisci : a trib e on th e Alps: dittoT aurasii, a p eopl e on th e mountains in Samnium: Torr, a hil l.T al etum, th e summit ofmount Taygetus : Tula , a hill ; aite , a p la ce .

T eanumApu licum, a city ofApu l ia : Dun ,a hill

, a town .

T e anum Sidicinum a city of Camp ania dittoTe l e thu s, a mountain in Boeotia : Tul a , a hill .T endeb a , a fort in Stratonice Dun , a hil l .

T empsis, th e ancient name ofMou nt Timolus Tom, a. hill .

T entyra , a town on th e Nil e Dun , a. hil l, a town doir, wa ter.

Terias, a river of Sicily : Doit , wa ter.

Tergeste , a sea- coast town of Italy : Doir, wa ter.

T erina , ditto dit to

Terra , one ofth e most ancient deities:Tir, the earth , all ied to tior, dry .

T erioli, a fo‘tified town in Italy : Torr,* a hill .

As a running stream is th eeasiest and most natural

Te rminus, th e god of boundaries : b oundry of land , and al so

Terminalis, Terminalia , from th e above : th e most common one , ter

minus Was derived fromDoir, water.

Teumessus, a hill Tom,a hill .

2 e

T e trica , a mountain of th e Sabines, Te ~tris ca z Torr, a hill .Tetrapolis : C e ath air, four (Ce l tic 0 b eing often changed to Gre ek t

b aile , a town .

Thaumasius, a mountain ofArcadia : Tom,a hill .

Th aumaci, a town of Th essaly , on a heigh t ? Tom:.Acha , a. p la ce .

Themiscyra , a city of Pontus : C ath air, a city . .

Th e o Many names b egin with Th eo— z Dia , G arl .

Th eocritus : Dia , G od ceart , right

Th eodonus, Th e odotus : D ia , G od ; do, to.

Th e op olis ; Dia : Bail e , a. town .

Th ermae : Doir,wa ter.

Th ermaicus Sinus, a b ay of Gre e ce : Doir, wa ter ; sin , extend .

Th ermodon , a river of Pon tus : Doir.

a river of Bmotia Doir.

Thimarus, a fort of Gre e c e : Tom, a hill ; mor, great .Thorax , a mountain in Ionia : Torr, a hill .Thoruax , a mountain in Laconia : ditto

Thorsus, a river of Sardinia : Doir, wa ter.

Thronium, a town ne ar th e river B oagrius : Torr, a hill .

Thurium, a p lace in Gree ce n e ar a fountain ditto

it Some names ofp laces b eginningwith th is sound , may b e fromTorr, ahil l , th e first towns b eing genera lly 1 11 e l evated situations, in th e same wayasDun , which primaril y means a hil l , is found a component in numerousnames of towns ; th e same is th e case with regard to Burg.

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 85

T hyanius, a promontory op irus , neara river:Dun ,a hill ; u isge ,w a ter.

T ib ul a,a town of Sardin ia : Ti- bula ; baile , a town.

T ilor, a cape ofCorsica : Tu la , a hil l .T ilph ussus, a mountain ofBoe otia : Tula, a hil l .T iph ernum, a town of Umbria :

a town ofUmbria :a town of Samnium :

Tifurnus , a mountain of Samnium: B ar, a height .

Tigranocerta , a city ofArmenia : Cath air, a town.

Tion , a town ofPaph lagonia : Dun,a hill , a town .

Tingis a town ofAfrica , Tin -

gis d itto

Titan , a name th at has b e en app lied to th e sun : T e ine ,fire .

Tith orea , a p art ofMount Parnassus, '

l‘

i- th or- ea : Torr, a hill .

a town (Ce l tic 1) b e inganged to p , and p to p h . )

a c ity on Mount Parnassus : ditto

Tmarus and Tomarus, a mountain ofEp irus:Tom, a hill ; mor, grea t .T omzc um, a mountain 1 11 Pe lop onne sus : dittoTorus, a h ill ofSicily : Torr, a hil l .Torone , a promontory ofGre e ce : Torr, a hill .Tone a , a fe stival observed on th e sea - sh ore : Tonn , a wave .

Tole tum, a town ofSp ain , Tol - e t - um: Aite , a p la ce .

Trajanopolis, a city of Thrace : Baile , a. townTreba , a town ne ar th e AnioTrerus, a river in L atiumTr

‘

eb ia , a river in Gaul :Tri0p s, a son ofNep tune :Tricca , a city ofTh e ssaly , near the Peneus :Tricala , a h ill - fort in Sicil y : Torr, a hil l .Trimontium, a town in Thrace : Tri, three ; monadh , a hill .

Tridentinte Alp e s : Tri, three ; deud , a tooth al p , high .

Triopium, a promontory ofGre e ce Torr, a hil l .Triopium, a town named from th e above : ditto

Tripolis, a city of Syria : Tri, three ; bail e , a town .

Triton , a river ofBoeotia : Doir, wa ter.

a name of th e Nil e ditto

a son ofNep tune : ditto

a river ofAfrica : ditto

Tritonis, a lak e in Afric a : ditto

Troas, a district on th e coast ofAsia Minor: ditto

Troch ois, a lak e in De los : ditto

Trivia : Tri, three ; aidh a , a way .

Trivicnm,a p lace among th e Apul ian mountains,

I 3 1 3Tri- v - ic - um Torr, a hill ; ach a , a p lace .

Triumviri: Tri, three ; fir, men .

Tun es, a city ofAfrica : Dun , a hil l , a town.

Tyana , a city ofCappadocia ditto

Tm'

obrica , a town in Boeotia : Doir ; burg, a town .

Tuntobrica,a town : Burg, a town .

T un e tum, a p la ce : Aite , a p la ce .

Turia , a river of Sp ain Doir, wa ter.

Turrus, a river of Italy : ditto

Tyra , a river of Sarmatia : ditto

Turuntus, a river of Sarmatia ditto

Tyrrh enumMare , a p art ofth e Mediterranean :Doir, wa ter.

Tyro , a river- nymph : dit to

Troja , a city“buil t on an eminence : Torr, a hill.

Ufens, a river ofLatium:Ahh (obsolete ) , water.

CELTIC OR IGIN O F

Ulubrse, a town of Latium: Burg, a town ,

Undecemviri: Aon , one ; d eich , ten ; fir, men.

Uranus, the most ancient ofth e gods: Ard ? high ,

Urania , one of th e Muses : ditto

a name ofVenus : ditto—us, a termination ofsome names ofrivers : Uisge , uis-

ge , water.

Usciburgium, a town : Uisge ; bu rg, a town .

Uxii, a p e ople living on th e river O roatis:Uisge ? wa ter.

V. C eltic b is sometimes changed to Latin V.

Va1 V e l Vol Vul Some names oftowns b egin with these :Baile , a town .

Vat icanus, a h il l at R ome , so named from va tes, as once it was th e

seat ofEtru scan divination , Vati- canus:F aidh , a p rophet ; ceann ,a head , a hil l . Prophe ts’ H il l:

Valentia, a name ofRome : Bail e , a town .

a city in Gau l : ditto

a city in Sp ain : ditto

Ve lica, a town of th e Cantabn ditto

Ve lia , or E lia , a town ofCamp an ia : ditto

V e litrse , a town of Latium: ditto

V e lobrica , a town of th e N eme tes ditto

V ell eiaticum, a place in Italy ditto

V e l launodunum, a town in Gaul : Dun .

Vejovis, or V ejupiter, a d eity supp osed to b e th e same as Jupiter th einfant , V e - jovis : Be ag, little .

Var Ver Some names oftowns b eginwith the se Burg, a town .

Varia , a town ofS p ain Burg, a town .

V e rb igenus, a town ofth e Cel ts : ditto

V ergium, a fort in Gaul : dit to

Verbinum, a town in Gau l ditto

V ergium, a town in Sp ain dit to

Vereel lae , a town in Gaul : ditto

Verona , a town in Gau l : ditto

V erreginum, a town ofth e Volsc1 ditto

Verrugo , a town of th e Vol sci ditto

Verul amium, near St . Al bans ditto

V erovicum,Warwick ditto

V erlucio , Westbury ditto

V ertobrica , a town in Gau l d it to

V ersaliee , Versaill es ditto

Verterae , a town in Britain ditto

Vereeis, name ofa river, V er- esis ; Uisge , wa ter.

Verneme tis, th e name ofa t emple in Gau l ;I 2 3

Fortunatus says, it me ans‘a great temple Ver-nem- e t - is

I 2 3

Mor, grea t ; naomh , holy ; ait e , a p la ce .

Vernon eme tum, a p lace in Britain ; Mor ; naomh aite ,

Ver Vir Th e names ofsome natives ofGau l b egin with theseFear, a man .

Vercinge torix, a Gaulish chief : Fear, a man ; ceann , a head ; righ ,a. king.

V ergasil launus, a general ofV ercingatorix : Fear.

Vergobre tus, a chief of th e ZEdui: Fear, man gu , to ; breith , judge(Ma cp herson ) .

‘9 See Prichard

’s Physic . H ist ofMankind , iii. 127

CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES. 8 7

Veritas : Fior, true .

Veragri, an Alpine tribe : B ar, a height .Ve stini, a mountaine er race of Italy : Dun, a hill .Vice tia , a town ofGaul : Aite , a p la ce .

Vigornia , Worc ester: Cathair, a town .

Vindonissa , a town of th e H elve tii: Dun,a kill

,a town .

Vindunum, a town ofGau l dittoVindomagus, a town ofGaul : Magh , a p la in , a field .

—vi,* an affix,me aning littl e , as in Divi : B eag, little .

Viadrus, a river ofGermany : Doir, wa ter.

Viadu s, a river ofGermany : Ad (obsolete ) wa ter.Virdunum: Dun .

Vertumnus, th e god ofspring: Feur, grass.Viriathus, a Lusitanian : Fear, a man .

Viridomarus, an Al duan chief : Fear, a man ; maor, one in authority .

Virtus : F e art,virtue .

Vol turnus, name ofa wind : Ail e , a ir.

Volaterrse , a city ofEtruria : Baile , a town .

Vol tumnaaFanum,a p lace in Etruria : ditto

Volana , a town of th e Samnites dittoVolanum, a p lace in. Armenia : dittoVola b a , Falmou th : dittoVolubil is, a town in Africa dittoVolturnum, a town in Campania : ditto

Vu lsinium, a town in Etruria : dittoVulcanus : B uaill ? strike .

Volse, a town of th e ZEqui: Bail e , a town .

In these e tymological researches, I have derived aid from th e following sourc esz—Buch anan , b orn in th e county ofStirling, and most

lik e ly ab le to sp eak Gae lic , gives, in h is H istory of Scotland , severalgroups ofnames b eginning with Dunum Burg , &c . I n th e Dic

tionarium Scoto - Ce lticum, pub lish ed by th e H ighl and Socie ty of

Scotland (2 vols . 4to . Edin . th ere are various referen ces toprop er names, and I have quoted Pe tit -R ade l , Falcone t, F ene l , Macph erson , Professor Murray , Dr. Prich ard , and Arch de acon Will iams.

F or th e sak e ofth e young inquirer, Imay mention that h e wil l findintere stingmatter on Ce ltic or on general ph il ology in Monb oddo

’

s

O rigin ofL anguage Stewart’

s Gaelic Grammar ; Vans Kennedy on

th e Language s of Asia and Europ e ; Brodie on Articu late Sounds ;Barclay ’s Se quel to th e Diversions of Purl ey ; and Macl ean on th e

Cel tic Language .

Th e circumstance ofmy h aving now b e en some years absent fromScotland in a colony (Canada ) , wh ere in most p arts, th ere is littl eaccess to books, will explain my n ot referring to any publications on

Ce ltic subj e cts which may h ave late ly ap p eared . Ce ltic literaturelab ours under th is disadvantage , th a t ofth e few books wh ich refer toit , it generally h appens th at only a few cop ie s are printed , so th at

some work s are sel dom to b e me t with , and oth ers are known onlyby name . I may th us h ave b e en discovering d erivations which havealready occurred to oth ers ; bu t I b elieve I h ave acknowledged all

th e aid I h ave b orrowed .

it Corresponding t9 the prefix vet , as in vesanus. See Williams, inTrans. R oy . Soc. Ed m. 1836 ; vol . xm. p . 64.

se CLASSICAL PROPER NAMES.

With regard to th e app lication of these philological researchesto th e purp oses of h istory ; th e way to exp lain th e C e l tic p art of

th e Gre ek langu age , is by saying th at th e Pe lasgi were C el ts(H erodotus i. and th at th e Gre cian race originally .was in somemeasure composed ofthem.

Th e Pe lasgi in Italy , alongwith other trib es, contributed to th eformation of th e R oman p eop le ; and th us th e Latin tongue re ceivedsome Celtic words and names in a dire ct manner, whil e oth ers w ere

in trod uced indire ctly , through th e medium of th e Gre ek , from Latinwriters at a l at er day b orrowing from th e Greek , words, some ofwhichwere from a Pe lasgian or C e ltic source .

Nora —June , 1870. Th e ab ove h as ab ou t forty more names of

p laces than it had when it app e ared in 1845 .

A P P E N D I X

TO CELTI C OR IG IN OF LATIN .

OMITTED IN PART F I RST .

Afiinis, rela ted to : Buin , belong.

Abollgg a robe : Feile , a covering.

Acerflus, a heap ; a- cer-B

’

us, p erh aps allied to Cairn , cair-n , a heap .

E mulus,a riva l :Amhuil , like .

Ac erba s, bitter : Ach iar, sharp searbh , bitter, disagreeable .

E qu e , as we ll : Agus, and .

_ atus, a t ermination of adjective , as sagulatus :—ta , a terminationof Gae lic adjectives, as sgiobal ta

B arbarus : Borb , wild .

Bonus, rich . As p e c unia from p ecus. At one time a p erson'

s weal thwas represented by th e numb er of cattl e h e h ad : B o, a cow .

B albus, stammering, B olbutio : B eul , mouth ; baoth , low.

Cano , sing : Can , sing, say .

Coccus, b lind : Caoch , blind .

Crista , a comb Cir, the crest of a cock .

Cingo , encirc le Cuing, a yoke , bond .

Durus, hard : Dur, hard .

Emacio , make lean : B eag, sma ll .Erro , wander: B ach , go .

Floreo , flo -reo : Blath , aflower.

Fu lgeo , shine : B oill sg, gleam,flash .

Fero , bear: F ar, give me , bring.

Fal lo , deceive : Me al], deceive .

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e Latin sometimes omits init ial 8 ,as ita , so, from sud , tha t .

Integer, from intego , to cover in Ann ,in tigh , house .

Int ege llus, a‘

diminu tive from integer.

I ngruo , inva de with grea tforce : Greigh , a herd .

Iracundu s, irae - undus : F earg, anger.

Interpre tor: E adar, between ; radh , sp eech .

Infesto , sp oil , damage F as, waste ,—itia , a termination of nouns, as justitia :—adh , a termination of

Gae lic nouns.

Itero , to do 'a second time : Ath , again .

Iterum,a second time Ath , aga in am, limc .

Invenio ,find : Fion , examine , investiga te .

APPENDIX TO CELTIC ORIG IN OF LATIN .

Invenustus : B ean , a woman .

-1or, a t ermination of th e comp arative degree of adjectives, as

mitis, meek ; mit1or, more meek : Fh earr, fearr, better.

Labo, labor: L apaich , becomefeeble .Malum, an app le , frommelon : Ball , a round obj ect .Mugio , to be llow : B o , a cow .

Me o , go, from os Uidh e , a way .

Motus,move o, move :Mochd , move .

Muto , change Mu th , change .

Me tuo ,fear Me at,fa int- hearted .

Mica , a crumb : B eag, little .

Maceo , grow lean Be ag, sma ll .Maritus, a. husband Fe ar, a man .

Mas, maris, a ma le : Fear, a.man .

Oleo, to smel l : B ol , smell . This h as th e same sp elling but is a

different word fromOleo , to grow :Al , nourish .

In adopting a Celtic word , th e Lat in somet imes changes initialt to p ; see p orous, p er.

Porous: Tor, a hog, a boar.

P er, through :T re , through .

Prodo , betray : Brath , betray .

Pulvis, pu l - vis, p owder B l eith , grind .

Puteus, a well , a p it : Pit , a hol low .

Palacra , a lump of gold as it is found . Pliny says it is a Spanishword . Ball , a round object ; or, gold .

Palmstra , wrestling, do. B uail l , strike .

P elicanus, a bird of the sea Pe li- can - us : Cuan , sea .

Quidam, some : Cuid , some .

Qualitas, qua lity Cail , disp osition , temp er, qua lity .

B igao , freeze Rag, stifi‘

, benumbed .

Ructo : R aoic , roar.

Sol , solis, so - lis, the sun Soil lse , light ; solus, light ; leus, light.

Storea , anything sp read on the ground ; strao es,stramen , sterno , stratum,

stratus.

o T 1r, the ground .

Sub—sus—under Sios, down. I s sus from sub , or sub from sus

Sinuo , to bend Sin , ex tend .

Semp er, a lways : Sior, a lways. Perhaps sior is th e contraction of

some word now lost .Sagum,

a frock Sac , a sack .

Sterno , to sp read on the ground , fromstoreo : Tir, the ground .

T0110 , tul i , carry G uilain , carry .

Turpis, deformed , huge : Garbh , rough .

Trabo , tt ae to , draw Srac , tear, rob, sp oil ; tarruing, draw .

—uesce , a termination of some verbs, as languesco : Fhas, fas, grow.

Velo , c lothe ; Feile , a covering. Although it h as th e same sp elling,

p erh aps th is is a different word fromVelo , concea l : F olaich , hide , concea l .

Verto , turn Fiar, bend , twist .Vu lp es, a fox , vu l

-

p e s: F aol , a wolf.

Vesp er, evening: Fiar, the west.Zona , a girdle Zonarius, Zonul a : C eangal , cean-

gal , encirc le.

Zephyrus, life- bearing : B eaths, life ; b eir, carry .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

APPENDIX TO CELTIC OR IGIN OF GREEK .

BETA .

B luzo , throw wa ter: B uail l , throw : uisge , wa ter.

B lastano , germina te , bla - stano : B ileach , a leaf.

B e , a shou t : Eigh , a shou t.

B l osko , grow , blo- sko B il each , a leaf.

Brazo , brasso , to be hot : Brath , fire .

Brithus, grea t Mor, grea t .

GAMMA .

In adop ting a Celtic word , th e Gre ek some times prefixes g, ge ,or go ; and sometime s prefixes both go and g :see gelao , gelaso ,gerus, grassos, gruzo , gogguzo .

G eruo , sound R adh , sp eech .

Grasse s, c lamour : ditto

G ruzo , sp eak softly dit to

G ogguzo , make a noise like running wa ter: Uisge , wa ter.

Gualon , a ha llow : Cl adh , a trench .

G ao , p roduce , bringforth , grow : C e , the earth .

Genos, a na tion : Cir-me adh , a na tion .

G eras, p rofit : Greigh , a herd . At on e time , wealth was representedby flock s and h erds.

Geras, p rey : G reigh , a herd . At one p eriod ofSociety , p lunderingwas

ch iefly th e driving off of cattle .

C ortos, quick : Grad , move quickly .

G orgeuo , to horrify : Garbh , rough , savage .

G l azo, to ca ll : G laodh,ca l l .

G regoreo , to wa tch . At first app lied to watching flocks : Greigh , aherd .

Gun e , a woman : Coinn e (ob sol ete ) , a wetman .

G ephura , a bridge : C e , earth ; b eir, carry . O r from h eir,carry , and

ge , prefixed .

DELTA .

Diemos,fear: Tiom,afraid .

Diploos, double : Da two ; fil l t , a fold .

Dipsos, thirst : Di, want uisge , wa ter.

Deido,fear: Diuid , timid .

EPSILON.

E teros, another: Sud , tha t ;_ ar, fhear, fear, man .

Esch atos, the last, e s- ch atos : Ais,ba ckwards .

E th elo , wish : Aill , wil l, desire .

Eik ei, there : Aig, a t .

E laion , oil : O la , oil .

Eris, strife : Ar, ba ttle .

Ereido , ma kefirm,er- eido : Tir, the ground .

Eima , a garment : Uim,around .

ETA .

In adop ting a Ce ltic word , th e G1 e ek sometimes omits initial b,

as e onfrom b eann , h ekastosfromb eag.

E on , the shore , a bank : B eah n , a hill .

H ekistos, sma l lest : B eag, sma l l .H en

, if: An , if.Emos, when : Am,

time ; th e counter-word is temos, then ; an t’

am,

the time .

TH ETA .

Thal assa , the sea , th al - assa :th 1 5 prefixed ,—a1 fromSal , sa lt , - assa

fl omuisge , water.

i l ‘l ’ENDl X‘

TU LrEL'

l‘l’C o iire ni

'

or ti e r-nan.

IOTA .

In adop ting a C e l tic word , th e G reek some time s omits initia l 3 ,as illosfrom. sui].

In adop ting a C e l tic word , the G re ek Some times prefixes i, a s

idruo , from t ir.

11105 , the eye : Suil , the eye .

Idruo , to p la ce , make j irm: Tir, the ground .

Ion , a lone : Aon , one .

Iogo , noise : Eigh , a shout .

—ides, a termination of some nouns and signifying the sons of, as

O enieide s, th e sons ofOene us ; —ide s, from p e id es , pais Paisd ,a child .

KAPPA .

In adop ting a C e l tic word , th e Gre ek some times prefixes Is, ask tizo , build from tigh ,

a ho use ; k uo fromnamb , a c a ve k taomiI p ossess from ta agmi ; k a los , fa ir from silne , love ly ; kio , go

from u idh e , a wa y . And some time s does this in a doubl e

man ner, as k okus, k okuso , to weep , to drop ,from u isge , wa ter

Korusso, increase : Garbh , thick , not slender.

Karch aros, rough , k ar- ch ar- os : G arb11 , roagh ; garbh , rough .

(Th e word rep e ated . )Kl oios, a co llar: Caol , narrow, sma l l .Kolazo , restra in : Cu l , ba ck , behind .

Kolono , diminish : C aol , sma ll .Kochl os, a shel l , k ocb lias, koch liasion : C uach , a cup .

Krios, a ram: B eith e , a ram.

Ktaomai, I p ossess : Ta aig mi, I p ossess ; agam, I p ossess ; aig mi,I p ossess.

Kudos, p ra ise , kudiazo , kudiao ; from or allied to ode , aside , to sing,to p ra ise : Lu aidh , p raise ; l omitted by th e Gre ek .

KulIOS,feeble Cli, weak .

Koti, wha t : Ciod , wha t .Kolos, noise G laodh , ca ll .

LAMBDA .

In adop ting a C el tic word , th e Greek some times omits initia l c ,as l aiafrome li ; leimonfrom cluain ; l eisfrom cliath ; l issomaifrom cli.

In adop ting a. C eltic word , th e Gre ek some times omits initial g,as la , an intensive prefix ,fromgle an intensive p refix .

Le chos, a cohort : Lu ch d , p eop le .

Logia , an assembly : Luch d , p eop le .

Lego , sp ea k : I olach , io - lach , a cry .

Lao , see , laoso : Leus, light .L eimon ,

a meadow : Clu ain ,a lawn .

Leitos, p ublic : Luch d , p eop le .

Leis, l eidos, booty , a lso a number ofca ttle : Clia th , a body , a mu ltitude .

At an early p eriod of socie ty , booty or p lunder consisted in

driving off cattle .

Litos, simp le , low Cli, humble , slow.

L a an intensive prefix : G le , an intensive prefix .

Laia , left : Cli, left.Lenos, a hollow p la ce in a meadow Linne , a marsh .

Lep to , to drink , to lap : Lioh , lip .

L eimaino , to smooths : Liomh , smoo th .

Leibo , to p our : Lioh , lip .

L agete s, a lea der of the p eop le : Luch d , p eop le .

Lissomai, beseech : C li, humble .

APPENDIX To'

CELTIC ORIGIN o'

F GREE'

K.

In '

adop ting a Ce l tic word th e Gre ek some times changes fasmestosfromfas mu th osfromfaidh .

Mostos, fu l l , rep lenished : F as, grow ,increase .

Muth os, a saying, a p redict-ion : F aidh , a p rop het .

Me lon ,the mamma : Maol

,a rounded summit.

Meruo , to ga th er in a keep : Mor, grea t .

Malon , an app le : B all , a round objec t.Mormuro , to murmur, a lso to inun

‘

da te : Muir, the sea .

Mon ,if: A11 , if,

Marnamai, tofight : Ar, ba ttle .

Me , not :Mi, not .Medeis, no one :Mi, not ; aon ,

one .

WOMIKRON .

O pora , au tumn , thefia t of trees, o -

p ora : B eir, to bear.

O aros, conversa tion R adh , sp eech .

O ligos ,few ; p erh aps o is privative : Lu ch d , p eop le .

O neidos, p raise , ou - eid - os : Lu aidh , p raise . Lik e ode , aeido ; l b eingomitted .

Opiso , ba ckwards, op - iso : Ais, ba ckwards.

O russo, dig : Tir, the ground .

O chros, p a l lid : R ioch d , a p erson of a wan app earance .

Orno , to howl : R adh , speech .

01103,the hollow of the arm Uil e an , the e lbow .

O igo , oixo , op en , oix- o : F osgail , fosg

- ail , op en ; f prefixe d .

O u , not : Ch a , not (pronoun ced h a ) .O udas, the ground : F od , turf, a sod .

O uros,an overseer: D e arc , see .

Olhos, wea lth , olbios, w ea lthy : Uil e , a ll , many ; b o, a cow . At on e timeweal th consisted in th e number of one

’

s cattl e : lik e p e cunia

fromp e cus.

PI .In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek sometimes change s initial

c to p p erh ap s in th e middle of a word it does th e same , ash ipp osfrom e ach

Para , a bove , near, a cross. Perh ap s there are three words here h avingth e same sp e l ling, bu t a different me aning and derivation :

Para , a bove : B ar, top .

Para , near : R oi, before .

Para, a cross : T ar, a cross ,Pera , a bove

,beyond . Pe rh ap s th ere are two words h ere h aving th e

same sp e lling, bu t a different me aning and derivation :

Pera , a bove : B ar, top .

Pera , beyond : Tar, a cross.

Peri. Perh aps th ere are five words havingthis sp el ling, but a differentme aning and d erivation

Peri, around : Cu airt , a circ le.

Peri, before Roi, before .

Peri,intensive prefix very : R 0 , very .

P en meaning to excel as in p ereimi, to excel : B ar, top .

Peri,through : Troimh , through .

Pro . Perh ap s th ese are two words h ere,h aving th e same sp elling

bu t a differen t meaning and derivation :

Pro , before : R oi, before .

Pro , intensive prefix : Ro , very .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

as APPENDIX TO CELTIC OR IGIN OF GREEK .

T erma , a boundry : Doir, wa ter.

T erpo , to p lease , t er-

p o z G radh , love .

UPSILON .

a o , b uph o , under ; h uph o , as in h uph oras ; hu-

ph o F0,under

H ugies, good , lucky Agh , j oy ,fe licity .

Phlao , bea t : B u ail l , strike .

Ph l ego , ph l exo , burn , il lumina te , ph - lexo : Leus, light .Phre o , emit : Beir, carry .

Phrik e ,fear: Crith , shake .

Ph thoggos, a tongue : T e anga , a tongue .

PSI .

Psal lo , strike gently : B uail l , strike (b to p p to p s) .Psias

, psiados, a drop of wa ter, p s- iad - os : Ad , (obsol ete ) wa ter.

Psilos, sma l l Caol , sma l l (c to p p to p s) .P six , a crumb : B eag, sma l l (b to p ; p to p s) .

Psocho , break sma ll : Beag, sma ll .Psu ch e , life , the sou l : B e o , a live ; b ea tha , life (b to p p to p s

Psel los, stammering: B e ul , the mou th ( b to p p to p s

OMEGA .

O de , an ode : Luaidh , p ra ise l pit-M W )O dune , desire much : Dian, eager, v ehement .Ob e a , eggs Ubh , an egg.

O azo , hear : Eisd , hear.

Arados, araion, thin ,narrow : Crion ,

sma l l .Arne omai, deny , ar- ne o -mai : Neo , not .B lema

,a coverlet : Fe ile , a covering .

Bregma , the top of the hea d : B ar, top .

B rab eus, a judge , bra ‘ b eus : Breith , judgment .Enos , a year: E ang, a y ear.

Eri, intensive prefix . Th ere are two words here , h aving th e samesp e l ling, b ut a different meaning and d erivation :

Eri, very : R o , very .

Eri, high : Ard , high .

Erinu s, or Fury , an avenging deity : Ar, ba ttle , sla ughter.

Eris , the goddess ofstrife : Ar, ba ttle .

Eune , a sleep ing-

p la ce : Suain ,sleep .

E thos , an a ccustomed p la ce : Aite , a p la ce .

In adop ting a Ce l tic word , th e Gre ek some time s ch anges initialc and g to ih (as it ch ange s c and g to t ) see threnos, thre o ,threnos

Thranos, a bench Crann ,a beam

Threo , to wa il G aoir, noise , p a in .

Threnos, wailing : Coron ach ,the lament for the dea d .

Skaios, left : Sgiath , a shield (carried on t h e l eft arm or in th e lefthand.)

Qpazo , tofollow ,op

-

azo : Ais, behind .

APPENDIX . 9 7

ESSAYS AND PAPERS BY TH OMAS STRATTON ,

Ml ) . of the University of Edinburgh , l August , 1837 ;

Licentia te ofthe R oya l Co l lege ofSurgeons ofEdinburgh , 18April , 1837 ;

Stud -Surgeon, R oya l Navy , 13 JWay , 1859

Dep uty Insp ector- G enera l of H osp ita ls and F leets, 5 J une , 1867 .

PUBLISHED IN TH E EDINBURG H MEDICA L AND SURG ICAL J OURNAL.

Case ofAnthracosis, or Black Infil tration of th e whole Lungs .

Numberfor Ap ril , 1838 .

O n th e Lak e Fever of Canada . Ap ril , 1841 .

O n th e Winter-H ydroph obia of Canada . Ap ril , 1842 .

An Account of Twenty- two Cases ofG un- sh ot Wounds received

in Canada in 1838 . O c tober,1842 .

O n th e C omparative Frequency ofth e Morning and EveningPulse . J anuary , 1843 .

O n th e Existence of Entozoa in th e Shut Cavities of LivingAnimals ; with a Case . J u ly , 1843 .

O n th e Emp loyment of B e lladonna in Trismus and H ydro

ph obia . J u ly , 1843 .

O n Glossitis and D eliriumTremens. O ctober, 1843.

Case of Asthmatic Ague . O c tober, 1843 .

Proposal of a N ew Scal e for th e Graduating of Th ermome ters.

J anuary , 1844 .

O n th e R ate of Mortality in th e Medical Department of th eBritish Navy for Twen ty-five years. J anua ry , 1844.

O n Quotidian Intermittent Fever. Ap ril , 1844 .

Additional Notes on a Proposed N ew Th ermometric Scal e .

J u ly , 1844 .

O n Tertian Intermitten t Fever. Ap ril , 1845 .

Notice ofan Epidemic ofScarlet Fever and Scarl e t Sore Throatwh ich prevail ed in 1843- 44 . Ap ril , 1845 .

O n Malarial Fevers, as observe d in Canada from 1838 to 1845 .

Part I . O n Malarial Continu ed Fever. Ju ly , 1845 .

Case of G un- sh ot Wound , and Excision of th e H e ad of th e

H umerus . J anua ry ,1846 .

O n Malarial Fevers,as observed in Canada from 1838 to 1846 .

Part II . Analvsis ofRepeated Attacks in th e same Individual .J u ly , 1846 .

98

19.

20.

21 .

22 .

23.

24 .

25 .

26 .

28.

29.

30.

31 .

32 .

33.

34.

36 .

37 .

38 .

APPENDIX .

Meteorological Observations in Canada in 1843 and 1844 .

J anuary , 1847.

Me te orological Observations in Canada in 1845 . J u ly , 1847.

O n th e Comp arative Deodorizing Powers of th e Disinfe c tingFluids of Sir Will iam Burne tt . and of Mr. L edoyen .

January , 1844 .

Meteorological Ob servations in Canada in 1846 and 1847 .

J anuary , 1848 .

R emarks on th e Sickness and Mortality among th e Emigrantsto Canada in 1847 , and Sugge stions for an improved Me th od

ofR egulating Future Emigration . Ju ly , 1848 .

R emarks on Antisep tion , De odorization and Disinfe ction , andon SirWil liam Burne tt ’s Disinfe cting Fluid , th e Solu tion of

th e“Ch lorid e of Zinc . O ctober, 1848 .

Case s of R e cov ery from Poisoning with Ch loride of Zinc , andth e Prop osal ofan Antidote for th is Poison . O ctober, 1848 .

Additional Note s on th e Sickn ess and Mortal ity among th e

Emigrants to Canada in 1847 . J anuary , 1849.

Con tribution to an Account of th e Diseases of th e NorthAmerican Indians. Ap ril , 1849 .

O n th e Comp arative Therap eutic Powers of Quinine and

B eb e erine . O ctober, 1849 .

Med ical R emarks on Emigrant Ships to North America .

J anuary , 1850.

H istory of th e Ep idemic Cholera in Chatham and R ochesterin 1849. Ap ril , 185 1 .

Notice of th e Chatham and Rochester.

Lep er H ospital .Ju ly , 1851 .

O n the British Naval Medical Department , and th at of th e

United State s. J anuary , 1852.

O n th e Emp loyment ofa Long Fl exible Ste th escop e for Se lfauscul tation . January , 1852 .

Additional R emarks on Naval Medical Mortality for T en Years.

J anuary , 1853.

Meteorological Ob servations in Prince -Edward Island , ’

in 185 1 .

Ap ril , 1853 .

Statistics of Shipwreck-Mortality in th e British Navy for Fifty

seven Years. Ju ly , 1853 .

O n Poisoning with Ch loride of Zinc , and on a late ly-

p ublish e d

Case th ere of ; with N ote s ofEigh t Cases. J u ly , 1854 .

O n th e R ate of Mortality , in th e Medical Dep artment of th e

British Navy , for th e Nine years ending in 1860. March,186 1.

Lik ewise o th er Communications in th e N umbers for January , 1849 ;Ju ly , 1843 ; Ap ril , 1850 and Ap ril , 1852 .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

100 APPENDIX .

TH E H IGH LAND SOCIETY OF CANADAI s a branch of th e H igh land Socie ty of London . In 1844 , it heldits me e tings at th e town of Cornwal l , on th e l e ft bank of th e St .

Lawrence , eigh ty two mile s ab ove Montre al . Th e numb er of its

h onorary memb ers was limite d to twe lve ; on account of t h e Ce ltic

O rigin of Greek and L a tin , th e Society in 1844 mad e me an h onorarymemb er. An account ofth e Socie ty by Archib al d John Macdonne ll ,of Gre enfie ld , Canada, was pub lish ed in 1844 , b y Armour Ramsay ,Montre al .

TH E GRAMPIAN CLUB ( OF LONDON )Was founded in th e au tumn of 1868 , for printing some manuscrip tsand original work s re lating to Scottish literature , history , and anti

quities. In 1869 , th e work issued was Dr. R ogers’

Scotland Scocia l

and D omestic . O ne vol . 8vo . , 380 p ages.

F or 1870, th e Ja cobite La irds of G ash , 504 p ages, app eared in June ,edited by Mr. Kington Oliph ant ; and in Novemb er, - l 870, th e Ch ar

tulary of Cambuslcenneth Abbey , will likely app e ar. Th e R ev . Charle sR ogers, is th e h onorary secretary . Th e h onorary tre asurer,is Alfred G liddon ,

Esq . , City B ank , 159 Tottenh am Court Road ,London . I n J une

,1870, th e Club h as ab ove a h undred memb ers ; as

one of th em, I t ak e th is op portunity of he lping to mak e known th e

national obj e cts it h as in view . Th e exp enses are limit ed to p ostage sand stationery . Of course th e more memb ers a Printing Club h as,th e more it is abl e to p ublish . Th ere is no limit to th e numb er ofmemb ers. O ne guinea is th e yearly p ayment , due in January .

June , 1870.

I ca n Sw rn , Machine Printer, 40 8: 41 Treville Street, PLvmourn .

G a elic .B oolcs Sold bjlj iwa cla chla n and Stewart:

History of Animals Named in the Bible ,H istory of Prince Charles

,f'cap . 8y o, c loth,

Di tto di tto cheap edition, sewed ,History of Joseph , sewed ,l nnes

’Instruction to "oung Enqui1 ers, 1 8mo ,

Jacobite Songs, with Portrait ofP rince Ch ai les,James’ Anx ious Enq

’

uirer,1 2 1110

M‘Alpine’s G aelic and English Pronouncing Dic

t ionary , with G rammar 12mo, cloth,Ditto d 1tto ha lf bound ca lf,G aelic and English , separate ly , c loth ,English and G aelic

,separa tely , c loth ,

G aelic G 1ammar, 1 2010, c loth,M‘Callum’

s H istory of the Church of“Christ , 8vo ,

The Catholic orUni versal Church ,Poems and Songs, 1 2mo , s ewed ,

M‘Cheyne’s (Rev R . M. ) Another Lily G athe1 ed,sewed

,

Maccoll’sMountainMinstrel Clarsach NamBeann,

1 8mo,cloth

, .

1s 6d . The same , EnglishM‘Diarmid

’

s Sermons, 8vo,M‘Farlane

’

s Manual ofDevotion, l 2mo bound,

Life ofJ oseph l 8mo, c loth,M‘Intyre

’

s (Duncan Ban) Poems and Songs, 18mo,M‘Intyre (Rev D. ) on the Antiquity ofthe G aelic

Language ; showing its affinity to Hebrew,

Greek , and Latin, wi th Supplementary Essay ,Mackay

’s (Rob Donn) Songs and Poems, 8vo ,

Mackenzie ’s (A. H istory ofScotland , Eachdraidh11a H Alba

,12mo

,cloth ,

Macleod ’s (Rev Dr) Ca 1 aid nan Gaidheal; or theHighlander

’

s Fi iend, 8vo , cloth“

Se 1mon on the Life ofthe late ; byRev JohnDau och 8vo , sewed ,

M‘Leod and Dewar’

s G aelic Dictionary , 8vo, c lotb,M‘Lauchlan s (Rev . Dr) Celtic G leanings, or

Notices of the History and Litera ture of the

Scottish Gael (in English) , fcap , 8vo, cloth ,M‘Nangh ton (Peter) on the Authenticity of the

Poems ofO ssian (in English) , 8vo ,M‘G regor

’s (Rev . Dr) Hymns, l 8mo, cloth,

64 South B ridge , Edinburgh .

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join