Blazevska_Pottery Kilns in: D. Mitrevski (ed.), Vardarski Rid vol. I, Skopje 2005

FONDACIJA VARDARSKI RID - SKOPJEINSTITUT ZA ISTORIJA NA UMETNOST SO ARHEOLOGIJA-

FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET - SKOPJE

VARDARSKI RID

TOM I

UrednikDragi Mitrevski

SKOPJE2005

Izdava~

Fondacija Vardarski Rid - Skopje

Institut za Istorija na umetnost i arheologija -

Filosofski Fakultet - Skopje

Izdava~ki odborD-r Vera Bitrakova Grozdanova - pretsedatel

profesor na Filozofskiot Fakultet

D-r Trajan Gocevskiprofesor na Filozofskiot Fakultet

D-r Dragi Mitrevskiprofesor na Filozofskiot Fakultet

Jovan Petrovskiizvr{en direktor na Mobimak

Glaven urednikD-r Dragi Mitrevski

RecenzentiD-r Vera Bitrakova Grozdanova

D-r Dragi Mitrevski

Pomo{nik urednikSilvana Blaèvska

Kompjuterska podgotovkaBranko Ga{teovski

Lektura na makedonski jazikAleksandar Jordanoski

Prevod na angliski jazikVioleta Svonson

Gordana MojsovskaBlagoja Bo{kovski

Simon Kara{ovIgor Jankovski

Lektura na angliski jazikDr Vilijam Najdinger - TFAHR

Jula Matjus - TFAHR

Ilustrativen materijalOd dokumentacijata na Vardarski Rid

Pe~atEvropa '92 - Ko~ani

www.vardarskirid.org.mk

FOUNDATION VARDARSKI RID - SKOPJEINSTITUTE FOR HISTORY OF ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY -

FACULTY OF PHILOSOPHY - SKOPJE

VARDARSKI RID

VOL. I

Edited byDragi Mitrevski

SKOPJE2005

PublisherFoundation Vardarski Rid - Skopje

Institute for History of Art and Archaeology - Faculty of Philosophy - Skopje

Editorial BoardDr Vera Bitrakova Grozdanova - Pesident

Professor at the Faculty of PhilosophyDr Trajan Gocevski

Professor at the Faculty of PhilosophyDr Dragi Mitrevski

Professor at the Faculty of PhilosophyJovan Petrovski

General Manager of Mobimak

General Editor Dr Dragi Mitrevski

ReviewersDr Vera Bitrakova Grozdanova

Dr Dragi Mitrevski

Editorial AssistantSSiillvvaannaa BBllaa`̀eevvsskkaa

Computer layoutBBrraannkkoo GGaa{{tteeoovvsskkii

Macedonian ProofreaderAleksandar Jordanoski

English TranslationVioleta Svonson

Gordana Mojsovska BBllaaggoojjaa BBoo{{kkoovvsskkii

SSiimmoonn KKaarraa{{oovvIgor Jankovski

English ProofreadersDr William Neidinger - TFAHR

Eulah Matthews - TFAHR

IllustrationsFrom documentation of Vardarski Rid

Printed byEvropa '92 - KKoo~~aannii

www.vardarskirid.org.mk

S o d r ` i n aC o n t e n t s

Predgovor9

Dragi Mitrevski Vardarski Rid

Istraùvawa 1995-200415

Zlatko VideskiBronzenoto vreme na Vardarski Rid

91

Aleksandra PapazovskaSloevi od èleznoto vreme na

Vardarski Rid115

Emil SlamkovStoa

Del od klasi~nata agora na Vardarski Rid

159

Sarita KarpuzovaKu}a so kolci

179

William Neidinger, Eulah Matthews

The Acropolis: Sratigraphic, Architecturaland Historical Report

201

Silvana BlaèvskaSektor Akropola

Istraùvawa 1999-2000209

Dragi MitrevskiKu}ata na kolekcionerot

229

Silvana BlaèvskaPe~ki za keramika

261

Preface12

Dragi Mitrevski Vardarski Rid

Research 1995-200415

Zlatko VideskiThe Bronze Age at Vardarski Rid

91

Aleksandra PapazovskaThe Iron Age Layers at

Vardarski Rid115

Emil SlamkovStoa

Part of the Classical Agora at Vardarski Rid

159

Sarita KarpuzovaThe House with Poles

179

Vilijam Najdinger, Jula Matjuz

Akropola: Izve{taj za stratigrafi-jata, arhitekturata i istorijata

201

Silvana BlaèvskaAcropolis Sector

Research 1999-2000209

Dragi MitrevskiThe House of the Collector

229

Silvana BlaèvskaPottery Kilns

261

Marjan JovanovBronzeni sadovi od Vardarski Rid

281

Vera Bitrakova GrozdanovaSkulpturata od Vardarski Rid

289

Silvana BlaèvskaMinijaturni medicinski sadovi

305

Marjan JovanovKrajot na ìvotot

na Vardarski Rid 315

Boban Husenovski Depo na srebreni tetradrahmi

od III vek pr. n.e.323

Biljana Pa~kova Kufojanakis

Arhitektonsko-grade`ni materi-jali i elementi na anti~kata

naselba na Vardarski Rid347

Milan IvanovskiSawa Ivanovska

Konzervatorski raboti naVardarski Rid

373

Aleksandra Papazovska Pogrebuvawata na Varadarski Rid

341

Fanica VeljanovskaPraistoriskoto naselenie

na Vardarski Rid385

Kratenki413

Marjan JovanovThe Bronze Vessels from Vardarski Rid

281

Vera Bitakova GrozdanovaThe Sculpture from Vardarski Rid

289

Silvana BlaèvskaMiniature Medicine Vessels

305

Marjan Jovanov The End of Settlement Life

at Vardarski Rid315

Boban Husenovski A Hoard of Silver Tetradrachmas from the

third century BC323

Biljana Pa~kova Kufojanakis Arhitectural and Consruction Material

from the Ancient Settlement at Vardarski Rid

347

Milan IvanovskiSanja Ivanovska

Conservation Procedures at Vardarski Rid

373

Aleksandra PapazovskaThe Vardarski Rid Burials

341

Fanica VeljanovskaPrehistoric population

on Vardarski Rid385

Abbreviations413

9

Vrednuvaweto ili opredelbata na eden arheolo{ki lokalitetmoè da se gradira vo pove}e stepeni. Moè da bide svedeno na

elementarno nivo, koga se opredeluva samo osnovniot karakter i gru-bite hronolo{ki ramki, a moè da pretstavuva i najvisok stepen naopredelba, koga se stignuva do celosna rekonstrukcija na kulturno-istoriskite, arheolo{ki, antropolo{ki, biolo{ki, klimatolo{kii drugi vrednosti.

Na toj pat, do {to e mo`no pocelosno vrednuvawe na VardarskiRid, stignati sme dotamu {to ve}e moème da zboruvame za eden nov imo{ne zna~aen arheolo{ki punkt po dolinata na Vardar, poto~no, voDolno Povardarie. Ovoj region, so svojata geografska pozicija, imalkrucijalno mesto i uloga vo kulturniot i istoriski razvitok naBalkanot, vo periodot od krajot na bronzenoto vreme do vosposta-vuvaweto na rimskata dominacija. Vo nego, lokalitetot VardarskiRid ve}e se afirmira kako edna od centralnite i najgolemi naselbi, sointenziven i kontinuiran ìvot tokmu niz navedeniot period.

Celiot dvaesetti vek arheologijata vo Dolno Povardarie (anti~-ka Amfaksitida) be{e vo znakot, na rezultatite od istraùvawatana pove}eslojnite praistoriski naselbi vo gr~kiot del na regionot(Kilindir, âu{ica, Vardino, Amatovo, Vardarovca, Kastanas).Pritoa, osven Tumba-Kastanas, istraùvawata na ostanatite na-selbi se vr{eni u{te vo prvite decenii na dvaesettiot vek, i toasonda`no - na strogo limitirani povr{ini. Vo me|uvreme, vr{eni seistraùvawa u{te na nekolku punktovi vo okolinata na Kuku{. Oddruga strana, vo severniot del na regionot, na teritorijata naRepublika Makedonija, poznati se samo istraùvawata na nekolkunekropoli od èleznoto vreme vo valandovsko-gevgeliskiot region,kako i sonda`nite iskopuvawa na Isar-Marvinci kaj Valandovo.

Lokalitetot Vardarski Rid-Gevgelija se nao|a tokmu vo centa-rot na Dolno Povardarie, smetaj}i go ovoj region, od DemirkapiskataKlisura do moreto, za edinstvena geomorfolo{ka i kulturna celina.

Nejzinata topografija, stratigrafija, hronologija i kul-turni vrednosti, ja pozicioniraat ovaa naselba kako me|u poznatitepove}eslojni, vo osnova, praistoriski naselbi - telovi dol` dolenVardar, taka i me|u ranoanti~kite makedonski gradovi na sever odPela. Prvite, praistoriskite naselbi kako Vardino, Vardarovca,Kastanas ili Kilindir, zaedno so èleznodopskite nekropoli vovalandovsko-gevgeliskiot i kuku{kiot region, obezbeduvaat ubavpregled na sevkupniot kulturen razvitok na regionot niz celotobronzeno i èlezno vreme. Sepak, na ovie lokaliteti im nedostasu-vaat posodràjni sloevi i podatoci za vekovite od ranata antika.

PREDGOVOR

10

Od druga strana, pak, istraùvawata na istoriskite gradovi,trgnuvaj}i od Pela preku Europ do Isar-Marvinci, nudat podatoci,glavno, za ìveeweto vo ranoanti~ko ili predrimsko vreme, bezmo`nosti za sogleduvawe na prethodniot kulturen razvitok.

Vo vakov kontekst lokalitetot Vardarski Rid ja pretstavuvaonaa spojka {to gi povrzuva praistoriskite so ranoistoriskitenaselbi po dolinata na Vardar. Vo sega{niot stepen na istraènosttoj se pojavuva kako stoèrno nao|ali{te za re{avaweto na nekoi odkrupnite problemi na kulturno-istoriskiot razvitok naPovardarieto vo prviot milenium pred Hrista. Taka, zasega edin-stveno na Vardarski Rid e vozmo`no da se sogledaat na edno mestosite etapi od kulturniot razvitok, od docnoto bronzeno vreme dovostanovuvaweto na rimskata dominacija vo Makedonija. So drugizborovi, edinstveno Vardarski Rid ovozmoùva na edno mesto da sedokumentiraat takvi sloèni procesi, kako onie od vremeto na pre-odot od bronzeno vo èlezno vreme ili onie od krajot na èleznotovreme i po~etokot na ranata antika. Vo isto vreme, na VardarskiRid moàt da se sledat i procesite na vostanovuvaweto na prvataurbanizacija i gradski ìvot, kako i site razvojni fazi i karakter-istiki vo naselbinskoto ìveewe na eden istoriski posvedo~enstaromakedonski grad.Vo literaturata ve}e e iznesena mo`nosta zaidentifikacija na Vardarski Rid so predrimskata Gortinija.

Vakvata posebnost Vardarski Rid ja dolì najmnogu na svojatageostrate{ka polo`ba, kako edinstvena mo`na pozicija za nasel-binsko ìveewe vo tie vremiwa vo Gevgelisko. Taka, negovata pozici-ja morala da odgovori i na kriteriumite na edna praistoriska nasel-ba, no i na potrebite na eden istoriski grad.

Od 1995 godina na Vardarski Rid se vr{at sistematski arheolo{-ki istraùvawa. Vo prvite dve godini tie se izveduvaa vo ramkite nazaedni~kiot me|unaroden proekt na Muzejot na Makedonija - Skopje iTeksa{kata fondacija za arheolo{ki i istoriski istraùvawa,dodeka vo slednite godini kako proekt na Muzejot na Makedonija iFilozofskiot fakultet - Skopje.

Po deset godini sistematski istraùvawa utvrdena e strati-grafijata na lokalitetot, otkrieni se brojni arheolo{ki i arhi-tektonski celini i bogat arheolo{ki materijal koj se ~uva i delum-no e izloèn vo Muzejot na Gevgelija.

Rezultatite od istraùvawata na Vardarski Rid ne se publikuvanivo celost, iako se prezentirani niza momenti i naodi vo forma naizve{tai od poedini istraùva~ki kampawi, na javni predavawa isoop{tenija na razni nau~ni sobiri. Pokraj toa, dosega se publikuvani itri zasebni truda koi direktno proizleguvaat od rezultatite na sis-tematskite istraùvawa, i toa: D. Mitrevski, "Staromakedonskiotgrad na Vardarski Rid# , Skopje 2001 (publikacija za op{tite karakter-istiki i vrednosti na lokalitetot, bazirana na otkritijata do 2001g.);B. Husenovski, "Anti~kite moneti od Vardarski Rid#, Gevgelija 2004

(publikacija so katalog na numizmati~kiot materijal otkrien na

Vardarski Rid do 2001 g.); E. Slamkov "Umetnosta na Vardarski Rid#,

Gevgelija 2004 (publikacija - katalog od istoimenata izlo`ba na

naodite so najvisoki estetski vrednosti otkrieni na Vardarski Rid).

Ovaa kniga pretstavuva prv tom, po~etok na celosnata nau~naobrabotka i prezentacija na rezultatite od dosega{nite sistem-atski istraùvawa na Vardarski Rid. Delo e na ~lenovite naistraùva~kata ekipa, zadolèni za poedine~ni segmenti vo proce-sot na istraùvawe.

11

Objavuvaweto na publikacijata e poddràno od Filozofskiotfakulet, odnosno Oddelot za arheologija - Skopje, koj e nositel naproektot za istraùvawe na Vardarski Rid i glaven realizator naterenskite raboti, sekako, vo sorabotka so Muzejot na Makedonijavo Skopje i Muzejot vo Gevgelija. Od druga strana, ve}e e vo podgotov-ka i vtoriot tom koj }e bide posveten na problemot na naselbinska-ta keramika od anti~kata naselba na Vardarski Rid, a koj direktnoproizleguva od istoimenata magisterska rabota na S. Blaèvska.

Na krajot, no ne pomalku zna~ajno e odbeleùvaweto na finansiska-ta potkrepa vo realizacijata na poedine~nite istraùva~ki kam-pawi i konzervatorski aktivnosti, bez {to nema{e da bide dostig-nat sega{niot stepen na istraènost, a so toa i vozmo`na ovaa pub-likacija. Vo ovaa smisla, golema blagodarnost dolìme na: Minister-stvoto za kultura i Ministerstvoto za nauka na R. Makedonija, Fo-ndacijata otvoreno op{testvo - Skopje i Amerikanskata ambasadavo Skopje, koi bea finansieri na terenskite aktivnosti na Vardar-ski Rid vo prvite godini, koga i najmnogu be{e potrebna nivnatapomo{ i razbirawe.

Vo poslednite tri godini, koga e postignata i najgolemata dina-mika vo terenskite aktivnosti, kako patron na istraùvawata naVardarski Rid se pojavi Mobimak. Blagodarenie na toa, ovoj lokali-tet zasega e edinstveniot arheolo{ki punkt vo R. Makedonija, kadecelosno se pokrieni finansiskite potrebi za istraùva~ka rabota,so {to e obezbeden neophodniot kontinuitet na plansko istraùva-we i permanentno prou~uvawe i prezentirawe na otkritijata.

Rezultat na finansiskata poddr{ka na Mobimak e i ovaa publika-cija, poradi {to, na Upravniot bord na Mobimak i posebno na direk-torot Jovan Petrovski mu izrazuvame javna blagodarnost.

Noemvri, 2004 g.d-r Dragi Mitrevski,

rakovoditel na istraùvawata na Vardarski Rid

12

T he evaluation or determination of an archaeological site can be made at sev-eral levels. At a basic level its main character and the approximate chrono-

logical framework can be determined; or, at a higher level, the complete recon-struction of the cultural, historical, archaeological, anthropological, biological,and climatic aspects can be re-created.

On the way towards as complete an evaluation of Vardarski Rid as possible, wehave reached that point where we can publicize a new and very important archae-ological site in the lower valley of the Vardar River. Due to its geographic position,this region had crucial place and role in the cultural and historical development ofthe Balkans in the period from the end of the Bronze Age until the establishment ofRoman domination. Vardarski Rid is one of the central and largest settlements withan intensive and continuous life through these periods.

During the whole of the twentieth century, the archaeological knowledge of thelower Vardar Valley (ancient Amaphaxitis) was based on the results from explo-rations of the prehistoric settlements with complex stratigraphy in the Greek part ofthis region (Kilindir, Chaouchitza, Vardino, Amatovo, Vardarophtsa, and Kastanas).With the exception of Toumba – Kastanas, the explorations of the other settlementscarried out in the early twentieth century were only trial excavations, in strictly lim-ited areas. At the same time, excavations in the Kilkis district were carried out. Inthe northern part of the region, in the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, onlyexplorations of some Iron Age necropolises from the region of Valandovo andGevgelija are known, as well as some trial excavations at the site of Isar-Marvincinear Valandovo.

The archaeological site of Vardarski Rid, Gevgelija is exactly in the center of theLower Vardar Valley, comprising the region between the Demir Kapija Ravine andthe sea, as one geomorphologic and cultural whole.

The topography, stratigraphy, chronology, and the cultural values of the siteplace it among the most famous, mainly prehistoric settlements, the tells along theLower Vardar Valley and the classical Macedonian towns to the north of Pella. Theprehistoric settlements at Vardino, Vardarophtsa, Kastanas, and Kilindir, as well asthe Iron Age necropolises in the region of Valandovo, Gevgelija and in the Kilkisarea, provide a clear overview of the region’s complete cultural developmentthroughout the Bronze and Iron Ages. However, all of these sites are lacking strataand data about the centuries of the later, Classical and Hellenistic periods. And, onthe other hand, the excavations of the historical towns, Pella, Europos, or Isar-Marvinci offer information mainly of the Classical or pre-Roman periods withoutany information regarding previous cultural development.

In this context, the site of Vardarski Rid offers the connection between the pre-historic and the early-historical settlements in the Vardar Valley. At the presentstage of exploration, Vardarski Rid appears to be the basic archaeological site forsolving some of the crucial problems of the cultural development in the Vardar

PREFACE

13

Valley in the first millennium BC. So, at this moment Vardarski Rid is the onlyarchaeological site that gives us the opportunity to examine all stages of the cultur-al development from the Late Bronze Age until the establishment of Roman domina-tion in Macedonia. Only Vardarski Rid supplies records of such complicatedprocesses as the transitional periods from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, or the onefrom the end of the Iron Age to the beginning of the Classical period. At VardarskiRid it is possible both to observe the process of establishing the first rudiments ofurbanization and town life, as well as to ascertain the developmental phases andcharacteristics of settlement patterns in one of the confirmed ancient Macedoniantown. The possibility this town to be identified as pre-Roman town of Gortiniaalready has been published.

This peculiarity of Vardarski Rid is due to its geo-strategic position as the onlypossible position for settlement in the region of Gevgelija. So its position was suit-able to the criteria of prehistoric settlement as well as to an historic town.

Vardarski Rid has been systematically explored since 1995. In the first twoyears these explorations were carried out in the framework of a joint internation-al project between the Museum of Macedonia - Skopje and The Texas FoundationFor Archaeological and Historical Research, while in the following years it was aproject of the Museum of Macedonia and the Faculty of Philosophy of theUniversity of Skopje.

After ten years of systematic excavations the stratigraphy of the site has beenestablished, numerous archaeological and architectonic wholes have been discov-ered, and rich archeological material has been unearthed, which is kept and partlyexhibited in the Museum of Gevgelija.

The results of the explorations at Vardarski Rid are not completely published, buta lot of moments and findings from some of the excavation campaigns have beenpresented as reports at public lectures at different scientific symposia. Also, threeseparate publications which resulted from the systematic excavations were pub-lished so far. Those are: D. Mitrevski, “The Ancient Macedonian Town at VardarskiRid”, Skopje 2001 (popular publication for the general characteristics of the sitebased on the discoveries up to 2001); B. Husenovski, “Ancient Coins of VardarskiRid”, Gevgelija 2004, (catalogue of coins discovered at Vardarski Rid up to 2001);E. Slamkov, “ The Art of Vardarski Rid”, Gevgelija 2004 (catalogue from the exibi-tion of the finds with high aesthetic values, discovered on Vardarski Rid).

This book, as a first volume represents the beginning of the complete scientificpublication and a presentation of the results from the systematic excavations atVardarski Rid so far. It is a work of the members of the research team responsiblefor specific segments in the exploration process.

Publication of results from the explorations is supported by the Faculty ofPhilosophy and the Department of Archaeology at the University of Skopje, whichis the main carrier and conductor of the research project for Vardarski Rid, in coop-eration with The Museum of Macedonia in Skopje and the Museum of Gevgelija.Onthe other hand, forthcoming is the second volume - the master thesis of S. Blaèvskawhich considers the pottery of the Late Classical and Hellenistic period atVardarski Rid.

However, we must mention that without the financial support for realization ofthe certain explorations and conservation activities, the present level of excava-tion could not have been reached. We are indebted to: the Ministry of Culture andthe Ministry of Science of the Republic of Macedonia, to the Open SocietyFoundation, Skopje, and the American Embassy in Skopje, which were financiersof the field work at Vardarski Rid for the first years when we needed their helpand understanding.

In the last three years the patronage at Vardarski Rid of Mobimak has beenappreciated, due to which Vardarski Rid has become one of the rare archaeologicalsites in the Republic of Macedonia, where excavation have been completely

14

financed, and the necessary continuity and permanent studying and presentation ofthe discoveries are provided for.

This publication is a result of the financial support by A.D. Mobimak; we wantto express our gratitude to the Mobimak Managing Board and especially to itsGeneral Manager Jovan Petrovski.

November, 2004 Dr. Dragi Mitrevski,

Conductor of the Excavation Projectat Vardarski Rid

In the sixth and last settlement onVardarski Rid (third century BC to firstcentury AD) several buildings were

uncovered in the three excavated sectors;they were mainly dwellings. Following theterraced terrain, they were arranged intosmall insulae separated from each other bystreets. During this period the arrangement ofthe houses changed somewhat. Certain roomswere re-built, new rooms were added, orcompletely new houses were erected uponthe foundations of the earlier ones, but theoverall urban design of the town did notchange significantly.

The locations of the houses, their spatial organ-ization, as well as the recovered finds give clues totheir various uses. On the Eastern Terrace severallarge houses with rich inventories were uncovered,and in two of them “manufacturing” activities areindicated (House with an Atrium and House with aSanctuary). The Southern terrace was determinedto be a “trading zone” because of the discovery ofworkshops with pottery kilns, blacksmith work-shops, shops, etc., a function inherited from theprevious, Late Classical period when the Stoa wasbuilt in this part of the town. On the Acropolis alarge building, named as The Central Complex,was partially unearthed; it was surrounded by afortification wall and a tower, in which the townarchon might have stayed.

The local pottery production in the town isconfirmed with the eleven so far discoveredkilns for producing clay objects. Ten of themwere discovered in the frameworks of the hou-ses on the Southern Terrace,1 due to which

Vardarski Rid

Silvana Blaèvska

1 Desetata pe~ka otkriena na Ju`nata terasa e pri-li~no uni{tena. Za~uvan e samo isto~niot strani~enyid na loì{teto, zatoa, osven {to }e bide zabeleànavo vkupnata brojka na pe~ki, nema da se prezentira.

1 The tenth kiln, uncovered on the Southern Terra-ce, is badly damaged. Only the eastern lateral wall ofthe furnace chamber has been preserved, which is whyit will only be numbered but not discussed.

Vo ramkite na poslednata, {esta nasel-ba na Vardarski Rid (III vek pr. n.e. - Ivek od n.e), vo trite istraùvani sek-

tori se otkrieni pove}e gradbi - prete`noku}i za ìveewe, koi, sledej}i ja terasestatakonfiguracija na terenot se rasporedeni vomali insuli odvoeni me|u sebe so ulici. Votekot na navedeniot vremenski period semenuval nivniot izgled, so toa {to biledograduvani novi prostorii, pregraduvanistarite ili, pak, se gradeni novi ku}i vrzpostarite temeli, no izgledot na gradotzna~itelno ne se izmenil.

Mestopolo`bata na ku}ite, organizacija-ta na prostoriite, kako i otkrieniot inven-tar zboruva za nivnata razli~na namena. NaIsto~nata terasa se otkrieni nekolku gole-mi ku}i za ìveewe so bogat inventar, a samovo dve e konstatirana "proizvodstvena# ak-tivnost (Ku}a so atrium, Ku}a so svetili{-te). Ju`nata terasa pretstavuva "trgovskazona# zaradi otkrienite rabotilnici so pe~-ki za keramika, kova~nici, prodavnici itn.,funkcija koja verojatno ja nasleduva od pred-hodniot, docnoklasi~en period, koga vo ovojdel na gradot bila podignata Stoa. Na Akro-polata delumno e istraèn eden golem objekt,t.n. Centralen kompleks, ograden so bedem ikula vo koj bi moèl da prestojuva arhontot,~ija funkcija bila upravuvawe so gradskataadministracija.

Lokalnata kerami~na produkcija vo gradote potvrdena so edinaesette pe~ki za proizvod-stvo na predmeti od glina. Deset od niv se ot-krieni vo ramki na ku}ite na Ju`nata terasa,1

Pe~ki za keramika

Pottery Kilns

Silvana Blaèvska

261

Silvana Blaèvska - Pe~ki za keramika

262

zaradi {to ovoj del od gradot so pravo moè dase nare~e "kerami~arski kvart#, i edna voKu}ata so svetili{te na Isto~nata terasa.Nivnoto prezentirawe e izvedeno spored hro-nolo{kiot raspored na sloevite na {estatanaselba, vo ~ii ramki se otkrieni.2

Vo kampawata esenta 2000 g., na Ju`nataterasa be{e otkriena Pe~ka I. Smestena e voramkite na gradba ~ija golemina, izgled, broji raspored na prostorii te{ko moàt da seodredat so ogled na celosnata obnova vo sled-nata grade`na faza, so {to nejzinata osnovae celosno izmeneta. Edinstveni sigurni ele-menti se zapadniot i isto~niot yid na pros-torijata vo koja e smestena pe~kata.

Pe~kata e potprena na zapadniot yid odobjektot, orientirana vo pravec i-z, so kanalza loèwe na isto~nata strana. Ima trape-zoidna forma so vkupna dolìna od 1.60 m i{irina od 1.40 m (sl. 1). Strani~nite yidovina loì{teto i kanalot za loèwe segradeni od vertikalno postaveni tuli sodimenzii 40 h 40 h 10 sm, koi se izvonrednoza~uvani. Centralnoto stolp~e - drà~ zare{etkata, e izvedeno od ~etiri horizontal-no postaveni nepe~eni tuli (sl. 14). Vnatre{-nosta na pe~kata be{e ispolneta so razru{enplitar od gornata konstrukcija, a otkrienitepar~iwa pleter na dnoto moèbi se del odre{etkata.

Od severnata strana, pokraj pe~kata, e ot-krien pravoagolen prostor zagraden so edenred kamewa. Ovoj prostor, zaedno so dveteovalni jami polni so pepel, ednata severno, adrugata isto~no od pe~kata, verojatno se vofunkcija na istata (sl. 15). Vo vnatre{nosta

this part of the town can freely be called the“Potters’ Quarter”. The eleventh kiln wasuncovered in the House with a Sanctuary onthe Eastern Terrace. In this article they arepresented ordered by a chronological depositsschedule of the sixth settlement.2

During the autumn 2000 exploration seasonon the Southern Terrace Kiln 1 was uncovered.It was located in a building whose size, appear-ance, and room organization are difficult todetermine, due to its total reconstruction in thefollowing building phase, completely changingthe layout of the house. The only certain ele-ments are the western and eastern walls of theroom in which the kiln was located.

The kiln rests against the western wall of thebuilding, oriented in an east – west direction,with the stoking tunnel at the eastern side. It istrapezoidal, measuring 1.60 meters in lengthand 1.40 meters in width (Fig. 1). The lateralwalls of the furnace chamber and the stokingtunnel were built of vertically placed unbakedmud bricks, measuring 40 x 40 x 10 cm, whichare excellently preserved. The central free-standing pedestal, made of four horizontallyplaced unbaked mud bricks, serves as the sup-port for the raised oven floor (Fig. 14). Theinner space of the kiln was filled with loose,unbaked mud bricks from the upper structure.On the bottom of the kiln small pieces of wattleand daub were uncovered that might representparts of the perforated oven floor.

On the northern side, beside the kiln, a rec-tangular space lined with one row of stoneswas uncovered. The function of this space,along with the two oval-shaped pits filled with

2 Spored stratigrafskata podelba na MitrevskiD., 2001, 16-18.

2 According the stratigraphic division by Mitrevski D.,2001, 16-18.

Sl. 1. Pe~ka I.Fig. 1. Kiln I.

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263

na pe~kata ne se otkrieni kerami~ni pred-meti, no okolu nea, osobeno od severnatastrana, se sre}avaat fragmentirani sadovi,od koi eden so neobi~na forma, koj bil upo-trebuvan vo nekoja od fazite na podgotovkana glinata. Numizmati~kiot materijal ot-krien vo i okolu pe~kata, za àl, e ne~itliv,osven edna bronzena moneta na Filip V, dati-rana po 201 g. pr. n.e.3 Spored stratigrafija-ta na Vardarski Rid pe~kata se smestuva vovtorata grade`na faza na {estata naselba(V.R.VI, sloj 3).

Vo tekot na istraùvaweto vo 1995 godinae otkriena t.n. Kerami~arska rabotilnica.Pette pe~ki, od koi ~etiri se otkrieni voista prostorija, pripa|aat na dve razli~nifazi (sl. 2, 3). Pe~kite II i III se orientiranivo pravec s/z-j/i, pri {to prvata e smestenapokraj severniot yid, a vtorata se nao|a konsredinata na prostorijata.

Od Pe~kata II se za~uvani strani~niteyidovi na loì{teto do visina na centralnopostavenoto stolp~e so ovalna forma (sl.16). Gradena e od plitar, so nepravilnakru`na forma i pomali dimenzii, koi te{kobi moèle da se odredat so ogled na lo{ataza~uvanost na pe~kata. Strani~nite yidovi,kako i kanalot za loèwe se prili~no uni{-teni so gradeweto na pe~kite IV i V vo vtora-ta faza.

Pe~kata III e so pogolemi dimenzii (dol-ìna 2.70 m, {irina 1.70 m), kru`na po formai e ne{to podobro za~uvana, osven yidot odsevernata strana koj e uni{ten so gradewetona pe~kata V (sl. 17). Centralno postavenotostolp~e e kru`no i pokrieno so tenka kamenaplo~a. Osobeno e vpe~atliv dolgiot kanal za

ashes, one placed north and the other east ofthe kiln, was probably associated with the kiln(Fig. 15). There were no ceramic objects foundinside the kiln; but around it, especially on thenorthern side, fragments of vessels were found,among which was one with a very unusualshape. Its use is difficult to determine, but itwas possibly used as a vessel in clay process-ing. The numismatic material uncovered in andaround the kiln is unfortunately illegible,except one bronze coin of Phillip V, dated after201 BC.3 In the stratigraphy of Vardarski Rid,the kiln can be placed in the second buildingphase of the sixth settlement (V.R.VI, layer 3).

In the 1995 season, the so-called PotteryWorkshop was uncovered. Of five kilns, four werediscovered in the same room. They belong to twodifferent phases (Fig. 2, 3). Kilns II and III are ori-ented northwest to southeast. The first kiln islocated alongside the northern wall, and the sec-ond one is placed towards the center of the room.

Of Kiln II only the lateral walls of the fur-nace chamber have been preserved to the heightof the central, oval-shaped, free-standingpedestal (Fig. 16). It has an irregular circularshape and is built of unbaked mud bricks; it isvery hard to determine its size, considering itsbad state of preservation. The lateral walls ofthe furnace chamber as well as the stoking tun-nel are considerably damaged with the buildingof Kilns IV and V from the second phase.

Kiln III is larger (2.70 meters long and1.70 meters wide), circular in shape and bet-ter preserved than the previous kiln, exceptthat the northern wall has been destroyed withthe building of Kiln V (Fig. 17). The central-ly placed free-standing pedestal is circular

3 Husenovski B., 2004, T. XI, No. 101. 3 Husenovski B., 2004, T. XI, No. 101.

Sl. 2. Kerami~arskarabotilnica so pe~kite II-IV vo Ku}ata so zanaeti.Fig. 2. The Pottery Workshopwith kilns II-IV in the House ofHandicrafts.

IV

II

III

V

loèwe (1.20 m) vo predniot del na pe~katakoj e odli~no za~uvan. Kanalot za loèwe iloì{teto se delumno vkopani pod podnotonivo na prostorijata.

Otkako ovie dve pe~ki ve}e ne bile voupotreba, vrz nivnite ostatoci se izgradenidve novi (sl. 2, 3). Pe~kata IV e orientiranavo pravec s-j, so pravoagolna forma, sopogolemi dimenzii (dolìna 2.90 m, {irina2.30 m). Kanalot za loèwe se nao|a na ju`na-ta strana, a vo vnatre{nosta na loì{teto epostaveno izdolèno ovalno stolp~e (dol-ìna 1 m, {irina 0.40 m). Nepe~enite tuli odkoi e gradena osobeno dobro se za~uvani naseverniot yid od loì{teto (sl. 18). Intere-sen e podatokot deka vo vnatre{nosta na pe~-kata IV e otkriena golema koncentracija na{kolki, koi verojatno imaat uloga vo proce-sot na pe~eweto.

Poslednata, Pe~ka V, po forma e mnogusli~na na pe~kata III, vrz ~ii ostatoci e de-lumno izgradena. Orientirana e vo pravecs/z-j/i, postavena vo severoisto~niot agolna prostorijata, so kru`na forma na lo-ì{teto i mnogu pokus kanal za loèwe,koi isto taka se delumno vkopani pod podotna prostorijata (sl. 19). Za~uvana e vo dol-ìna od 2.20 m, a {irinata na loì{tetoiznesuva 1.70 m.

Istovremeno so pe~kite IV i V od pomla-data faza na Kerami~arskata rabotilnica,no vo sosednata prostorija, bila napravenaPe~kata VI. Orientirana e vo pravec i-z, akanalot za loèwe koj celosno nedostasuva senao|al na zapadnata strana. Kvadratnotoloì{te e izvedeno od nepe~eni tuli, ver-

and covered with a thin stone slab. Especiallyimpressive is the long stoking tunnel (1.20meters), which is well preserved. The furnacechamber and the stoking tunnel are partiallydug into the floor of the room.

After these kilns fell out of use, two newkilns were built upon their remains. (Figs. 2,3). Kiln IV is rectangular, oriented to thenorthwest, measuring 2.90 meters in lengthand 2.30 meters in width. The stoking tunnelis on its southern side, and inside the furnacechamber a long, oval, free-standing pedestal,1 meter long and 0.40 meter wide, supportedthe oven floor. The unbaked mud bricks ofwhich it is made are well preserved, espe-cially on the northern wall of the furnacechamber (Fig. 18). Very interesting is thefact that inside Kiln IV a large number ofriver shells were discovered, which probablyhad some role in the combustion process.

The last kiln in this room, Kiln V, is verysimilar in shape to Kiln III, upon whoseremains it was built. It is oriented northwest tosoutheast and located in the northeastern cor-ner of the room. The furnace chamber is circu-lar and the stoking tunnel is much shorter. Theyare partially dug into the floor of the room(Fig. 19). The kiln is 2.20 meters long and 1.70meters wide.

At the same time that Kilns V and VI fromthe later phase of the Pottery Workshop werein use, Kiln VI was built in the adjacentroom. It is oriented in an east-west direction,and the stoking tunnel, which is missing, wasplaced on its western side. The square fur-nace chamber, as well as the free-standing


264

Sl. 3. [ematski prikaz nadvete fazi na Kerami~ar-skata rabotilnica, sporedNeidinger W. - Matthews E.Fig. 3. Shematic presentation ofthe both phases of the Potteryworkshop, according toNeidinger W. - Matthews E.

postara faza - pe~ki II i IIIolder phase - Kilns II and III

pomlada faza - pe~ki IV i Vlater phase - Kilns IV and V

IV

VII

III

tikalno postaveni, kako i stolp~eto, koe elo{o za~uvano (sl. 4). Osven pepel, vo vna-tre{nosta na loì{teto nema naodi.

Vo op{tata stratigrafska slika Kerami-~arskata rabotilnica se smestuva vo vtora-ta i tretata grade`na faza na {estata nasel-ba (V.R.VI, sloj 3, 2), so mal vremenski inter-val me|u dvete fazi na upotreba na pe~kite.Ne se otkrieni moneti koi poto~no bi jadatirale rabotilnicata, no najverojatnopripa|a na krajot na III i II vek pr. n.e. Vo pom-ladata faza objektot pretrpel prepravki idogradbi, osobeno kon sever i istok, no gozadràl karakterot na rabotilnica.

Pe~kata VII e otkriena vo ramkite na se-vernata prostorija na t.n. Rabotilnica naMenek. So zapadnata strana e potprena nakamen blok od Stoata, sekundarno iskoristenza pomladata, helenisti~ka ku}a (sl. 5).Gradena e od plitar, so ovalna forma, sovkupna dolìna od 1.50 m i {irina od 1.30 m.

pedestal which is poorly preserved, are madeof vertically placed unbaked mud bricks (Fig.4). In the inner space of the kiln, except forthe ashes, there were no findings.

In the general stratigraphical picture, thePottery Workshop belongs to the second andthird building phase of the sixth settlement(V.R.VI, layers 3 and 2), with a small timedelay between the two building phases of thekilns. No coins that could have helped usdate the workshop have been uncovered, butit probably belongs to the end of the thirdand second century BC. In the later buildingphase, the workshop was rebuilt, especiallythe northern and eastern rooms, but still keptthe character of a workshop.

Kiln VII was uncovered in the northernroom of the building called The Workshop ofMenek. Its western side leaned against astone block from the Stoa, which was in sec-ondary use in a later Hellenistic building

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Sl. 4. Pe~ka VI -Kerami~arskarabotilnica. Fig. 4. Kiln VI - ThePottery Workshop.

Sl. 5. Pe~ka VII -Rabotilnica na Menek.FIg. 5. Kiln VII - The Workshopof Menek.


266

(Fig. 5). Kiln VII is oval shaped, built ofunbaked mud bricks, measuring 1.50 metersin length and 1.30 meters in width. Exceptfor the western lateral wall, which is pre-served to 0.50 meter, the furnace chamber isconsiderably destroyed. It is oriented east towest and the poorly preserved stoking tunnelis on the eastern side of the kiln. Two verti-cally placed unbaked mud bricks inside thekiln are all that remain of the central free-standing pedestal (Fig. 20). The perforatedoven floor has not been preserved. Asidefrom the pieces of burnt mud bricks (fromthe lateral walls and upper construction) anda thick layer of ashes, especially in the fur-nace chamber, an echinus bowl was uncov-ered.

On the floor next to the kiln an ichthyawas uncovered with an impressed rectanglestamp with the name ΜΕΝΕΚ, probably thename of the potter (Fig. 6). The same nameoccurs on two other ihthyas. Only a base withthe stamp was preserved from the first one,uncovered on the Southern Terrace in a dumppit. Considering its deposit, it is hard toarrive at an exact date in the stratigraphiccontext. The second ichthya, which is com-pletely preserved, was uncovered on theEastern Terrace, in the second building phaseof the House with a Sanctuary, dated to thesecond half of the second century BC.

The numismatic material dates Kiln VII tothe second century BC, that is, in the firstbuilding phase of The Workshop of Menek.

The Workshop of Menek was eventuallyreconstructed and rebuilt. In one of its south-ern rooms, another kiln was uncovered in thespring 2000 season (Fig. 7). Kiln VIII leansagainst the eastern wall of a room orientedeast to west, and the stoking tunnel, which is

Osven na zapadnata strana, kade strani~niotyid e visok 0.50 m, loì{teto na pe~kata koedelumno e vkopano pod podot vo prostorijatae edvaj za~uvano. Orientirana e vo pravec i-z, a kanalot za loèwe koj e prili~no uni{-ten e postaven na isto~nata strana. Vo vnat-re{nosta na pe~kata centralno e postavenostolp~e izvedeno od dve vertikalno posta-veni tuli (sl. 20). Re{etkata ne e za~uvana.Osven par~iwa izgoren plitar od strani~ni-te yidovi i gornata konstrukcija, i debeliotsloj pepel, osobeno vo loì{teto, vo pe~katae otkriena samo edna ehinus pani~ka.

Na podot od prostorijata, vedna{ do pe~-kata, e otkriena ihtija koja na dnoto odnatreima vtisnat pravoagolen pe~at so imetoΜΕΝΕΚ, verojatno imeto na majstorot-kera-mi~ar (sl. 6). Istoto ime se sre}ava na u{tedve ihtii. Od prvata, otkriena vo otpadnajama na Ju`nata terasa e za~uvano samo dnotoso pe~atot, za koja so ogled na mestoto nanao|awe te{ko e da se izvede datirawe sporedstratigrafski kontekst. Vtoriot primerok,koj e celosno za~uvan, otkrien e na Isto~nataterasa vo ramkite na vtorata grade`na fazana Ku}ata so svetili{te, vremenski opre-delena vo vtorata polovina na II vek pr. n.e.

Spored numizmati~kiot materijal i pe~-kata VII e datirana vo tekot na II vek pr. n.e.,vo prvata grade`na faza na Rabotilnicatana Menek.

Rabotilnicata na Menek bila obnovena idogradena. Vo edna od ju`nite prostorii eotkriena u{te edna pe~ka, istraùvana vosezonata prolet 2000 g. (sl. 7). Pe~kata VIII epotprena na isto~niot yid na prostorijata,orientirana vo pravec i-z, a kanalot za lo-èwe koj potpolno nedostasuva bil postavenna zapadnata strana. [iroka e 0.75 m, a vodolìna e za~uvana 0.60 m. Pe~kata e so

Sl. 6. Ihtija sope~at Menek.Fig. 6. Ichthya withstamp Menek.

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267

kvadratna forma i voobi~aeno e gradena odnepe~eni tuli, a odvnatre e prema~kana soglina. Na isto~niot yid e za~uvan mal del odgornata konstrukcija koja vidno kupolastozakrivuva, a za {to e upotreben fragment odobod od pitos (sl. 21). Od stolp~eto vo vna-tre{nosta na loì{teto e za~uvana samoedna vertikalno postavena tula.

Potprena na zapadniot yid vo istata pros-torija, otkriena e plitarna konstrukcijaorientirana vo pravec i-z. Taa e so pravoagol-na forma, {iroka 1.10 m, a vo dolìnaza~uvana 0.60 m (sl. 22). Iako vo prvo vreme etretirana kako pe~ka, nedostatokot na kana-lot za loèwe i stolp~eto vo loì{teto gozgolemi somneòt deka se raboti za pe~ka.Ju`no od nea e otkrien mal zagraden prostorso imbreksi koj verojatno e vo funkcija napodgotovka na glinata, sudej}i po golemiotsad so izlivnik na dnoto. Ovaa plitarna kon-strukcija treba da ja tretirame kako zasebenpridruèn objekt, povrzan so pe~kata VIII, koje vo slu`ba na procesot na podgotovka na gli-nata ili ve}e gotovite predmeti spremni zape~ewe. Vo nea e otkriena celosna ènska te-rakotna figurina, pa bi moèle da zaklu~imedeka pe~kata VIII bila nameneta i za pe~ewe nalokalno izrabotenite terakotni figurini.

Vo funkcija na ovaa rabotilnica e i sosed-nata prostorija, odnosno prodavnicata kadese prodavale izrabotenite kerami~ni proiz-vodi. Potvrda za ova se otkrienite pitosipolni so sadovi - bokali, laginos, amfori itn(sl. 23). Zaradi ova, dvete prostorii od pom-ladata grade`na faza na Rabotilnicata naMenek se opredeleni kako rabotilnica soprodavnica.

Na podnoto nivo na prostorijata se ot-krieni pove}e bronzeni moneti, od koi dve seidentifikuvani. Toa se moneti koi pripa-|aat na avtonomnite kovawa na Pela i Amfi-polis, otkrieni i vo ostanatite prostorii na

missing, was placed on its western side. Thekiln is 0.75 meter wide and preserved up to0.60 meter in length. The kiln is square, builtof unbaked mud bricks, and coated with clayon the inside. A small part of the upper struc-ture has been preserved on the eastern wall.For the vaulted upper structure, a fragment ofa pithos rim was used (Fig. 21). Only one un-baked brick was preserved from the ovenfloor support.

In the same room, next to the westernwall, an unbaked mud brick structure orient-ed east to west was uncovered. It is rectan-gular, 1.10 meters wide and 0.60 meter long(Fig. 22). Although at first this structure wasthought to be a kiln, the lack of a stokingtunnel and a free-standing pedestal in thefurnace chamber raises doubts. On its south-ern side, a small space surrounded byimbrexes was probably used for clay pro-cessing, a theory which seems to be con-firmed by the discovery of a large vesselwith a pouring spout on its base. This mudbrick structure should be treated as a sepa-rate, adjacent construction (connected toKiln VIII), where the clay was prepared orvessels ready for firing were kept. Insidethis structure an intact female terracotta fig-urine was discovered, pointing towards theconclusion that in Kiln VIII locally madeterracotta figurines were fired.

Also connected to this workshop is aneighboring room, a store, where the ceram-ic vessels were sold. This has been con-firmed by the discovery of pithoi filled withother vessels, jars, laginos, amphoras, etc.(Fig. 23). This is why these two rooms fromthe earlier constructional phase of TheWorkshop of Menek have been named theworkshop with a store.

Several bronze coins were uncovered onthe f loor of the room, among which two

Sl. 7. Pe~ka VIII- Rabotilnicana Menek.Fig. 7. Kiln VIII -Workshop ofMenek.


objektot, zaradi {to istiot se datira konsredinata i vtorata polovina na II vek pr.n.e., odnosno pripa|a na tretata grade`nafaza na {estata naselba na Vardarski Rid.

Vo 1995 g. e otkriena u{te edna Pe~ka IX,istovremena so prethodnata. Taa e smestena vojugoisto~niot agol na edna od prostoriite nat.n. Objekt so pe~ka, koj se nao|a zapadno pok-raj uli~kata so drenaèn kanal. Po dimenziie pomala ({iroka e 1.40 m, a vo dolìna eza~uvana 1 m), so kvadratna forma i central-no stolp~e od koe e za~uvana edna horizontal-no postavena tula (sl. 8). Orientirana e vopravec s/z-j/i, a kanalot za loèwe koj senao|al na severnata strana e uni{ten so yid,koj pretstavuva del od podocne`ni prepravki,vo vreme koga pe~kata ne bila vo upotreba.

Poslednata, edinaesetta Pe~ka XI na Var-darski Rid e otkriena na Isto~nata terasa,vo ramkite na Ku}ata so svetili{te, poto-~no, vo pomladata faza koja e datirana vo vto-rata polovina na II vek pr. n.e (sl. 9). Orien-tirana e vo pravec i-z, potprena na zapadniotyid na prostorijata. Ima pravoagolna osnovana loì{teto so {irina 1.10 m, i dolìna0.90 m, a kanalot za loèwe e postaven na is-to~nata strana (sl. 24). Gradena e od plitar,no na~inot se razlikuva od site ponaprednavedeni pe~ki. Imeno, strani~nite yidovina loì{teto se izvedeni od tri rebra para-lelni edni na drugi. Sekoe rebro e napravenood po dve horizontalno postaveni tuli, ednavrz druga, a od nadvore{nata strana se povrza-ni so vertikalno postavena tula. Vo vnatre{-nosta na loì{teto nema centralno postave-no stolp~e koe ja drì re{etkata, tuku taafunkcija vo ovoj slu~aj ja imaat rebrata. Na

have been identified. They are coins thatbelong to the autonomous mints of Pella andAmphipolis, which helped date the buildingto the middle and second half of the secondcentury BC, that is, to the third buildingphase of the sixth settlement on VardarskiRid.

In the 1995 season, Kiln IX, contempo-rary with Kiln VIII, was uncovered. It is inthe southeast corner of one of the rooms ofthe Building with a Kiln, a structure locatedon the west, beside a street with a drainagecanal. It is quite small (1.40 meters wideand 1meter long) and square. Only one hor-izontally placed mud brick of the free-standing pedestal is preserved (Fig.8). KilnIX is oriented in a northwest to southeastdirection, and the stoking tunnel, whichwas placed on its northern side, wasdestroyed by a later wall that was part ofsome rebuilding, at a time when the kilnwas not in use.

The last Kiln XI on Vardarski Rid wasuncovered on the Eastern Terrace, in theframes of the House with a Sanctuary, in itslater building phase dated to the second halfof the second century BC (Fig. 9). It is ori-ented east-west. It has a rectangular furnacechamber, 1.10 meters wide and 0.90 meterlong, with the stoking tunnel on the easternside (Fig. 24). The kiln was built of unbakedmud bricks, in a manner that differs fromthe other kilns. The oven floor was not sup-ported by a centrally placed, free-standingpedestal, but with lateral pilasters that pro-trude from the interior of the kiln wall.Inside the furnace chamber there is suffi-

Sl. 8. Pe~ka IX -Objekt so pe~ka.Fig. 8. Kiln IX -Building with kiln.

0 50 100 cm

268

sredina na loì{teto od edno do drugo rebroima dovolno prostor za stavawe drva.4 Ne eza~uvana gornata konstrukcija. Vo vnatre{-nosta na pe~kata nema naodi.

Pe~kite za keramika se konstrukcii sokus vek na upotreba, so ogled na postojanotoizloùvawe na golemi temperaturni razli-ki, zaradi {to baraat postojano popravawe iobnovuvawe. Ne postojat precizni tehni~kipravila po koi se gradeni, no vo osnova sitegi sodràt istite konstruktivni elementi.

Glavno, postojat dva tipa pe~ki: "otvorentip#, odnosno ednokomorni pe~ki prete`nokoristeni vo praistoriskite periodi i vis-tinski pe~ki od "zatvoren tip#, odnosno dvo-komorni vo koi predmetite se odvoeni odgorivoto, vo {to se sostoi glavnata razlikame|u ovie dva tipa.5

Pe~eweto kaj "otvoreniot tip# e prili~noprimitivno. Sadovite se postavuvaat vo plit-ka jama i se pokrivaat so granki, slama, jagle-nisano drvo, penu{ki, odnosno s¢{to moè daposluì kako gorivo. Otvorite se pokrivaatso glina za da se ovozmoì termalna izolaci-ja, osven eden koj sluì za dovod na kislorod.Zaradi neednakviot protok na vozduh, niskatatemperatura i neednakvo rasporeduvawe natoplinata, rezultatite od pe~eweto ne se se-

cient space between the pilasters for fuel.4

There are no remains left either of the ovenfloor or of the upper structure. There wereno findings from inside the kiln.

The pottery kilns represent constructionswith a short service life, considering theirfrequent exposure to repeated heatings andcoolings. That is why they required continu-al maintenance and repair. There are no pre-cise technical rules for their building, butbasically the construction elements are thesame.

In general, there are two basic kiln types:the “open fire” type, single chamber kilns,mostly used in the prehistoric periods; andclosed kilns of the so-called “up-draft” type,or double chambered kilns, in which the ves-sels were burnt separately from the fuel, thisbeing the main difference between these twotypes of kilns.5

The firing in the open kiln is ratherprimitive. The vessels were placed in ashallow pit and covered with whatever fuelwas available, such as branches, twigs,reeds, or charcoal. Afterwards, the open-ings were covered with clay to providethermal isolation, except one small open-ing for oxygen. Owing to irregular draught,

Vardarski Rid

269

Sl. 9. Pe~ka XI - nadKu}a so svetili{te. Fig. 9. Kiln XI - aboveHouse with a Sanctuary.

4 Malenko V., 1978, 342, this type of kiln with acircular shape, larger dimensions, and with lateralpilasters supporting the oven floor was discovered inOhrid in the “Old City” complex. It is dated to the sec-ond century BC. The author considers that it was usedfor firing bricks and roof tiles. The photograph of thesame is published in the Archeological Map of theRepublic of Macedonia, Vol. II, 271.

5 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 73-74.

4 Malenko V., 1978, 342, kaj nas edinstvena pe~kaod ovoj tip, ~ii nosa~i na re{etkata se paralelnirebra, e otkriena vo Ohrid, vo kompleksot "Stara~ar{ija#, no e so kru`na osnova na loì{teto ipogolemi dimenzii. Datirana e vo II vek pr. n.e, zakoja avtorot iznesuva mislewe deka e za pe~ewe natuli i teguli. Fotografija na pe~kata e objavena voArheolo{ka karta na R. Makedonija, Tom II, 271.

5 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 73-74.


270

koga{ uspe{ni. Sadovite ~esto se kr{at,pe~eni se nevoedna~eno, a bojata na kerami-kata e razli~na. Ovie bile koristeni duri ivo rimskiot period, osobeno vo severnite pe-riferii na carstvoto.

Najdobar primer za toa kako izgledalepe~kite od "zatvoren tip# koristeni vo anti-kata, pretstavuva edna ati~ka hidrija i ne-kolku pinaksi otkrieni vo Penteskufia bli-zu Korint, prete`no datirani vo VI vek pr.n.e., na koi se naslikani kerami~arski pe~kivo razni fazi od procesot na pe~ewe.6 Postoigolema vremenska razlika od pretstavite naslikanite pinaksi do pe~kite koi se predmetna ovoj trud, no, sepak, tie pretstavuvaat naj-dobar izvor za izgledot na kerami~arskitepe~ki koi so tekot na vremeto moèbistanale poednostavni, no vo su{tina prin-cipot na gradewe i procesot na pe~ewe nepretrpele nekakvi zna~ajni promeni. Iakokonkretno vakvi pe~ki dosega ne se otkrieni,nivnoto postoewe e nesporno i najverojatnoistovremeno so poednostavnite tipovi.7

Voobi~aeniot tip pe~ka pretstavuva zat-vorena plitarna struktura sostavena od dvadela: goren i dolen del (sl. 10).8

Dolniot del e sostaven od kanalot zaloèwe i loì{teto. Kanalot za loèwe,smesten vo predniot del na loì{teto, e la-~en tunel so razli~na dolìna od kade pe~ka-ta se polni so gorivo (sl. 25, a-d). Graden e odnepe~eni tuli, teguli i kerami~ni otpadoci,a moè da bide dolg od nekolku santimetri donekolku metri. Dolgite kanali se poprakti~-ni, bidej}i ovozmoùvaat podobar dovod nakislorod. Vo nego se vr{i po~etnoto zagre-vawe na pe~kata, a podocna gorivoto se turkapovnatre vo loì{teto, so {to se za{tituvacelata konstrukcija od silno razgoruvawe naognot so sekoe dodavawe gorivo.

Iako na pretstavite na pinaksite sitepe~ki imaat kru`na osnova na loì{teto,istraùvawata otkrivaat pe~ki so razli~naforma: kru`ni, ovalni, pravoagolni ilikvadratni. Spored nekoi avtori, zaradi po-dobra termalna izolacija kanalot za loè-we i loì{teto delumno se vkopuvaat podpodnoto nivo.9 Od edinaesette otkrieni pe~-

low firing temperature, and unequal heatdispersion, the results are not always suc-cessful. The vessels are fragile, with dif-ferent colors of the surface and gray core.These types of kilns were in use up to theRoman period, especially in the northernparts of the Empire.

Maybe the best examples of the up-draftkilns used in ancient times come fromdepictions on an Attic hydria and severalpinakes discovered in Penteskouphia, nearCorinth, dated to the sixth century BC.6

Even though there is a big time differencebetween the painted pinakes and the kilnsdiscussed in this article, the pinakes still arethe best source for the appearance of ourkilns. In the meantime, they might havebecome simpler, but the basic constructionand process of firing did not essentiallychange. Although these types of kilns havenot yet been uncovered, their existence isundeniable.7

The usual up-draft kiln has a closed mudbrick structure with an upper and lower part(Fig. 10).8

The lower part consists of a stoking tunneland a furnace chamber. The stoking tunnel,placed in the front of the furnace chamber, isactually an arch-shaped tunnel, of variablelength, where the fuel is loaded (Fig. 25, a-d). It was built of mud bricks, tiles, and pot-tery wasters and measures from several cen-timeters to several meters. The long tunnelsare more practical because they provide bet-ter air draught. This is the place where thewarming of the kiln begins; later the fuel ispushed further into the furnace chamber,which is a way of protecting the whole con-struction from violent explosion during eve-ry fuel reloading.

Although the pinakes show only kilnswith circular furnace chambers, excavationsrevealed kilns with different shapes: circular,oval, rectangular, or square. Certain authorsbelieve that the stoking tunnel and the fur-nace chamber were dug below floor level toensure better thermal isolation.9 Of theeleven kilns uncovered on Vardarski Rid,

6 Noble J.V., 1965, 72-74; Cuomo di Caprio N.,1984, 77-82; Cook R. M., 1984, 64.

7 Cook R. M., 1984, 64.8 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 74-75.9 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 74; Cook R. M., 1984,

63, opinion based on the kilns of the Roman period inBritain.

6 Noble J. V., 1965, 72-74; Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984,77-82; Cook R. M., 1984, 64.

7 Cook R. M., 1984, 64.8 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 74-75.9 Cuomo Di Caprio N., 1984, 74; Cook R. M., 1984, 63,

vrz osnova na otkrienite pe~ki vo Britanija, dati-rani vo rimskiot period.

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271

ki na Vardarski Rid, samo vo tri slu~ai sezabeleùva vkopano loì{te i kanal podpodnoto nivo (Pe~ka III, V i VI), dodeka kajostanatite tie se izgradeni na nivo napodot, {to se zabeleùva i na slikanitepinaksi. Loì{tata imaat razli~ni dimen-zii, no se dovolno visoki za da se ovozmoìnormalno sogoruvawe. Kaj pe~kite na Var-darski Rid loì{teto e visoko 0.40-0.50 m,kolku {to iznesuva standardnata visina naedna tula.

Loì{teto e odvoeno od gorniot del soperforiran pod - re{etka na koj se redatpredmetite za pe~ewe. Na eden od pinaksitee prikaàna {ematska pretstava na vna-tre{nost na pe~ka na koja se gleda re{etka-ta, ~ij nosa~ e centralno postaveno kru`nostolp~e (sl. 25-d). Kerami~arite vo antika-ta koristele razli~ni re{enija za re{etka-ta i nejziniot nosa~, koi bi bile dovolnocvrsti da ja izdràt teìnata na predmeti-te koi se pe~at i vo isto vreme da ima dovol-no prostor vo loì{teto za normalno odvi-vawe na procesot na gorewe. Re{etkata sepotpira na strani~nite yidovi na loì{te-to, a odozdola na centralno stolp~e, radi-jalni pilastri, popre~no postaveni rebraili prevrten kerami~en sad. Vrz osnova naovie razli~ni re{enija e izvedena i tipo-logijata na pe~kite.10

Mislewata na prou~uva~ite najmnogu serazlikuvaat po pra{aweto na gorniot del,odnosno komorata, koja dosega ne e za~uvanakaj niedna od istraènite pe~ki. Taa moèda bide privremena ili postojana. Privreme-

only three have their stoking tunnel and fur-nace chamber dug below floor level (Kiln III,V and VI). As for the others, their stokingtunnels and furnace chambers are built on thefloor level, which can also be seen on thepinakes. The furnace chambers are of differ-ent heights, but they are high enough to pro-vide for normal combustion. Of the kilnsuncovered on Vardarski Rid the furnacechambers are 0.40-0.50 meter high, which isactually the standard mud brick height.

The furnace chamber is separated from theupper part by a perforated oven floor onwhich the pottery is placed. On one of thepinakes a cross-section view of the kiln isdepicted, where perforated floor is supportedby a free-standing circular shaped pedestal(Fig. 25-d). The potters of antiquity tried dif-ferent solutions regarding the perforatedfloor and its support that had to be sturdyenough to carry the weight of the pots to befired and at the same time to have enoughspace in the furnace chamber for normalburning process. The perforated floor restson the lateral walls of the furnace chamberand, on the bottom, on a free-standingpedestal, pilasters, cross-walls, or invertedvessels. Based on these various solutions, atypology of kilns was made.10

The analysts’ opinions mostly differ con-cerning the upper part, the oven chamber,which was not preserved in any of our kilns.An oven’s roof can be either temporary orpermanent. The temporary roof is a rudimen-tary type of vault. Unfired vessels were

10 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 75.10 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 75.

Sl. 10. [ematski prikaz na pe~ka od "zatvoren tip#, spored V. G. Swan.

Fig. 10. Shematic presentation of "up-draft" type of kiln, according V. G. Swan.

Loì{teFurnacechamber

Postojana gornakonstrukcijaPermanent domedsuperstructure

Otvor za dovod na vozduhEnhaust vent

KomoraOven chamber

Perforiran pod - re{etkaPerforated oven floor

Centralno stolp~eOven floor support

Kanal za loèweStoking tunnel

stacked on the raised oven floor on top ofeach other and then covered with ceramicwasters and clay; a draught hole was leftopen. After the firing, this construction isdemolished, and rebuilt for next firing.11

This primitive way of roofing is similar tothe single chambered kilns of the open type.In antiquity this type of temporary chamberwas used for firing coarse wares or roof tiles,which usually are unevenly fired with a graycore, because of the low temperature and badhot air circulation.

The permanent roof is usually domeshaped, made of mud bricks arranged in ascalar fashion or arches which are a frameupon which clay is spread. All of the kilnsrepresented on the Corinthian pinakes have adomed upper structure. On the top it has anopening, an exhaust vent for draught regula-tion, which is closed with a tegula fragmentor some other larger vessel. Opening or clos-ing an exhaust vent influences firing condi-tions, increasing or decreasing oxygen, thatis, regulating conditions of oxidation orreduction, which influences the quality andcolor of the vessel. In the larger kilns, on thelateral wall there is a “door” with a small cir-cular spy-hole, to observe and control theburning process.

The most common question concerning thepermanent upper structure is the manner ofloading the vessels into the kiln. As I havealready mentioned, on some of the pinakes, a“door” can be seen on the lateral wall of thedomed upper structure; it is placed at thesame level as the perforated oven floor orslightly above it. Through it, the vesselscould be placed directly on the oven floor, butto load the kiln, the rest have to be placedfrom above, through an opening at the top.This is why it is presumed that only the lowerhalf of the upper structure is permanent andthe uppermost part is built after the kiln isfilled with vessels. After the firing process iscomplete, the upper half would have to bedemolished to extract the pottery.12 This ismost likely done in cases when large vesselsare fired.

nata komora pretstavuva rudimentiran tipsvod, izveden na toj na~in {to nepe~enitepredmeti se redat na re{etkata eden vrzdrug, a potoa se pokrivaat so kerami~ni otpa-doci i glina, pri {to se ostava otvor zaradidovod na vozduh. Po pe~eweto ovaa konstruk-cija se kr{i, a za sekoe novo pe~ewe seizrabotuva druga.11 Vakviot primitiven na-~in na pokrivawe na sadovite vo pe~kata esli~en na "otvoreniot tip# pe~ki, a vo anti-kata vakvite privremeni komori se koris-tele za pe~ewe na grubi sadovi ili pokrivnakeramika, bidej}i zaradi niskata temperatu-ra i neednakvoto cirkulirawe na topliotvozduh se dobivaat nevoedna~eno ispe~enisadovi so sivo jadro.

Postojanata komora e vo vid na kupola iz-rabotena od skalesto naredeni nepe~eni tuli,ili, pak, od granki zategnati vo forma na lakkoi ja pretstavuvaat ramkata vrz koja senalepuva glina. Na korintskite pinaksi gor-nata konstrukcija kaj site pe~ki e kupolestore{ena. Na vrvot imaat otvor-oxak, so koj seregulira dovodot na kislorod, koj se zatvoraso fragment od tegula ili pogolem sad. Vozavisnost od toa dali oxakot e otvoren ilizatvoren, se menuvaat uslovite na pe~ewe, soili bez prisustvo na kislorod, odnosnouslovi na oksidacija ili redukcija, {to, pak,vlijae na kvalitetot i bojata na sadot. Kajpogolemite pe~ki na strani~niot yid na kupo-lata ima "vrata# so mal kruèn otvor prekukoj se kontrolira procesot na pe~ewe.

Kaj postojanite komori naj~esto postavu-vano pra{awe e na~inot na redewe na sado-vite vo pe~kata. Kako {to ve}e navedov, nanekoi od pinaksite se zabeleùva vrata nastrani~niot yid na komorata koja se nao|a navisina na perforiraniot pod ili malku nadnego. Preku nea bi se postavile sadovite di-rektno na podot, no za da se napolni pe~kataostanatite treba da se naredat odozgora, pre-ku oxakot. Zaradi ova se pretpostavuva dekasamo dolnata polovina od kupolata e posto-jana, a gornata se doyiduva otkako pe~kata }ebide napolneta so sadovi. Po zavr{uvawetona pe~eweto gornata polovina bi moralo dase iskr{i za da se izvadat sadovite.12 Ova


272

11 Cook R. M., 1984, 65; the same type of roof-ing is noticed on Roman kilns uncovered in Britain;the author confirms his opinion with the experi-ment of Watson , a pottery craftsmen from London,who has done a successful reconstruction of the fir-ing process in a replica of one of these kilns.

12 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 81;

11 Cook R . M., 1984, 65; vakva gorna konstrukcija ezabeleàna kaj rimskite pe~ki otkrieni vo V. Brita-nija; svoeto mislewe go potvrduva i so eksperimentotna Watson, kerami~ar od London, koj izvel uspe{narekonstrukcija na procesot na pe~ewe vo kopija na ednaod ovie pe~ki.

12 Cuomo Di Caprio N., 1984, 81.

Concrete conclusions concerning theheight of the kilns cannot be drawn from thedepictions on the pinakes or painted vessels.Most of them are small, as are the onesuncovered on Vardarski Rid, but on onepinakes (Fig. 25-c) there is an image of thepotter standing on a ladder trying to reach thetop of the kiln. This suggests that the kilnmight be two or three meters high.13

From all this we can come to the conclu-sion that the upper kiln construction can bemade in two ways, probably dependant notonly on the type and size of the kiln, but alsoon the type of object to be fired.

The kilns still used in present days confirmthis conclusion.14 The village of Vrane{nica,near Ki~evo, still represents one of the largestceramic centers where the pottery craftsman-ship tradition has survived up to the present.The kilns which the potters of Vrane{nicause are built in pretty much the same manneras the ancient ones, and basically the princi-ple of firing has remained the same. The fur-nace chamber is square on the outside andround in the inside, and built of stones coat-ed with mud. The vessels are placed on theperforated oven floor and the upper construc-tion is temporary. It is built of ceramicwasters after the kiln is filled with pottery(Figs. 11, 12).

Besides these, there are kilns withrounded bases and domed upper structures.

osobeno e slu~aj koga se pe~at golemi skla-di{ni sadovi.

Od slikanite pretstavi ne moè da se izve-dat konkretni zaklu~oci za visinata na pe~-kite. Pove}eto se mali, kako i ovie na Var-darski Rid, dodeka na eden pinaks (sl. 25-c)pretstaven e kerami~arot ka~en na skala za dago dosegne vrvot na pe~kata, {to zna~i deka evisoka dva do tri metri.13

Od napred iznesenoto, se zaklu~uva dekagornata konstrukcija na pe~kite moè da seizvede na dvata navedeni na~ini, {to naj-verojatno zavisi i od tipot i goleminata nape~kata, no i od vidot na predmetite koi sepe~at.

Kon ovoj zaklu~ok se nadovrzuvaat i dene{-nite pe~ki za keramika.14 Imeno, ki~evskotoselo Vrane{nica s¢ u{te vaì za eden od naj-golemite kerami~arski centri vo koe ezadràna tradicijata na grn~arskiot zanaet.Pe~kite vo koi majstorite od Vrane{nica gipe~at sadovite se izgradeni na mnogu sli~enna~in kako i anti~kite, i vo osnova princi-pot na pe~ewe e ostanat ist. Loì{teto koe e

Vardarski Rid

13 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 77, No. 5.14 For the photographs and information I an indebt-

ed to Gordan Nikolov, ethnologist in the Museum ofMacedonia.

13 Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, 77, No. 5.14 Za informaciite i otstapenite fotografii

mu blagodaram na Gordan Nikolov, etnolog vo Muze-jot na Makedonija.

Sl. 12. Pe~ka vo s. Vrane{nica -perforiran pod.

Fig. 12. Kiln in the village Vrane{nica -perforated oven floor.

Sl. 11. Pe~ka vo s. Vrane{nica.Fig. 11. Kiln in the village Vrane{nica.

273

izyidano od kamen oblepen so kal odnadvorima kvadratna, a odnatre kru`na forma. Sado-vite se redat na perforiraniot pod, a gornatakonstrukcija koja e privremena se izveduva odiskr{eni par~iwa keramika otkako pe~kata}e se napolni so sadovi (sl. 11, 12).

Za razlika od ovie, se sre}avaat i pe~ki sokru`na osnova i so kupolna gorna konstruk-cija (sl. 13).15 Vo vakvite pe~ki sadovite seredat preku "vratata# koja se nao|a na stra-ni~niot yid na kupolata i odozgora prekuoxakot. So ogled na toa {to se prili~novisoki, majstorot vleguva vnatre. Ovie mnogupotsetuvaat na visokata pe~ka pretstavena napinaksot od Korint (sl. 25-c).

Od brojot na dosega otkrienite pe~ki zakeramika, moè da se zaklu~i deka vo pred-rimskiot grad na Vardarski Rid postoisilna lokalna kerami~na produkcija, vrza-na prete`no za II vek pr. n.e. Tie se sorazli~na forma i razli~ni dimenziii. Kajsite relativno dobro se za~uvani strani~-nite yidovi na loì{teto, kanalot za lo-èwe i nosa~ot na re{etkata, no vo niedenslu~aj ne e otkriena samata re{etka. Edin-stven pokazatel za nea se tragite od pleterotkrieni vo nekolku pe~ki. Ova posledno-vo se odnesuva i na gornata konstrukcija zakoja samo kaj pe~kata VIII ima nesigurniindicii, i zasega }e se drìme do ve}eiznesenata konstatacija deka vo zavisnostod goleminata na pe~kata i nejzinatakonkretna namena za odreden vid predmeti,taa moè da bide privremena ili posto-jana. So ogled na toa {to vo niedna od nivne se otkrieni naodi, ne bi moèlo da seizvede zaklu~ok za kakvi predmeti bilenameneti, no sepak moè da se pretpostavideka pomalite pe~ki sluèle za pe~ewe naterakotni figurini. Potvrda za ova pret-stavuva ènskata terakotna pretstavaotkriena vo pridru`niot objekt na pe~kaVIII, i analizata na glinata na nekolkuterakoti otkrieni na Akropolata, koja gopotvrduva nivnoto lokalno proizvod-stvo.16

Ovoj trud pretstavuva prezentacija nape~kite za keramika otkrieni na Vardar-ski Rid, no, od druga strana, povlekuva imnogu drugi pra{awa povrzani so ovaa an-ti~ka tehnologija. Pred s¢, problemot namestopolo`bata na pe~kite vo ramkite naobjektite. So ogled na toa {to vo niv se

(Fig. 13).15 In this type of kiln the vesselsare loaded both through the “door” openingon the lateral wall of the kiln’s upper struc-ture and also from the chimney on the top.Considering that the kilns are rather high, thepotter gets inside. This type of kiln resem-bles the tall kiln image from the Corinthianpinakes (Fig. 25-c).

By the number of pottery kilns unearthed,we can conclude that there was a strong localceramic production in the pre-Roman town atVardarski Rid, chiefly in the second centuryBC. The kilns all have different shapes anddimensions. They all had well preserved fur-nace chambers, stoking tunnels, and supportsfor the perforated oven floors, which were notpreserved in any of the kilns. The only indica-tion of the floors are traces of wattle and daubuncovered in several kilns. This also accountsfor the upper construction of which only KilnVIII has uncertain indications. For now we willstay with the conclusion that the kiln may havehad a temporary or permanent upper construc-tion, depending on its size and use in firing cer-tain types of clay objects. Considering thatthere were no relevant finds in any of the kilns,a conclusion about what kind of clay objectswere fired cannot be drawn. However, we canpresume that the smaller kilns may have beenused for firing terracotta figurines. This pre-sumption is based on the female terracotta fig-urine uncovered in the adjacent construction ofKiln VIII and the clay analysis of several terra-cotta figurines uncovered on the Acropolis.16


15 Kupolnata pe~ka na sl. 22 se nao|a vo Berovo. 16 Analizite na glinata gi izvr{i d-r. Pere To{ev.

15 The domed shaped kiln on Fig. 22 is located in Berovo.16 Clay analysis was done by Dr. Pere To{ev.

Sl. 13. Kupolna pe~ka vo Berovsko.Fig. 13. Domed Kiln in Berovo region.

274

postignuva temperatura od 800-900 ºC, lo-gi~no e da se smesteni vo otvoreni tremoviili sl. Na ova pra{awe }e se dade odgovorduri po detalnata analiza na objektite.Potoa, pra{awa koi se odnesuvaat na teh-nolo{kiot aspekt na samiot proces, po~nu-vaj}i od podgotovkata na glinata, izvedu-vaweto na sadovite, na~inot na podgotovkana firnizot, pa s¢ do problemot na proce-sot na pe~eweto i hemiskite promeni koise slu~uvaat so glinata i firnizot prinivnoto izloùvawe na visoka temperatu-ra vo pe~kite. Tuka spa|aat i utilitarnitepredmeti, kako i onie pridru`ni elementiso pe~kite koi ovde se samo spomenati, akoi verojatno }e bidat cel na nekoe slednoprou~uvawe. Od druga strana, otkrivawetona idetitetot na lokalnite kerami~ari eu{te pogolem pridones vo obidot da serekonstruira ovaa anti~ka tehnologija,koja pretstavuva zna~aen segment vo grad-skata ekonomija.

This article is a presentation of the potterykilns uncovered in Vardarski Rid, but touches onmany other questions related to this ancient tech-nology, primarily the problem of placing kilnswithin buildings, keeping in mind that kilnsreached temperatures up to 800-900º C. It is logi-cal to presume that they were placed on openporches or someplace similar. This question canonly be answered after a detailed analysis of thebuildings themselves. Then questions concerningthe technological aspect of the process itself, start-ing with clay preparation, modeling of vessels,glaze preparation, to the chemical changes of theclay and glaze during their exposure to high tem-peratures in the firing process, can be dealt with.Also, the utilitarian objects as well as the adjacentkiln constructions will be subject of some otherarticle. Pottery production in the town is undeni-able, but discovering the identities of the localpotters would be a greater step in our attempt toreconstruct this ancient technology, which repre-sents an important segment of the town economy.

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275

Bibliografija:Bibliography:

Cuomo di Caprio N., 1984, Pottery Kilns on Pinakes from Korinth, Ancient Greek and RelatedPottery, Proceedings of the International Vase Symposium in Amsterdam,72-82, Amsterdam.

Cook R. M., 1984, The Calke Wood Kiln, Ancient Greek and Related Pottery, Proceedings ofthe International Vase Symposium in Amsterdam, 63-67, Amsterdam.

Husenovski B., 2004, Anti~kite moneti od Vardarski Rid, Gevgelija.

Mitrevski D., 2001, Staromakedonskiot grad na Vardarski Rid, Skopje.

Malenko V., 1978, Novi anti~ki naodi vo Ohrid i ohridsko, @A XXVIII, 339- 351,Skopje.

Noble J. V., 1965, The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery, New York.

Swan G. V., 1984, The Pottery Kilns of Roman Britain, Royal Commission on HistoricalMonuments, Supplementary Series 5, London.

Silvana BlaèvskaMuseum of Macedonia,

]ur~iska bb, [email protected]


276

Sl. 14. Pe~ka I.Fig. 14. Kiln I.

Sl. 15. Pe~ka I -pridruèn objektso otpadni jami.Fig. 15. Kiln I - adjacentstructure with dump pits.

Sl. 16. Pe~ka II - Kerami~arska rabotilnica.Fig. 16. Kiln II - The Pottery Workshop.

1 40 80 cm

Kiln II

Kiln VKiln IV

0 50 100 cm

Vardarski Rid

277

Sl. 17. Pe~ka III - Kerami~arska rabotilnica.Fig. 17. Kiln III - The Pottery Workshop.

Sl. 18. Pe~ka IV - Kerami~arska rabotilnica.Fig. 18. Kiln IV - The Pottery Workshop.

0 50 100 cm

0 50 100 cm


278

0 50 100 cm

0 50 100 cm

Sl. 19. Pe~ka V - Kerami~arska rabotilnica.Fig. 19. Kiln V - The Pottery Workshop.

Sl. 20. Pe~ka VII - Rabotilnicata na Menek.Fig. 20. Kiln VII - The Workshop of Menek.

Vardarski Rid

279

0 20 40 cm

0 20 40 cm

Sl. 21. Pe~ka VIII - Rabotilnicata na Menek.Fig. 21. Kiln VIII - The Workshop of Menek.

Sl. 22. Pridruèn objekt vo Rabotilnicata na Menek.Fig. 22. The adjacent structure in the Workshop of Menek.

Sl. 23. Pitos so sadovi-vo Rabotilnicata naMenek.Fig. 23. Pithos with vesselsin the Workshop of Menek.


280

Sl. 24. Pe~ka XI - Ku}a so svetili{te.Fig. 24. Kiln XI - The House with a Sanctuary.

Sl. 25. Korintski pinaksi od Penteskufija(spored N. Kuomo di Kaprio).Fig. 25. Corinthian pinakes from Penteskouphia(according N. Cuomo di Caprio).

0 20 40 cm

a b

c

d

Documents

Blazevska_Pottery Kilns in: D. Mitrevski (ed.), Vardarski Rid vol. I, Skopje 2005