AP Euro Review Flashcards1790-1914

After the French Revolution, the ideals of republican liberty in France wereA. Fully achieved by the DirectoryB. Compromised by the dictatorship of NapoleonC. Partially realized under RobespierreD. Embraced by the Roman Catholic ChurchE. Confused with democratic liberalism

Compromised by the dictatorship of NapoleonThe era after the French Revolution was politically chaotic and

was complicated by the threats of foreign invasion. After a period of oligarchic rule, Napoleon rose to power and took complete

control of the national government. A strong leader, he paid lip service to the revolutionary motto of liberty, but he was more

interested in maintaining his own power and achieving military goals.

Which of the following nations formed an informal coalition against France after the execution of Louis XVI?A. Prussia, Italy, and AustriaB. Britain, Spain, and AustriaC. Russia, Denmark, and BritainD. Germany, Belgium, and PortugalE. Holland, Ireland, and Spain

Britain, Spain, and AustriaThe act of regicide, or killing the monarch, in revolutionary

France was seen as barbaric and dangerous by other regimes in Europe. The Catholic monarchies of Austria and Spain were also particularly incensed with the anti-clerical

flavor of the French Revolution. France responded by building up the largest army ever assembled and trained. By 1794, the French army had over one million soldiers and began to win battles against the antirevolutionary forces.

In the Concordat of 1801, Napoleon did which of the followingA. He achieved complete political control over SpainB. He achieved peace with other European kingdomsC. He gave control over the church in France to the

popeD. He concluded an alliance with RussiaE. He had the Catholic Church recognized as the

predominant faith in France

He had the Catholic Church recognized as the predominant faith in France

After the coup of 1799, Napoleon made peace with the Roman Catholic Church. Although not a believer himself, Napoleon

placated the pope by recognizing that most French people were still Catholic. In agreeing to this, the church did not get back the

land taken by the revolutionary government. In the end, it meant the end of official enmity (animosity) between Rome and Paris.

This lessened the role of religion in the wars that would sweep across the continent in the next decade.

All of the following can be catalysts (spurs) that lead to political revolution EXCEPTA. A large underclass of oppressed peopleB. A corrupt and oblivious regimeC. An active land-reform movementD. Excessive taxationE. A large gap between rich and poor

An active land-reform movementRevolutions are often more likely with a conservative and

uncaring leadership. Often land reform is desperately needed to give the peasantry a stake in their work.

Aristocrats usually resist such reforms and seek to maintain their own power base. Whether one looks at the French or

the Russian Revolution, corrupt leadership and a small wealthy elite often give the poor no option but to revolt.

A major encouragement to industrialization in the 19th

century was the development ofA. Labor unionsB. Steam powerC. Reform movementsD. Land grantsE. Transoceanic shipping lanes

Steam powerThe ability to move people and goods is an important capability

for industrialized nations. During the Industrial Revolution, steam power helped make ships and trains faster and more efficient.

Steam-powered trains replaced canals as a much more effective way to move goods over long distances.

The survival of Great Britain during the Napoleonic period was primarily due to A. The collapse of Italian nationalismB. Its alliance with PortugalC. Its dominant naval powerD. Prussian duplicity in switching sides during the warE. The leadership of Lord Baltimore

Its dominant naval powerNapoleon was the leader of one of the greatest continental armies in European history. He was thwarted on the high seas, however, by the power of the British Royal Navy. In the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic, the French navy could not defeat the British. This protected Britain from

invasion and also disrupted French overseas trade. British naval power was able to play a pivotal role in the eventual

defeat of Napoleon in 1814.

The paintings of Francisco Goya played a role inA. Encouraging Spanish nationalism during the

Napoleonic eraB. Helping keep peace between Spain and France after

the revolutionC. Romanticizing the life of the rural poor in PortugalD. Eclipsing the work of the Dutch master during the

19th centuryE. Promoting Protestantism in France after 1800

Encouraging Spanish nationalism during the Napoleonic eraThe Napoleonic wars spread beyond the borders of France and

had a large impact on neighboring Spain. Napoleon puts his own brother on the Spanish throne, which prompted protests from the

Spanish. The occupying French used arbitrary arrests and executions to attempt to control the restless population. Goya

painted dramatic scenes of Spanish defiance in the face of French oppression. This further catalyzed Spanish nationalism and

eventually led to the defeat of the French in Spain.

The final defeat of Napoleonic France was mostly caused byA. The resistance of the United States to the practice of

impressment at seaB. Overextension of its military reachC. Prussian naval powerD. The disintegration of its overseas empireE. The defeat at Trafalgar

Overextension of its military reachNapoleon was successful in controlling different parts of

Europe during the first decade of the 19th century. But his reach was exceeded when he invaded Russia in 1812.

formerly an ally of France, Russia decided to withdraw from the continental blockade that Napoleon thrust on his

allies. The invasion of Russia was a disaster for France because its military power was weakened by a costly and remote campaign. Napoleon never regained his former power and was finally defeated in 1814 and forced into

exile

The chief aim of the Napoleonic continental system was toA. Forge an alliance with Great BritainB. Bring most of the Mediterranean under French

controlC. Intimidate the Irish into attacking ScotlandD. Exclude British trade from the rest of EuropeE. Partition Germany among the powers of Europe

Exclude British trade from the rest of EuropeBy 1810, Napoleon was the great power in Europe because he had

conquered and intimidated the powers around him. The one nation he could not control was Great Britain, which was militarily intact and protected by its powerful navy. Napoleon tried to deny British access to the economy of Europe, but this was unsuccessful in the end. Russia and other former French allies joined Britain in resisting Napoleon’s hegemony (domination over other countries)

Which of the following was NOT a result of Napoleon’s Grand Empire?A. Feudal dues were abolished in some conquered

territoriesB. Belgium’s nationhood was recognizedC. Serfdom was ended in many parts of EuropeD. Heavy taxes were levied in occupied territoriesE. German nationalism was given a boost

Belgium’s nationhood was recognizedNapoleon saw himself as a conquering liberator who

spread the ideals of the French Revolution. This meant recognizing the rights of the peasantry or serfs. Although

some reforms resulted, many Germans and Spanish saw the French as foreign oppressors. This gave rise to new national sentiments and led to Napoleon’s eventual

downfall. The extended France was called the Grand Empire and reached its apex in 1810. after 1810, the empire began to fragment as more and more kingdoms opposed

French domination.

The Constitutional Charter of 1814 achieved which of the following in France?A. The Bourbon dynasty was reinstated as a limited

monarchyB. All rights were restored to the aristocracyC. Protestantism was bannedD. Austrian occupation of Paris was formalizedE. Louis XVIII became an absolutist sovereign

The Bourbon dynasty was reinstated as a limited monarchyThe Charter of 1814 allowed for the return of the Bourbons after a generation of exile. Louis XVIII accepted many of the reforms of

the revolution, and his restored monarchy was essentially a constitutionally limited one. In the end, he reigned only ten years,

and the monarchy did not prove popular in post-revolutionary France.

This poster is evocative of which era in modern European history?

A. The belle époque

B. The Victorian era

C. The Napoleonic era

D. The interwar period

E. World War I

The Victorian era

The reign of Queen Victoria coincided with the rapid industrialization of western Europe. Chief among the new

technologies that appeared was the steam-powered railroad systems that began to connect Europe. The poster is British and shows that trains gave people access to once-

remote regions, such as Scotland. Families were able to vacation in areas that had been inaccessible before

modern transportation was available.

In the preindustrial era, European goods were often moved viaA. Barges that connected different countriesB. Wagons on paved roadsC. Human-made canals that connected citiesD. Mule trains across the countrysideE. Crude steam-powered trucks

Human-made canals that connected citiesIn the 18th century, canals were built in different parts of western Europe to help move goods to the marketplace. These were often human-made canals that left existing

rivers and went across the countryside regardless of elevation gain. Many locks were built to allow canal boats to follow the terrain. These canals enjoyed a half century

of usefulness until they were replaced by the railroads, which were more efficient.

Which of the following features of the British nation encouraged industrialization after 1780?A. Labor unionsB. Steam powerC. Reform movementsD. Land grantsE. Transoceanic shipping lanes

Transoceanic shipping lanesGreat Britain was the first modern industrial nation. It possessed

all the ingredients that a country needs to develop beyond the preindustrial stage. It had a thriving textile industry with wool

and cotton as the most common products. Cotton mills were among the first factories to be built in the late 18th century. There were many agricultural laborers who adapted to factory work in

19th century Britain. There was also a stable government that often voted in the interests of investors who were expanding their

industries in Britain and around the world.

Which two technological innovations greatly stimulated the textile industry in Great Britain by 1795?A. The cotton woofer and spinning jennyB. The astrolabe and shuttlecockC. The barometer and flying loomD. The spinning jenny and the water frameE. The wool splicer and lateral woof

The spinning jenny and the water frameIn the 18th century, cotton had to be imported into Great Britain from other parts of the world, such as India or the

United States. Cotton was an easier fabric to manufacture, especially after the invention of the spinning jenny, which greatly increased the ability to produce yarn and thread.

This and the water frame helped textile manufacturers expand their operation and create more cloth. These

inventions catalyzed the growth of the cotton industry because clothes could be made faster and cheaper

In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, factory owners often sought to hireA. Older married womenB. Children abandoned by their parentsC. Nobles down on their luckD. Educated middle-class peopleE. Retired clergy

Children abandoned by their parentsWorking conditions in factories were often poor, and some adults

balked at working in theme. There was a large population of orphaned and abandoned children who were available to factory managers. These children had often been left in the care of local

parishes or churches. Sometimes opportunistic parish officers apprenticed these children out to factory recruiters, and they

worked long hours in unsafe factory conditions. This was a type of de facto slavery, and conditions were brutal for the young workers

19th century Great Britain was remarkable in the A. Strictness of its mercantilist policiesB. Oppressive nature of its monarchyC. Devotion it showed to King George IID. Freedom it allowed to private entrepreneursE. Liberal policies it implemented in India

Freedom it allowed to private entrepreneursEngland had evolved into a relatively liberal constitutional

monarchy by 1800. it maintained a respected monarchy while giving more power to the people through the governing

Parliament. It was much less regulatory of businesses than other European nations in the same time period. This encourage people to invest their money in new enterprises, which helped create the

great merchant class in Britain in the 19th century.

Early 18th century factories were often located onA. The coastB. MountainsidesC. Canals built by steam shovelsD. The sides of valleysE. rivers

rivers Many of the early factories were water powered, making

flowing rivers an ideal source of natural power to industrialists. The flowing water drove large water wheels,

and the mechanical energy was used to power the water frames and power looms. New towns grew up rapidly around these factories, and many jobs were created.

Which of the following natural resources greatly aided the development of Britain’s industrialization?A. Copper and tinB. Lime and manganeseC. Coal and ironD. Oil and leadE. Iron and silver

Coal and ironThe industrialization of Great Britain was furthered with the

discovery of new methods for making iron and, later, steel. Coal was a vital material used in making higher-quality iron. Higher

temperatures and new methods allowed for impurities to be removed from the raw iron. Iron became the favored material for

new machines used in the manufacturing sector. When new transportation technology evolved in shipping and railroads, the

demand for iron increased many times. This led to a boom in heavier industries in Britain.

The availability of efficient mechanical power in 19th

century Europe was achieved with the improvement of theA. Power loomB. Spinning jennyC. Steam engineD. SmokestackE. Bessemer process

Steam engineThe first steam engines used in Europe were inefficient, but

were used in mines and early factories. The first steam engines were about two stories tall. In the 18th century, James Watt made specific improvements so that steam engines could be smaller and more powerful. Soon, steam power was being used to operate machines in factories and move ships and trains. Fuel in the form of coal was cheap and plentiful, so

steam was an inexpensive solution to power needs in western Europe. Great Britain led the way in steam technology and

helped it industrialize ahead of other nations.

The industrial term division of labor in manufacturing means theA. Creation of specialized tasks on the factory floorB. Establishment of union organizationsC. Worker makes the product entirelyD. Creation of more management layers in a companyE. Labor gets divided into different factory shifts

Labor gets divided into different factory shifts and sectors in the factory

Interchangeable parts on factory-produced tractors, guns, cannon, power looms, etc. meant that many phases of making a device could be standardized and created in different sectors of the factory with

different workers learning their skill one phase at a time. As well, once the various parts of the device (tractor, gun, loom, etc.) were put

together, then there would be repairmen for the various devices. A division of labor means that different people in the factory were

responsible for different aspects of the produced product instead of having one individual create the whole device.

Conservatives in 19th century Europe believed in protecting theA. Existing social and political orderB. Rights of women and childrenC. Revolutionary ideals of RobespierreD. Independence of the NetherlandsE. Freedom of trade between nations

Existing social and political orderThe basic posture of the conservative is opposition to change. Conservatives in the 19th century began to

develop an alternative to the revolutionary ideals of the American and French Revolutions. They believed that while change was natural over time, it should not be

revolutionary in nature. They worked to preserve the political and social status quo as they defended their own

interests and power.

Traditional elites in 19th century Europe consisted mostly ofA. Catholic priests and middle-class merchantsB. Company officials and lower nobilityC. Professionals and businesspeopleD. Peasants and artisansE. Aristocrats and high-level bureaucrats

Aristocrats and high-level bureaucratsWith the defeat of Napoleon, the traditional conservatives in Europe were able to reconsolidate their power. These landed

aristocrats (land-owning nobles) sought to reestablish the monarchy and the privileges of the old order. Governments were also dominated by long-existing and important bureaucracies (a combination of nobles and highly-educated middle-class men). Leadership was often in the hands of the landowners and the

officials who helped run the kingdoms.

Mass manufacturing of machines became more efficient after 1830 with the use of A. Plastic pressesB. Cast-iron partsC. Handmade steel partsD. Iron smeltingE. Interchangeable parts

Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts meant that many phases of making a device could be standardized. The fewer the parts, the more simple the machine and the easier it was to make,

clean, and maintain. Repair was also easier. This was true of everything from steam locomotives to cannons and

guns.

Which of the following were important forces of ideological change in 19th century Europe?A. Fascism and neo-conservatismB. Nationalism and liberalismC. Moralism and LeninismD. Victorian ideals and MarxismE. Globalism and monarchism

Nationalism and liberalismBy the 19th century proved to be an important transition for conservatives and liberals. The economic and technological

changes of the 1800s meant new challenges for all people. While liberals continued to promote the ideals of the 18th century

revolutions, conservatives used nationalism to appeal to their supporters. Nationalism gave rise to new countries and also

helped support established leaders.

The postwar order after the defeat of Napoleon was created at the A. Treaty of HelsinkiB. Geneva ConventionC. Congress of ViennaD. Versailles ConventionE. Berlin Congress

Congress of ViennaThe four nations that banded together to defeat France in 1814 met in Vienna to establish a lasting peace for Europe.

Prussia, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria met to deal with a defeated France and redraw the map of Europe.

The hope was to build a balance of power that would last. The agreements were generally lenient toward France and

had strong defensive features should any power rise up and upset the balance.

A political stance that favored progressive change would be calledA. AnarchisticB. LibertarianC. ConservativeD. RadicalE. liberal

liberal In the 1800s, liberal and conservative political thinking emerged to separate parties and candidates from one another. Some, like

Marx, favored change and believed in revolution when the circumstances called for it. Others, like Burke in England, saw revolution as dangerous and sought to preserve the way things were. Progressive change s the goal of the liberal, who wants to

work within the system to see the world improve.

After 1815, the European congress system was used somewhat regularly to A. Create alliances against RussiaB. Raise taxes from kingdomsC. Settle international disputes and maintain the

peaceD. Punish France for the Napoleonic warsE. Isolate Great Britain politically

Settle international disputes and maintain the peaceThe Congress of Vienna established the longer-term

Quadruple Alliance among Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. These powers moved to isolate France without punishing her and maintain a workable peace in Europe. Throughout the 19th century, the four powers would meet when needed if there was a potential crisis to attend to . Their commitment to a rational balance of power meant

that general war was avoided and the 1800s were relatively peaceful.

Which of the following was the primary goal of the Holy Alliance in Europe after 1815?A. Suppressing the liberal legacy of 18th century revolutionsB. Supporting the Catholic ChurchC. Ensuring that Russia did not become too dominant in

eastern EuropeD. Mandating nonintervention in the affairs of other countriesE. Creating a balance between Protestant and Catholic

kingdoms

Suppressing the liberal legacy of 18th century revolutionsAfter the Napoleonic era, the most conservative kingdoms were

Austria and Russia. They sought the support of Prussia in a campaign to discourage liberal reform in Europe. The three

monarchies formed the Holy Alliance after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Their desire was to maintain the prerevolutionary status quo that kept monarchs in power. Whenever liberalism rose up,

as in Spain or in Sicily, the Holy Alliance would do what it could to stamp out change to the old order and usually did it through the

congress system.

Austria dominated which of the following political entities during the early 19th century?A. The Holy Roman EmpireB. The Scandinavian LeagueC. The Low CountriesD. The German ConfederationE. The Papal States

The German ConfederationThe Congress of Vienna sponsored the creation of the

German Confederation in 1815. this was a loose union of over thirty small German domains, including the larger Prussia. Both Austria and Prussia were members of the Holy Alliance and opposed any liberal trends in central

Europe. They used spies and deception to observe progressive groups in universities and in the media.

Radicals were intimidated and sometimes killed.

Metternich represented which of the following visions for Europe?A. A rising competition between Austria and NorwayB. A conservative order based on the privileges of the

aristocracyC. Cooperative kingdoms using reforms to advance

human rightsD. A defensive alliance between Britain and PrussiaE. The gradual acceptance of liberalism across the

continent

A conservative order based on the privileges of the aristocracyPrince Metternich was a middle-ranking Austrian noble who rose

to great political prominence in the 19th century. A foreign minister under the Hapsburgs, he engineered the conservative peace after the French defeat at Waterloo. He believed in a

strong monarchy and bureaucracy based on traditional values. He blamed the bloodshed of the Napoleonic period on the

dangerous liberal ideas of the revolutions and worked tirelessly to undo all the reforms of the French Revolution and preserve the

peace.

The revolutions of 1848 yielded which of the following results?A. The deposing of the popeB. The establishment of the Second Republic in FranceC. Marxist states being created in eastern EuropeD. New progress made by union workersE. Suffrage rights being expanded in Russia

The establishment of the Second Republic in FranceLiberals opposed to the rule of Louis Philippe rioted in Paris in

early 1848. the king abdicated and a new temporary government was created. This new government was made up of mostly

moderate and some radical socialists. The two factions did not work well together and the temporary government did not last.

Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected during the upheaval and moved to undo the liberal advances of the republicans. He disbanded the assembly and reestablished

authoritarian control.

The Reform Act of 1832 had which of the following effects in Great Britain?A. The monarchy was strengthenedB. The number of males who could vote was doubledC. The poor were given more employment by the

governmentD. The slave trade was allowed to continueE. The workday was lengthened in mines

The number of males who could vote was doubledOne of the main goals of British liberals in the 19th century was

expanding suffrage rights. Attempts to change voter requirements were met with strong opposition in the House of Lords until the king stepped in and threatened the Lords with

reducing their power. The Reform Act revised qualifications for males to vote so that one did not have to own so much property to

qualify. Though more lenient, the property qualification only added the richest of the new industrial owners vote. Even so,

twice as many men were able to vote after 1832.

Positivism was associated with which of the following 19th century thinkers?A. Auguste ComteB. Prince MetternichC. Louis NapoleonD. Friedrich EngelsE. Louis Kossuth

Auguste ComtePositivism was a 19th century refutation of earlier theology and philosophy. Some people rejected traditional religious

beliefs and turned to science as the sole source of truth. They believed that positive knowledge was based in

natural phenomena and could be proved by scientific observation. Comte was a pioneer of the positivistic way of thinking and believed in focused investigations into

reality. He rejected what could not be proved and believed that a new search for social truth would replace

religion.

Transatlantic voyages in the 19th century were shortened to weeks with the introduction ofA. Steam-powered boatsB. New navigational equipmentC. Larger lateen sailsD. Larger prowsE. Steel hulls

Steam-powered boatsEarly steamships combined engine power with sails to move faster on the water. One such steamship sailed from England to America

in seventeen days in 1816. This was twice as fast as earlier schooners that used only wind power. Soon steamships were built

for both ocean voyages and local river travel. Steam allowed ships to travel easily upriver, which stimulated the domestic cargo

business.

By the mid-nineteenth century, which city had replaced Amsterdam as the financial capital of Europe?A. ParisB. RomeC. GlasgowD. LondonE. Berlin

London The Netherlands dominated European banking in the 18th

century, but Great Britain took the lead in financial activity in the next century. Dutch banks remained

important, but the growth of British banking took the lead. The stock market in London grew as more and more investment was raised for ventures all over the world. The

British banking industry grew along with the imperial interests that Great Britain now had on five continents.

What 19th century ideologies are highlighted in this painting?A. Idealism and conservatismB. Realism and jingoismC. Liberalism and nationalismD. Marxism and LeninismE. Fascism and liberalism

Liberalism and nationalismThe painting Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix is one of the most famous works of art representing the post revolutionary era in France. It portrays the political turmoil of the 19th century that

led to violence in France in 1830 and 1848. it shows the people rising up to change the government and, in the center, shows a

woman who represents liberty and freedom. She holds the flag of France, which gives a strong nationalistic tone to the image.

All of the following were ideas associated with Karly Marx EXCEPTA. Economic determinationB. Glorification of the nation-stateC. Class struggleD. The eventual victory of the proletariatE. Dialectical materialism

Glorification of the nation-stateMarx believed in the power of the working class

(proletariat) and wanted the working class to seize control of production in the modern industrial system. As a materialist, he believed that material forces produce

change, a concept referred to as economic determinism. His view of history was one of class struggle that would

lead to revolution as the workers took over the economy. He believed this would happen all over the world, so his

view was internationalist, as opposed to nationalist.

The Crimean War helped inaugurate which of the following professions?A. Chemical engineeringB. Corporate lawC. Investment bankingD. Modern nursingE. Political science

Modern nursingIn the 1850s, the Crimean War was fought in the north Black Sea

area and many died from wounds and disease. There was no organized system for treating the sick and wounded on the

battlefield, so medical attention was ad hoc. Florence Nightingale saw the situation and organized field hospitals and care for the

wounded. Her work marks the beginning of the modern nursing profession and demonstrate that women were capable of helping

in public wartime roles.

All of the following are features of Marxist theory EXCEPTA. Class struggleB. Capitalistic benefitsC. Proletarian overthrow of moneyed interestsD. Bourgeois exploitation of the workersE. International unity of all workers

Capitalistic benefitsMarx wrote of the predicted overthrow of capitalism by the workers. He saw the bourgeoisie as the moneyed interests

who used the workers and took the profits. For Marx, capitalism was the great evil. He saw all of history in terms of class struggle, in which the rich exploited the

poor. His theories formed the basis for later socialist/communist movements in Russia and China.

Early factory workers found it difficult to adjust to A. Higher salariesB. Regular hours under close supervisionC. Shorter work daysD. Cleaner facilities to work inE. Being around so many other people

Regular hours under close supervisionBefore the industrial era, workers would get paid by the piece and

could work at home, often at odd hours. With the building of factories, many workers had to be organized into shifts. A twelve-

hour shift and management oversight meant a more disciplined work experience. This was a difficult transition for many who were used to working in their cottages without supervision. It

took a generation for workers to adjust to the new, more regimented work experience.

The continental European textile industry suffered in the early 19th century whenA. Germany declared war on DenmarkB. A revolution in Haiti disrupted businessC. The United States boycotted goods from FranceD. A cotton blight struckE. Cheap British goods flooded continental markets

Cheap British goods flooded continental marketsAfter 1820, the industrial capacity of Britain increased

dramatically. It was able to outproduce the rest of Europe combined. This meant that cheap British goods were able to undersell textiles from other parts of the continent. The

Low Countries were still recovering from the Napoleonic wars, which did not affect Great Britain directly. Soon Britain’s economic power was dominant and the rest of

Europe was trying to copy its success.

The Industrial Revolution gave a boost to which of the following industries in 19th century Europe?A. Fishing and transportationB. Metalworking and constructionC. Silk weaving and stone cuttingD. Weaving and grain millingE. Food processing and banking

Metalworking and constructionContinental Europe used heavier industry to lay the foundation for its industrialization. The French and Belgians led the way in

learning newer metalworking and construction skills. This led to a demand for more engineers from state-sponsored schools.

Powered industry was still unevenly spread across central Europe into the 1800s.

A way for a nation to protect itself from cheap foreign imports is toA. Steal technology from more advanced nationsB. Lower prices on domestic manufactured itemsC. Set high tariffs on incoming goodsD. Form economic alliances with powerful nationsE. Limit exports to neighboring countries

Set high tariffs on incoming goodsWhen Britain sold its cheaper textiles successfully to the

rest of Europe, nations searched for a way to protect their own industries. One of the most common responses in this

case was to tax foreign goods, which artificially raised their prices in the marketplace. Germany began to advocate

this policy so it could protect its own young industries against foreign competition. From 1835-1870, the

zollverein in the German states was a prime example of this policy.

Which of the following was essential to the success of continental European industrialization in the 19th

century?A. Growing empires abroadB. The development of joint-stock investment banksC. New territory won in warsD. Conservative monarchies that favored business

interestsE. Rising labor costs

The development of joint-stock investment banksContinental banks began to grow and use private deposits for industrial investments, making money available for railroad building and ship manufacture. Private investors could buy shares in these new industries and limit their liability to the

amount they risked buying the stock. Powerful banks emerged in France, the German Confederation, and Belgium, which helped

finance Europe’s heavy industry.

Buildings in urban areas during the early industrial era were often blackened by A. Burning wood used for fuelB. Fires from local kilnsC. Young gangs who vandalized wallsD. The burning of coal to heat homes and power

factoriesE. Acid rain that fell during summers showers

The burning of coal to heat homes and power factoriesCoal became the cheap fuel that powered the Industrial

Revolution. It is a very dirty fuel; it pollutes the air and colors the buildings. The soot from the burning of coal created a

considerable health hazard as people breathed the dirty air. Eventually, companies installed filters and scrubbers to reduce the

soot output of factories in cities. Throughout the 19th century, people in urban areas were accustomed to blackened skies and

polluted air to breathe.

The comment above reveals what about the view held by the upper class of the poor in the middle of the Industrial Revolution?A. Many wealthy people were contemptuous of the poorB. The classes mixed comfortably with one anotherC. The poor depended on the government for protectionD. There was a tolerant appreciation of the problems of the

poorE. The police sympathized with the urban poor

They [the urban poor] eat, drink, breed, work, and dine; and . . . The richer and more intelligent classes are obliged to guard them with police. --A. Smyth, 1850

Many wealthy people were contemptuous of the poorThe quote reveals the superior attitude that some wealthy people felt toward the poor. The separation between rich

and poor was considerable: the wealthy lived on the outskirts of urban areas with plenty of space and clean

public areas while the poor lived in the crowded, filthy city centers. Many elites feared the uneducated masses, and as

the quote depicts, the police were needed to keep them under control.

Liberalism in the 19th century demanded what kind of government?A. Enlightened despotism B. Representative governmentC. Totalitarian ruleD. An oligarchic systemE. A strong monarchy

Representative governmentThe revolutions of the 18th century promoted the ideas of liberty

and the rights of people. This gave rise to constitutionalism, which sought to create representative governments, with the people

being able to choose their leaders. Great Britain was the first to develop representative rule for the landed elites. The French

Revolution sought to eliminate all class distinctions and create a national representative assembly. These trends were often slowed

by conservative interests that favored the rule of monarchy or sharing power with the people.

18th century mercantilism was challenged in the 19th

century by the idea ofA. Technological conservatismB. Democratic republicanismC. Laissez-faire capitalismD. Regulatory interventionE. Rugged individualism

Laissez-faire capitalism

In the early modern era, it was believed that nations should strive to create self-sufficient economies regulated by their governments. This approach was later criticized by Adam

Smith, who said that economies should be left alone to rise and fall. Some early liberals who wanted the government to take a smaller role in overseeing the economy favored this idea of

laissez-faire capitalism. Free competition was seen as the “invisible hand” that guided success and failure in the

marketplace.

The right to vote in the early 19th century was largely defined byA. Familial ties to the monarchyB. Property ownership and business successC. Poll taxes, which some could not affordD. Literacy testsE. Professional qualifications

Property ownership and business successThe rights of individuals were often defined by class status in the 1800s. Although more people could vote, the right was often tied to property

ownership and wealth, and those who could vote included the old aristocratic elites, successful middle-class professionals, and

businesspeople. Only qualifying men could vote, and often property taxes were used to determine who could participate in elections.

In 19th century Europe, national consciousness was aided by which of the following dynamics?A. Various dialects spoken in different regionsB. Dynasties that ruled an area for centuriesC. A period of relative peaceD. Common language and religionE. The weak leadership of the church

Common language and religionAfter 1700, the idea of the modern nation-state took root. Kingdoms that grew and consolidated their rule over an

area started to create a national consciousness among the people. This was a force that challenged the status quo in

large empires such as Austria and Ottoman Turkey. Nationalist politicians in central Europe began to frame

the idea of a German people who had a common language and culture. War was often used to forge new nations

because the threat of an enemy would unite a people in the name of their country.

Early socialist thinkers saw capitalism as a system that encouragedA. A strong relationship between state and churchB. National unityC. A breakdown in class distinctionsD. Obedience to state authorityE. Selfish individualism

Selfish individualismLiberal observers of the many changes during the 19th century saw

that the commercial revolution was creating new tensions and problems in Europe. There was a widening gap between the rich

and poor. Capitalism seemed to appeal only to the selfish interests of humankind. Some liberals saw that the pursuit of

individual profit led to abuses when workers were exploited. This also guaranteed that the poor would remain disadvantaged and

uncared for.

Early critics of capitalism called into question the idea ofA. A regulated economyB. Personal propertyC. The infallibility of religious scriptureD. State interference in the marketplaceE. A national currency

Personal propertySome thinkers, such as Fourier (1768-1830) suggested an

alternative to the capitalistic order in western Europe. He imagined utopian groupings where goods were shared by

everyone and the state took a role in regulating the economy. Capitalism was seen as unjust because some

benefited from the system while others did not. The gap between rich and poor was easily observed in nations such as France and Great Britain. This gave rise to the question of what an alternative to capitalism would look like. Chief among the ideas was the elimination of private property.

The term proletariat means which of the following?A. The theory of historical evolution posited by EngelsB. A political party in France after 1870C. Opponents of the labor movementD. Factory managers who abused workersE. The industrial working class

The industrial working classAs socialist thinkers began to write about modern economics, they

coined new terms to describe the people involved. The term proletariat came to mean the industrial working class, which

included everyone who worked in factories and mills. Philosophers such as Marx saw the proletariat as being exploited by the wealthy elites. Some socialists urged the working class to

rise up and take control of the economy that is served.

Work days in the early Industrial Revolution ranged fromA. Twelve to sixteen hoursB. Eight to ten hoursC. Fifteen to twenty hoursD. Nine to eleven hoursE. Six to ten hours

Twelve to sixteen hoursWorkers in the 19th century factories faced long work days in poor conditions. Work days could be as long as sixteen

hours, and there were many rules to follow. Managers watched their workers carefully and would fine them, and

in some cases physically abuse them, if they did not maintain discipline in the workplace. Most workers were

on the factory floor six days a week. Temperatures in some textile mills exceeded 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

The patterns of kinship employment during the Industrial Revolution meant thatA. Men migrated from the countryside in search of

workB. Nepotism was disallowed in the workplaceC. Brothers could not work in the same factoriesD. Parents and children were often employed togetherE. Managers paid their wives for work not done

Parents and children were often employed togetherBefore the Industrial Revolution, families often worked together in

their homes to create goods for the textile industry. With the creation of factories, some families would apply for work together. Siblings, cousins, and spouses would often work side by side in the factories. Even young children were put to work. Parents often

encouraged their children to work because it meant more income for the family.

The Poor Law Act of 1834 established which of the following in Britain?A. Charity funds to feed the hungryB. Workhouses where poor people were forced to work

to liveC. Nonprofit agencies to care for the homelessD. Immigration programs for the poor to settle in

North AmericaE. Laws that made it illegal to be in debt

Workhouses where poor people were forced to work to live

In the first half of the 19th century, many people believed that the poor were responsible for their own misery. In 1834, the British created a system for

the poor where they could be made to live in workhouses and work for the government. The idea was to make these places more like prisons so that

people would become motivate to stay out of them. The food was terrible, and sometimes children would be grouped together as a source of cheap labor for nearby factories. Authors of the time period, such as Charles

Dickens, wrote about these places, where the poor were virtually imprisoned.

The early Industrial Revolution benefited which economic class the most?A. The middle classB. The clergyC. The working classD. The upper classE. The homeless poor

The middle classHistorians have debated who benefited as western Europe began to industrialize. Certainly some businesspeople became very rich

when factories prospered and profits grew. But overall, it was the middle class that gained the most in terms of wages and status.

Skilled professionals saw their lifestyles improve and their incomes rise. The middle class consisted of smaller-scale businesspeople,

professionals, and middle managers in companies. They also might be farmers with large landholdings. These were people who

could afford to live outside the city centers if they wanted to.

Which of the following was a factor in advancing the abolishment of slavery in Europe?A. Spain abolished slavery in 1720B. Slave rebellions occurred in overseas empiresC. Business interests found that slavery was immoralD. Wars disrupted trade around the worldE. Widely publicized books and speeches denounced

slavery

Widely publicized books and speeches denounced slaveryMany different factors helped to end slavery in 19th century Europe. One important influence was the printed word in

Europe and America. Slaves who had run away to gain their freedom wrote their life stories, and many thus

learned about the inhuman conditions Africans endured. Also, politicians, such as Wilberforce, worked tirelessly to

end the slave trade within the British Empire.

British socialists in the 19th century tended to beA. Members of the aristocracyB. Intellectuals and reformersC. Middle-class managersD. Wealthy elitesE. Factory workers

Intellectuals and reformersSocialist ideas were not popular in Great Britain in the 1800s. In 1884, a group of British intellectuals formed the Fabian Society to

promote liberal socialism in their country. They believed in gradual change but wanted the government to play a larger role in the economy. Their political influence was marginal because

conservatives and moderates tended to dominate British politics in the Victorian era.

The work of Thomas Malthus suggested that the future would be defined byA. Diminishing moral valuesB. The survival of the fittestC. More and more worker strikesD. Increasing famine as the populations grew too large

to feedE. Longer workdays

Increasing famine as the populations grew too large to feedMalthus (1766-1834) believed that the growing population would result in the food supply being unable to sustain so many people.

This pessimistic forecast did not take into consideration higher yields in agriculture over time as farming became more efficient. Still, Malthus is one of the early demographers who considered the

impact of rising populations in the modern era.

The most important duty of middle-class European women in the 19th century was toA. Take on jobs to support their familiesB. Obey their mothers-in-lawC. Prepare their sons and daughters for higher

educationD. Raise their children at homeE. Enter the professional ranks after having children

Raise their children at homeDuring the Victorian era, middle-class women raised their

own children and were stay-at-home mothers. They passed on housekeeping skills , such as embroidery and

cooking, to their daughters. Most professional careers were difficult for women to enter. Some managed to go to

medical school, but they were extraordinary pioneers in their fields.

In the early 19th century, organizing worker unions was difficult becauseA. Workers were apatheticB. Socialist goals were promoted by many governmentsC. Anticombination laws made it illegal to strikeD. Democratic parliaments were dominated by the

working classE. They were opposed by anarchists

Anticombination laws made it illegal to strikePrior to 1848, governments were opposed to labor reforms. Laws in Germany, Britain, France, and other industrial nations banned most union activities such as worker strikes. Only after 1850 were new laws passed that allowed workers to organize. By the end of the century, millions of workers were members of unions in Europe

and the United Nations.

All of the following are examples of 19th century European nationalism EXCEPTA. Danish resistance to Norwegian controlB. Hungarian independence from AustriaC. The fight between German states and France in 1871D. Italian desire to unify the nation under a monarchy

Danish resistance to Norwegian controlMany expressions of nationalism were evident after the defeat of Napoleon. Nations such as Italy and Germany

came into existence through military campaigns the united the people behind strong nationalist leaders. Large

empires such as Austria had difficulty keeping their multi-ethnic subjects loyal to the monarchy.

The goal of Marxist socialism was the creation ofA. A single-party dictatorshipB. A classless societyC. Many worker councils in urban areasD. A partnership between capitalists and workersE. Agricultural collectives or communes

A classless societySome 19th century socialists were more idealistic than others, but Marx set forth a goal of the classless society, which depended on the overthrow of capitalism. Production would then be in the

hands of the workers, who would create a new order where goods were shared among the people according to their needs.

The British passed the Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 in reaction toA. German industrial successesB. Napoleon’s continental systemC. The radicalism of the French RevolutionD. Marxist agitation among the working classE. Child-labor protests

The radicalism of the French RevolutionThe rights of the common person were advanced by the French Revolution, and conservative interests in Britain were afraid this idea would spread to England. Business

interests were particularly afraid that workers might band together and fight for higher wages. During the

Napoleonic period, Parliament passed laws that outlawed combinations or worker associations. This did not succeed in the long run because workers organized themselves into trade unions that gave them more power in dealing with

employers.

By 1850, wages for the working classes in Europe wereA. Stagnating across the continentB. Rising for the majority of peopleC. Plummeting for most employeesD. Controlled by tight government regulationsE. No better than after the Napoleonic period

Rising for the majority of peopleBy the middle of the 19th century, working conditions were

improving for many European workers. While the gap between rich and poor remained large, workers earned some concessions from their employers. Shorter workdays were negotiated and wages rose for most workers. This trend continued until World

War I, leading to gains in the standard of living for the working class across Europe.

The great demographic trend of 19th century Europe was theA. Loss of population due to continental warsB. Rise in the population of ScandinaviaC. Immigration of people from Britain to the continentD. Migration of peoples to urban areasE. Increase in the size of farm families in the

countryside.

Migration of peoples to urban areasPrior to the Industrial Revolution, people lived mostly in

the rural areas and were involved in agriculture. The creation of factory jobs in cities drew the rural poor to cities where they could work. During the 19th century, millions of

people moved from the countryside into the cities. They could find work but had to live in cramped and often

unhealthy apartments. The streets were open sewers, and facilities were very primitive. In some areas, it is likely

that more than 100 people shared a single toilet.

The Berlin Conference in 1884 was able toA. Divide South America between Britain and

GermanyB. Bring most of Africa under European controlC. Deal with trade issues in AsiaD. Avert war between France and BritainE. Partition China among the powers of Europe

Bring most of Africa under European controlThe late 1800s were sometimes called the Scramble for Africa. New powers such as Germany and Italy wanted empires like

France and Britain. Germany’s Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, invited the nations to meet in Berlin to divide up the African continent and avoid imperial conflict among the European powers. The basic rule was that a European power had to

effectively occupy an area to claim it. Taking over territory was easy because the European powers had gone through

industrialization and had steam locomotives, steam ships, and machine guns at their disposal. All of Africa, except for Ethiopia

and Liberia, was taken over by European powers.

The great breakthrough in understanding disease transmission came withA. Successful inoculations against polioB. Curie’s experiments with radiationC. Private rooms in hospitalsD. Confirmation of the miasmatic theoryE. Pasteur’s germ theory in the late 1850s

Pasteur’s germ theory in the late 1850sMedical knowledge of disease and how it spread was

limited in the early 19th century. The miasmatic theory suggested that people breathed bad odors and became ill

afterward. While studying brewing techniques, Louis Pasteur discovered living organisms that were part of the process. The connection between germs and disease led to

new ways to avoid contamination and stay healthier. New laws to improve public sanitation led to fewer deaths from

communicable diseases.

One significant result of the Crimean War (1853-1856) was to demonstrateA. The lack of attention given the Middle East by the

great powersB. The end of the Victorian eraC. The continuing spread of Islam into EuropeD. A need for multilateral diplomacy in the BalkansE. The further decline of the Ottoman Empire as a

regional power

The further decline of the Ottoman Empire as a regional powerThe so-called Eastern Question was a way to describe the complex rivalry between the declining Ottoman Empire and Russia’s desire

for more territory in the Balkans. The British and French supported the Ottoman Empire against Russia to maintain

balance and stability in the region. In any case, it showed that the Ottoman Empire was vulnerable to Russian expansion in the

region.

The great liberal prime minister of the 19th century in Great Britain wasA. Winston ChurchillB. Benjamin DisraeliC. William GladstoneD. William WilberforceE. William Pitt

William GladstoneGladstone was prime minister in 1868, during the time of

Queen Victoria. His liberal legacy was considerable because he pushed for reforms in the British military and

the legal system. He had a deep sympathy for the general public and put through many bills to alleviate poverty. He tried unsuccessfully to push home rule for the Irish through Parliament. Conservatives thwarted many of his bills, but

he remained a determined debater and advocate of the people.

Economic depression in the 19th century were most often characterized by A. The creation of jobs in large industriesB. Severe deflationC. Government intervention and price fixingD. Inflationary forces in the marketplaceE. Rising confidence in the banking industry

Severe deflationDeflation means the lowering of prices. This happens in an

economic depression because money is so scarce. People lose their jobs and consumer spending dries up. This causes prices to go down as demand decreases. Governments in the 19th century

rarely intervened in the economy because they preferred to wait out the bad times. Price fixing was unheard of in the 19th century,

and laissez-faire approaches were much more common.

In the late 19th century, the upper middle class tended to consist ofA. Small-scale industrialists and professionalsB. Factory workersC. Successful businesspeople and artisansD. Skilled craftspeople and union leadersE. Small-scale merchants and clergy

Small-scale industrialists and professionalsThe middle class of the 19th century was a diverse and

multilevel hierarchy. Most middle-class people tended to be service providers or small merchants. The upper middle

class consisted of more successful businesspeople and doctors or lawyers with modest practices. They earned a

good living but were not particularly wealthy. The upper classes consisted of large-scale manufacturers or

entrepreneurs.

One economic indicator that highlighted the difference between the working and middle classes in the 19th

century wasA. The hourly wageB. The number of hours worked every weekC. The size of stock portfoliosD. HomeownershipE. Union membership

Homeownership The lower classes typically could not afford to buy their own homes and often lived in rented apartments. The middle classes, on the

other hand, could aspire to owning their own homes, which provided stability and equity over the course of a lifetime.

Middle-class families could often afford to hire a servant to help with the cleaning and cooking. Lower-class families lived in

cramped quarters and often in unhealthy conditions. The worst slums in cities were crammed with working-class families who

could not escape their lot.

Rudyard Kipling’s poem The Way Through the Woods (quoted above) demonstrates what about 19th century thinking?A. A morbid sense of forebodingB. A Romantic contemplation of natureC. Nationalistic sentiments of the homelandD. A Darwinist view of competing speciesE. Feelings of isolation in an industrial age

Yet, if you enter the woods

Of a summer evening late,

When the night air cools on the trout-ringed pools

When the otter whistles his mate

You will hear the beat of a horse’s feet . . ,

A Romantic contemplation of natureKipling was one of the most famous 19th century poets in the

world. He wrote on many topics and traveled widely. While his most famous poems were of British soldiering and animals, here he

talks of nature and its sounds. It is somewhat typical of the Romantic style, which idealized and contemplated nature. The language is rich and evokes how one feels when observing the

beauties of the natural world.

The quote above, from Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species, refers to the concept of A. DevolutionB. Natural selectionC. Animal socializationD. ImperialismE. nationalism

It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most

intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to

change.

Natural selectionDarwin was a British naturalist who argued that all

species, from birds to humans, change over time depending on their environment. The idea of natural

selection was radical in the late 19th century and created much discussion and controversy. Some used Darwin’s

theories to explain why some nations or races were superior to others, but Darwin was concerned only with the

zoological world.

Bismarck used all of the following tactics to unify Germany EXCEPTA. Editing the Ems Dispatch to draw France into warB. Inciting rebellion in Denmark against the monarchC. Expanding Prussia by annexing nearby German

territoryD. Going to war with Austria and diminishing its power

over GermanyE. Raising revenue to expand the Prussian army

without Reichstag approval

Inciting rebellion in Denmark against the monarchBismarck was the chancellor of Prussia after 1860 who sought to unify all German people into a greater Germany. He created a foreign policy of Realpolitik and went to war regularly to unite

German kingdoms together. He did this with wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. He built up the Prussian army and circumvented democratic control of the military. The final success came with a decisive defeat of France in 1871, when he

declared the birth of modern Germany.

The Realism movement in the arts in the 19th century sought toA. Show the social and economic conditions that

affected humansB. Portray the lives of the upper classesC. Romanticize the Industrial Revolution and its effectsD. Advance social harmony among the classesE. Inspire nationalism among the masses

Show the social and economic conditions that affected humans

Realist artists were social observers who used their art to show how average people lived and to criticize the impact

of industrialization on people. Both artists and writers tried to record what they actually saw and portray the

dilemmas of workers in the industrial world.

What military capability was seen as the key to empire building in the late 19th century?A. Naval powerB. Aviation technologyC. Possessing large ground armiesD. A modest merchant marineE. Intelligence services

Naval powerAfter 1815, Great Britain became the world model for

empire building. It created the greatest empire in human history in part because it had a well-organized and

powerful navy. Other industrial nations, such as Germany, France, and the United States, also built navies that could patrol the oceans and protect their interests at home and

abroad. Bigger and faster battleships became the pride of leading powers prior to 1914.

Which of the following is a basic difference between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions?A. The effects and scale of the second phase of

industrialization were largerB. A deep depression ended the First Industrial RevolutionC. The working classes did not benefit from the Second

Industrial RevolutionD. The first phase of industrialization was shorterE. The Second Industrial Revolution affected central Europe

more

The effects and scale of the second phase of industrialization were larger

Historians have divided the Industrial Revolution into two phases. The first phase began around 1750 and went to about 1870. this

initial burst of industrial development was defined by steam power and the expansion of factory manufacturing. The second phase is dated from 1870 to 1914 (the dawn of WWI). The Second Industrial Revolution was also known as the Age of Steel because

steel was the material that defined the new engineering and building of the era. For architecture, the creation of steel meant

that high-rise buildings could now be designed.

Which of the following conflicts tested the alliances of the Concert of Europe?A. The Mexican War of 1846B. The Franco-Prussian War of 1871C. The Irish Rebellion of 1848D. The Crimean War of 1853E. The Opium War of 1844

The Crimean War of 1853The Crimean War was the most destabilizing European

conflict of the mid-19th century. It challenged the alliances that had been created after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. the Concert of Europe set up Austria, Britain, Prussia, and

Russia as guarantors of the peace. When tensions over eastern Europe brought Russia into conflict with Britain

and France, the old alliances were broken.

The term Luddite refers to which of the following 19th

century groups?A. Agents who infiltrated union movementsB. Loyalists who defended monarchyC. People who opposed the mechanization of industryD. Followers of Marx who believed in a workers’ utopiaE. Middle-class factory workers

People who opposed the mechanization of industryIn the early 19th century, some textile workers felt threatened by

the new machines that made fabric. These people had previously worked in their own homes with looms. The new machines were

transforming manufacturing, and this was frightening to the artisans who had worked with their hands prior to

industrialization. Luddites sometimes banded together to destroy machinery that they saw threatening their livelihood. In Britain,

destroying machinery was interpreted as a felony and the Parliament passed laws that could lead to the death penalty if

found guilty and proven that you were part of an organized group to destroy the machines.

European military expeditions during the so-called Scramble for Africa were marked by A. Mixed success because natives fought back in

numerous parts of the continentB. Complete domination over the continent within ten

yearsC. German stealing of colonies from the DutchD. Unsuccessful searches for precious metalsE. Few Protestant missions being established

Mixed success because natives fought back in numerous parts of the continent

European military ventures in Africa during the late 19th

century were ad hoc and sometimes unsuccessful (Ethiopia was able to maintain its independence from Italy).

Natives were sometimes victorious and other times led resistance movements for decades against the Europeans. While the Europeans eventually colonized many parts of

the continent, there were continuing frustrations with native resistance.

In the 19th century, Russia was remarkable for itsA. Dynamic political leadershipB. Robust steel industry that bypassed the steel

industry in EnglandC. Democratic reforms that gave the vote to all white

menD. Lack of a middle classE. Openness to modern ideas from the West

Lack of a middle classRussia attempted some reforms in the 19th century but still lagged behind the West in giving rights to its people. The

Romanov tsars tended to be conservative and heavy-handed in dealing with dissenters (people who would

protest or publicly write against the government’s decisions). All reforms were top-down, and the large peasant class lived in poverty. There was almost no merchant middle class to give stability to the nation.

Which of the following nations opposed the unification of both Germany and Italy?A. Great BritainB. The NetherlandsC. RussiaD. AustriaE. Denmark

Austria Austria was the dominant power in central Europe for

centuries. It had territorial interests both to the north and south. Because of this, it did not want a rival state in the

region. Both the German and Italian people had been politically fragmented since the fall of the Roman Empire. As

nationalism grew in both northern and southern Europe, Austria did all it could to discourage the unification of both

the German and the Italian people. Austria imposed treaties and agreements in the 19th century that tried to thwart the

creation of either a modern Germany or Italy

Which of the following European nations had colonial interests in Africa in the 19th century?A. Norway and GreeceB. Ireland and PolandC. Belgium and FranceD. The Netherlands and AustriaE. Russia and Germany

Belgium and FranceCertain European nations began to assert claims to

different parts of Africa in the 19th century. The early explorer nations such as Portugal and Spain had interests in Africa, but it was the stronger nations, such as Britain

and France, that claimed huge sections of the African continent and attempted to colonize them. The latest

colonizer was Germany, who helped broker the partition of Africa in 1884. Even small kingdoms such as Belgium took

a piece of Africa and created small empires.

The most beneficial outcome of industrialization in Europe wasA. The creation of new economic ideologiesB. Better methods of communicationC. A new era of peaceD. Stable governments across EuropeE. Increasing the material standard of living for many

Increasing the material standard of living for manyIndustrialization had many outcomes, but over time, it

produced more goods at cheaper rates for many. Middle-class people could afford new products that made their

lives easier. Travel was faster and more affordable. Simple things, such as indoor plumbing, led the

improvement in comfort and the standard of living.

The center of British trade and rule in East Asia during the 19th century was located atA. BeijingB. GoaC. SaigonD. SingaporeE. Jakarta

Singapore The British made impressive imperial gains in East Asia

when they took territories in Malaya and Australia. Trading with China required a major port at an Asian crossroads. Singapore is a small island at the tip of the

Malay Peninsula, it is well located with a very good harbor. British and Chinese merchants soon made it into a

vital center of world trade.

All of the following were advancements in shipbuilding in the 19th century EXCEPTA. Steel hullsB. Propellers for propulsionC. Diesel enginesD. Coal-fueled steam enginesE. Larger tonnage per ship

Diesel enginesShips became stronger, heavier, and faster in the 1800s.

First wood was replaced with iron, and then steel became the main material for shipbuilding. Paddle wheels were exchanged for propellers, which were more efficient and

faster. The change from wind power to steam power made ships more maneuverable and able to sail in any direction

The dream of a united Italy was inspired in part by?A. The Haitian overthrow of the FrenchB. The nationalism and liberalism of the Napoleonic

codeC. Prussia’s meddling in Italian affairsD. The urging of the pope to band togetherE. Austrian reluctance to intervene in Italian affairs

The nationalism and liberalism of the Napoleonic codeItaly had been fragmented politically since ancient times. After

the Renaissance, foreign powers became more and more involved in dominating parts of the Italian peninsula. Austria and France

were particularly interested in controlling parts of southern Europe. The French Revolution inspired many Europeans to consider their national and cultural roots. Italians struggled

against Austrian control but found leaders, such as Garibaldi and Cavour, to lead them.

Which of the following show Italian Realpolitik during unification in the 1860s?A. The use of Swiss mercenaries against the French B. Pursuing free trade with GreeceC. Crowning the king of Naples as overall monarchD. Negotiating the Treaty of Paris to settle a dispute

with PrussiaE. An alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

An alliance with Napoleon III against AustriaMany Italians were inspired to unify their country, but

they needed an ally against Austria, which opposed unification. France agreed to help Italian nationalists in exchange for other territorial gains in southern Europe.

Cavour arranged the political alliance and lived to see the birth of modern Italy in 1861.

Democratic liberalism in Europe was most evident in which of the following two nations prior to 1910?A. Germany and DenmarkB. France and BritainC. Italy and FranceD. Britain and AustriaE. Russia and Germany

France and BritainLiberal reforms, which gave more political power to

average people, took root in France and Britain after the Age of Revolutions. Suffrage and labor reform made the most progress in Britain and France, while other nations clung to conservative monarchies that opposed liberal

changes. Russia was the least progressive, while Germany and Italy made modest progress prior to 1910.

Perhaps the greatest application of technology in the 19th century wasA. The availability of electric power to urban

populationsB. The building of hydroelectric dams across EuropeC. The invention of the airplaneD. Nobel’s discovery of high explosivesE. The development of chemical fertilizers

The availability of electric power to urban populationsThe lives of many people were transformed by the

generation of electricity to private homes in the 19th

century electricity was most common in the cities and spread much later to the countryside. At first it was too

expensive for most people, but new breakthroughs in power generation and the conduction of electricity allowed

homes to be lit more safely and efficiently. Electric transportation, such as subways and streetcars, appeared

in large urban areas by 1900.

The British rule of India could be characterized asA. Complete political control of the subcontinentB. Exerting limited impact in BengalC. A stepping-stone to control of AfghanistanD. Free of rebellions by the nativesE. Direct and indirect control over various parts of the

subcontinent

Direct and indirect control over various parts of the subcontinentBritish rule of India was a complex tapestry of direct rule and

some alliances with Indian princes. Britain connected the region with its railroads and established its educational system in many

parts of South Asia. Different arrangements were made with Indian rulers that created indirect protectorates over many

subregions. The crown appointed a single British overseer, called the viceroy, who managed the vast British holdings.

Temperance movements of the late 19th century sought to A. Advance the cause of progressive reformB. Promote Freudian views on mental healthC. Advance opportunities for womenD. Deal with the social problems related to alcohol

abuseE. Ban dancing among young people

Deal with the social problems related to alcohol abuseReform movements were part of the political landscape of the late

19th century. As urban populations grew, social outlets were important to many city dwellers. Drinking wine and beer became a popular mode of socializing, and the price of cheap liquor also declined, making alcohol more available. Church organizations

preached against the evils of too much drink, but popular demand for wind, beer, and other types of liquor rose

dramatically in the late 1800s. Alcoholism rates rose, and temperance was largely a failed movement in Europe.

British interests in Asia led to which of the following 19th

century war(s)?A. The Mahdi CampaignB. The Opium WarsC. The Crimean WarD. The Boer WarE. The Spanish-American War

The Opium WarsBritain encouraged maritime trade throughout the world,

an privateers began doing business in China in the 18th

century. Although the Chinese resisted the intrusion of westerners, the Qing dynasty was weakening and

foreigners took advantage of this reality. When the opium trade became a source of friction, two wars broke out that gave the British an excuse to quickly defeat the Chinese.

This defeat led to further trading privileges for Britain and other foreign nations in East Asia

Which of the following European nations were defeated by Africans or Asians in battle prior to 1914?A. The Netherlands and NorwayB. Germany and SwitzerlandC. Belgium and PortugalD. Italy and RussiaE. Spain and Austria

Italy and RussiaPart of the premise of imperialism was that European

culture and technology were superior to nonwestern ones. This began to be refuted as African and Asian peoples

showed they could defeat Europeans in battle, starting in the 19th century. Italy was defeated by Ethiopia in 1898,

and then Japan shocked the world by defeating Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. this laid the seeds of

doubt about European superiority that helped foster later nationalist movements in African and Asia.

The Moroccan crisis of 1905 revealed what about European imperialism in the early 20th century?A. Colonial expansion overseas was leading to serious

military tensionsB. Africans could be subdued easily by European

armiesC. Great Britain was taking over western AfricaD. France was becoming the dominant imperialist

nationE. Germany was giving up its colonial ambitions

Colonial expansion overseas was leading to serious military tensions

After 1895, European nations began to challenge one another for control of parts of Africa and Asia. The

Russians and British squabbled over the Middle East, while Germany and France had to settle differences in

northwestern Africa. Colonial boundaries had been vaguely set in the 1800s, but as the 20th century dawned, some of these boundaries were contested. None of these

diplomatic crises led to war, but they showed that imperial rivalry was growing prior to 1914.

The term belle époque refers to which of the following eras in European history?A. The period of tensions before the Crimean WarB. The early Victorian eraC. The decades prior to 1914D. The pre-Napoleonic periodE. The interwar period

The decades prior to 1914Different eras have been named according to the dynamics of the times. The belle époque is a French name for the era just

prior to WWI. It celebrates the fashion and culture of the period when the privileged wore colorful fashions and society

seemed to be progressing in impressive ways. Many consider it the zenith of European power in the world. Technology was

advancing in extraordinary ways; the telephone and airplane were invented and developed. Terms that demark periods in

history are varied and often overlap. The Victorian and Edwardian periods in British history coincide with the belle

époque in western Europe.

What role did Victorian society suggest for women?A. Head of household who disciplined the childrenB. Moral guardians for the husband and childrenC. Political activistD. Equal partners in business venturesE. Leaders in educational management

Moral guardians for the husband and childrenHistorians have continued to debate the gender roles that

Victorian society embodied. Women were expected to remain at home as caretakers and moral examples for both their

children and their husbands. Men ventured out into the world; women were to keep the home a kind of sanctuary to which

their husbands could return. There has been debate about the pedestal that women were place on. Some suggest they were given a narrow yet crucial function for stabilizing the life of a family. Few women could aspire to professional lives, but this

era saw the first female doctors and lawyers break into the workforce.

Which of the following was part of the classical liberal agenda?A. Constitutional governmentB. Promoting education and literacy C. Expansion of suffrage (right to vote)D. Guarantees of basic human rightsE. All of the above

All of the aboveThe 19th century saw the creation of the classical liberal

agenda. Those who believed in progressive change saw the inequities and injustices of the political status quo and sought to change it. The battle to abolish slavery took

place in the 1800s, and women also began to campaign for their own rights. The key political right was the right to

vote. More and more men were given the right of suffrage; ultimately property qualifications were completely

eliminated.

To placate the workers of Germany, Bismarck initiated a policy known asA. Republican reformB. Middle-class reliefC. Marxist compromiseD. State socialismE. Conservative progress

State socialismBismarck was the great architect of modern Germany

after 1871. he was a conservative but had to deal with the socialist agenda of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Bismarck sought to marginalize the SPD, but it was growing more powerful as a political party. To placate its

members, he initiated the first welfare program in European history, which gave workers retirement benefits

and unemployment pay during layoffs.

Even after the creation of the dual monarchy in 1867, Austria continued to experienceA. Ethnic solidarityB. Slavic domination of the Imperial ParliamentC. Political fragmentation along nationalistic and

cultural linesD. Socialist challenges to traditional authority

Political fragmentation along nationalistic and cultural linesThe Hungarians had won some concessions as the most aggressive non-German minority within the Austrian Empire. They sought to marginalize other Slavic minorities who competed with them for political influence. Over time, Poles, Czechs, and other groups were given some political seats in the Imperial Parliament in exchange for their loyalty to the dynasty. These reforms were

opposed by the Germanic elites, and the political system did not function well as the 20th century dawned.

Violent radicals who believed in no governmental power or regulations were calledA. AnarchistsB. PlebeiansC. ProgressivesD. FascistsE. Moderates

Anarchists Anarchism is a belief in individuality that denies the right of

any authority to have power over people. Thus, anarchists do not believe in governments or politics. They assert that

ultimate freedom is found in a world without rules or laws. They do not have a well-developed ideology because they

believe in unrestricted freedom. After the failure of some 19th

century revolutions, some frustrated radicals resorted to individual terrorism and called themselves anarchists. They believed that any disruption of the state was necessary, and

they used violence to achieve their goals.

The application of Darwin’s zoological theories to the world of politics, international relations, and structured social classes became known asA. Cultural DarwinismB. The law of the massesC. Political selectionD. Survival of the ineptE. Social Darwinism

Social DarwinismThe Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1859 created a stir

because of his observations about the animal world. His belief that species adapted to their environment and competed with one

another was a new view of nature. Some thinkers saw parallels with the political world, in which competition yielded winners and

losers. Other used Darwin’s ideas to explain why some nations seemed dominant over others. Some Europeans suggested that

their domination over other parts of the world proved that races and peoples fought and competed with each other just as animals

do in nature. These ideas became known as social Darwinism.

Which of the following is the additional dimension suggested by Einstein’s new theory of relativity?A. Depth in perspectiveB. Linear distanceC. Space-timeD. Measured curvatureE. Atomic mass

Space-time

Albert Einstein was the great physicist who transformed the human view of the universe. He believed that time and space

were not absolute but instead relative. He added a fourth dimension to our three-dimensional view of the universe. This

fourth dimension was space-time. He suggested that in the presence of a massive object, space and time would curve.

Traditional art was challenged prior to 1914 by new experimental techniques such asA. NeorealismB. Postmodernist approachesC. The New AcademyD. Impressionism and the avant-gardeE. neoclassicism

Impressionism and the avant-gardeThe early 20th century art world was mired in

traditionalism in Europe, and various movements arose to challenge the orthodoxy. Groups of painters began to

venture into new areas and created great controversy with their nontraditional ways of expressing themselves. The

use of light and visible brushstrokes yielded new schools of art, such as impressionism, which was pioneered by

painters like Monet and Renoir. Their early works were harshly criticized, and it took years for their works to be

accepted and valued.

Which of the following changes in mass ethnic prejudice was observable in the late 19th century?A. Discrimination and prejudice were increasingly

expressed in racial and political termsB. Minorities were protected against discrimination by

governmentsC. Churches spoke out against racismD. Constitutions were amended to prevent public and

private racismE. Ethnic groups avoided controversy to avoid attention

Discrimination and prejudice were increasingly expressed in racial and political terms

Various European minority groups suffered discrimination throughout history. Gypsies, Jews, and Armenians are

examples of ethnic minorities who struggled to deal with discrimination in the societies they lived in. New trends in thinking suggested that people could be categorized into

racial groupings and ethnic prejudice took on a new racial tone. Political parties were organized that created

agendas against various minorities.

Which of the following was an aspect of 19th century romanticism in Europe?A. The virtues of the here-artist were extolledB. Art was viewed as an illumination of the world

withinC. The uniqueness of the individual was promotedD. The emotional impact of art was emphasizedE. All of the above

All of the aboveRomanticism was a broad movement that affected many areas of the arts. Romantics included painters, composers, and writers in the 19th century. The movement was known for a more emotional style that appealed to the senses. It could combine with the growing nationalism of the ear,

and artists created music and literature that appealed to one’s sense of patriotism. It broke from the more accepted neoclassicism and showed that artists need not be confined

to traditional rules when creating their works.

The Zionist movement gathered strength in the late 19th century asA. Christians became more tolerant of religious minoritiesB. The Ottoman Empire welcomed outside groups to settle

in the Middle EastC. The Dreyfus affair resolved discrimination issues in

FranceD. Jews began to consider a homeland for themselves,

separate from EuropeE. Imperialism offered opportunities in foreign

investments

Jews began to consider a homeland for themselves, separate from Europe

The Zionist movement was another expression of 19th century nationalism. Because Jewish people were seen more in racial terms

and because they experienced considerable discrimination in eastern Europe, a movement was begun to find a Jewish homeland. Prejudice was common in eastern Europe, so it is not surprising that Hungarian and Ukrainian Jews took the lead in advocating for a Jewish nation. Russian persecution of poor Jews ad been going on for centuries. By the end of the 19th century, various books and pamphlets began to

describe what a Jewish-Zionist state would look like. Suggestions were made to colonize pat of Africa or to return to the Middle East, where

Jewish history had begun in ancient times.

Which of the following revealed the political fragility of the Russian Empire by 1910?A. The collapse of old alliances with France and ItalyB. War victories in AsiaC. Popular revolts against the Russian police stateD. Mass immigration to the AmericasE. The success of Marxist revolutionaries

Popular revolts against the Russian police stateRussia lost a humiliating war to Japan in 1905, and revolution was in the air. Many socialists and Marxists were arrested and imprisoned as

a result. While some Russians emigrated to America, it was not a significant number given the nation’s large population. In January

1905, a large demonstration took place outside the tsar’s winter palace. Organized by discontented workers, the demonstrators sought

to petition the monarch about the grievances of the poor in Russia. Palace guards opened fire and killed hundreds while dispersing the

crowd. This event helped inspire further cooperation between urban workers and professionals who wanted to liberalize the government.

No real success came of this, however, but it revealed the instability of Russia prior to 1914.

Revolutionary socialism threatened which of the following classes in Europe prior to 1914?A. The middle-class intelligentsia (well-educated)B. Professional elitesC. Urban workersD. Rural peasantsE. Conservative aristocrats

Conservative aristocratsSocialism as a political movement gathered strength and support from

various groups in Europe prior to 1914. There were still glaring contrasts between the rich and the poor. Socialism sought to bring

government into the reform process and provided more advantages for the working classes. Support for these reformers came from various quarters, including liberals from the middle classes. The class that had the most to lose from the gains of socialism was the old landed elites. They feared the masses might rise up and take away some of their

traditional privileges and power. They also objected to the international emphasis of the socialists, which contrasted with their

conservative nationalism.

Migration out of Europe reached its apex in which of the following decades?A. 1870-1880B. 1900-1910C. 1890-1900D. 1910-1920E. 1860-1870

1900-1910A mass emigration out of Europe occurred after 1860, and this

outflow of people reached its greatest point in the first decade of the 20th century (emigration spelled with an “e” means that people are leaving an area. Immigration spelled with an “i”

means that people are entering an area). More than 1 million people emigrated from Europe between 1900 and 1910. the most

popular destinations were Canada and the United States, but many also immigrated to Brazil and Australia. Some were

induced to leave because of poverty and famine, while others simply heard of better land opportunities elsewhere.

Which of the following regions in Europe was the most politically unstable prior to 1914?A. ScandinaviaB. The Low CountriesC. The BalkansD. The Iberian PeninsulaE. The British Isles

The BalkansWith the continuing waning of the Ottoman Empire, the

southeastern part of Europe was being contested by other powerful empires. The Turks had been under attack since the

mid 18th century. Russia and Austria tried to expand at the expense of the Ottomans. In 1912-1913, two short wars were fought in the Balkans to rearrange the political map in that part of Europe. Large and small kingdoms were involved in deciding the fate of nations such as Albania and Macedonia. The settlements were unsatisfactory to nations such as Serbia

and further worsened relations in the region.

Which of the following nations had surpassed Great Britain in terms of industrial production by 1910?A. Austria and RussiaB. Norway and SwedenC. Germany and the United StatesD. France and the NetherlandsE. Italy and Japan

Germany and the United StatesAfter 1830, Great Britain was the great pioneer as an industrial nation. It created a worldwide empire and could manufacture many goods for sale around the world. With the unification of Germany in 1870, Britain had a new rival in terms of industrial

capability, and Germany surpassed Britain in steel production by the beginning of the 20th century. The United States, with its vast territory and resources, also had an industrial sector to rival that

of Europe by 1910.

Which of the following statements best expresses British motives for imperialism prior to 1914?A. World peace would be enhanced by overseas

possessionsB. Imperialism would help spread democracy to the rest of

the worldC. Europeans were altruistic and wanted to help other

peopleD. New living space was needed to relieve the growing

homeless populationE. Colonies were an economic benefit to Great Britain

Colonies were an economic benefit to BritainThere was more than one motivation for creating overseas colonies

by Europeans between 1850-1910. Some wanted to spread Christianity and bring Western culture to so-called less civilized

peoples. Others wanted territory to show that they were powerful. Great Britain was primarily interested in the economic

benefits, however, and overseas colonies were seen as new marketplaces to penetrate and sources of goods that could be sold worldwide. Tea grown in India was imported cheaply; cotton was made into cheap textiles for sale afterward; diamonds from South Africa helped industrial cutting machines; and, control of the Suez

Canal in Egypt made shipping inexpensive to East Asia.