This article was published in the above mentioned Springer issue.The material, including all portions thereof, is protected by copyright;all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science + Business Media.

The material is for personal use only;commercial use is not permitted.

Unauthorized reproduction, transfer and/or usemay be a violation of criminal as well as civil law.

ISSN 0300-7839, Volume 38, Number 3

Traditional Uses of Wild Plants in the Middle Aegean Regionof Turkey

Mustafa Kargıoğlu & Süleyman Cenkci &Ahmet Serteser & Muhsin Konuk & Gürsel Vural

Published online: 18 March 2010# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Abstract This study investigates ethnobotanical uses ofwild plants found on Honaz Mountain and its vicinity inDenizli Province in the middle Aegean region of Turkey.Eighty-one persons from 13 villages and six townshipswere interviewed. Nine hundred and sixty-four species,belonging to 60 plant families, were identified for which381 different uses were recorded. Informants reportedethnobotanical uses for 19% of the identified species (184out of 964): food (65), fodder (111), medicinal (119),firewood (28), handicrafts (16) and various other purposes(26). Medicinal tar production was particularly noted.

Keywords Traditional wild plant uses . Ethnobotany . Localecological knowledge .Medicinal tar . Denizili . Turkey

Introduction

Studies of traditional uses of wild plants and their productsthroughout the world have increased over recent years (Levand Amar 2000; Ghorbani 2005; Teklehaymanot et al.2007). In many areas, the oral transmission of localknowledge of traditional uses of wild plants between olderand young generations is not always assured (Anyinam1995). In western Anatolia, Turkey, it has been reportedthat, in the opinion of contemporary elders, the youngergeneration has neither the same opportunity they had northe desire to acquire this knowledge (Kargıoğlu et al.

2008). The documentation of this local ethnobotanicalknowledge is therefore crucial to prevent its loss.

Honaz Mountain is the highest (2,528 masl) in Denizliprovince in the south-west of the Aegean Region of Turkey.It is reported that approximately 1,000 plant taxa with a12.5 % endemic rate occur on and in the vicinity of HonazMountain (Baytop and Tuzlacı 1976; Tuzlacı 1977). Tradi-tional ethnobotanical knowledge, pharmacopoeia and prev-alence of medicinal plants have been investigated indifferent areas of Turkey (Baytop 1984; Sezik et al. 2001;Tuzlacı and Aymaz 2001; Yeşilada et al. 2001; Özgen et al.2004; Şimşek et al. 2004; Everest and Öztürk 2005;Kargıoğlu et al. 2008; Uğulu et al. 2009). However, thepresent study is the first to report on the extent of localethnobotanical knowledge of the Denizli region.

The Study Area

The study area, Honaz Mountain National Park(9.616 ha.), includes mixed forests and steppe vegetationdominated by plant communities in woody (such asQuercus coccifera, Q. infectoria, Pinus brutia, P. nigrasubsp. nigra var. caramanica, Juniperus excelsa and J.foetidissima) and weedy vegetation (such as Acantholimonacerosum, A. androsaceum and Silene caryophylloidessubsp. echinus). The region has a Mediterranean climatewith the annual average precipitation between 500 and600 mm, and annual mean temperatures between 13°C and15°C.

Our ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 19 villagesin Honaz (550 m in altitude; 37°45′ N; 29°15′ E) andSerinhisar (1,100 m in altitude, 37°34′ N; 29′15 E) districtsof Denizli province, two important residential areas northand south side of Honaz Mountain, respectively (Fig. 1).

M. Kargıoğlu : S. Cenkci :A. Serteser :M. Konuk (*) :G. VuralFaculty of Science and Literatures, Biology Department,Afyon Kocatepe University,03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkeye-mail: mkonuk@aku.edu.tre-mail: mkonuk@gmail.com

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450DOI 10.1007/s10745-010-9318-2

Author's personal copy

Data Collection

The survey was carried out four times during differentseasons from 2006 to 2008. Individual interviews wereconducted with 81 informants (Fig. 1), selected and visitedrandomly. Demographic data for informants were collectedusing a questionnaire and included information on sex, age,education, occupation and income status. We presentedfresh plant specimens to informants during interviews, orwe accompanied informants to collect relevant plants priorto the interview. Informants were asked to provide thefollowing information for each plant: local (vernacular)name, use(s) (such as food, fodder, medicinal, firewood andetc.), preparation methods, and parts used.

Interviews with men were usually carried out in thevillage teahouses where they tend to gather, and in thehome with elderly men who had difficulty walking, andwith women in the presence of their husbands in accord-ance with Turkish tradition. We were thus unable to gatheradequate information on medicinal uses by women for thetreatment of female ailments. Only plants identified by atleast two informants were recorded. Information not relatedto the study area was not recorded. Voucher specimens ofplants indentified by informants were collected at theirflowering and fruiting stages between May and September.The identification of plants was based on Flora of Turkey(Davis 1965–1985; Davis et al. 1988; Güner et al. 2000).Voucher specimens of plants were deposited in theHerbarium of Afyon Kocatepe University.

Results

The majority of our informants were men (83%) and elderly(55–75 years old, 58%). The majority (71%) of theremaining 52% of informants below 55 years old declaredthat they had no idea of how to use wild plant speciesgrowing in and around their villages. This group, especiallythose who were shepherds, generally recognized wild plantsthat are used as firewood or consumed by animals, butstated they had little knowledge of edible wild plantsbecause they dislike the taste of raw or cooked wild plants.

In general, men were eager to provide information indifferent environments such as houses, village tea-houses,and farmyards, and more readily recognized and were morefamiliar with the uses and preparation of local plant speciesthan the women since they were more often engaged inoutdoor activities such as farming and herding. As notedabove, it was only possible to talk to women informants inthe presence of family members after getting consent fromtheir husbands or fathers. However, descriptions of culinaryuses and preparations of plants were obtained from womeninformants.

Educational background of informants (81) was asfollows: five (6.17 %) had no education; 64 (74.04 %)were primary school graduates; four (4.93 %) weresecondary school graduates; six (7.40 %) were high schoolgraduates; and two (2.46 %) were university graduates. Novillage in the survey had more than 700 inhabitants, and ineach case the majority of households (80%) were engaged

Fig. 1 Map of informationsources and study area

430 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

in farming and animal husbandry. Interviewees oftencommented that the number of inhabitants in the villageshas significantly decreased in recent years due to economic,educational and social changes. Most notably, althoughthere were more than 1,200 residents in the village ofAydınlar in 1980s, only 500 people remain today, mainlydue to migration to the city of Denizli to work in the textileindustry. Another reason for the reduction in villagepopulations is that a considerable area around HonazMountain was designated a National Park in 1990, andthus became off-limits for herding animals. Since animalhusbandry is the major livelihood of families in the studyarea, this adversely affected local households forcingpeople to seek alternative sources of income. This develop-ment has dramatically decreased the number of shepherds,who generally were more familiar with traditional plantsand their uses, further reducing available ethnobotanicalinformation in the study area.

The family and species names, collection site, vernacularnames,1 parts used, and preparation methods of usefulplants identified in the study area are presented withherbarium numbers in Table 1. Of the 60 familiesidentified, the most widely utilized species belonged to:Fabaceae (25 species), Asteraceae (19), Lamiaceae (17)and Rosaceae (11). Among the predominant plant families,a number of species were utilized for more than onepurpose, e.g., Fabaceae (32 uses), Asteraceae (32),Rosaceae (31), and Lamiaceae (27). These uses include:119 medicinal, 111 fodder, 65 foodstuffs, 28 firewood, 16handicrafts, and 26 miscellaneous. Aerial parts, leaves,stems, and fruits of the plants are the most widely used(Table 2). The 119 medicinal plants are used to treat41 different conditions / illnesses, primarily bacterialinfections, rheumatism and digestive system disorders(Table 3).

Informants stated that they tried many of the wild plantsused as fodder—“Animals are living, and I am living, too.Therefore, I can also eat or use whatever animals enjoy.”For instance, Onopordon illyricum L. (“deve dikeni,”

“camel thorn” or “eşek dikeni,” “donkey thorn”) isconsumed by animals such as camels, donkeys and horses.Although O. illyricum is generally accepted as unpalatableto humans because of its thorny leaf structure, local peoplegrind the seeds in a coffee mill and consume it just likeTurkish coffee. Similarly, Lotus aegaeus (Gris.) is knownas poisonous and harmful to animals (Ertuğ 2000). Never-theless, shepherds of our study area claimed that although itwould poison their animals if consumed before the vernalequinox (22 July), it is edible and harmless for them afterthe vernal equinox. The people of Honaz use fresh aerialparts of L. aegaeus as a local antimicrobial product to treatanimal injuries.

Before the cultivation of vegetables such as leeks andlettuce in the region, local people consumed Chenopodiumalbum subsp. album var. album (“kızıl sirken,” “scarletlamb’s-quarters”) to supplement their diets. They also usedifferent plant species of a genus for the same purposes. Forinstance, the fruits of Prunus divaricata (yaban eriği, wildplum), P. domestica (dağ eriği, mountain plum) and P.spinosa (çakal eriği, jackal plum) are either consumed freshor preserved for winter storage as a jam to consume with“çörek,” a kind of bread. The fruit is also sundried to make“kak,” which is consumed as compote in winter. Unfortu-nately, with the increased cultivation of commercial Prunusvarieties, “kak” and “çörek” are disappearing, replaced bymanufactured jams and conserves. The fresh or dried fruitsof traditional plum species are also used as laxatives.2

Local Tar Production

Informants reported rarely going to hospitals in the townsfor minor health problems. For instance, hand injuries arecommon, but rather than pay for creams from the market,villagers use their own product, “katran,” a traditionallymade tar, to treat hand and skin injuries. Tar obtained fromthe resin of Pinus nigra subsp. nigra var. caramanica andP. brutia, and Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrusspecies is important in traditional Turkish medicine, thelatter being the most valuable in the region (Kurt et al.2008). Informants stated that wood from dead trees,chopped into small pieces (“çıra”) (3–4 cm. thick, 20–30 cm. long) which produce a pungent odor when burned,is used to make tar. While men provide the “çıra”, thewomen extract the tar from the burnt wood using twoearthenware pots, a “güdük” (70 cm. long, 60 cm. deep,and 40 cm. wide, with a narrow mouth) in which the “çıra”are burned, and a “katran çömleği” (smaller than the“güdük” but with a wider mouth) in which the resin is

2 Laxative effects of P. domestica are believed to be due to its sorbitol,neochlorogenic and chlorogenic acids (Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis et al.2001; Minev and Balev 2002; Lombardi-Boccia et al. 2004).

1 Some of the vernacular names of the plants are associated with theirmorphologies, e.g.: Equisetum ramosissimum is “eklice ot,” “jointedherb,” because of its jointed stems; Cotinus coggyria is “sarıcayaylık,”“yellowish grazing,” because of its yellowish color and being grazedby animals; Urtica dioica is “dalağan,” “itchy plant” because itirritates human skin; Galium aparine is “yapışak ot,” “ sticking herb ”as the hairs on its leaves and stems stick to clothing. And some plantnames are based on their use, for example, Convolvulus arvensis is“bağ urganı,” “field rope,” due to use of its stem as thread; Juniperusoxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus is “katran ardıcı,” “tar (producing)juniper,” since it is used for tar production; Daucus carota is “dişotu,” “tooth herb,” as its dry flower twigs are used as toothpicks;Paracaryum aucheri is “el köpürten,” “hand foaming,” because itscrushed aerial parts are used to wash hands in place of soap; andPolygonum cognatum is “buzağılık,” “for calf,” since it is given tocalves to habituate them to grass during weaning.

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 431 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

The

listof

wild

plantspeciesandtheirethn

obotanical

uses

inthestud

yarea

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

CRYPTOGAMAE

Equ

isetaceae

Equ

isetum

ramosissimum

Desf.

3,4,

5,6

Ekliceot,

Eklicot

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1071

PHANEROGAMAE

GYMNOSPERMAE

Cup

ressaceae

JuniperusexcelsaM.Bieb.

12,13

,15

,16

,17

Karaardıç,

Çom

ardıç

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1104

JuniperusfoetidissimaWilld.

12,13,15

Kok

arardıç

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1103

JuniperusoxycedrusL.subsp.

oxycedrus

12,13

,15

,16

,17

Katranardıcı

Stem

Tar

obtained

from

stem

andbranches

areheated

andspread

over

injured,

aching

area

and

coveredwith

acloth

Analgesic,

Antim

icrobial

AKUM

1021

The

tarisheated

andspread

over

bald,itchy

area

regu

larly1–2tim

esperday.

Anti-derm

atitis

The

dehy

drated

tarismadeinto

pelletswhich

arefedto

sheepandgo

ats1–2daily

during

1–2

weeks

inthesummer

topreventticks

from

sticking

totheanim

als

Animal

diseases

Stem

andbranches

areused

asfirewoo

dFirew

ood

Con

e1–2pieces

ofthefreshfruitareconsum

edto

combatreflux

andrespiratorydisorders

Stomachdiseases,

Anti-asthmatic

Pinaceae

Pinus

nigraJ.F.

Arnoldsubsp.

nigravar.caraman

ica

(Lou

don)

Rehder

12,13

,14

,15

,18

,19

Karaçam

,Akçam

Stem

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Analgesic,

Antim

icrobial

AKUM

1020

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Anti-derm

atitis

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Animal

diseases

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Firew

ood

The

resinob

tained

from

stem

andbranches

isspread

over

thebo

dypartwhere

aforeign

object

islodg

edandkept

onthearea

for

2–3

hdu

ring

which

aninflam

matoryreactio

noccurs.The

pusisdrainedby

squeezingand

theforeignob

jectissqueezed

outw

iththepu

s

Inflam

matory

diseases

Con

eUsedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Stomachdiseases

Anti-asthmatic

Pinus

brutia

L.

2,3,

4,5,

12,13

,14

,16

Sarıçam

Stem

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Analgesic,

Antim

icrobial

AKUM

1113

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Anti-derm

atitis

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Animal

diseases

432 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Usedlik

eP.

nigra

Inflam

matory

diseases

Usedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Firew

ood

Con

eUsedlik

eJ.

oxycedrus

Stomachdiseases

Anti-asthmatic

ANGIO

SPERMAE

DICOTYLEDONEAE

Amaranthaceae

Amaran

thus

chlorostachysWilld.

1,3,

13,14

Sirken

Aerialparts

Cho

pped

andaddedto

pastries

andsalads,or

friedin

askillet

andconsum

edwith

eggs

Foo

dAKUM

1112

Fod

der

Anacardiaceae

Cotinus

cogg

yria

Scop.

12,13,

14Sarıcayaylık

Leaf

1–2cups

oftea(daily)prepared

byinfusion

metho

dareused

totreatheartburn

Stomachdiseases

AKUM

1070

Fod

der

Pistaciaterebinthu

sL.subsp.

palaestin

a(Boiss.)Eng

l.1,

2,3,

45,

6,7

Çitlem

bik,

Sakız

ağacı

Fruit

Fresh

andmeaty

sections

offruitareroastedin

theov

enandconsum

edFoo

dAKUM

1017

Fruit,

Leaf

Fod

der

Apiaceae

Cau

calis

platycarpo

sL.

5,16

,17

Karapıtrak

Aerialparts

1–2tablespoo

nsof

thecontentliq

uidprepared

from

decoctionof

aerial

partsisconsum

edaftermealsto

coun

terhemorrhoids

Hem

orrhoids

AKUM

1093

Fod

der

Dau

cuscarota

L.

1,2,

5,6

9Dişotu

Dried

shank

Usedas

toothp

ickto

cleanteeth

Too

thcleaning

AKUM

1047

Echinop

hora

tenu

ifolia

L.subsp.

sibtho

rpiana

(Guss.)Tutin

1,2,

3,5,

7Çörtük

Aerialparts

Add

edas

anarom

atic

food

preserverto

prevent

picklesfrom

frothing

andto

give

apleasant

arom

ato

tarhana(soupmadewith

dried

yoghurt)whenfresh

Foo

dAKUM

1046

Foeniculum

vulgareMill.

1,2,

3,5,

7Rezene

Aerialparts

Cho

pped

andaddedto

salads

Foo

dAKUM

1105

Tea

prepared

asadecoctionby

adding

1–2

spoo

nfulsto

1glassof

water

toprevent

insomnia.

Sleep

diseases

Groun

dcontentsareconsum

edup

to1–

3coffee

spoo

nfulswith

honeydaily.

Increase

breast

milk

Consumed

freshby

wom

ento

increase

sexdrive

Aph

rodisiac

Fod

der

Araliaceae

Hederahelix

L.

1,3,

5,9,

12,13

Sarmaşık

Roo

tThe

rootsarepeeled

andcrushedandwrapp

edarou

ndtherheumatoidarea

Rheum

atismal

diseases

AKUM

1053

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochiaincisa

Duch.

2,6,

13,15

Karga

düğeleği,

Karga

cevizi

Who

leDecoctio

nisconsum

eddaily

Analgesic

AKUM

1023

Adm

inisteredto

thosesufferingfrom

abdo

minal

pain,gy

necologicalpain

andhepatitis

Hepatitis

AristolochiahirtaL.

2,6,

13,15

Karga

düğeleği,

Karga

cevizi

Who

leUsedlik

eA.incisa

Analgesic

Hepatitis

AKUM

1022

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 433 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Asclepiadaceae

Cynan

chum

acutum

L.subsp.

acutum

1,2,

3,5,

18,19

Sirkenek,

Börülce

sarm

aşığı

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1078

Asteraceae

Achillea

millefolium

L.subsp.

pann

onica(Scheele)Hayek

12,13

,14

,16

,18

Ayv

adana

Inflorescence

Decoctio

nisconsum

edforpain

relief

Analgesic

AKUM

1077

Aerialparts

Infusion

isused

totreatcommon

colds

Com

mon

colds

Seed

Peoplewith

migrainepu

taerialspartsof

plant

inside

thepillo

wsto

sleepon

Migraine

treatm

ent

Placedon

theaching

tooth

Too

thache

Anthemiscoelop

odaBoiss.var.

bourga

eiBoiss.

5,6,

9,13

,17

,18

,Bub

acça,

Papatya

Inflorescence

Infusion

isused

asagargle

fortoothache

Too

thache

AKUM

1145

Aerialparts

Fod

der

Anthemistin

ctoria

L.var.tin

ctoria

4,9,

13,

14,17

,18

Sarıb

ubacça,

papatya

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1144

Centaurea

depressa

M.Bieb.

13,16

,17

,18

Boz

otAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1170

Centaurea

solstitialis

L.subsp.

solstitialis

1,5,

6,17

,19

Süp

ürge

otu

Stem

andbranches

The

aerial

partsarecutandmadeinto

abu

ndle

andtiedinto

abroo

mused

tosw

eepthreshing

area

andstreets

Handicrafts

AKUM

1167

Centaurea

virgataLam

.12

,13,19

Süp

ürge

otu

Stem

andbranches

Usedlik

eC.solstitialis

Handicrafts

AKUM

1155

Cho

ndrilla

juncea

L.var.juncea

4,7,

12,13

Karakavuk

,Sakızlık

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

andsalads

Foo

dAKUM

1154

Fod

der

Doron

icum

orientaleHoffm

.13

,14

,15

Acımık

Aerialparts

Crushed

andspread

onanim

alinjuries

asalocal

antim

icrobial

prod

uct

Animal

diseases

AKUM

1075

The

plantistoxic,

soanim

alseatin

gitbefore

vernal

equino

x(22July)getsick

orperish

Helichrysum

compa

ctum

Boiss.

13,15

,18

Altın

otu

Leaf

Decoctio

n(2–3

cups

ofteadaily

)isgivento

kidn

eyandhy

pertension

patients

Kidneydiseases

Hyp

ertension

AKUM

1097

Lactuca

serriola

L.

12,13

,14

,16

Merille

Aerialparts

Add

edinto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1174

Fod

der

Matricariacham

omillaL.var.

cham

omilla

5,6,7,

13Bub

acça,

papatya

Inflorescences

Infusion

isused

asagargle

fortoothache

Too

thache

AKUM

1126

Aerialparts

Fod

der

Mycelismuralis(L.)Dum

.12

,13

,17

Eşekmarulu

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1125

Ono

pordon

illyricum

L.

5,6,

7,8

Kengeldikeni,keng

er,

deve

dikeni

Seed

Inthepast,theseedsweregrou

ndandused

likecoffee

Foo

dAKUM

1124

Aerialparts

Con

sumed

byanim

alse.g.

camels,ho

rses,

donk

eys

Fod

der

434 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Scolym

ushispan

icus

L.

8,9,

10,15

Sulucadiken

Roo

tPealedandcrushed,

andconsum

edto

treathemorrhoids

Hem

orrhoids

AKUM

1123

Sonchu

sasper(L.)Hill

subsp.

glau

cescens(Jord.)Ball.

13,16

,17

,17

Dikenlieşek

marulu

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

andsalads

Foo

dAKUM

1063

Fod

der

Taraxacum

serotin

um(W

aldst&

Kit.)Poir.

9,13

,15

Karahindi

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

andsalads

Foo

dAKUM

1178

Fod

der

Taraxacum

aleppicum

Dahlst.

12,13

,15

Karahindi

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

andsalads

Foo

dAKUM

1131

Fod

der

Trag

opog

onlatifoliusBoiss.var.

latifolius

9,10

,18

,19

Yem

likAerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

andsalads

Foo

dAKUM

1130

Fod

der

Xeran

them

uminap

ertum

(L.)Mill.

13,16

,17

Morca

süpü

rge

Aerialparts

Usedlik

eC.solstitialis

Handicrafts

AKUM

1096

Berberidaceae

Berberiscrataegina

DC.

13,14,

15,

16Kızılcık

Fruit

Ripefruitareedible

Foo

dAKUM

1148

Con

sumed

totreatdiarrhea

Anti-diarrhea

Roo

tInfusedin

boiling

water

and2–

3cups

are

consum

eddaily

asan

antid

iabetic

Anti-diabetes

Leaf,Fruit

Fod

der

Boraginaceae

Anchu

saazurea

Mill.var.azurea

8,9,

10,11

Sığırdili

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

Foo

dAKUM

1018

Fod

der

Anchu

saun

dulata

L.sub

sp.h

ybrida

(Ten.)Cou

t.13

,16

,17

,18

Kocaot

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

Foo

dAKUM

1109

Fod

der

Cerintheminor

subsp.

auriculata

(Ten.)Dom

ac6,

8,13

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1110

Echium

italicum

L.

8,9,

10,17

Sığırdili

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1146

Heliotrop

ium

dolosum

DeNot.

12,13

,16

,18

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1173

Paracaryum

aucheri(A

.DC.)

Boiss.

2,3,

5,10

Elköp

ürten

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

andsalads

Foo

dAKUM

1009

Fod

der

Paracaryum

litho

spermifo

lium

(Lam

.)Grand

esubsp.

cariense

(Boiss.)R.Mill.var.cariense

1,4,

5,19

Bostano

tuAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1008

Brassicaceae

Cap

sella

bursa-pa

storis(L.)Medik.13

,14

,16

,17

Isbatan

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1007

Fod

der

Carda

riadrab

a(L.)Desv.

subsp.

chalepensis(L.)O.E.Schulz

13,17

,18

,19

Boz

otAerialparts

.Fod

der

AKUM

1006

Eruca

sativaMill.

13,18

,19

Yabaniroka

Aerialparts

Usedto

spicethemeat

Foo

dAKUM

1045

Nasturtium

officinaleR.Br.

6,18

Çay

(su)

teresi

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

Foo

dAKUM

1132

Rap

hanu

sraph

anistrum

L.

1,2,

7Turpotu

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1169

Rap

istrum

rugo

sum

(L.)All.

5,7,

8,13

,Turpotu

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1085

Fod

der

Sina

pisarvensisL.

5,6,

7,8

Hardal

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

Foo

dAKUM

1015

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 435 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Fod

der

Seed

The

powderedseed

ismixed

with

linseed.The

mixture

iscook

edwith

milk

into

apo

rridge

which

isappliedto

aching

back,kn

ees,

andjoints

Rheum

atismal

diseases

Sisymbrium

altissimum

L.

1,3,

5,8,

9Hardal

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

Foo

dAKUM

1165

Fod

der

Capparaceae

Cap

parisovataDesf.

3,6,

8,9

Gebere

Flower

buds

The

flow

erbu

dsarepickled.

Gatheredfor

selling

atthemarket

Foo

dAKUM

1164

Leaf,Flower

Fod

der

Cap

parisspinosaL.

6,8,

9Dikenli

gebere

Flower

buds

The

flow

erbu

dsarepickled.

Gatheredfor

selling

atthemarket

Foo

dAKUM

1163

Leaf,Flower

Fod

der

Caprifoliaceae

Lon

iceraetruscaSantivar.etrusca

5,13

,14

,19

Sarmaşık,

hanımeli

Who

leThe

plantisgrow

nin

gardensandbalcon

iesfor

ornamentalpu

rposes

Ornam

entalplant

AKUM

1162

Leaf,

Inflorescence

Fod

der

Caryo

phyllaceae

Dianthu

szona

tusFenzl

var.zona

tus

12,13

,19

Delikaranfil

Flower

Usedto

makeornamentsanddecoratio

nsby

child

ren

Children’splays

AKUM

1161

Chewed

andplaced

over

aching

tooth

Too

thache

Silene

swertiifolia

Boiss.

12,13

,15

Yabani

kereviz

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1160

Silene

caryop

hyllo

ides

(Poir.)

Otth

subsp.

echinu

s(Boiss.&

Heldr.)

Coo

de&

Cullen

12,13

,14

,15

,16

Geven

Roo

tIn

thepast,the

aerialpartswerebu

rned,the

root

was

dugou

t,crushedandfedto

anim

als

during

winter

Fod

der

AKUM

1138

Cheno

podiaceae

Cheno

podium

albu

mL.subsp.

albu

mvar.microph

yllum

(Boenn

.)Aellen

9,10

,13

,17

Sirken

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1137

Cheno

podium

albu

mL.subsp.

albu

mvar.albu

m9,

10,13

,17

Kızılsirken

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

orcook

edas

meal.

Foo

dAKUM

1136

The

sapof

aerial

partsisdrippedinto

acloth

which

isused

askind

ling

Handicrafts

Fod

der

Cheno

podium

botrys

L.

5,7,

13Sirken

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1135

Cheno

podium

folio

sum

(Moench)

Aschers.

5,9,

13Sirken

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1028

Cistaceae

Cistuslaurifo

liusL.

4,12

,13

,14

,16

Tavşanak,

tavşancık

Leaf

Crushed

into

apu

lpandspread

andwrapp

edon

rheumatoidareas

Rheum

atismal

diseases

AKUM

1183

Infusion

takendaily

asan

anti-diabetic

Anti-diabetes

436 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Stem,Branch

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

Cistuspa

rviflorus

Lam

.4,

12,13

,14

,16

Tavşanak,

tavşancık

Leaf

Usedlik

eC.laurifo

lius

Rheum

atismal

diseases

AKUM

1084

Usedlik

eC.laurifo

lius

Anti-diabetes

Stem,Branch

Usedlik

eC.laurifo

lius

Firew

ood

CistussalviifoliusL.

13,14

,15

,19

Pam

ukluk

Leaf

Ovine

anim

alsconsum

eits

leaves

ifno

thing

else

isavailable

Fod

der

AKUM

1067

Con

volvulaceae

Con

volvulus

arvensisL.

9,11,13

,14

Bağ

urganı,

Bağırg

anAerialparts

The

stem

isused

likerope

invineyards

andgardens

Asrope

AKUM

1066

Fod

der

Crassulaceae

Sedu

msempervivoidesM.Bieb.

13,15

Ömür

çiçeği,

gurbet

çiçeği

Who

leWhilein

bloo

m,the

plantishu

ngby

theroot

inho

mes

asan

ornament

Ornam

ental

AKUM

1065

Cucurbitaceae

Ecballiu

melaterium

(L.)A.Rich.

5,6,

7,8

Cırtatan,

cırtlak

Fruit

The

fruitsapisdilutedwith

1/5water

andthe

mixture

inhaledthroug

htheno

seto

treat

sinu

sitis

Sinusitis

AKUM

1064

Seed

The

seed

ismixed

with

doug

handtakenlik

ea

pelletto

combathepatitis

Hepatitis

Elaeagn

aceae

Elaeagn

usan

gustifo

liaL.

5,6,

7İğde

Fruit

Edible

Foo

dAKUM

1035

Ericaceae

Arbutus

andrachn

eL.

13Sandal

Fruit

Edible

Foo

dAKUM

1034

Stem

Usedto

makekitchenutensilssuch

asspoo

nsandladles

Handicrafts

Leaf

Fod

der

Eup

horbiaceae

Eup

horbia

anacam

pseros

Boiss.

var.an

acam

pseros

13,14

,15

Sütleğen

Aerialparts

The

latexof

aerial

partsused

asan

antim

icrobial

drop

totreatwou

nds

Antim

icrobial

AKUM

1095

The

brainof

prairierabb

itsfeedingon

sütleğen

used

fordiabetic

treatm

ent

Anti-diabetes

Fabaceae(Legum

inosae)

Astraga

luscadm

icus

Boiss.

13,15

,16

,19

Geven

Roo

tCrushed

rootsused

asanim

alfodd

erFod

der

AKUM

1179

Astraga

lusmicroceph

alus

Willd.

13,15

,16

,19

Geven

Roo

tCrushed

rootsused

asanim

alfodd

erFod

der

AKUM

1172

Astraga

lusprusianu

sBoiss.

13,15

,16

,19

Geven

Roo

tCrushed

rootsused

asanim

alfodd

erFod

der

AKUM

1157

Cercissiliq

uastrum

L.

13,15

Gevrecik

Stem

The

stem

isused

forfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1038

Leaf

Fod

der

Colutea

melan

ocalyx

Boiss.Et

Heldr.subsp.

davisian

a(Browicz)

Chamb.

5,13

,17

Patlang

açStem

The

stem

isused

forfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1026

Leaf

Fod

der

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 437 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Coron

illaem

erus

L.subsp.

emeroides(Boiss.&

Sprun

.)Uhrov

a

13,15

,17

Leaf

Con

sumed

byanim

alssuch

asgo

ats,do

nkeys

Fod

der

AKUM

1121

Dorycnium

pentap

hyllu

mScop.

subsp.

anatolicum

(Boiss.)

Gam

s

13,15

,Pür

kırtılı

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1120

Glycyrrhiza

glabra

L.var.

glan

dulifera(W

aldst.et

Kit.)

Boiss.

6,13

Bıyan

Roo

tAspirated

bymou

th.In

thepast,theroot

sap

was

used

tomakewine

Foo

dAKUM

1119

Chewed

forits

antih

alito

sisandantiasthm

atic

prop

erties

Anti-asthmatic

Anti-halitosis

Leaf

Wrapp

edarou

ndthepainfulabdo

men

Stomachdiseases

Lathyrusdigitatus(M

.Bieb.)Fiori

13,15

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1118

Lotus

aega

eus(G

ris.)Boiss.

12,13

,15

Noh

odak

Aerialparts

Fresh

aerial

partsarecrushedandspread

onanim

alinjuries

asalocalantim

icrobial

prod

uctNote:

anim

alseatin

gtheplant

before

vernal

equino

x(22July)become

poison

ed

Antim

icrobial,

Animal

diseases

AKUM

1037

Lotus

corniculatus

L.var.

corniculatus

13Gazal

boyn

uzu

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1175

Lotus

corniculatus

L.var.

tenu

ifoliu

sL.

13Gazal

boyn

uzu

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1083

Medicag

osativaL.subsp.

sativa

5,7,

13Yon

caAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1082

Melilo

tusbicolorBoiss.

14,15

,16

Sakar

yonca

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1033

Melilo

tusindica

(L.)All.

13,18

,19

Kok

uluyo

nca

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1032

Melilo

tusneap

olita

naTen.

5,9,

14,18

Sakar

yonca

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1056

Melilo

tusofficinalis(L.)Desr.

13,14

,18

Deliyo

nca

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1055

Ono

brychiscapu

t-ga

lli(L.)Lam

.5,

13Yabani

korung

aAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1054

Ono

nisspinosaL.subsp.

leiosperma(Boiss.)Sirj

13,14

,15

,16

Ölm

ezAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1000

Spartiu

mjunceum

L.

5,8,

13Melengeç

Stem

Woo

dy-likepartsareused

asfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1159

Leaf

Fod

der

Trifo

lium

pratense

L.var.pratense

5,8,

13Tırfıl

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1182

Trigon

ella

aurantiaca

Boiss.

9,13

,16

Sakar

yonca

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1094

Trigon

ella

spicataSibth.&

Sm.

9,13

,17

Sakar

yonca

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1134

Viciacracca

L.subsp.

stenop

hylla

Velen.

12,13

,14

,15

Efek

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1133

Viciana

rbon

ensisL.var.

narbon

ensis

7,10

,17

Delibakla

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1100

Fagaceae

Quercus

cerrisL.var.cerris

1,4,5,

11Uzgurtçalısı

Stem

Usedas

firewoo

d.Firew

ood

AKUM

1076

438 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Usedto

erectfences

andarbo

rsFence

andarbo

r

Leaf

Fod

der

Quercus

coccifera

L.

5,13

Pıynar,

karaçalı

Leaf

Usedlik

eQ.cerris

Fod

der

AKUM

1141

Stem

Firew

ood

Fence

andarbo

r

Quercus

infectoria

Oliv.subsp.

boissieri(Reuter)O.Schwarz

5,9,

13,14

Pelit,

Palam

utçalısı

Stem

Usedas

firewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1143

Usedto

erectfences

andarbo

rsFence

andarbo

r

Fruit

Ripefruitareturned

into

flou

randused

intann

eryfortann

ingleather

Tannery

Leaf

Fod

der

Quercus

pubescensL.

5,13

,14

Maral

çalısı

Stem

Usedlik

eQ.infectoria

Firew

ood

AKUM

1142

Fence

andarbo

r

Fruit

Tannery

Leaf

Fod

der

Geraniaceae

Erodium

cicutarium

(L.)L’

Hérit.

subsp.

cicutarium

9,10

,11,

13,18

İğnelik

Aerialparts

Add

edto

pastries

orfriedwith

eggs

Foo

dAKUM

1122

Fod

der

Unripefruit

Childrenseparate

theun

ripe

fruitat

carpel

segm

entsanddrythem

inthesun.

The

stylus

inthefruitstartsto

turn

onits

axis.Children

pretendthat

itisaclockandplay

with

it

Children’splays

Geran

ium

macrostylum

Boiss.

9,11,13

,16

Devepo

tuğu

Roo

tEdibleafterpeeling

Foo

dAKUM

1013

Aerialparts

Fod

der

Geran

ium

pyrena

icum

Burm.fil.

1,5,

9İğnelik

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1012

Fod

der

Geran

ium

tuberosum

L.

12,13

,16

İğnelik

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1168

Fod

der

Hyp

ericaceae(G

uttiferae)

Hypericum

atom

arium

Boiss.

3,9,

13,16

Kantaron,

Mideotu

Roo

tDecoctio

nof

root

used

totreatabdo

minal

and

intestinal

disorders

Stomachdiseases

Intestinal

diseases

AKUM

1079

Decoctio

nalso

takenforinsomniaandfatig

ueSleep

diseases,

Fatigue

Flower

After

driedandpo

wdered,

spread

onwou

nds

Injury

treatm

ent

Hypericum

perforatum

L.

7,13

,16

Kantaron,

mideotu

Roo

tUsedlik

eH.atom

arium

Stomachdiseases

Intestinal

diseases

AKUM

1081

Flower

Sleep

diseases

Fatigue

Injury

treatm

ent

Lam

iaceae

Lam

ium

amplexicau

leL.

5,8,

13,15

Ballık

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nandinfusion

ofplantconsum

edas

abeverage,andused

totreaturinarytract

Foo

dAKUM

1080

Urethritis

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 439 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

infections

Lam

ium

gargan

icum

L.subsp.

striatum

(Sm.)Hayek

5,8,

13,15

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1044

Menthapu

legium

L.

1,3,

5,10

,13

,15

Narpu

zAerialparts

Infusion

ofplant(1–2

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1147

Itisalso

used

toim

prov

ebreathingor

for

common

colds

Anti-asthmatic

Com

mon

colds

Menthalong

ifolia

(L.)Hud

s.subsp.

typh

oides(Briq.)Harleyvar.

typh

oides

13,15

,18

Nana,

nane

Aerialparts

Fresh

leaves

addedto

salads.Dried

leaves

used

asspices

Foo

dAKUM

1051

Mintteaisused

forcommon

colds

Com

mon

coldsAntiasthm

a,Anti-bron

chitis

Decoctio

nof

plant(1–2

cups)used

totreat

asthmaandbron

chitis

Decoctio

nalso

used

torelieve

from

abdo

minal

pain

Stomachdiseases

Phlom

isarmeniaca

Willd.

13,14,

15Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1050

Phlom

isnissoliiL.

13,14,

15Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1049

Phlom

ispu

ngensWilld.

var.hirta

Velen.

13,14

Ayı

kulağı,

calba

Aerialparts

Fed

toanim

alsto

combatdiarrhea

Animal

diseases

AKUM

1048

Origa

num

heracleoticum

L.

12,13

,14

,19

Karakekik

Aerialparts

Usedas

spices

Foo

dAKUM

1177

Decoctio

nof

plant(1–2

cups)used

totreat

dizziness,faintness

Stagg

ers

Salvia

tomentosa

Mill.

13,14

Adaçayı

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(1–2

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1181

Decoctio

nof

plant(1–2

cups)used

totreat

stom

achdiseases

Stomachdiseases

Salvia

viridisL.

13,14

,15

Adaçayı

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1058

Salvia

virgataJacq.

13,14

Ballıb

aba

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1057

Sideritis

cond

ensata

Boiss.&

Held.

13,14

Adaçayı

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1011

Sideritis

liban

oticaLab.subsp.

linearis(Benth.)Bornm

.13

,14,

15,

Adaçayı

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1158

StachyscreticaL.subsp.

anatolica

Rech.

13,14,

15Adaçayı

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(1–2

cups)consum

eddaily

Foo

dAKUM

1010

Teucrium

cham

aedrys

L.subsp.

cham

aedrys

13Sancı

otu

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)used

daily

torelieve

from

pain

Analgesic

AKUM

1003

Teucrium

poliu

mL.

6,12

,13

,16

KısaMahmut,

bodu

rmahmut

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)used

daily

torelieve

from

abdo

minal

pain

Stomachdiseases

AKUM

1002

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)used

daily

toalleviatespasmsandcram

psRheum

atismal

diseases

Thymus

long

icau

lisC.Preslsubsp.

chau

bardii(Boiss.&

Heldr.)

Jalasvar.an

talyan

us(K

loko

v)

13,15

,18

Taş

kekiği,

kırkekiği

Aerialparts

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3cups)used

daily

totreat

abdo

minal

pain

andstom

achchills

Stomachdiseases

AKUM

1001

440 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Jalas

Loranthaceae

Viscum

albu

mL.subsp.

albu

m9,

11,12

,13

,14

,15

Burç

Who

leThisplantliv

eson

trees(Epiph

yte).Sheph

erds

tear

theplantoffthetreesandfeed

itto

anim

als

Fod

der

AKUM

1036

Infusion

ofplantinhaledto

relieve

asthmaand

bron

chitis

Antiasthm

a,Anti-bron

chitis

Leaf

After

simmeringat

80°C

,1–

2cups

ofthe

lukewarm

teaareconsum

eddaily

bydiabetics

Antidiabetes

Malvaceae

Alcea

pallida

Waldst&

Kit.

1,5,

9,13

Devegü

lüWho

leGrownin

mainentrancesandgardens

Ornam

entalplant

AKUM

1171

Flower

3–5flow

ersaresoaked

inaglassof

boiled

water

for2–3

min.T

heliq

uidisconsum

edto

relieve

common

cold

andsw

ellin

gof

the

throat

Com

mon

colds

Throatdiseases

Malva

neglecta

Wallr.

3,5,

9Ebe

gömeci

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

andpastries

orcook

edas

ameal

Foo

dAKUM

1166

Decoctio

nof

plantisused

torelieve

apho

nia

Aph

onia

After

heatingin

water,thepastespread

and

wrapp

edarou

ndsw

ollenparts

Swellin

gtreatm

ent

Fod

der

Malva

sylvestrisL.

12,13

,16

Ebe

gömeci

Aerialparts

Usedlik

eM.neglecta

Wallr.

Foo

dAKUM

1016

Aph

onia

Swellin

gtreatm

ent

Fod

der

Moraceae

Morus

alba

L.

3,4,

5,9

Akd

utFruit

Edible

Foo

dAKUM

1180

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

The

ligneou

spartsof

theplantareused

tomanufacture

kitchenutensilssuch

asspoo

ns,

ladles

andfarm

ingtoolssuch

aspitchforks,

plou

ghsandhand

lesforshov

els,spades,h

oes.

Handicrafts

You

ngSho

ot,L

eaf

Fod

der

Morus

nigraL.

5,6,

7,8

Karadut

Fruit

Edible

Foo

dAKUM

1062

The

ripe

fruitisspread

onthelip

sof

child

rento

treatacond

ition

calledthrush

Thrush

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

Usedlik

eM.alba

Handicrafts

You

ngSho

ot,L

eaf

Fod

der

Papaveraceae

Chelid

onum

majus

L.

5,6,

9,18

,19

Kırlangıçotu

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1061

Fum

aria

officinalisL.

9,12

,13

,Kelleliçayır

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1060

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 441 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

15Hypecou

mimberbeSibth.&

Sm.

1,9,

11,

12,13

Yavruağzı

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads.

Foo

dAKUM

1059

Fod

der

Pap

aver

strictum

Boiss.&

Bal.

5,13

,17

,18

,Gelincik

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1156

Fod

der

Childrenusetheflow

ersto

play

with

.Children’splays

Pap

aver

rhoeas

L.

5,6,

7,9

Aerialparts

Usedlik

eP.

strictum

Foo

dAKUM

1088

Fod

der

Children’splays

Platanaceae

Platanu

sorientalisL.

3,5,

6,,

13,14,

Çınar,kavak

Leaf

5leaves

arebo

iledin

250

mlof

water.1–2

cups

ofthebeverage

areconsum

eddaily

totreatdiarrhea

andnausea

Anti-diarrhea

Stomach

diseases

AKUM

1087

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

d.Firew

ood

Usedlik

eM.alba

Handicrafts

Plantaginaceae

Plantag

olanceolata

L.

5,9,

13,16

Siğilliyaprak

Leaf

Usedto

stop

bleeding

Anti-bleeding

AKUM

1086

Leafextractisspread

oninfected

areasto

collect

pus

Inflam

matory

diseases

Decoctio

nof

plant(2–3

cups)takendaily

bypeop

lesufferingfrom

respiratorydistress,

infections

andto

heal

wou

nds

Lun

gdiseases

Plumbaginaceae

Plumba

goeuropa

eaL.

13Serkele

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1024

Crushed

andrubb

edon

likealotio

nfor

exfoliatin

gandchappedhand

sAnti-derm

atitis

Polyg

onaceae

Polygon

umcogn

atum

Meissn.

9,13

,15

,Buzağılık,

çoban

ekmeği

Aerialparts

After

chop

ping

,addedto

salads

andpastries

Foo

dAKUM

1025

You

ngsproutsarefedto

calves

tohelp

them

weanandgetaccustom

edto

eatin

gplants

Fod

der

Rum

expa

tientia

L.

5,8,

9,10

,13

İlibada,

ekşiku

lak,

acım

arul

Leaf

Usedto

preparesalads,stuffed

vine

andpickled

Food

AKUM

1052

Portulacaceae

442 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Portulaca

oleracea

L.

5,7,

9,13

,14

Sem

izlik

Aerialparts

Usedto

makesalads,cacık(cucum

ber-

yogh

ourt)andmeals

Foo

dAKUM

1176

Primulaceae

PrimulavulgarisHud

s.subsp.

vulgaris

13,14

,15

,16

Nergiz

Who

leThe

plantisgrow

nin

potsandgardensfor

ornamentalpu

rposes

Ornam

entalplant

AKUM

1108

Rhamnaceae

Paliurusspina-christiMill.

1,2,

3,4,

5,8

İlme

Fruit

Infusion

offruitu

sedas

expectorantfor

child

ren

Exp

ectorant

AKUM

1107

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

Ranun

culaceae

Clematisviticella

L.

2,5,

13Sarmaşık

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1101

Grownforornamentalpu

rposes.

Ornam

entalplant

Leaf

Fod

der

Ran

unculusarvensisL.

16,17

,18

,19

Supıtrağı

Aerialparts

Fresh

sproutsarecrushedandwrapp

edon

body

partswith

rheumatoidpain

Rheum

atismal

diseases

AKUM

1089

Ran

unculusneap

olita

nusTen.

1,2,

3,5,

7,13

Kazayağı

Aerialparts

Fresh

sproutsareaddedto

salads

Foo

dAKUM

1153

Rosaceae

Coton

easter

nummularia

Fisch.&

C.A.Mey.

11,12

,13

,14

,15

Kürt

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1152

Plant

branches

areused

tomakestreet

broo

ms

Handicrafts

Leaf

Fod

der

Crataegus

mon

ogynaJacq.subsp.

azarella

(Gris.)Franco

12,13

,14

,15

Adi

alıç

Flower,Fruit

Decoctio

nof

flow

erandfruitmix

(1–2

cups)

used

daily

toim

prov

ecardiovascular

circulation

Cardiac

AKUM

1151

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

Leaf

Fod

der

Crataegus

steveniiPojark.

5,8,

9,13

Fruit

The

ripe

fruitareedible

Foo

dAKUM

1150

Fruit,

Flower

Usedlik

eC.mon

ogyna

Cardiac

Stem

Usedforfirewoo

dFirew

ood

Leaf

Fod

der

Prunu

sdivaricata

Ledep.subsp.

divaricata

13,14

,15

,17

,18

Yaban

eriği

Fruit

Ripefruitareedible.A

fter

drying

,con

sumed

asdriedfruitor

prepared

into

acompo

teto

consum

ewintertim

es

Foo

dAKUM

1149

Inadditio

n,afterbo

iling

andremov

ingliq

uid

part,fruitaredriedin

thesun.

Inwinter,the

driedfruitaremadeinto

marmaladeby

dilutin

gwith

water

Excessive

consum

ptionof

fruitcanhave

alaxativ

eeffect

Laxative

Stem

Usedas

firewoo

d.Firew

ood

Leaf

Fod

der

Prunu

sxdo

mesticaL.

13,14

,15

,17

Dağ

eriği

Fruit

Usedlik

eP.

divaricata

Foo

dAKUM

1106

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 443 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Laxative

Stem

Firew

ood

Leaf

Fod

der

Prunu

sspinosaL.

13,14

,15

,17

,18

Çakal

eriği

Fruit

Usedlik

eP.

divaricata

Foo

dAKUM

1099

Laxative

Stem

Firew

ood

Leaf

Fod

der

Pyrus

elaeag

nifolia

Pall.subsp.

elaeag

nifolia

13,14

,15

,17

,18

,19

Çöğ

ürarmud

u,Yaban

armud

uFruit

Ripefruitareedible

Foo

dAKUM

1098

Stem

The

stem

sareused

forfirewoo

d.Firew

ood

Leaf

Fod

der

Rosacanina

L.

Ökü

zgö

beği,

Kuşbu

rnu

Fruit

Decoctio

nof

fruitisused

daily

Foo

dAKUM

1111

Usedto

makemarmalade

Leaf

Fod

der

Rosapu

lverulenta

M.Bieb.

2,3,

5,13

Ökü

zgö

beği,

Kuşbu

rnu

Leaf,Fruit

Fod

der

AKUM

1031

Rub

uscanescensDC.var.

canescens

11,12

,13

,15

Orm

anÜzümü

Fruit

Edible

Foo

dAKUM

1030

Leaf

Fod

der

Rub

ussanctusSchreb.

13,15

,17

,18

Orm

anÜzümü

Fruit

Edible

Foo

dAKUM

1029

Leaf

Fod

der

Rub

iaceae

Galium

aparineL.

5,9,

10,

11,13

Yapışak

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1129

Salicaceae

Pop

ulus

nigraL.

1,2,

3,5,

8,13

Zevli

Stem

Usedas

firewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1128

Usedon

constructio

nsitessuch

ascasting

material

Buildingmaterial

Scrop

hulariaceae

Verbascum

glom

eratum

Boiss.

12,13

,15

,17

,19

Sığırk

uyruğu

Aerialparts

Usedto

makebroo

msto

sweepthreshingarea

andfron

tof

house

Handicrafts

AKUM

1127

Solanaceae

Solanu

mnigrum

L.subsp.

nigrum

5,13

,18

Köp

eküzüm

üAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1042

Solanu

mnigrum

L.sub

sp.schultesii

(Opiz)

Wessely

5,13

,18

Köp

eküzüm

üAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1041

444 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Tam

aricaceae

Tamarix

smyrnensisBun

ge5,

7,13

Ilgın

Stem

Usedas

firewoo

dFirew

ood

AKUM

1040

Tiliaceae

Tilia

platyphyllo

sScop.

13,15

Ihlamur

Flower

Infusion

offlow

ertakendaily

Foo

dAKUM

1039

Decoctio

nof

flow

er(1–2

cups)used

daily

torelieve

sore

throat,h

aveadetoxificatio

neffect

throug

hperspiratio

nandforcommon

colds

Throatdiseases

Com

mon

colds

Thy

melaeaceae

Dap

hneoleoides

Schreb.

subsp.

oleoides

13Ağılcık

Leaf

Fed

toanim

alsto

relieve

anychronicpain

Animal

diseases

AKUM

1027

Ulm

aceae

Celtis

australis

L.

5,13

Çitlem

bik

Leaf,fruit

Fod

der

AKUM

1074

Urticaceae

Urticadioica

L.

3,5,

13,15

Dalağan

Aerialparts

Add

edto

salads

orfried

Foo

dAKUM

1073

After

boiling

abranch

sectionof

theplantand

coolingto

theroom

temperature,used

like

sham

pooto

thickensparse

hair

Anti-derm

atitis

After

leavingthepartsin

water

for10

days

inacoveredcontainer,theliq

uidisused

asagricultu

ralpesticideto

combatapestcalled

Basra.

Pesticide

UrticapiluliferaL.

2,3,

5,7,

13Dalağan

Aerialparts

Usedlik

eU.dioica

Foo

dAKUM

1014

Anti-derm

atitis

Pesticide

Verbenaceae

Vitexag

nus-castus

L.

1,2,

3,4,

5,7

Hayıt

Stem

The

branches

oftheplantarewov

eninto

equipm

entsuch

aswickerseatsandbaskets

Handicrafts

AKUM

1072

Fruit

Decoctio

nof

fruit(1–2

cups,daily

)used

bywom

ento

relieve

menstrual

pain

Gyn

ecolog

ical

diseases

Decoctio

n(1–2

cups)also

used

totreatvaricose

andhemorrhoids

Varicosity

Hem

orrhoids

Usedfreshby

wom

ento

increase

theirsexdrive

Aph

rodisiac

Violaceae

Violasieheana

Becker

8,9,

10,

16,17

,18

Menekşe

Who

leThe

plantisgrow

nforornamentalpu

rposes

Ornam

entalplant

AKUM

1102

Zyg

ophy

llaceae

Pegan

umha

rmalaL.

8,9,

10Üzerlik

otu

Fruit

Usedto

makekn

ickk

nacks

Handicrafts

AKUM

1043

Lined

uplik

eprayer

beadsandhu

ngin

the

houseas

acharm

towardofftheevileye

Incantationand

evileye

Tribulus

terrestrisL.

9,10

,13

,17

Dem

irdikeni

Fruit

Usedto

combatim

potence

Aph

rodisiac

AKUM

1019

Aerialparts

1–2cups

ofteaprepared

from

theaerialsprouts

with

theinfusion

metho

dto

help

pass

Urinary

tract

diseases

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 445 Author's personal copy

Tab

le1

(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

gallstonesandurinarytractston

esMONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Araceae

Dracunculus

vulgarisSchott.

5,7,

13,15

Yılanbıçağı

Petiole

The

leaf

stem

oftheplantiscutat

both

ends.

One

ofcutends

isbu

rned.The

smok

efrom

thebu

rntendisblow

nov

erwou

ndsand

swellin

gsin

hand

sandfeet.App

arently

itis

effectivein

redu

cing

swellin

gandmending

wou

ndsin

ashorttim

e

Swellin

gand

Injury

treatm

ent

AKUM

1140

Tub

erThe

tuberpartsof

theplantarechop

pedand

mixed

with

salt.

Thismixture

isfedto

anim

als

asan

analgesicto

relieve

chronicpainsand

aches

Animal

diseases

Juncaceae

Juncus

articulatus

L.

5,6,

13Kov

aStem

Inthepast,used

toweave

hats

Handicrafts

AKUM

1005

Iridaceae

Irisgerm

anicaL.

9,13

,14

,15

,Sarıç

iğdem

Rhizome

The

rhizom

esaredu

gou

t,pealed

andeaten

with

bread

Foo

dAKUM

1004

Liliaceae

Muscaricomosum

(L.)Mill.

4,5,

13,

15,19

Arapsoğanı

Aerialparts

Childrengather

andplay

with

theaerial

parts

Children’

splays

AKUM

1069

Ornith

ogalum

fimbriatum

Willd.

13,14

,15

Tük

rükotu

Who

leThe

plantbu

lbisremov

edfrom

itsnatural

environm

entandplantedinto

potsfor

ornamentalpu

rposes,the

flow

ersarecollected

andpresentedas

gifts

Ornam

entalplant

AKUM

1068

Poaceae

Alopecurusarun

dina

ceus

Poir.

5,13

Stem,

inflorescence

Are

paintedandused

decorativ

ely

Ornam

ental

AKUM

1117

Arund

odo

naxL.

6,7

Kargı

Stem

Wov

eninto

wicketseats,basketsandmats

Handicrafts

AKUM

1139

Calam

agrostispseudo

phragm

ites

(Hallerfil.)

Koeler

5,6,7,13

,14

Saz

Aerialparts

Usedas

roofingmaterialin

houses

andalso

tomakekitesforchild

ren

Buildingmaterial

Handicrafts

AKUM

1116

Fod

der

Cynod

onda

ctylon

(L.)Pers.

9,13

,17

,18

,19

Ayrık

Aerialparts

Infusion

ofplant(2–3

cups,daily

)used

tohelp

pass

kidn

eyston

esKidneydiseases

AKUM

1115

Fod

der

Dactylis

glom

erataL.subsp.

hispan

ica(Roth)

Nym

an12

,13

,14

,15

,16

Geyik

ayrığ

ıAerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1114

Phrag

mitesau

stralis

(Cav.)Trin.

&Steud

.5,

7,9,,13

,14

Kuştutan

Aerialparts

Dried

aerial

partsareused

asroofingmaterial

andin

makingtradition

al(back)

pillo

ws

Handicrafts

AKUM

1092

Fod

der

446 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

collected. The katran çömleği is buried in soil at a depth of 10–15 cm., the güdük, filled with fired “çıra,” is then placed upside-down on top and the joint is sealed with mud. Slow burning, forabout two hours (which improves the quality of tar), causes resinfrom “çıra” to flow as tar into the katran çömleği (Fig. 2). The taris then transferred to another earthen pot for storage. Ourinformants aged over 55 years reported that the tar, heated toaround 40°C, is applied and covered with a piece of cloth until thetreatment is complete. It is used to treat many ailments such asaches and pains, swellings, and skin problems such as scabies andalopecia. For injuries to hands and feet caused by cold, calluses,etc., the tar is applied prior to bedtime (Fig. 2d). Furthermore, tar isdried and fed to sheep and goats once or twice a day as a de-wormer for internal parasites, and applied in amounts of 5–10 gr/day to prevent ticks. We have no measures of the efficacy of thesetreatments.

Discussion

Our findings in this study differ somewhat from otherethnobotanical studies across Turkey in local names ofplants, practical uses of plants, and informants’ explan-ations. For example, while Peganum harmala L. is named“üzerlik otu,” “amulet herb,” both in our study and that ofBağcı (2000) in Aladağlar (Yahyalı, Kayseri), it is called“yüzerlik,” which also translates as “amulet herb” aroundÇiçekdağı (Kırşehir) (Vural et al. 1997). Our informantsstated that they use this plant as both an ornament and toward off the evil eye. The plant is used to treat hemorrhoidsaround Çiçekdağı (Kırşehir) (Vural et al. 1997). Bağcı(2000) reported that the plant is hung over an enshroudedT

able

1(con

tinued)

Plant

Fam

ilyandSpecies

Locality

Local

Nam

ePartUsed

Preparatio

nandAdm

inistration

Uses

Herbarium

No

Poa

bulbosaL.

13,16

,17

Tavşanbıyığı

Aerialparts

Fod

der

AKUM

1091

Typ

haceae

Typh

aan

gustifo

liaL.

6Tülü

Stem,

inflorescence

Placedin

vasesas

decoratio

nsOrnam

ental

AKUM

1090 Table 2 Plant parts used by villagers in the study area

Part of plant Number

Aerial parts 106

Cone 3

Dried shank 1

Flower and flower buds 10

Fruit 24

Inflorescences 6

Leaf 40

Petiole 1

Rhizome 1

Root 11

Seed 4

Stem 36

Tuber 1

Young shoot 2

Whole 9

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 447 Author's personal copy

corpse and burnt as incense before the funeral. Ghorbani(2005) reports that it is named “uzarlek” by Turks of Iran,and used as a snake repellant, to relieve cardiac pains andmuscle spasms, and to treat food poisoning and rabies. In

our study, Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus islocally known as “katran ardıcı” or “kızıl ardıç,” “tarjuniper” or “red juniper,” whereas it is referred to as “kokarardıç,” “aromatic juniper,” around Çiçekdağı (Kırşehir)

Table 3 Pharmacological actions of the plants used by locals in the study area

Pharmacological actions Number Pharmacological actions Number Pharmacological actions Number

Anti-bleeding 1 Cardiac 2 Kidney diseases 2

Analgesic 7 Common cold 5 Laxative 3

Animal diseases 8 Expectorant 1 Lung diseases 1

Anti-asthma and Anti-bronchitis 2 Fatigue 2 Migraine treatment 1

Anti-asthmatic 5 Gynecological diseases 1 Pesticide 2

Anti-dermatitis 6 Hemorrhoids 3 Rheumatismal diseases 6

Anti-diabetes 5 Hepatitis 3 Sinusitis 1

Anti-diarrhea 2 Hypertension 1 Sleep diseases 3

Anti-halitosis 1 Increase breast milk 1 Staggers 1

Anti-microbial 5 Inflammatory diseases 3 Stomach diseases 12

Aphonia 2 Injury treatment 3 Swelling treatment 3

Aphrodisiac 3 Intestinal diseases 2 Throat diseases 2

Fig. 2 a–d Traditional tar pro-duction in the study area. (seethe text for details)

448 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy

(Vural et al. 1997), and “diken ardıcı,” “prickle juniper,”around Kumalar Dağı (Afyonkarahisar) (Akçiçek and Vural2003). In our study area, fresh juniper berries are used totreat reflux and respiratory disorders, while Akçiçek andVural (2003) report they are mixed with honey to treatdiabetes and relieve stomach aches. Our informantsreported that Teucrium polium L., locally named “kısa” or“bodur Mahmut,” “short” or “dwarf Mahmut,” is infusedand ingested to soothe stomach aches. Similar uses arereported by Ghorbani (2005), Everest and Öztürk (2005),and Saraç and Uğur (2007). The same plant is called “Periyavşanı,” “elf herb,” in the Çiçekdağı (Kırşehir) region andis used to treat spasms and cramps (Vural et al. 1997). Ourinformants report using Hypericum atomarium Boiss.and Hypericum perforatum L. to treat gastro-intestinaldisorders, fatigue and insomnia. In an ethnobotanicalstudy in the Kopanoik Mountain region of Serbia, Jaricand colleagues reported that H. perforatum, locally called“kantaron,” is used for the same ailments (2007). In theAnkara region, Hypericum varieties (“çayotu,” “teaherb”)are boiled and ingested as a digestive aid (Elçi and Erik2006). In our study area, Viscum album L. subsp album(“burç,” “mistletoe”) is used for the treatment of asthma,bronchitis, digestive disorders, and diabetes. It is used as apainkiller around Çiçekdağı (Kırşehir) (Vural et al. 1997)and similar uses are reported for different traditionalmedical applications in Serbia, (Jaric et al. 2007),Pakistan, (Dar 2003), and Romania (Pieroni et al. 2003).In our study area, herders give it to sheep and goats in thewinter both to feed and fatten them and to increase themeat content. In addition, according to our informants(aged 55 years and over), local people gather and sell wildV. album in local markets when there is a shortage ofdomesticated commercial plants. Other wild plants occa-sionally taken to markets are: Rumex patientia, Foenic-ulum vulgare, Malva neglecta, Malva sylvestris,Ranunculus neapolitanus, Rapistrum rugosum, Raphanusraphanistrum, Urtica dioica, Urtica pilulifera, Portulacaoleracea for cooking and to add to salads and pastry;Tilia platyphyllos, Salvia tomentosa, S. viridis, S. virgata,Sideritis condensata, S. libanotica subsp. linearis,Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica, to make herbal tea;Mentha pulegium, M. longifolia subsp. typhoides var.typhoides, Origanum heracleoticum to use as spices aswell as herbal tea; and Teucrium chamaedrys subsp.chamaedrys, T. polium, Thymus longicaulis subsp.chaubardii var. antalyanus for medicinal purposes. Inaddition, baskets and mats woven from Arundo donaxand kitchen utensils like spoons, forks, and ladles carvedfrom Arbutus andrachne are sold at local markets, andthe income generated is used to purchase basic require-ments such as salt, oil, clothes, and soap for thehousehold.

Conclusion

This study documents the local uses of wild plants in theregion of Honaz and Serinhisar districts, Denizli, in westernAnatolia. We document traditional medical uses of wildplants, as well as their use as firewood, food, animal fodder,miscellaneous purposes, and sources of cash incomethrough market sales. However, we note that the oraltransmission of traditional knowledge from older toyounger generations is declining in the region. Conse-quently, this research is important to document this valuableinformation and to provide the basis for the development ofan urgent project to encourage the local people to preservetheir ethnobotanical knowledge.

Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank Dr H Shazly,Swansea, UK, for editing the paper’s English.

References

Akçiçek, E., and Vural, M. (2003). Local Names and EthnobotanicalFeatures of Some Plants in Kumalar Mountain (Afyon) and itsVicinity. The Herb Journal of Systematic Botany 10: 151–162.

Anyinam, C. (1995). Ecology and Ethnomedicine: Exploring LinksBetween Current Environmental Crisis and Indigenous MedicalPractices. Social Science and Medicine 40: 321–329.

Bağcı, Y. (2000). Ethnobotanical Features of Aladağlar (Yahyalı,Kayseri) and its Vicinity. The Herb Journal of Systematic Botany7: 89–94.

Baytop, T. (1984). Therapy with Medicinal Plants in Turkey (Past andPresent). Istanbul University Publications, Istanbul.

Baytop, A., and Tuzlacı, E. (1976). The Flora of Honaz mountain I.Journal of Istanbul Pharmacy Faculty 12: 30–73.

Dar, M. E. (2003). Ethnobotanical Uses of Plants of Lawat DistrictMuzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Asian Journal of PlantSciences 2: 680–2003.

Davis, P. H. (1965–1985). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands,vol. 1–9. Edingburg University Press, Edinburg.

Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., and Tan, K. (eds.) (1988). Flora of Turkeyand the East Aegean Islands (supplement), vol. 10. EdinburghUniversity Press, Edinburgh.

Elçi, B., and Erik, S. (2006). Ethnobotanical Features of Güdül(Ankara) and its Vicinity. Journal of Hacettepe Pharmacy Faculty26: 57–64.

Ertuğ, F. (2000). An Ethnobotanical Study in Central Anatolia(Turkey). Economic Botany 54: 155–182.

Everest, A., and Öztürk, E. (2005). Focusing on the EthnobotanicalUses of Plants in Mersin and Adana Provinces (Turkey). Journalof Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1: 6.

Ghorbani, A. (2005). Studies on Pharmaceutical Ethnobotany in theRegion of Turkmen Sahra, North of Iran (Part 1): GeneralResults. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102: 58–68.

Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., and Başer, K. H. C. (eds.) (2000).Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 11. EdinburghUniversity Press, Edinburgh.

Jaric, S., Popovic, Z., Macukanovic-Jocic, M., Djurdjevic, L.,Mijatovic, M., Karadzic, B., Mitrovic, M., and Pavlovic, P.(2007). An Ethnobotanical Study on the Usage of WildMedicinal Herbs From Kopaonik Mountain (Central Serbia).Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111: 160–175.

Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 449 Author's personal copy

Kargıoğlu, M., Cenkci, S., Serteser, A., Evliyaoğlu, N., Konuk, M.,Kök, M. Ş., and Bağcı, Y. (2008). An Ethnobotanical Survey ofInner-West Anatolia, Turkey. Human Ecology 36: 763–777.

Kurt, Y., Kaçar, M. S., and Işık, K. (2008). Traditional Tar Productionfrom Cedrus libani A. Rich on the Taurus Mountains in SouthernTurkey. Economic Botany 62: 615–620.

Lev, E., and Amar, Z. (2000). Ethnopharmacological Survey ofTraditional Drugs Sold in Israel at the End of the 20th Century.Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72: 191–205.

Lombardi-Boccia, G., Lucarini, M., Lanzi, S., Aguzzi, A., andCappelloni, M. (2004). Nutrients and Antioxidant Molecules inYellow Plums (Prunus domestica L.) from Conventional andOrganic Productions: A Comparative Study. Journal of Agricul-tural and Food Chemistry 52: 90–94.

Minev, I., and Balev, M. (2002). Interspecific Hybrids of the PrunusGenus Bred at Rimsa, Troyan. Acta Hort (ISHS) 577: 195–198.

Özgen, U., Kaya, Y., and Coşkun, M. (2004). Ethnobotanical Studiesin the Villages of the District of Ilıca (province Erzurum) Turkey.Economic Botany 58: 691–696.

Pieroni, A., Giusti, M. E., Münz, H., Lenzarini, C., Turkovic, G., andTurkovic, A. (2003). Ethnobotanical Knowledge of the Istro-Romanians of Zejane in Croatia. Fitoterapia 74: 710–719.

Saraç, N., and Uğur, A. (2007). Antimicrobial Activities and Usage inFolkloric Medicine of Some Lamiaceae Species Growing inMuğla, Turkey. EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 4: 28–37.

Sezik, E., Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., and Tanaka,T. (2001). Traditional Medicine in Turkey X. Folk Medicine inCentral Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 75: 95–115.

Şimşek, I., Aytekin, F., Yesilada, E., and Yildirimli, S. (2004). AnEthnobotanical Survey of the Beypazarı, Ayas, and GüdülDistrict Towns of Ankara Province (Turkey). Economic Botany58: 705–720.

Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M., Bowen, P. E., Hussain, E. A.,Damayanti-Wood, B. I., and Farnsworth, N. R. (2001).Chemical Composition and Potential Health Effects of Prunes:A Functional Food? Critical Review of Food Science andNutrition 41: 251–286.

Teklehaymanot, T., Giday, M., Mehdim, G., and Yalemtsehay, M.(2007). Knowledge and Use of Medicinal Plants by PeopleAround Debre Libanos Monastery in Ethiopia. Journal ofEthnopharmacology 111: 271–283.

Tuzlacı, E. (1977). The Flora of Honaz Mountain II. Journal ofIstanbul Pharmacy Faculty 13: 47–61.

Tuzlacı, E., and Aymaz, P. E. (2001). Turkish Folk Medicinal Plants,Part IV: Gönen (Balıkesir). Fitoterapia 72: 323–343.

Ugulu, I., Baslar, S., Yorek, N., and Dogan, Y. (2009). TheInvestigation and Quantitative Ethnobotanical Evaluation ofMedicinal Plants Used Around Izmir Province, Turkey. Journalof Medicinal Plants Research 3(5): 345–367.

Vural, M., Karavelioğulları, F. A., and Polat, H. (1997). Ethno-botanical Features of Çiçekdağı (Kırşehir) and its Vicinity. TheHerb Journal of Systematic Botany 4: 117–124.

Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Tanaka, T., and Takeda, Y.(2001). Traditional Medicine in Turkey. X. Folk Medicine in theEastern Part of Central Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology75: 95–115.

450 Hum Ecol (2010) 38:429–450 Author's personal copy