f,11snnruS1umug lq 196r @ ryfitldoy

uasall,uow'g uaqoy,(,qcr3o1 cnseloq3s Jo

{ooq}xel Pe}urrd lsrrJ arlJ

<EggCK@WEpuer----

rg6r . rrraxx EwnloaNra.ous IY sxoorr

woufr INIUiT{{o

Oe ROBERT C. MATHIESEN .9D

The First Printed Textbookofscholastic Logic

OWARD the end of the last century General Rush C. Hawkins,an eminent collector of the eariiest printed books, purchased anunprepossessing volume of slightly rrlore than roo ieaves in

quarto, bound in an early Itaiian brown leather binding. Upon inspecrionit proved to be an unrecorded edition of the Logica Parua, a textbook ofscholastic iogic ascribed to Paulus Nicolettus Venetus (ca. t37o_l429),who for most of his life was a professor of the iiberal arrs at the Universityof Padua, and is now remernbered as one of the foremost logicians of histime. His Logica Parua seems first to have been required as a textbook int486, at the University of Padua. By that year about ten editions of it had

This is a summary, without documentation, of a bibliographical investigationwhich willbe published more fully elsewhere. The three books under investigationhave been recorded by F. R. Goff, Incunabula in Atnerican Libraries: A Third Census(New York: The Bibliographical Sociery of America, t964), asttos. c_534,p-21g,and t-75t, where the most important earlier descriptions are cited. A facsimile ofthe Paris copy of the Logica Parua was published some years ago: Paulus Venetus,Logica (Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms Verlag, r97o). Although a fu1llist of all the scholars and librarians who have rendereri assistance must be reservedfor the fuller publication of my results, I cannor fail to acknowledge with thanksthe extensive help received from Miss Anne D. Hedeman of the 'W'alters ArtGallery, from Dr. Margaret B. Sti1lwel1, former Curaror of the Annmary BrownMemorial and ProGssor Emerita of Bibliography at Brown, and from the presentCurator of the Memorial, Mr. SamuelJ. Hough, and his Assistant, Miss CatherineJ. Denning, who have facilitated my work at the Memorial in every way possible.

lrr+1

FIRST PRINTND TEXT OFuniversities such as Brown, which is rhe ,

possessing more than one ofhis three pubthis first modern appreciation of his ltFriends of the Library of Brown Unirer

Irrq]

FIRST PRINTED TEXT OF SCHOLASTIC LOGICbeen printed, and some twenry more were to appear over the next hun-dred years. (The last edition was printed in r58o.) In addition, more thanforty manuscripts of it are sdll exranr. These facts testify to the populariryof the LogicaParvaandto the esteem in which Italian scholars held it duringthe fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

General Hawkins' acquisition, like most printed books from the fifteenthcentury, has no title page, but ends with the laconic colophon: Finis deo

gratias Anno domini .M.cccc.lxxii.xiiii.die.iulii'The end, thanks to God, July!4, A.D. t472.' lt contains no mention either of its printer's name or of theplace where it was printed. The General, who dearly loved a knotybibliographical problem, seems to have spent some time attempting tosolve this one, and in rgoz he finally concluded from the putative identiryof its type with the rype used by Balthasar Azoguidus, the first printer atBologna, that he had acquired one ofthe very first books ever printed inthat ciry. Flowever, the two fonts of type are not in fact identical, andGeneral Hawkins' conclusion was premature.

By virtue of its early date, this edition of the Logica Parua talls wel7within the first thousand titles ever printed with movable type, and thuswas one of the earlier books in General Hawkins' collection. It also happensto be the true first edition of the Logica Parua, for the edition customarilyregarded as the first was published more than tr,vo years later, on DecemberL4,7474. Flowever, this is not the full extent of its interest for students ofearly printing. The edition which General Hawkins had the good fortuneto discover also marks a new departure in the trade ofprinting, for it seemsto be the first textbook of scholastic logic ever printed. As a rule, earlytextbooks are rare books, for then as now they were often read to piecesby successive generations of students. This textbook is no exception: onlytwo copies of it are known to have survived, and the Annmary BrownMemorial (where General Hawkins' collection is housed) shares the priv-ilege and the duty of its saGkeeping with no less renowned a library thanthe Bibliothdque Nationale at Paris.

In 1948 the Annmary Brown Memorial, and with it General Hawkins'collection of early printed books, was acquired by Brown lJniversity, andsince then most of the Universiry's other fifteenth-century printed books

[ ..s ]

10""1eqt Jo puolos oql qlue 1.ro,4 . sq ue8ag .retuud orp ef,urs '>loog perlsrugsql ur s8uuaqle8 qtuer pue rlluru eqt ere ql1{^a) wnuoqtxt!trsay sndg arp rcjpelur.rd s8ur.regle8 rllrnoJ put prrqr eqr ur (po reqreSot rnrro se :adedgopur>l eures eqt pue edftgo etets erues or{t s^&oqs onn4 ot6o-1 eql 'pesn eqqcq,ra. reded3o pupl er{t eruo peSueqc osie pue 'tl peluud eq se eddl srq urse8ueqr .routu epeur :eturrd eqt pue 'd1ru.o1s pelur td setr. runuoqnlrxsaY snd6legr ',(lesrce.rd erow 'retel pelur.rd sel"\ safnxpturuotS aoy&aA eql terlt pue'wnuo11ry1lsag snd6 erTl se aurrt srues eqt te petuud se.,t onn4 ott&oT arlt t?qls.A&oqs $looq oarqt Ip ur reded oql pue ed& eglgo uorltururexe esolr V

'os euoP a^Erl01 JoAO reluud lsJrJ er{t eg ol suees eq pue 'sroqlne ,(re.rodueluo, ssel Joe.row (g s>loogtxol .(trs;a.tiun ur pezrprceds dpuoprae .re1ur.rd snoru.(uoueJnO 'srsuauoJo1 snurJen3 Jo sapzugwwat1 aolntay or{t 'urtef Jo.reruurrt8ensruturnq leuuengur ue3o (uourpe tsrg orlt tou erun sqt rnq) uorlrpe dlreeue sr U 'peluird se.^a tr ruoq^&.(q to e:eqaa.3o uortrcrpw due s1ce1 tr 's>loogo.^Al rerlto oqt oTI 'pue 'petepun il 1I'u.tnuolttxlgsay sndg aW pue Dntacl

at3o7 erqt jo suo4rpe lsrrJ erll se eddr etues eql r{rp,r pelusd >loog prrrl} ?

3o ,(doc u. aou>l ,(po eql sossessod e.roruuleg te drageg rV srolle7yt eqlJleslr ef,rua^ te lou Jr 'd.lolr.r.rel u?rlouo^ uo oJeqn euros pelurrd

d1e1{ rsour sE-^ . tr teqt eterrpur reded slr ur slreurrote,^ . eqt pue uorripe tsrgatll 3o sordoc orlt Jo sarueuo,r.ord u,u.ou1 oql 'uoplpo tsrrJ oi{l uror3 eddrsltl tos orl.^a '.retur.rd tuoregrp e tlqzltr. H patuud se.^ . >lto^\ eqrJo uo4rpepuoros E 'roloerotr J 'zLfr pa*p elou uellr,r.l[puerl E sureluoc serdoc eseqt joeuo pue 'ecueJsrxa ur Ilrts o.re 1r3o serdoc uazop JnoJ lnoqr tng'peluud se-u

lr rrlorl,^l. (g .ro'ueq.tr'e.ragal 3o uorlef, rpur,(ue s1ce1 11' Lutxu o llo i tLtnbnu N xf,'tuutatnsp'uuruor1nl4sag snd6l s3a1e14ep snosrrueJ{Jo uot]rpo }srg eql sr lr:.^Ael uour3r uo tng 'Tooqtxat e osi? sr >ioog puores slq; 'o/trocl onSo-1 er1l se

eddl erues eqt dlnrxa qrr,tr i.rrd tsoru er{1 roJ patuFd ueeg o^eq ot s,Aaorls uorl-cedsui r{3lrlra loog rfunluac-rltuoeu5 reqtoue porrnb3e dlrsre.tru1.1 u.AaoJg

996r u1 'algtt orues orlt uo eprs Lq epis paceld eg ue, sloog o^&t uotl.ldluertddt Jsoru sr pue 'rllnru setnqrrluo, ed&3o dlnuopr oumueS 'urelgordpcrgderSoqqrg ? qlnsJo uonnlos eqt 01 oll?{ sa}nqrnuotr eddr3o &lw[*lseraruJl 'onn1 ou3o7 erll3o uorlrpa lsrrJ oqtJo reluud oqlJo uortmgquopre^illsod e PelelITIreJ e3ueJsurn3.rl SIIII 'lelrorrrew eqf uI fdel uoeg e.Leq

NINOHg JV SXOOIT

I Ltr- ]E r{tI.^A. rhrc e .{Freuor tsolule se^d. s>looq}xs} dirs.relrm e3rr{t sII{ potur:d:eluud snoru.(uoue tno eJerl.ld drrc eT ueql 'prmos sr uorsnlluo, sqlJl

'r(1apra,r petelnr.rrf, Jeleupue uorldrunsuo3 leJol ro3 peluud se,/!l' 1r ]eq] lnq 'reluel Irrcreururore3.re1 dut le peapur ro 'erruo^ te psrur:d tou seaa. a,tnL ot6o-1 arqt jouoitlpe tsrg oql leqr d1e1u sr ?r 'eser er{t tou sr srqt ef,urs iu8rcep slr Surares

-e;d'tt urog 1os uoeq e^Erl plno,^d. suortrpe uertaue1 retel erllJo euo tseal$ &qt'ecruerl le Peruud uoeg Peq uoItIPe tsr5 eqt 3t 'lcedxe Plnos edt'lsrg erltJo }eql ol uerlt rorller uortrpe puotres egrgo u8rsep eq1 ot rrrro;uor'(ecruen le paluud era.la. qrrg.^aJo sprql o,ur tnoqe) suo4rpe tuenbesgns

IIE pue 'S Llr. 'ec ecrue1 ]e pelurrd 'aan4 olSo-1 orlt Jo suortrpo rlunoJ pueprrrli aq1 lerlt olqe>lreruer sr tI '9o, Jo peolsur se^eel 8/ rllr,^a 'lsrrJ orI] ueqrarunlo^.ro]ierus r{onru e sr uortrpe puof,os oq} 'tFser e sy 'a8ed.rsd surunlooo..r .l ul tas '('urur LL ynbe seurl ,(rus,^at) ezrs rellerus e 3o ed^& ,rqlo0 ur sr

uolllpe puores el{r efqa'e8ed.red urunlotr euo ur tas '('ruru ror pnba seuild1ua.,rna) eJnseorrr sno.reue8 ego ed,& ueruog ur sr uortrpa lsJrJ eql 'ot.renbur serunlol ew rpog q8noqrp :u8rsap slr ur uonrpo lsrg eqt uo;j d18ur1i,rrsuagrp'fLlt 'tr reqruace6 uo uelrry le paqsqgnd se.nn' qlq-.ra'>lro.^e snllJouorlrPe Puores eqa 'rfur: pelecol ,(1pJ]uef, ssel oluos le lng 'sJruo^ le pelur.rdlou se,^, lr leql {uql ot uoseal sn sear8 a,'t"ut4 al3o7 eqt 're.toero14i

Jlestr etrrue1 tE touJI'ci1gnda6 utrtauo1 aqtJo drolr.rrelaqt uo pe>lro.^l. rolurrd snoruduoue rreql teql olef,rpur ile suortrpe Surpeec

-rns eqt roJ Elep orp pue 'luoj ed(l aqt Jo retrelegc preueS eql 'serdooerllJo sosueue,ro.rd d1.rr:e u,^aou>l ar{] '6pesn .radedSo spuDl oqt :sro}r8rtsa.tur:eqree dq pegceeJ uorsnlruof, erp uaqr8ue.its pue urJg{ro) uEJ o,Aa 'sse.rd er1l

JoJ ettp rrrrg E rltr-^a pue 'o,Aat Jo peelsur eurruexe ot $loog earrll qll7pt'zlfr- 1o puo egl ueqt rorireo ou paluud ueoq e^Erl ue3 safnxyLttw).tJ

ao1n3a6 orf 'reloerory ?no peinr eg .^aou ue) wnuourttrl;sag sndg erl] roJetep rerlrte ue :.ree.( ieqt ot dlesicerd s>loog qtog agr;rse dpuapguoc -uouuef, o.^ . 'zltt jo pur oqt aroJeq tunuo!filysa[ snd6 e'qt pue 'zlh. 'tt- f,1nfuo pereldtuo) seL\ gaficl ot6o'1 etTt oours 's1oog o,^ .1 rorpo er{t Jo rer{lreur ereq.ra.,(ue pesn tou ;edrd 3o puH ? uo peluud s tnq tafiuoxttxlqsa[

sndg erTt.roJ perur.rd s8urregle8 tsel oql sr ed,& Jo otets erues eqt s^\oqssale?ttowu.tD,t) aoy&ay eqa '(pepr.trp $ Iooq eqt rlrrq,^a otul sued oolll

CIDOI 3IJSYTOH]S {O JXSI GEJNIUd JSUIJ

BOOKS AT BROWNuniversiry; and since it r,vas on the territory of the Venetian Republic, itwas most likely Padua. At that time Padua was the site of one of theforemost universities in all Europe, which was the ofiicial university, soto speak, of the Republic of Venice. It was at the {Jniversity of Padua thatPaulus Nicolettus Venetus spent most of his proGssional life, and it wasthere that his Logica Parua frst became a required textbook. It may not beentirely a matter of chance that more copies of the Opus Restitr.ttionum areeven now preserved at Padua than at any other north Italian city, althoughthe numbers of copies in question are too small for assurance.

If tlre printer of the first edition of the Logica Parua did in fact work atPadua, then he was the second printer to work there, following the part-nership of Bartholomaeus de Valdezoccho and Martinus de Septem Arbo-ribus by no more than a few months, and preceding Laurentius Canoziusand Leonardus Achates.

As other scholars have pointed out, the earTy t47os were a time of crisisfor printers in Italy. The art of printing had been introduced into thatcounffy only in t464,by emigrants from Germany. These printers sawiramediately that their new Italian market demanded new kinds of books,but as foreigners they partly misjudged its demands and set to work print-ing vast quantities of classical authors. By about 7477 the market foreditions of the classics had become glutted, and printers in Italy were inreal danger of banlruptcy. Some presses closed at this time, but otherssurvived by changing or diversifying the program for their publications.It was in such circumstances that our anonymous printer published his lineof university textbooks by more or less contemporary authors, presum-ably for sale in the university city of Padua. Yet it was not the specialistssuch as he who rode out the crisis most successfully, but the few printerswho chose to diversify. tsy about r48o the publication of books in theRepublic of Venice, and indeed everywhere in Italy, was largely in thehands of a few very productive firms, and most of the small presses whichhad been at work in the r47os had ceased their operations. This is thehistorical background against which our anonymous printer commencedand ceased his work as the first specialist in up-to-date universiry text-books. It is fitting that his books should be preserved in the libraries of

I rr8 ]

I ert

'dlrsrerrrun u^\oJgJo drergrl eqt Jo spuorrJel{r o} peruose.rd eg pinoqs >lro1,r sq 3o uortrrcerdde u.repou rsrg srqlteqr Surrrg osle sr tr pue :suortef,rlgnd aargr srr{Jo ouo ueql orour Surssossod.Aaou plJo,4a eql ur dlrs.rertrun dpo oql sr rl3rqra .uzvro.rg se rlens serlrsrelrun

CICO] SIISY]OHf,S CO IXitI CETINIUd JSUIJ

Ifrr.,'elgrssod deu. dre,re uI leIroruow ar{l t€ :i:!1,,r1

euTroqte3 ssr4'tuetslssv srg pue 'g8nog 'i-:tuosord eqt ruo.r; pue 'uaa.o.rg te .(qdt.r3-.1:-:iu.la,o:g ,{.reurrruV eqr Jo ro]ern3 rJrrr..: -:lrf srel]el[r 3rl1 Jo u€uIsPOH 'C 3u-trL, !i]sTueqt L[]r,^ a8pal.uoul:e ol IreJ roLru"r l -;'Pe^rsser eg lsnru sfuEtsrssE P3r3Pu3r 3_\?-: J:_

1ry r t13noql1y '@L6r'3r1-ran suq6 i:.-:3'snteue1 sn1ne4 :o8t sreo,( auros peqsl;:.: r,

Jo 3lrrrrrstrEJ V 'potro e.re suoitdr.rrsap rJ:::--: :'6r,2-a'ltS-<t'sou se '(i96 r 'e;t::ur1 -:o -r'::snsua) PulJ v :salratr] uo)lDutv tit ?1::::.r:uorlrSrlse-tul r3pun s{oog eoJqt aqJ 'Jr..,r.}iuorle8Bsa,rur iecqdt:r3or1grg e Jo 'uou:i=-

peq trJo suortrpe uet tnoqe :ee{ regr -igur >looglxel e se pe;Bnber uaeg 3-\Eg or :

srqgo suercrSol tsorueroJ erltJo euo:-" =-dlrsra-trun eql le slrc IEJeqrl aqtJo .iLr:-.:_:

'(6zlt-oltt 'ec) snleuen snuriorr,\ =Jo >looglx3l e 'o/u2cl tnfio-1 atltjo uo;::uortsedsul uodn 'Surpurg ror{]ee] Irt!c-r;ur soleel oor uerlt e.roui dllq8rls _;o :ue psseqc.rnd '6s{ooq Petuud ls3rlr€e 3+.'sur1.tte11 'l qsng IereueC d;ntuec ls:r:;

u3o1 lnsel>looglxal Parur

<DB NASAIHJVi^i -