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ESSENTIALVOCABULARYByChoSangik

DARAKWONPRESS

FirstpublishedinAugust2009ByDarakwon,Inc.DarakwonBldg.,211,Munbal-ro,Paju-si,Gyeonggi-do413-830RepublicofKoreaCopyright©2009Darakwon,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicsormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthecopyrightowner.Author:ChoSangikPublisher:ChungKyudoEditor:LeeDonghoDesigner:YoonJiyoungwww.darakwon.co.kr

TableofContentsCategorizingusedinthisbookPart★ 1Chapter01Unit01HumanitiesUnit02SocialSciencesUnit03NaturalSciencesUnit04AppliedSciencesChapter02Unit05HumanitiesUnit06SocialSciencesUnit07NaturalSciencesUnit08AppliedSciencesChapter03Unit09HumanitiesUnit10SocialSciencesUnit11NaturalSciencesUnit12AppliedSciencesChapter04Unit13HumanitiesUnit14SocialSciencesUnit15NaturalSciencesUnit16AppliedSciencesPart★ 2Chapter05Unit17HumanitiesUnit18SocialSciencesUnit19NaturalSciencesUnit20AppliedSciencesChapter06Unit21HumanitiesUnit22SocialSciencesUnit23NaturalSciencesUnit24AppliedSciencesChapter07

Unit25HumanitiesUnit26SocialSciencesUnit27NaturalSciencesUnit28AppliedSciencesChapter08Unit29HumanitiesUnit30SocialSciencesUnit31NaturalSciencesUnit32AppliedSciencesPart★ 3Chapter09Unit33HumanitiesUnit34SocialSciencesUnit35NaturalSciencesUnit36AppliedSciencesChapter10Unit37HumanitiesUnit38SocialSciencesUnit39NaturalSciencesUnit40AppliedSciencesChapter11Unit41HumanitiesUnit42SocialSciencesUnit43NaturalSciencesUnit44AppliedSciencesChapter12Unit45HumanitiesUnit46SocialSciencesUnit47NaturalSciencesUnit48AppliedSciencesPart★ 4Chapter13Unit49HumanitiesUnit50SocialSciencesUnit51NaturalSciencesUnit52AppliedSciencesChapter14

Unit53HumanitiesUnit54SocialSciencesUnit55NaturalSciencesUnit56AppliedSciencesChapter15Unit57HumanitiesUnit58SocialSciencesUnit59NaturalSciencesUnit60AppliedSciences

Categorizingusedinthisbook

Category:HUMANITIESSubcategory:History,Anthropology,Archaeology,LiteratureandAuthors,Linguistics,MusicandMusicHistory,Photography,Philosophy,Religion,VisualandPerformingArt,Theater,Dance,Painting

Category:SOCIALSCIENCESSubcategory:Sociology,Politics,Psychology,Economics,Pedagogy,Business,MassCommunication,ChildDevelopment,CommunityDynamics,Education,Law,CulturalStudies,Demography

Category:NATURALSCIENCESSubcategory:Physics,Geology,Meteorology,Astronomy,Biology,AquaticOrganisms,Oceanography,Glaciers,Deserts,Cosmology,ParticlePhysics,Chemistry,Seismology

Category:APPLIEDSCIENCESSubcategory:Electronics,Medicine,Architecture,Ecology,IndustrialDesign,CityPlanning,ExtinctionofAnimals,ConservationEffortsforPlants,MedicalTechnique,PublicHealth,Physiology

Chapter01UNIT01Humanities1.contemporaryadj.belongingtothesameperiodortimeassomethingelseconcurrent,coexistent,modernHisworkwasacontemporaryaccountoflifeinthenineteenthcentury.2.afford1)v.toprovide;togive2)v.tobeabletodosomethingortoallowsomethingtohappen1)provide,supply2)beable,berichenoughWoolblanketswereusedinthecolderregionsofthecountrybecauseofthewarmththeyafforded.3.annuallyadv.onceayear;everyyearyearlyOneofthemostnotablerodeosinthecountryisheldannuallyinWyoming.4.ascribev.tobelievesomethingtobetheresultorworkofattribute,credit,assignTraditionascribestheepicpoemstoHomer,butlittleisknownabouthim.

5.imprintn.amarkorimpressionmadebypressuremark,track,traceExpertsbelievetheoriginofricewasinAsiaduetotheimprintsthattheyfoundatthesiteinChina.6.apacewithph.keepingpacewithabreastwithThedowntownbusinessdistrictdidnotgrowapacewiththecityasawhole.7.cradlen.abedforasmallbaby,especiallyonethatcanberocked;aplaceoforiginbassinet,cot,birthplaceTheNileRiveristhelongestriverintheworldandthecradleofcivilization.8.undoubtedlyadv.withoutanydoubt;surelycertainly,doubtlessly,unquestionablyUndoubtedly,gameanimalsweremajorcomponentsofhumandiets.9.cunningadj.cleverindeceivingdeceptive,shrewd,slyAlthoughtheywerecunninghunters,primitivehumanswerestillthreatenedbycertain

animals.10.enigmaticadj.mysteriousandveryhardtounderstandobscure,ambiguousTheriseofNeanderthalmanissomewhatenigmaticdespitetherelativeabundanceoffossils.11.abundantadj.existinginlargeamountsplentiful,profuse,ampleSomewomenspecializedinthegatheringoftheabundantshellfishthatlivedclosertoshore.12.accountfor1)ph.togiveareasonorexplanationforsomething2)ph.toconstitute;toform1)explain,clarify2)makeupVariousmethodsofspatteringtheglazeontothewareaccountfortheextremelywidevariationsincolor.13.castv.toshapebypouringsomethingintoamoldandallowingittosetform,mold,shapeEarlycivilizationsusedbronze,analloythatcouldbecastinmolds,tomaketoolsandweapons.

14.artifactn.ahandcraftedobject,especiallyonethatisofarchaeologicalinterestremain,relic,antiquityThearchaeologistsexaminedallofevidencefromsitesverycloselyandthendeterminedthegeneralageoftheartifacts.15.accommodatev.toprovidesomeonewithaplacetostayputup,house,lodgeTheadjoiningapartmentscouldaccommodatedozensoffamilies.16.adornv.tomakemorebeautiful,attractive,orinterestingdecorate,ornament,embellishInthepast,men,women,andchildrenadornedthemselveswithbeads.17.abruptlyadv.inasuddenandunexpectedmanner;veryquicklyunexpectedly,suddenly,instantlyTheydidn’tcarefortheplaybecauseitendedsoabruptly.18.acclaimv.todeclaresomethingwithnoisyenthusiasmhail,applaud,cheerTheballerinawasacclaimedforherwonderfulperformance.

19.bear1)v.tohave;tobringortake2)v.tosupportaweightorload;toacceptsomethingwithoutcomplaining1)carry2)sustain,endureAlternativehistorybearssomerelationtohistoricalfictionaswellastosciencefiction.20.bychanceph.withoutcauseorreason;byaccidentaccidentally,incidentallyThecharactergainedhiswealthbychance,notfromhardwork.21.abandonv.togivesomethingupcompletelydesert,cede,leavebehindSomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.22.abstractioncf.abstractn.anideaofaqualityconsideredseparatelyfromanyparticularobjectorcaseconception,notion,representationAnumberofsculptorshaverejectedtheabstractionsofminimalistartists.23.agileadj.abletomoveorchangequicklyandeasily

nimble,quick,swiftAcrobatsmustbeextremelyagile.24.surmountv.tobeaboveorontopof;toovercomeascend,mount,defeatShemanagedtosurmounttheobstacle.25.aestheticallycf.aestheticadv.inanaestheticmanner;inahighlydevelopedsenseofbeautyartistically,beautifully,tastefullySatiresarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart.26.akin(to)adj.havingthesameappearance,character,ornaturesimilar,alike,relatedHerfictitiousworldisstrikinglyakintotherealonepeopleliveineveryday.27.diverseadj.differentfromeachother;showingvarietydifferent,various,assortedTheartworkisdiverseinformandincludessculptures,paintingsandphotographs.28.acquisition

n.theactofobtaining,developing,oracquiringsomethinggain,procurement,acquirementSocial-interactionistsbelievethatadultsplayanimportantpartinchildren’slanguageacquisition.29.outgoingadj.eagertomixsociallywithothersfriendly,sociableGregariouspeoplearefriendlyandoutgoing.30.nuisancen.somethingorsomeonethatcausestroubleannoyance,irritation,inconvenienceAfterthewar,therobberbecameasmall-scalerustler–itwasmoreanuisancethanhighwayrobbery.

Chapter01UNIT02SocialSciences1.levyv.todemandandcollectofficiallyimpose,charge,taxAnewtaxwasleviedonconsumersofluxurygoods.2.barriern.somethingthatisusedtokeeppeopleorthingsapartbar,fence,wallDuringpioneertimes,theAlleghenyMountainsweremajorbarrierstotransportation.3.beveragen.aprepareddrink,especiallyahotdrinklikecoffeeortea,oranalcoholicdrinklikebeerdrink,liquid,refreshmentTheavailabilityofsyntheticfragranceshasmadepossiblealargevarietyofproducts,frombeveragestousedcarswithapplied“newcarodor.”4.bragv.totalkboastfullyorproudlyaboutoneselfandaboutwhatonehasdoneboast,swagger,talkbigTheownersoftenbraggedaboutthequalityofthefacilitiesattheirresort.5.breed

v.toreproducesexually;toraisesomething,oftenananimalgenerate,bringforth,rearNothingbreedssuccesslikesuccess,sohekeptsigningdealsafterhegothisfirstone.6.speculatorn.someonewhospeculates,especiallyfinanciallyinvestor,gamblerExcessiveinvestmentbyspeculatorsmayleadtouncontrolledeconomicgrowth.7.culminatev.toreachthehighestpointorclimaxclimax,consummateThecrisisculminatedinthePanicof1873,whentheleadinginvestmentbankingfirmdeclaredbankruptcy.8.propelv.todriveorpushsomethingforwarddrive,thrust,impelBythe1600s,colonialshipbuilderswerestrongcompetitorsintheshipbuildingindustryandhelpedtopropelheavytransatlanticcommerce.9.auctionn.apublicsaleinwhicheachitemissoldtothepersonwhooffersthemostmoneypublicsale,opensaleAuctionswereanotherpopularformofoccasionaltrade.

10.urbanizationcf.urbann.theprocessbywhichcitiesgroworbywhichsocietiesbecomemoreurbancitificationTechnologicaldevelopmentsfurtherstimulatedtheprocessofurbanization.11.calamityn.acatastrophe,orseriousmisfortunethatcausesgreatlossordamagedisaster,catastrophe,misfortuneTheRedCrossprovidesreliefincaseofcalamitieslikefloods,earthquakes,andhurricanes.12.infamousadj.wellknownforbeingbadormorallywickednotorious,disreputable,ill-famedJesseJameswasaninfamousoutlawwhowaswell-knownasabankrobberandgunfighter.13.notifyv.totellsomeone,especiallyformallyannounce,inform,alertWhoshouldbenotifiedincaseyouareinvolvedinanaccident?14.miseryn.greatunhappinessorsufferingaffliction,distress,hardship

JacobRiis,anewspaperreporterandphotographer,revealedthemiseryoftheslumsofNewYorkCity.15.acuteadj.abletonoticesmalldifferences;showinganabilitytounderstandthingsclearlyanddeeplykeen,sharp,penetratingTheacutepublicawarenessofsocialchangeswastiedtothetremendousgrowthinpopularjournalisminthelatenineteenthcentury.16.assertv.tostatefirmly;toinsistonortodefendone’srights,opinions,orsomethingelseaffirm,state,insistSlaveownersassertedthattheircropswereagreatbenefittotheeconomyandthattheslaveswereneededtoworktheland.17.adversityn.circumstancesthatcausetroubleorsorrowhardship,misfortune,sufferingThenativeswereverytoughpeoplewhowereabletohandleadversity.18.retrievaln.theactorprocessofretrievingrecovery,restorationMemoryformationinvolvesthreemainprocesses;encoding,storage,andretrieval.

19.assemblyn.agroupofpeoplegatheredtogether,especiallyforameetinggathering,congregation,congressAlltherepresentativescametothecapitalforlegislativesessionsoftheassemblyandcouncil.20.billn.awrittenplanordraftforaproposedlawact,measureEvenifabillpassesinCongress,itstilldoesnotbecomealawuntilthepresidentsignsit.21.craft1)n.askill,oroccupation,especiallyonerequiringtheuseofthehands2)v.tomakesomethingskillfully1)expertise,adeptness2)make,fabricateMuchofthepoliticalactivityontelevisionnewshasbeencraftedbypoliticiansandtheirpublicrelationsadvisers.22.adeptadj.skillfulatdoingsomethingproficient,versed,dexterousHemustbeadeptatdealingwithpoliticians,publicinterestgroups,andgovernmentagencies.23.enactv.toestablishbylawpass,decree,legislate

Marketregulationsareoftenenactedbycorruptgovernmentsforthepurposeofbenefitingwell-connectedcompaniesorpoliticians.24.eligibleadj.suitableordeservingtobechosenforajoborsomethingelsesuitable,qualified,fitIntheUnitedStates,citizensareeligibletovoteattheageofeighteen.25.conclusiveadj.leavingnoroomfordoubtoruncertaintydecisive,convincing,definiteEachcircumstancemaymeanlittle,butawholechainofcircumstancescanbeasconclusiveasdirectevidence.26.verbaladj.relatingtoorconsistingofwordsoral,spoken,vocalDreamsarecommonlymadeupofbothvisualandverbalimages.27.ableadj.havingthenecessaryknowledge,power,time,andopportunitytodosomethingcapable,competent,talentedTheheadofanacademicdepartmentatauniversityshouldbenotonlyadistinguishedscholarbutalsoanableadminister.

28.adhere(to)v.tostickorremainfixedtosomethingattach,cleave,stickThechildalwaysadherestotheteacher’srules.29.banv.toforbidsomethingprohibit,bar,outlawSomepeoplefeelthatviolentsportslikeboxingshouldbebannedbecausetheyaretoodangerous.30.bluntadj.havingnopointorsharpedge;imperceptivedull,worn,abruptThevictimwasapparentlystruckbyacluborsomeotherbluntobject.

Chapter01UNIT03NaturalSciences1.cognizantadj.awareofsomethingorhavingknowledgeofitaware,conscious,knowledgeableAscientistmustalwaysbecognizantofandguardagainstbiasskewingtheresultsofhisorherresearch.2.cohesiveadj.havingthepowerofcohering;tendingtouniteintoamasscondensable,consolidativeThecohesivestrengthpermitscolumnsofwatertobepulledtogreatheightswithoutbeingbroken.3.confirmv.toprovidesupportforthetruthorvalidityofsomethingverify,prove,affirmIfobservationsconfirmthescientists’predictions,thenthatwillgivesupporttotheirtheory.4.warpv.tomakesomethingbecometwistedoutofshapethroughshrinkingandexpandingbend,twist,distortIfboardsbecomewet,theymaywarp.

5.dischargev.toflowoutortobereleased;tolosesomeorallofsomething’selectricalchargeletout,release,emitSharkscandetectminuteelectricalsignalsdischargedfromtheirprey.6.alertv.towarnsomeoneofdanger;tomakesomeoneawareofafactorcircumstancecaution,alarm,warnFireantsmakeuseofanalarmpheromonetoalertworkerstoanemergency.7.chambern.aroom,especiallyabedroom;aroomsetasideforaspecialpurposebedroom,room,compartmentNumerousnetworksoftunnelslinkedallthedifferentchamberstogether.8.classifyv.toputanimals,plants,orsomethingelseintoaparticulargrouporcategorycategorize,divide,sortMonkeysareclassifiedasprimates.9.clawn.ahard,curved,andpointednailontheendofeachdigitofthefootofananimalnail,talonUnlikeothercats,thecheetahcannotfullyextractitsclaws.

10.aromaticadj.havingastrongbutsweetorpleasantsmell;sweet-smellingfragrant,perfumed,pungentAtleast50differentaromaticcompoundshavebeenanalyzedintheorchidfamily.11.demonstrate1)v.toshoworprovesomethingbyreasoningorprovidingevidence2)v.toshowsupportoroppositionbyprotestingormarchinginpublic1)illustrate,explain2)parade,protestManyexperimentsdemonstratedhowsomeplantscansurvivewithverylittleamountsofwater.12.landmarkn.amarkshowingtheboundaryofapieceofland;anoccasion,event,ordevelopmentofimportancemilestone,watershed,turningpointSomeexpertshavesuggestedthatmigratingbirdsfindtheirwaybyfollowinglandmarkslikeriversandmountainranges.13.bloomv.tobeinorcomeintoflower;tobegrowingwellblossom,flourish,prosperMostflowersbloominthespring.14.venomous

adj.havingtheabilitytopoisonpoisonous,toxicTherattlesnakeisthemostcommonvenomoussnakeintheUnitedStates.15.botanicaladj.of,pertainingto,madefrom,orcontainingplantsphytologicalOneofthemostbeautifulbotanicalgardensintheUnitedStatesisthewildandlovelyMagnoliaGardensinSouthCarolina.16.ambidextrousadj.abletousebothhandsequallywell;unusuallyskillfultalented,gifted,adeptRight-handersaresaidtomakeup80%to90%ofallpeopleandleft-handers5%to15%whiletheremainingtinypercentageisambidextrous.17.adventn.acomingorarrival;afirstappearancearrival,appearanceWiththeadventoftheVietnamWar,theAirForcewantedasystemtohelpitnavigateoverthejunglesofSoutheastAsia.18.alienadj.fromanothercountryorsociety;connectedwithcreaturesfromanotherworldexotic,foreign,outlandish

ThealienintheEarth’scoremakeitafarmorealienworldthanspace.19.bouldern.alargepieceofrockthathasbeenroundedandwornsmoothbyweatheringandabrasionrockThemineralparticlesfoundinsoilrangeinsizefrommicroscopicclayparticlestolargeboulder.20.stableadj.firmlybalancedorfixed;notlikelytowobbleorfalloversteady,secure,firmAroadbedsuppliesastablebaseforahighway.21.permeablecf.permeateadj.allowingcertainliquidsorgasestopassthroughsomethingpenetrable,perviousInsomecases,wellscandrawwaterfromapermeablerocklayer.22.ejectv.tothrowoutsomeoneorsomethingwithforcebanish,boot,expelGeysersperiodicallyejectstreamsofhotwaterintotheair.23.hemv.tosurroundsomethingcloselyandpreventitsmovement

enclose,encase,hedgeTheGreatBasinishemmedinbytheSierraNevadaMountainstothewestandbytheRockyMountainstotheeast,givingitnooutlettothesea.24.coren.theinnermost,central,essential,orunchangingpartcenter,heart,nucleusTheasteroids’compositionsarebelievedtobesimilartothatofEarth’sironcore.25.hamperv.tohindertheprogressormovementofsomeoneorsomethingimpede,obstruct,blockBadweatherhamperedtherescuecrewstryingtolocatetheliferafts.26.synthesizev.tocombinesimplepartstoformacomplexwhole;tomakeorproducecombine,mix,composeItisimportanttonotethatanimalcellscannotsynthesizesomecomplexmoleculesfromsimplecompounds.27.delicateadj.easilydamagedorbroken;madeorformedinaverycarefulanddetailedwayfragile,breakable,exquisiteEarthisnottoocloseortoofarawayfromthesuntoupsetthedelicatetemperaturerequirementsoflife.

28.fuel1)n.anymaterialthatreleasesenergywhenburned2)v.tofillorfeedwithfuel1)energy,power2)feed,nourishThesunisfueledbythermonuclearreactionsnearitscenterthatconverthydrogentohelium.29.shrinkv.tomakeorbecomesmallerinsizeorextentwither,shrivel,contractAbout5billionyearsfromnow,thesun’scorewillshrinkandbecomehotter.30.efficiencyn.thequalityofdoingsomethingwellwithnowasteoftimeormoneyeffectiveness,productivityEvensomesupportersofalternativeenergyrealizethattheeasiestwaytocutcarbonemissionsistofocusmoreonefficiency.

Chapter01UNIT04AppliedSciences1.appealn.anurgentorformalrequestforhelp;thequalityofbeingattractiveorinterestingsolicitation,attraction,charmTheappealofironcomesfromitslowcost,strength,andresistancetofire.2.bindv.totieorfastentightly;toforcesomeonetodosomethingbymakinghimorherpromisetodoittie,constrain,obligateHotelsweresomeoftheearliestplacesthathelpedbindtheUnitedStatestogether.3.swayv.toswingortomakesomethingswing;toinclinetowardaparticularopinionwave,swing,tiltInhighwinds,skyscraperswillswayslightly.4.beneficialadj.havinggoodresultsorbenefitshelpful,useful,advantageousSomebacteriaarebeneficialsincetheystimulateplantlifethroughfooddecomposition.5.allude

v.tomentionsomethingindirectly;tospeakaboutsomethinginpassinghint,mention,referTheword“zigzag”alludestothegeometricornamentation.6.alterv.tobecomedifferentortomakesomethingorsomeonebecomedifferentchange,convert,transformAsEarthdeveloped,theconcentrationsofthepollutantswerealteredbyvariouschemicalreactions.7.appreciationn.sensitiveunderstandingofthevalueorqualityofsomethingrecognition,understanding,admirationWithconcernsaboutthelossofspecies,thereisagrowingappreciationfortheimportanceofbiologicaldiversity.8.barrenadj.notabletoproducecropsorfruit;notabletobearoffspringinfertile,sterile,unproductiveWecanseelarge,pristineforestsononesideandanalmostbarrenlanddevoidoftreesontheotherside.9.comparativelyadv.accordingtoanestimatemadeincomparison;notabsolutelyrelatively,nearly,approximately

Thefirstattempttodigthecanalwasmadebyprivatecompanies,andonlyacomparativelysmallportionwasbuilt.10.cluen.afactorcircumstancewhichhelpstowardthesolutionofacrimeoramysteryhint,evidence,indicationTherewerenocluesastohowtheanimaldied.11.voluminousadj.producinggreatquantitiesofwriting;enoughtofillmanyvolumescopious,bulky,hugeTheecologisthadvoluminouscorrespondenceandfrequentdiscussionswithotherexpertsinthefield.12.thrivev.togrowstrongandhealthyprosper,flourishBarley,unlikemostothergrains,thrivesathighaltitudes,soitcanbegrowninmanyplaces.13.facilitatev.tomakesomethingeasyoreasiertodoortoachieveexpedite,ease,promoteResearchintohydrogentechnologywasfacilitatedbymoneyfromCongress.14.boundary

n.alineorbordermarkingthefarthestlimitofanareaborder,bounds,limitLakeSuperiorformsanaturalboundarybetweentheUnitedStatesandCanada.15.advocaten.someonewhosupportsorrecommendsanideaorproposalproponent,supporter,patronAdvocatesoforganicfoodsfrequentlyproclaimthatsuchproductsaresaferandmorenutritiousthanothers.16.copewithph.tomanagesuccessfully;todealwithhandle,disposeofThehumanbodyisusuallyunabletocopewithextremelyhotorcoldtemperatures.17.crucialadj.extremelyimportantbecausethethingwillaffectothersdecisive,critical,vitalObviously,musclesarecrucialtothehumanbody.18.inhibitv.toholdbackorpreventanaction,desire,orprogress;toprohibitsomeonefromdoingsomethingcheck,restrain,barAntibioticsinhibitthegrowthofbacteria.

19.illusionn.adeceptiveormisleadingappearancefantasy,delusion,hallucinationOpticalillusionsdeceivetheeyewithtricksofperception.20.specimenn.asmallamountofsomethingthatshowswhattherestofitislike;asampleorexampleofsomething,especiallysomethingthatwillbestudiedexample,sample,caseManymedicaltestsrequireabloodspecimen.21.breakthroughn.asuddenachievement;adecisiveadvanceordiscovery,especiallyinscientificresearchadvancement,improvementThenewvaccinerepresentedasignificantbreakthroughinthebattleagainstthevirus.22.codifyv.toarrangesomethingintoasystematiccodeorlawssystematize,formulateBythe1500sinEurope,thecollectedknowledgeofthehumanbodywascodified.23.anatomyn.theartofdissection;thescientificstudyofthestructureoflivingorganisms,includinghumans

dissectionThomasEakinsstudiednotonlypaintingbutalsoanatomywhenhewastrainingtobecomeanartist.24.acridadj.havingaverybitterandpungentsmellortastepungent,tart,bitterBurningrubberproducesanacridsmoke.25.corpsen.thedeadbodyofahumanbeingorananimalcadaver,carcass,remainsThedecomposingcorpseofadeadantisgenerallyremovedfromthecolonybyworkerants.26.finiteadj.havinganendorlimitlimited,restricted,boundedManypeoplefearthatEarth’ssupplyofoilisfiniteandthatwewillrunoutofenergysomeday.27.ignitev.tosetfiretosomethingburn,inflame,kindleWhenexposedtoair,phosphorousignitesspontaneouslyandformswhitefumeswhenitburns.

28.manipulatev.tohandlesomethingortoworksomethingwiththehands,especiallyinaskillfulwaycontrol,operate,directThepilotmustmanipulatethecontrolstotakeoff,tochangedirectionsandspeed,andtoland.29.drainagen.aprocessorsystembywhichwasteliquidflowsawaydraining,sewageThatprovincehasahistoryofundergroundfaultsthathascreatedanefficientwaterdrainagesystem.30.ventilatev.toallowfreshairtocirculatethroughoutaroomorabuildingairMostmodernbarnsareinsulated,ventilated,andequippedwithelectricity.

Chapter02UNIT05Humanities1.daringadj.braveenoughtodoriskythings;neworunusualinawaythatmayshockpeoplecourageous,adventurous,boldRichardBirdandhispilotFloydBennettundertookadaringflighttotheNorthPoleinMay1926.2.depress1)v.toweakensomething;tomakesomethinglower2)v.tomakesomeonesadandgloomy1)weaken,lower2)dishearten,saddenRentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability:rents.3.disastern.aneventcausinggreatdamage,injury,orlossoflifecalamity,catastrophe,cataclysmWhentheircropsfailed,itwasadisasterthatcausedmanypeopletolosetheirlives.4.domainn.thescopeofanysubjectorareaofinterestfield,realm,sphereTheempirewassilently,butquickly,extendingitsdomain.

5.decipherv.totranslateatextinanunfamiliarorstrangeformofwritingintoordinarylanguagedecode,unravel,interpretTheycoulddecipherthetabletsbecausethelanguagewasaSemiticonethatscholarshadfirsttranslatedadecadeago.6.ascendv.toclimbsomethingortomovetoahigherpositionarise,climb,mountThepuebloarchitectslaidoutasystemofpublicroadswithstonestaircasesforascendingclifffaces.7.avidadj.veryenthusiasticaboutsomethingardent,eager,passionatePresidentTheodoreRooseveltwasanavidconservationistwhobelievedinpreservingnature.8.restrictv.tokeepsomeoneorsomethingwithincertainlimitsconfine,limit,restrainThestudyoffossilizedfootprintsisnotrestrictedtoexamplesfrommillionsofyearsago.9.roughlyadv.notexactlyapproximately,around,about

Thepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcenturies.10.settledadj.establishedinsomeroutinearranged,fixed,inhabitedWiththesettledroutineofNeolithicfarmerscametheevolutionoftownsand,eventually,cities.11.attiren.clothes,especiallyformalorelegantonesclothes,apparelHeindicatedseveralweeksagothathewouldwearformalattireathisinauguration.12.componentn.anyofthepartsorelementsthatmakeupamachine,engine,orinstrumentconstituent,element,factorThetimescaleisdividedintothreetimecomponents;eons,eras,andperiods.13.considerableadj.fairlylarge,especiallylargeenoughtohaveaneffectorbeimportantnotable,sizable,substantialThebookwasaconsiderableimprovementovertheonlyotherinstructionmanualexistingatthetime.

14.thankstoph.becauseofowingto,asaresultofThankstotheunendingpressuresofthework,hedecidedtoquithisbusiness.15.adversarycf.adversen.anopponentinacompetitionenemy,foe,opponentByadulthood,Genghishadbeenthroughaseriesofrough-and-tumbleencounterswithvariousadversaries,whotriedtoenslaveorkillhimandhisfamily.16.afterlifen.thelifethatsomepeoplebelievepeoplehaveafterdeathhereafterItissaidthatdeathisanewbeginningwhenthedeceasedpassesfromtherestrictionsofthislifeintotheafterlife.17.composev.tocreatemusic,poetry,orsomethingelse;tomakeuporconstitutesomethingsettomusic,constitute,formCertainfilmshadmusicspecificallycomposedforthem.18.costumen.asetofclothingofaspecialkind,especiallyofaparticularhistoricalperiodapparel,attire,dress

Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings.19.overalladj.includingeverythingtotal,whole,entireAbook’stableofcontentsprovidesreaderswithanoverallideaofwhatitisabout.20.assimilatev.tobecomeapartofacountryorcommunity;tocompletelyunderstandandbegintousenewideas,information,orsomethingelsemakesimilar,absorbTheimmigrantsquicklyassimilatedtolifeintheirnewcountryandlearnedbothitslanguageandcustoms.21.assumptionn.somethingthatisacceptedastruewithoutproofpresumption,suppositionTheassumptionofmanyexpertsisthatdramaevolvedfromvariousrituals.22.attachmentcf.attachn.anactormeansoffastening;likingoraffectionfastening,bond,affectionEmotionalattachmentsplayasignificantroleinthedecisionsthatpeoplemake.

23.carryoutph.todotheworkof;tobring,take,orconveysomethingperform,convey,transportAfrican-Americangraphicartistscarriedouteffortstoincreaseandpromotethevisualarts.24.coin1)v.toinventanewwordorphrase2)v.tomanufacturecoinsfrommetal1)originate,create2)mint,stampTheterm“beat”wascoinedbyHerbertHuncke,whomeantittobeasynonymfortiredordownandout.25.aristocracyn.thehighestsocialclass,usuallyowninglandandhavingtitlesgentry,upperclassHeisamemberofthearistocracybuthaslittleintermsofmonetarywealth.26.blandadj.withoutanyexcitement,strongopinion,orspecialcharacter;havingverylittletasteboring,insipid,tastelessThemainissuewasthatsucharigidstructuremadetheoperablandandattimespredictable.27.emphasizev.toputanemphasisorstressonsomethingstress,highlight,underscore

Mothersexaggeratetheirfacialexpressions,holdvowelslonger,andemphasizecertainwordswhentheycommunicatewiththeirchildren.28.dialectn.aformofalanguagespokeninaparticularregionorbyacertainsocialgroupvernacular,tongueTheystudiedthelocaldialectandwrotestorieswhichfocusedonlifeinspecificregionsofthecountry.29.comeupwithph.toproducesomethingortohaveanideaconceive,hituponCompaniesarebeingrequiredtocomeupwithinnovativewaysofcuttingcostsbecauseoftheeconomiccircumstances.30.current1)adj.belongingtothepresent2)n.thecontinuoussteadyflowofabodyofwater,air,orheatinaparticulardirection1)present,contemporary2)flow,streamTheterm“folksong”hasbeencurrentforoverahundredyears.

Chapter02UNIT06SocialSciences1.sparkv.toemitsparksoffireorelectricity;tostimulate,provoke,orstartignite,stimulate,initiateTheboomingeconomysparkedanexplosioninrealestatedevelopment.2.devastatev.tocausegreatdestructioninortosomethingruin,destroy,ravageAfterthewardevastatedthecountry,ittookmanyyearsforeverythingtoberebuilt.3.encouragev.togivesupport,confidence,orhopetosomeonecheer,hearten,inspireThestategovernmentencouragedtheinternalimprovementsofthecorporationsintwodistinctways.4.effectn.aresultorconditionproducedbyacause;thewayinwhichanevent,action,orpersonchangessomeoneorsomethingresult,consequence,impactIntheUnitedStatesintheearly1800s,stategovernmentshadmoreeffectontheeconomythanthefederalgovernment.

5.endn.anobjectorpurposeaim,goalTowardtheend–torestorestabilitytotheeconomy–thegovernmentpursuedseveralcoursesofaction.6.tolln.afeeortaxpaidfortheuseofabridgeorroadcharge,duty,impostThecanalliveduptotheinvestors’expectations,quicklypayingforitselfthroughtolls.7.warrantv.tojustifysomething;toguaranteesomethingasbeingofaspecifiedqualityorquantityjustify,promise,assureFurtherexplanationswerenotwarrantedsinceeveryoneunderstoodwhatwashappening.8.phasen.astageorperiodingrowthordevelopmentstate,period,stageAfull-scaleKeynesianpolicyshouldgrantthegovernmentaroleinallphasesofeconomiclife.9.fragrancecf.fragrantn.sweetnessofsmellodor,scent,balm

Naturalflavoringsandfragrancesareoftencostlyandlimitedinsupply.10.sheeradj.completeandnotmixedwithanythingelseabsolute,downright,plainThedecadeofthe1870swasaperiodinwhichthesheernumberofnewspapersdoubled.11.significantadj.important;worthnotingorconsideringcritical,weighty,meaningfulTheCivilRightsActof1964wasaparticularlysignificantpieceoflegislationtoAfrican-Americans.12.concern1)n.afeelingofworryaboutsomethingimportant2)n.acompanyorbusiness1)anxiety,apprehension2)enterprise,firmAbusinessconcernwithtwoormoreownersisreferredtoasapartnership.13.sparseadj.thinlyscatteredordottedaboutmeager,scant,fewIfthepopulationinanareawassparse,theBlackDeathusuallyranoutofsteamwithinayear.

14.undertakev.toacceptaduty,responsibility,ortasktakeon,assume,acceptTheErieCanalwasoneofthegreatestconstructionjobsthatanyonehadeverundertakenuptothatpoint.15.catastrophicadj.relatingaterribleeventinwhichthereisalotofdestructioncalamitous,disastrousAtsunamicanbeacatastrophiceventthatkillsthousandsofpeopleanddestroystheirhomesandbuildings.16.coincidewithph.tohappenatthesametimeasconcurwith,clashwithTherapidgrowthofBostoncoincidedwiththeimmigrationofhugenumbersofpeoplethere.17.alleviatev.tomakepain,aproblem,suffering,orsomethingelselesssevereease,relieve,mitigateAsupportnetworkofrelativesandfriendscanalleviatemuchoftheburdenofraisingachild.18.antagonisticadj.unfriendly;opposedtoanideaorgrouphostile,opposing,conflicting

Mostplantationownerswereantagonistictothedevelopmentofthetowns.19.declarev.toannouncesomethingpubliclyorformallyannounce,proclaim,pronounceTheUnitedStatesdeclaredwarandquicklysentmentotheEuropeanfrontduringWorldWarII.20.deemv.tothinkofsomethinginaparticularwayorashavingaparticularqualityconsider,judge,thinkThepresidentcanmakesuchregulationscoveringtheprohibitionofalcoholicliquorsasmaybedeemednecessary.21.equalityn.thestateorqualityofbeingequalimpartiality,fairness,equivalenceIn1957,RalphAbernathyfoundedanorganizationdevotedtoachievingracialequalityforblackAmericans.22.collapsen.asuddenfailureofsomething,suchasaninstitutionorabusiness,oracourseofactionbreak-down,downfall,disintegrationTheenormoussizeoftheRomanEmpiremadeitincreasinglydifficulttodefend,settingthestageforitseventualcollapsein476.

23.barv.toofficiallypreventsomeonefromdoingsomethingforbid,prohibit,banThepoliticalpartyurgedthatimmigrantsbebarredfromrunningforpublicoffice.24.succinctadj.clearlyexpressedinafewwords;tothepointbrief,concise,preciseHewroteasuccinctandgraphicaccountconcerningtheslumandhousingprobleminNewYorkCity.25.constrictv.tomakesomethingnarrowerortightercompress,contract,squeezeTheexpertspredictedthatgrowthcouldnotcontinueandthatthetightlabormarketwouldconstricttheeconomy.26.allegiancen.acommitmentanddutytoobeyandbeloyaltoagovernmentorsovereignfaithfulness,fidelity,loyaltyWhilesomeoftheIndianshadformedallegianceswithFrenchJesuitpriests,theywerefarmoresuspiciousoftheBritishsoldiers.27.appealing

adj.evokingorattractinginterest,desire,curiosity,orsympathyattractive,inviting,fascinatingThemostappealingpublishinginvestmentsweresmallbooksthatweresteadysellers.28.suitv.tobeappropriateto;inharmonywithfit,adapt,adjustReformerssuggestedthattheeducationprogramsshouldsuittheneedsofthepopulation.29.citev.tomentionsomethingasanexample,especiallyonethatsupports,proves,orexplainsanideaorsituationquote,mention,refertoWhenwritingresearchpapers,writersmustcitethesourcestheyuse.30.flawn.amistake,mark,orweaknessthatmakessomethingimperfectfault,defect,blemishAflawinajewelmakesitlessvaluable.

Chapter02UNIT07NaturalSciences1.dispersev.tospreadoutoverawideareadiffuse,scatter,dissipateThefactthatwhitelightiscomposedofvariouswavelengthsmaybedemonstratedbydispersingabeamoflightthroughaprism.2.emergev.tocomeoutfromsomewhereappear,arise,turnoutThespeciesemergedfromthewaterandmovedontotheland.3.emitv.togiveoutlight,heat,asound,orasmellsendout,discharge,ejectCertaingasessuchasneonemitlightwhenexposedtoanelectricalcurrent.4.verticaladj.pointingupinalinethatformsanangleof90ºwithaflatsurfaceupright,erect,perpendicularAlthoughtherearebothhorizontalandverticalmovementsofair,theterm“wind”appliesonlytohorizontalmovement.

5.exhilaratingadj.fillingsomeonewithalivelycheerfulnessinvigorating,refreshing,cheeringRidingaspaceshuttlecanbeanexhilaratingexperience.6.denseadj.closelypackedorcrowdedtogethercompact,solid,thickThejungleisincrediblydensebecauseofthehugeamountofvegetationgrowinginit.7.determinev.tofixorsettletheexactlimitsornatureofsomething;toformafirmintentionconclude,decide,resolveCanadianresearchershavediscoveredasetofgenesthatdeterminethelifespanofthecommonnematode,atypeofworm.8.dissentingadj.disagreeing,especiallyopenlyorhostilelydiscording,disagreeing,conflictingOurunderstandingoftheseancientbeastshasgrownslowly,withmanydissentingopinionsamongtheexperts.9.edibleadj.fittobeeaten;suitabletoeateatable

Celery,anedibleplantwithlongstalkstoppedwithfeatheryleaves,growsbestincoolweather.10.entireadj.withnothingleftoutcomplete,whole,totalEntirecropscanbewipedoutbyfungalattacksbothbeforeandafterharvesting.11.fataladj.causingorresultingindeathmortal,lethal,deadlyHoneysuckleisashrubthathasfatalwhiteoryellowishblossoms.12.succumbv.togiveintopressure,temptation,ordesiresurrender,yield,giveupMostbirdswouldsuccumbtotheharshweatheranddieiftheydidnotmigratesouthforthewinter.13.cravev.tohaveaverystrong,almostuncontrollable,desirefordesire,yearn,longforSomeinsectsmayhelpantsbycleaningthemorbygivingthemchemicalstheycrave.14.upright

adj.standingstraightuperect,vertical,perpendicularKangaroosusetheirlongandpowerfultailstobalancethemselveswhensittinguprightorjumping.15.venturev.tobesoboldasto;toattemptsomethingdangerousrisk,gamble,dareMustcrustaceansliveinthesea,butsomeliveinfreshwater,andafewhaveventuredontoland.16.broodn.anumberofyounganimals,especiallybirds,thatareproducedorhatchedatthesametimeoffspring,progeny,youngThemotherduckledherbroodintothepond.17.bringaboutph.tocausetohappen,occur,orexistcause,produce,effectEarthwormsbringaboutchangesinthesoilbyenrichingitandmakingitmorefertile.18.carry1)v.toholdsomethinginone’shandsorbackwhilemoving2)v.tosupportsomething’sweightonone’sbody1)convey,transport2)support,maintain

Somepartsofthelithospherecarrytheoceanfloor,andotherscarrylandmassesoracombinationofthetwotypes.19.comprisev.tocontain,include,orconsistofsomethingspecifiedcompose,formThecore,mantle,andcrustcomprisethethreelayersoftheEarth.20.unchartedadj.notfullyexploredormappedindetail;notyetexaminedorfullyinvestigatedunmapped,unexplored,unknownTheoceanbottomisavastfrontierthateventodayislargelyunexploredanduncharted.21.dot1)v.toscatter;tocoverwithascattering2)n.asmallandroundmark1)spot,fleck2)speck,pointSteep,roundhillscalledknobsdotsouthernIndiana.22.imaginaryadj.existingonlyinthemindorimagination;notrealimagined,fictitious,fictionalTheequatorisanimaginarylinerunningaroundthecenteroftheEarth.23.receptacle

n.acontainerordevicethatreceivesorholdssomethingcontainer,holder,repositoryThebrokenvalleysoftheGreatBasinprovidedreadyreceptaclesforthemoisture.24.diminishv.tobecomeormakesomethinglessorsmallerdecrease,reduce,dwindleThepowerofahurricanebecomesimmediatelydiminishedonceoverlandbecauseitisdisconnectedfromitswarm-waterenergysource.25.balmyadj.warmandsoftgentle,mildTheVirginIslands,locatedintheCaribbeanSea,haveabalmyclimate.26.desperatelyadv.recklesslyordangerouslybecauseofdespairorurgencyimpetuously,urgently,hopelesslyThemoonandMarscouldbeafuturesourceofnaturalresourcesdesperatelyneededonEarth.27.flamev.toburnwithflamesblaze,flare,glowJupiterwouldhaveflamedasastarinitsownlight.

28.sustainableadj.capableofbeingsustainedormaintainedsupportable,endurable,bearableSomethingabsolutelynecessaryforasustainablehumansettlementiswater.29.terrainn.astretchofland,especiallywithregardtoitsphysicalfeaturestopography,territory,landscapeThemoonmaybedividedintotwomajorterrains;themariaandtheterrace.30.extinguishv.toputoutafireputout,quenchAftertwofullweeksoftryingtofightit,thefirefromtheexplosionwasfinallyextinguished.

Chapter02UNIT08AppliedSciences1.confinev.tokeepwithinlimits;tokeepinasmallorenclosedspacerestrict,limit,restrainWorkersinclaycouldgenerallyaffordtoconfinethemselvestoeitherdecoratedwaresorhousewares.2.dwellingn.ahouse,flat,orsomethingelsewherepeoplelivehabitation,house,residenceAfewhousesinNewEnglandwerebuiltofstone,butonlyinPennsylvaniaandadjacentareaswasstonewidelyusedindwellings.3.fastenv.tomakesomethingfirmlyclosedorfixedtie,attach,lockBeforetheplanetakesoff,passengersmustfastentheirseatbelts.4.razev.todestroysomethinglikeabuildingoratowncompletelydemolish,teardown,knockdownWreckingballsareusedtorazebuildings.

5.annihilatev.todestroysomethingcompletelyexterminate,eliminateHumanbeingshavethepowertoannihilatemanyspeciesaswellasdamagethebalanceoftheirownbalancewithnature.6.clumsyadj.unskillfulwiththehandsorawkwardandungainlyinmovementunhandy,ungraceful,awkwardSealsappearclumsyonland,buttheyareabletomoveshortdistancesfasterthanmostpeoplecanrun.7.concealv.tohide;toplaceoutofsighthide,cover,secreteTheresearchersarguedthatthecitywasthreatenedbyfaultswhichlayconcealedundergroundinsideit.8.criticaladj.oforbeingamomentofgreatdanger,difficulty,oruncertaintycrucial,vital,momentousBiologicaldiversityhasbecomewidelyrecognizedasacriticalconservationissue.9.demisen.theterminationofexistenceoroperationdeath,loss

Ashortageoffundsledtothedemiseoftheprogram.10.depletev.toreducegreatlyinnumberorquantity;touseupsupplies,money,energy,orresourcesconsume,expend,exhaustTheremainsoforganismsarerecycledintheearth,whichisfortunatebecause,otherwise,soilandwaterwouldsoonbecomedepletedofessentialnutrients.11.sequencen.aseriesorsuccessionofthingsinaspecificorder;theordertwoormorethingsfollowseries,succession,orderEquallyinterestingisthefactthattheants’executionofmultiple-steptasksisaccomplishedinaseries-parallelsequence.12.turbulentadj.havingarestlessoruncontrolledquality;violentlydisturbedwild,unruly,stormySmallmammalssufferhardshipintheexposedandturbulentenvironmentoftheuppermosttrees.13.typifyv.tobeanexcellentorcharacteristicexampleofsomethingexemplify,represent,symbolizeHighmountainstypifytheterrainofTibetandNepal.

14.unprecedentedadj.withoutprecedent;notknownevertohavehappenedbeforeunheard-of,unusualThedevelopedcountriesoftheworldareusingvaluableresourcesatanunprecedentedrate.15.feverishadj.havingatendencytoproduceafever;excited,restless,oruncontrolledinflamed,fervent,passionateTheCivilWarcreatedfeverishmanufacturingactivitytosupplycriticalmaterials,especiallyintheNorth.16.permanentadj.lastingorintendedtolastforalongtimeeternal,perpetual,everlastingHeavydrinkingcancausepermanentdamagetothebrain.17.maintain1)v.tokeepsomethinginexistence2)v.tocontinuetoarguesomething1)preserve,keep2)contend,claimConsumersaremislediftheybelieveorganicfoodscanmaintainhealthandprovidebetternutritionalqualitythanconventionallygrownfoods.18.screen1)v.toshelterorconceal

2)v.totestsomeoneinordertocheckforthepresenceofadisease1)shield,cover2)examine,scanNow,allbloodisrigorouslyscreenedforHIVandotherviruses.19.striden.asinglelongstepinwalking;anadvanceordevelopmentpace,step,developmentFromthesestudies,greatstrideshavebeenmadeintreatingpatients.20.surpassv.togoorbebeyondindegreeorextentbetter,exceed,outdoItwasreportedthatinternalmedicinewouldsurpasssurgeryinvaluetothehumanracewithinthenexttwenty-fiveyears.21.unsubstantiatedadj.notsubstantiated;unabletoprovethetruthofsomethingunverified,unprovedTherearenumerousunsubstantiatedreportsthatnaturalvitaminsaresuperiortosyntheticones.22.ward(off)v.tofendoff,turnaside,orparryablow;tokeeptrouble,hunger,ordiseaseawayblock,avoid,avertSomeplantsareabletowardoffanimalsbyemittingnoxiousfumesthatdrivethemaway.

23.articulatev.topronouncewordsortospeakclearlyanddistinctlyenunciateEachsoundisconsideredandanalyzedbeforeitisarticulated.24.elementn.apartofsomething;acomponentorfeatureconstituent,ingredient,factorHydrogen,althoughitisthemostabundantelementintheuniverse,isnotfreelyfoundonEarth.25.fabricn.woven,knitted,orfeltedclothtextile,clothNaturalsilkishighlyprizedinspiteoftheavailabilityofsimilarartificialfabrics.26.serveasph.tobeintheserviceof;toworkforfunctionas,actasPheromonesaresubstancesthatserveaschemicalsignalsbetweenmembersofthesamespecies.27.brittleadj.hardbuteasilybrokenorlikelytobreak

fragile,breakable,weakSteelisnotasbrittleascastiron,soitdoesnotbreakaseasily.28.vibrationn.avibratingmotion;asinglemovementbackandforthinvibratingoscillation,shaking,shiveringThesensationofsoundisproducedwhenvibrationstransmittedthroughtheairstriketheeardrum.29.dazzlingadj.temporarilyblinding;fascinatingbrilliant,bright,dizzyingThesnowonthemountaintopwasdazzlinginthebrightmorningsun.30.devicen.atoolorinstrumentmadeforaspecialpurposeinstrument,apparatus,contrivanceAnodometerisadeviceusedtomeasuredistance.

Chapter02UNIT09Humanities1.outlawn.someonewhohascommittedacrimegangster,desperado,criminalJessewasanoutlaw,abandit,andacriminal.2.enablev.tomakesomeoneabletodosomethingentitle,empower,capacitateTheeconomicaidwouldonlylastlongenoughtoenablethepeopletohelpthemselves.3.fundamentaladj.servingasorbeinganessentialpartofafoundationorbasisessential,rudimentary,basicThefundamentalidealsembodiedintheConstitutionshouldnotbelightlyconsidered.4.ignorantadj.lackingknowledgeorinformationaboutsomethingunknowing,unaware,unlearnedCriticsignorantoftheconditionsattackedtheproposedmethodtofixtheproblemaswastefulanddangerous.5.transportation

n.theactoftransportingortheprocessofbeingtransportedconveyance,moving,carriageSteamtravelfinallybecameaviablemeansoftransportationinthelateeighteenthcenturies.6.beholdv.tolookatsomethingorsomeonenotice,see,lookatThesteamboatsmusthavebeensomethingtobeholdontheriversduetotheirsizeandelaborate,evenluxurious,constructionandappearance.7.mobilitycf.mobilen.theabilitytobemovedeasilymovability,portability,transportabilityThetroops’mobilitywastheirgreatestassetinwarfare.8.moreoveradv.besidewhathasbeensaid;andwhatismoreimportantinaddition,besides,furthermoreMoreover,evenwhenpeopleindifferentplacesusethematerialinasimilarmanner,thestyleoftheirworkstillvaries.9.choren.adomestictask;aboringorunenjoyabletaskdrudgeryTheearliestpotterywasusedforchores,withnoattempttomakethemworksofart.

10.partitionv.todivideintoparts,pieces,orsectionsseparate,divide,splitPartitionedroomsinloghousesbecamethenewstyleastheyreplacedthesimplecabinspeopleusedtolivein.11.paramountadj.greaterthanallothersinimportanceorinfluence;ofsupremeimportanceprimary,supreme,predominantTraditionisparamount,andmosttribesarehesitanttomakeanychanges.12.durabilityn.theabilitytobestrongandtolastforalongtimewithoutbreakingorbecomingweakerendurance,stability,firmnessThedurabilityofthepotterywascrucialtothetribessincemakingceramicswasnoteasyforthemtodo.13.establishv.tosetupcreate,found,organizeTheRodeoCowboyAssociationwasfoundedin1936toestablishstandardsandregulationsforthesport.14.ethnic

adj.relatingtoorhavingacommonraceorculturaltraditionracial,nativeTheHarlemRenaissancecombinedrealism,ethnicconsciousness,andAmericanism.15.assortmentcf.anassortmentofn.amixedcollectiongroup,collection,arrayAnassortmentofboneswasfoundatthesite,whichhelpedimprovedscientists’understandingoftheancientculture.16.clarityn.thequalityofbeingclearandpureclearness,distinctness,definitionClarityandstructurebecamethefoundationoftheoperaseria.17.witnessv.toseeornoticesomethingbybeingpresentwhenithappensobserve,behold,watchIn1905,hewenttoParistoworkwithanartdealer,anditwastherethathelaterwitnessedtheformativeyearsofCubism.18.devotev.touseorgiveuparesourcesuchastimeormoneywhollytosomepurposededicate,pledge,consecrateOrdinarycitizenssometimesdevotetheirentirelivestoservinghumanityunselfishly.

19.enforcev.tocausealawordecisiontobecarriedouteffectively;tomakesomethinghappenadminister,implement,carryoutTheseimagesaremeanttoenforcehowfoolishandpitifulthecharacterreallyis.20.essencen.thebasicdistinctivepartorqualityofsomething,whichdeterminesitsnatureorcharacter;abasicnaturenature,principle,coreTheessenceoffolkmusicishowitreflectsthehumanityofthepeoplewhocreatedit.21.climaxn.thehighpointorculminationofaseriesofeventsorofanexperiencepeak,apex,culminationAriasusuallyfollowedasaclimaxandrevealedtheemotionorinternalconflictoftheactors.22.compositen.acombinationoftwoormorematerialsaggregate,combination,compoundSomesaythatneithertheIliadnorOdysseywaswrittenbyasinglepoetbutratherthateachpoemisacompositeofthewritingsofseveralpeople.23.encompassv.tosurroundcompletely;toincludeorbeconcernedwith

encircle,enclose,includeTheterm“artdeco”hascometoencompassthreedistinctbutrelateddesigntrendsofthe1920sand1930s.24.deliberateadj.doneonpurposeorasaresultofcarefulplanningintentional,planned,carefulTheartistbeganthedeliberateprocessofpaintingtheindividualflowersinhislandscape.25.husbandryn.thefarmingbusinessfarming,agricultureTheadventofanimalhusbandryledtoadvancementsineveryaspectofhumandevelopmentfromsciencetopsychology.26.hallmarkn.atypicalordistinctivefeature,especiallyofqualitycharacteristic,identificationOnehallmarkofjazzmusicisthewaythatthebestmusicianscanimprovisesoeasilyduringtheirperformances.27.gesturen.themovementofthebodyasanexpressionofmeaningmotion,indication,signalInallcultures,gesturesareusedasaformofcommunication.

28.discipline1)n.stricttrainingortheenforcingofrules2)n.anareaoflearning1)drilling,regulation2)field,areaEveryscientificdisciplinetendstodevelopitsownspeciallanguagebecauseitfindsordinarywordsinadequate,andpsychologyisnodifferent.29.galan.anoccasionofspecialentertainmentorapublicfestivitycelebration,festival,feastManypeoplecelebratethenewyearwithgalaparties.30.immersev.toputcompletelyunderwatersink,dip,submergeDaguerrediscoveredthatanimagecouldbemadepermanentbyimmersingitinsalt.

Chapter03UNIT10SocialSciences1.engageinph.totakepartin;tobeinvolvedinparticipatein,partakein,enterintoIntheearly1800s,over80percentoftheUnitedStates’laborforcewasengagedinagriculture.2.exclusiveadj.involvingtherejectionordenialofeverythingelsesole,only,uniqueAcopyrightisanexclusiverighttocopy,sell,orperformacreativeworksuchasabookorplay.3.haltn.aninterruptionorstopinmovement,progression,orgrowthstop,cessation,standstillWorldWarIIbegan,whichbroughtanimmediatehalttoallcommercialairlineservicetoEuropeaswellasAsia.4.preciousadj.ofgreatvalue,especiallybecausesomethingisveryexpensiveormuchlovedvaluable,dear,belovedSaltwasoncesopreciousthatsomeculturesuseditasaformofmoney.

5.prosperv.todowell,especiallyfinanciallyflourish,thrive,succeedTradewithBritainandtheWestIndiesallowedColonialseaportssuchasBostontoprosper.6.sluggishadj.unenergetic;habituallylazyorinactivestagnant,lethargic,lazySomeeconomistsbelievethatthebestwaytogetasluggisheconomymovingagainistocuttaxes.7.soundadj.notdamagedorinjured;ingoodconditionundamaged,unimpaired,firmGovernmentbondsandblue-chipstocksaresoundinvestments.8.waren.manufacturedgoodsofaspecifiedmaterialorforaspecifiedrangeofusemerchandise,commodity,supplyInthepast,manysalesmentriedtoselltheirwaresdoor-to-door.9.pervasiveadj.tendingtoorhavingthepowertospreadeverywhereprevalent,widespread,permeate

TheinfluenceofthethoughtshasbeensopervasivethatitstheoreticalapproacheshavecometobeknowninacademiccirclesastheChicagoSchool.10.nursev.toholdsomethingwithcare;tolookaftersickorinjuredpeoplecarefor,lookafter,attendFemalelionscannotgointoestrusandgetpregnantwhiletheyarenursinglioninfants.11.proceedv.tomakeone’sway;togoonadvance,progress,continueRealestatesubdivisioninthecitiesproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.12.donatev.togive,especiallytocharitycontribute,bestow,grantIn1899,MaryElizabethBrowndonatedacoupleofhundredmusicalinstrumentstothemuseum.13.remarkablyadv.considerably;significantlynoticeably,unusually,extraordinarilyTheurbanpopulationgrewremarkablyquicklyduringthistime,mostlybecausepeopleweremovingtothecitiestolookforwork.

14.gregariousadj.seekingandenjoyingthecompanyofotherscompanionable,sociableAgregariouspersonavoidssolitude.15.conferv.tograntsomeoneanhonorordistinctiongive,award,presentInthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.16.constitutev.tobeanelementorpartof;toestablishlawsoraninstitutionform,compose,establishAsoldier’srefusaltocommitanillegalactdoesnotconstituterebellion.17.linearadj.of,consistingof,orusinglines;extendedorarrangedinalinestraight,straightwayTheusuallyuncriticalacceptanceofthisthesisledinturntotheassumptionthattheapplicationofsciencetoindustrialpurposeswasalinearprocess.18.biasn.aninclinationtofavorordisfavoronesideagainstinclination,prejudice,leaningThroughoutthe19thcenturyandintothe20thcentury,farmersintheU.S.maintainedabias

againstbigcities.19.exemptadj.freefromsomeobligation;notliableexcused,free,immuneSomeparentsweremotivatedtosendtheirchildrentoprivateschools,whichwereexemptfromgovernmentalrestrictions.20.negligibleadj.smallorunimportantenoughtoignoretrivial,insignificant,triflingAlthoughtheaccidentappearedserious,onlyanegligibleamountofdamagewasdone.21.imposev.tomakeapaymentofataxorfine;tomaketheperformanceofadutycompulsorylevy,place,forceThegovernmentimposedstrictregulationsonthepeopleforthedurationofthewar.22.recklessadj.heedlessoftheconsequencesofone’sactionsorbehaviorrash,careless,imprudentMotoristscanbefinedforrecklessdriving.23.boundn.alimitorboundary;alimitation

border,confines,extentEducationknowsnobounds.24.atheistn.apersonwhodeniesordisbelievestheexistenceofasupremebeingorbeingsnonbeliever,infidelAllenwasanoutspokenatheistwhowasanadvocateofdeisticthought.25.detectv.toseeortonotice;todiscoverthepresenceofuncover,discover,noticeTheobjectiveoftheexperimentwastodetectconsciousnessinanimalstoseeiftheyareself-awareornot.26.milestonen.averyimportantevent;asignificantpointorstagelandmarkGallup’sreportoftheexperimentwasmilestoneinourunderstandingofanimalminds.27.overthrowv.todefeatcompletelyanestablishedorderoragovernmentoverpower,dethrone,defeatIn509B.C.,theRomanRepublicwasestablishedafterthecitizensofRomeoverthrewtherulingEtruscans.

28.overtaxv.todemandtoomuchtaxfromsomeone;toburdenheavilyoverload,overdoThepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.29.headquarterv.tolocatethecenterofanorganizationorgroupfromwhichactivitiesarecontrolledbaseTheInternationalHeraldTribune,whichisco-ownedbytheWashingtonPostandTheNewYorkTimes,isheadquarteredinParis.30.zealousadj.enthusiastic;keeneager,ardent,ferventAlthoughhewasasicklychild,TheodoreRoosevelteventuallybecameazealousoutdoorsmanwhoextolledthevirtuesofvigorousexertion.

Chapter03UNIT11NaturalSciences1.formulatev.toexpresssomethingintermsofaformula;toexpresssomethingpreciselyandclearlysystematize,devise,articulateSomepossiblesolutionstotheproblemarebeingformulated.2.incorporatev.tocontainsomethingaspartofawhole;tocombinesomethingconsolidate,merge,uniteWhenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareintoincorporatedtheories.3.strandn.asinglethinpieceofthread,wire,orhairstring,fiber,threadRopesarecordsatleast0.15inchesindiameterandaremadeofthreeormorestrandswhicharethemselvesformedoftwistedyarns.4.celln.apieceofequipmentforproducingelectricityfromchemicals,heat,orlightHissubsequenthydrogenfuelcellsneverproducedenoughelectricitytojustifytheexpenseofcreatingthem.

5.flourishv.tobestrongandhealthy;togrowwellprosper,thrive,flowerTulipsalsoflourishedinPennsylvania.6.frigidadj.coldandunfriendlycold,frosty,chillyDuringthefrigidwinters,foodsourcesbecomescarce,andmigrationtomorefertilefeedinggroundsbecomesmandatoryfortheirsurvival.7.instancen.anexample,especiallyoneofaparticularconditionorcircumstancecase,illustration,occurrenceInmanyinstances,thespecimensarelessthanone-tenthofamillimeterindiameter.8.gapn.aspacebetweentwothingsorinthemiddleofsomethingrift,crevice,hole,cavityThecrossbillwindsitslongtongueintothegapofthenutanddrawsouttheseed.9.fusev.tomeltasaresultoftheapplicationofheat;tojoinby,orasifby,meltingtogethermelt,blend,combineThemaleandfemalereproductiveorgansoforchidsarefusedtogetherintoasinglestructure.

10.lumpn.anirregularlyshapedmassorpiecechunk,clot,bumpAscenturiespassed,lumpsoftheresinwerecoveredbylayersofsoil.11.shedlightonph.toclearup;toprovideinformationaboutthrowlighton,clarify,elucidateThisfindingshedsnewlightontheinexorableprocessofaginganddeath.12.heartn.themostcentralpart;themostimportantpartcenter,core,essenceTheheartofacometistypicallyquitesolidandcanbemorethantenkilometersindiameter.13.startlingadj.causingsomeonetobeslightlyshockedorsurprisedamazing,surprising,astonishingThedifferencebetweenahummingbirdandapenguinisimmense,butitishardlyasstartlingasthebetweenabatandawhale.14.sterileadj.incapableofproducingoffspring,fruit,orseedsunproductive,infertile,barren

Typically,acolonyconsistsofthequeen,sterilefemaleworkers,andmales.15.canopyn.acoveringoversomethingfordecorationorprotection;theupperlevelofthetreesinarainforestceiling,roof,tentThecanopyholdsplentyofclimbingmammalsthataremoderatelylarge.16.convertv.tochangetheformorfunctionofonethingintoanotheralter,change,transformTheterm“latentheat”referstotheenergythathastobeusedtoconvertliquidwatertowatervapor.17.demolishv.todestroyorruinabuildingorotherstructureonpurpose;toteardownraze,smash,breakdownWhenMountSt.Helenseruptedin1980,itdemolishedalargeamountoftheicefieldthatsurroundedit.18.overcomev.tofightsuccessfullyinastruggleorconflictgetover,conquer,defeatNestingonanarrowledgehasitsownpeculiarproblems,andthebird’sbehaviorhasbecomeadaptedtoovercomethem.

19.texturen.thestructureformedbysmallerparticles;thewaythesurfaceofasubstancefeelsfabric,feelThetextureofthesoilcanbedeterminedbyphysicallychangingtheshapeofthesoilwithone’shands.20.initiatev.tomakesomethingbegin;toberesponsibleforstartingcommence,launch,startInaddition,snowfallmaybeinitiatedwhenmountainousregionscausemoistairtoelevate.21.drenchv.toflowormakesomethingflowinathinstreamordropsdrown,immerse,soakDespitethelong-termlackofrain,desertsoccasionallyaredrenchedbyviolentstorms.22.adjunctn.somethingattachedoraddedtosomethingelsebutwhichisnotanessentialpartofitappendage,attachment,accessoryInNorthAmerica,potashmakingquicklybecameanadjuncttothecleaningoflandforagriculture.23.unevenadj.notsmoothorflat;bumpy

irregular,rough,ruggedEssentially,windsarenature’swayofbalancingtheunevendistributionofairpressureovertheEarth.24.tepidadj.slightlyoronlyjustwarmlukewarm,warmishHurricanesposethegreatestthreattohumanpopulationswhentheytrackeastwardtothetepidwatersoftheGulfofMexico.25.sporadicallyadv.atirregularintervals;notcontinuouslyoccasionally,intermittentlyLichensandmossgrowontherockswhilesmalltuftsofgrassspringupsporadicallyinbetweenthebouldersandstones.26.obviousadj.easilyseen,recognized,orunderstoodclear,apparent,evidentNotwocometseverlookidentical,buttheyhavebasicfeaturesincommon,oneofthemostobviousofwhichisacoma.27.plungev.todive,throwoneself,fall,orrushheadlongintosomething;tothrustorpushsomethingfall,drop,pitch

WhenthecometplungedintoJupiter’satmosphereandstrucktheplanet,astronomerswerewatchingascloselyastheycould.28.suitableadj.havingtherightqualitiesforaparticularperson,purpose,orsituationappropriate,fitting,properIfasuitableamountofwaterisfoundontheplanet,itcouldenablecoloniestobeestablishedtheremuchmoreeasily.29.trekn.alongandhardjourneytrip,journey,hikeGPSreceivingdevicesarebecomingstandardinmostnewcardesignsandareafavoriteofhuntersandfishermenmakinglongtreksinthewilderness.30.periln.gravedanger,especiallyofbeingharmedorkilledthreat,risk,jeopardyWhilehighwindsarecommonlyassociatedwiththeperilsofhurricanes,themostdestructivefactoristheaccompanyingstormsurgeasitstrikesland.

Chapter03UNIT12AppliedSciences1.elaborateadj.complicatedindesign;carefullyplannedorworkedoutintricate,painstaking,meticulousArrivingintheNewWorldduringthe1600s,earlyAmericansettlershadlittleresourcesfororinterestinelaboratefurniture.2.erectv.toputuporbuildsomething;tosetuporestablishsomethingconstruct,create,foundManybuildingsinthatstylewereerectednationwidethankstogovernmentprograms.3.rectangularadj.relatingtoafour-sidedfigurewithoppositesidesofequallengthsquare,four-sided,right-angledWithinitsrectangularwalls,permanenthouseswerebuilt,replacingthethatcheddwellingsoftheoriginalManhattanites.4.unifyv.tobringtwoormorethingstogethertoformasingleunitcombine,integrate,uniteAlloftheparksandsquaresweremeanttosupplementthemajorroad,whichwastoremaintheunifyingfactorfortheentiresystem.

5.aptlyadv.inanaptorsuitablemannerfitly,appropriately,properlyTheroadhasbeenaptlycalled“themetropolitancorridor”oftheAmericanlandscape.6.eliminatev.tocompletelygetridofsomethingthatisunnecessaryorunwantedremove,exterminate,obliterateCertainspeciesmaybeeliminatedwhileothersmaysurvivefornoparticularreason.7.aquaticadj.involvingorhappeninginwatermarine,oceanicRodentsdwellinvarioushabitats,withsomespeciesbeingaquaticandothersterrestrial.8.efficientadj.producingsatisfactoryresultswithaneconomyofefforteffective,proficient,economicBelieveitornot,dieselisbothrichinenergyandhighlyefficient.9.habitatn.thenaturalhomeofananimalorplanthome,niche,territoryWatchingthebehaviorofdiverseanimalspeciesintheirnaturalhabitats,Lopezand

Tinbergenobservedbehaviorpatternsthatpromotesurvival.10.ensurev.tomakesomethingcertain;toassureorguaranteesomethingassure,confirm,guaranteeThebehavioralensuresthattheyoungwillstayclosetotheirmotherandbeprotectedfromdanger.11.stressv.toemphasizeorattachimportancetosomethingaccent,underscore,spotlightThewoods’importanceinthecommunitiesofcolonialNorthAmericaneedhardlybestressed.12.strikingadj.unusualorinterestingenoughtobeeasilynoticedextraordinary,remarkable,impressivePerhapsthemostuniqueaspectofbutterflydiversityisthestrikingdifferenceinspeciesrichnessbetweentropicalandtemperateregions.13.pliableadj.abletobendwithoutbreakingorcrackingflexible,elastic,malleablePlatinumisharderthancopperandisalmostaspliableasgold.14.teemwith

ph.tobeveryfullofpeopleoranimals,whichareallmovingaboutproliferatewith,swarmwith,overflowwithThewatersofftheeastcoastoftheUnitedStatesonceteemedwithimmenseschoolsoffish,someasmanyasamileacross.15.obtainv.togetsomethingthatisnecessaryacquire,gain,procureVitaminCisobtainedfromcitrusfruits.16.nutritionaladj.relatingtothesubstancesinfoodthatmakeorstayhealthynourishing,nutritive,alimentaryIfone’sbasicnutritionalneedsarebeingmet,heorsheshouldnotneedtotakevitaminsupplements.17.deterv.todiscourageorrestrainfromactinginhibit,prevent,checkAnotherformofbiologicalpestcontrolistoincludevariousplantsinagardenorfieldthatareknownnaturallytodeterparasiticpests.18.portableadj.easilycarriedormovedandusuallydesignedtobesotransportable,carryable,handy

Somestuttererscarryaportabledevicethatallowsthemtoheartheirownwordswithatimedelay.19.populatev.toinhabitorliveinacertainareasettle,occupySkeletalmusclespopulatethehumanbodymorethananyotherkindofmuscles.20.precedev.togoorbebeforesomeoneorsomethingpredate,lead,heraldOccasionally,theepisodemaybeprecededbysomevisibledrowsiness,butitusuallyjusthitsoutofnowhere.21.prescribev.toadviseamedicineasaremedy,especiallybycompletingaprescriptiondirect,specify,orderInherbaltherapy,specialherbsareprescribedbyadoctortobetakeninahotliquidform.22.reactionn.aresponsetoastimulusreply,feedback,repulsionAchemicalreactionthatabsorbsheatiscalledendothermic.23.respiratory

adj.relatingtobreathingorthelungsbreathing,respiringExamplesofsmoothmusclecanbefoundintherespiratorytissues.24.atoddsph.atvariance;indisagreementdisagreeing,conflicting,onbadtermsScientists,physicians,andpsychologistshaveoftenbeenatoddsabouthowthebrainfunctions.25.ingredientn.oneofthepartsthatmakeupawholeconstituent,element,factorWhenthetwoingredientsaremixedtogether,undercertainconditions,theresultscanbedeadly.26.noxiousadj.causingorcapableofcausingharm;poisonousharmful,nocuous,toxicOneresultoftheindustrialcomplexconstructionwasanincreasedconcentrationofnoxiouschemicalsintheair.27.subject(to)adj.likelytobeaffectedbysomething,especiallysomethingbad;beingunderdomination,control,orinfluencevulnerable,prone,submissive

Plantsaresubjecttoattackandinfectionbyaremarkablevarietyofsymbioticspeciesandhaveevolvedadiversearrayofmechanismsdesignedtofrustratepotentialcolonists.28.proteinn.asubstancethatexistsinfoodssuchasmeat,eggs,andbeansandwhichabodyneedsinordertogrowandtoremainstrongandhealthyAfeveriscausedwhenbloodcellsreleaseproteinscalledpyrogens,whichraisethebody’stemperature.29.artificialadj.madebyhumaneffort;notoccurringnaturallyman-made,unnaturalInadomedstadium,naturalgrasscannotbegrown,soartificialturfisusedontheplayingfield.30.harnessv.tocontrolandusethenaturalforceorpowerofsomethingutilize,apply,exploitDamscanharnessthepowerofrivers,buttheymayalsodestroytheirbeauty.

Chapter03UNIT13Humanities1.implicationn.apossibleeffectorresultofanactionoradecision;somethingthatissuggestedorindirectlystatedhint,insinuation,connotationPennsylvania’scolonialironmastersforgedironandarevolutionthathadbothindustrialandpoliticalimplications.2.accompanyv.togoalongorincompanywith;tojoininactionattend,gowith,escortFormsofmusicoftenaccompaniedthestoriestoinstillemotionandclimaxinthehistory.3.dexterousadj.skillfulinphysicalmovements,especiallyofthehandsdeft,artful,shrewdDexterouswithaxes,snares,andfishinglines,thesemenblazedthetrails,builtthefirstlogcabins,andconfrontedNativeAmericantribes.4.preventv.tostopsomeonefromdoingsomethingorfromhappeningprohibit,inhibit,forestallTheavailabilityoffreshmeatwasverylimited;therewasnowaytopreventspoilage.

5.unrestrictedcf.restrictadj.notlimitedbyanyoneoranythingunlimited,unimpeded,freeTheherdsofcattlenolongerhadunrestricteduseoftheplainsforgrazing,andthefencingledtoconflictbetweenthefarmersandthecattleranchers.6.administerv.tomanage,govern,ordirectone’saffairsoranorganizationdirect,manageTheNationalMarineSanctuariesProgramisadministeredbytheNationalOceanicAdministration.7.migratev.totravelfromoneregiontoanother;toleaveoneplacetosettleinanothermove,resettle,relocateAtthispoint,earlygroupsofhumansbegantomigratebotheastandwest.8.funeraln.theceremonialburialorcremationofadeadpersonburial,intermentFuneralriteshavealwaysplayedimportantrolesinhumanhistory.9.innovativeadj.introducingorusingnewideasorwaysofdoingsomethingcreative,imaginative,ingenious

Oneinnovativeapproachonthefunctionsofthestonetoolsinvolvesstudyingdamageandwearonthem.10.frame1)v.tocomposeordesignsomething2)n.ahardmainstructureorbasistosomething1)construct,devise2)structure,frameworkThequestionsbehavioristsframedandthetechniquestheyusedweredesignedtohelpthemunderstandhowpeoplebehaved.11.recallv.tobringbackfrommemoryrecollect,remember,reminisceSomearcheologistsrecalledcomplicatedemotionswhentheyhadfinallyfoundtheartifacts.12.excavatev.todiguporuncoversomething,especiallyhistoricalremainsunearth,uncover,exposeItwasnotuntilthe1890sthatarchaeologistsexcavatingincity-statestothesouthofNinevehfoundmanythousandsoftabletsinscribedonlyinSumerian.13.isolatedcf.isolateadj.placedorstandingaloneorapartseparated,secluded,unconnectedTheidealsituationforthecreationoffolkmusicisanisolatedruralcommunity.

14.fashion1)v.tomakesomethingintoaparticularshape2)n.awayofmakingordoingsomething1)make,manufacture2)manner,wayTheNativeAmericansinnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingreeds,grasses,androotstofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes.15.coffinn.aboxintowhichacorpseisputforcremationorburialcasket,pallTheclimaxoccursattheendofthefeast,whenthebodyisplacedinacoffinandcarriedtoitsfinalrestingplace.16.conductv.tocarryoutaparticularactivityorprocess;toleadorguiderun,direct,manageRecently,someanthropologistsconductedaninterestingcasestudyinethnology.17.evokev.tocauseortoproducearesponseorreactioninvoke,raise,makeThepurposeofapoemneednotbetoinformthereaderofanythingbutrathertoevokeafeelingtocreateasensual,aestheticallypleasingexperience.

18.geniusn.someonewhohasanoutstandingcreativeorintellectualabilitybrain,intellect,mastermindToday,hisworktendstobepoorlyknownamonghistoriansthoughsomecallhimanintuitivegeniusfaraheadofhispeers.19.imitatev.tocopythebehavior,manners,orappearanceofsomeone;tousesomethingasamodelmimic,copyNumerousassistants,whohadbeentrainedtoimitatetheartist’sstyle,appliedthepaint.20.exertv.tousepowerorinfluenceinordertomakesomethinghappenexercise,expend,useThepressuresexertedalongthefoot,togetherwiththelengthofthestride,whichaveraged87centimeters,indicatedthatthehominidshadbeenwalkingslowly.21.deservingadj.worthyofbeinggivensupportorarewardcreditable,estimable,praiseworthyAnnualcashawardsaregiventodeservingartistsinvariouscategories.22.notev.tonoticeorpaycarefulattentiontosomethingobserve,perceive,notice

Otherinvestigatorshavenotedthatwhenmotherstalktobabieswhoareonlyafewmonthsold,theyexaggeratethepitch,loudness,andintensityoftheirwords.23.infiniteadj.havingnoboundariesorlimitsinsize,extent,time,orspaceboundless,endless,limitlessInTheLibraryofBabel,Borgesdescribesaninfinitelibrarythatcontainsallpossibletexts.24.culminationn.thetoporhighestpoint;theattainmentorarrivalatthehighestpointofglory,power,orsomethingelsepeak,zenith,climaxHisdeathwassimplyaculminationofyearsandyearsoftrouble,pain,andsuffering.25.consciouslyadv.withfullawarenessofwhatoneisdoingintentionally,deliberately,knowinglyInplayinghotjazz,amusicianconsciouslydepartsfromstrictmetertocreatearelaxedsenseofphrasingthatemphasizestheunderlyingrhythms.26.idiosyncraticadj.peculiartoaspecificindividual;ratherunusualeccentric,odd,strangeAtfirst,thepoemsofCummingsgainednotorietyfortheiridiosyncraticpunctuationandtypography,buttheyhavebeengraduallyrecognizedfortheirlyricpower.

27.elasticadj.abletoreturntoitsoriginalshapeorsizeafterbeingpulledorpressedoutofshapeflexible,stretchable,pliableSoundisanydisturbancethattravelsthroughanelasticmedium,suchasair,ground,orwater,tobeheardbythehumanear.28.discriminationn.theabilitytodrawfinedistinctions;biasedjudgmentdiscernment,prejudiceBabiesentertheworldwiththeabilitytomakepreciselythoseperceptualdiscriminationsthatarenecessaryiftheyaretoacquireaurallanguage.29.flamboyantadj.brightlycoloredandeasilynoticed;excessivelyshowyflashy,garish,eye-catchingInthe1960s,men’sclothingunderwentrevolutionarychangesincolorandfabric,becomingflamboyantforthefirsttimeinthe20thcentury.30.embrace1)v.toholdsomeonecloselyinthearmsaffectionatelyorasagreeting2)v.toincludesomethingasapart1)hug,clasp2)include,encompassSomeoftheseartistscametotrulyembracelifeinsmalltownsandtorejectcitylifeandso-called“sophisticatedsociety.”

Chapter04UNIT14SocialSciences1.precipitousadj.verysudden;dangerouslyhighorsteepabrupt,steep,sheerBesidesruiningmanythousandsofindividualinvestors,theprecipitousdeclineinthevalueofassetsgreatlystrainedbanksandotherfinancialinstitutions.2.confrontv.tofacesomeone;topreparetodealfirmlywithsomethingencounter,face,defyStaggeringtasksconfrontedthepeopleoftheUnitedStates,boththeNorthandtheSouth,whentheCivilWarended.3.tediousadj.tiresomelylong-windedordullboring,overlong,monotonousTheuseofrobotsandautomatedmachineryhaseliminatedcertaintediousfactoryjobs.4.transitionn.achangeorpassagefromoneconditionorplacetoanotheralteration,change,conversionTheUnitedStateseconomyunderwentamassivetransition,andthenatureofworkwaspermanentlyaltered.

5.virtuallyadv.inpractice,thoughnotstrictlyspeakingsubstantially,practically,nearlyThelandsurroundingBostonhadalwaysbeenpoorfarmcountry,and,bythemid-eighteenthcentury,itwasvirtuallystrippedofitstimber.6.courteouslyadv.inapolitemannerpolitely,considerately,respectfullyWorkersintheservicesectorshouldbetrainedtoactascourteouslyaspossible.7.seasonedadj.renderedcompetentthroughtrialandexperiencetrained,experienced,veteranSeasonedworkersaremorevaluabletoemployersthanbeginners.8.soarv.toriseorflyhighintotheairrise,increase,skyrocketCottonproductionsoaredassouthernfarmersturnedtheirlandintocottonplantations.9.extraordinaryadj.veryunusualorsurprising;muchgreaterormoreimpressivethanusualstrange,abnormal,outstanding

ThecombinationofnewimmigrantsandoldAmerican“settlers”onAmerica’s“urbanfrontier”inthelate19thcenturyprovedextraordinary.10.magnifyv.tomakesomethingseembiggerorlouder,especiallyusingspecialequipmentamplify,enlarge,augmentRapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhasspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.11.makeupn.thecombinationofcharacteristicsoringredientsthatformsomethingcomposition,constitution,arrangementAsthepopulationgrew,itsmakeupalsochanged.12.merchandisen.goodsthatarebeingsoldcommodities,products,staplesThemenboughtortradedfarmanimalsandacquiredneededmerchandiseinthemarket.13.metropolisn.averylargecitythatisthemostimportantcityinacountryorareamegalopolis,municipalityBy1930,theUnitedStateshadtengiantmetropolises.14.corruptioncf.corrupt

n.asinkingtoastateoflowmoralstandardsdepravity,perversionMostlivedinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption,crime,andmoraldegradation.15.descentn.familyoriginsorancestrylineage,bloodline,ancestrySomeculturestraceaperson’sancestrybackthroughthemother’sline,whichisknownasthematrilinealsystemofdescent.16.circulation1)n.thepassingofsomethingfromonepersonorplacetoanother2)n.thedistributionofanewspaperormagazine1)distribution,diffusion2)issuanceInfact,thecirculationofweeklymagazinesexceededthatofnewspapersintheperiod.17.competitivenessn.theabilityofacompany,country,oraproducttocompetewithothersrivalryInthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchange,thehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctions.18.disdainn.alackofrespectaccompaniedbyafeelingofintensedislikecontempt,scorn

TheirdisputeswithHamiltonoverhispro-businesseconomicprogramanddisdainforthecommonmancontributedtotheformationofthefirstU.S.partysystem.19.constraintn.somethingthatlimitsone’sfreedomofactionorchoicerestraint,limitation,curbThetimeconstraintspreventedthesubjectsfromfinishingthetestontime.20.budgetn.anestimateofexpectedincomeandexpensesforagivenperiodfund,poolThemilitarywasrestrictedbyitsminusculebudget.21.particularsn.thefactsanddetailsaboutajob,property,orlegalcasedetails,specifics,minutiaeThestudyrevealedparticularsthatseemtoholdtrueforthegeneralpopulation.22.stepinph.tobecomeinvolvedinanactivity,discussion,ordisagreementintervene,intercedeThetownboardwasforcedtostepinandputastoptothedevelopmentinthearea.23.plead

v.toasksomeoneforsomethinginaverystrongandseriousway;tostateinacourtoflawthatoneisguiltyornotguiltypetition,argue,assertIn1977,RichardHelmspleadedguiltytochargesofinaccuratelytestifyingaboutCIAactivitiesinChile.24.attunev.toadjustortoprepareforasituationorsomethingadjust,accord,harmonizeAnewtypeofnewspaper,onethatwasmoreattunedtothespiritandneedsofthenewAmerica,appearedaroundthistime.25.disgustn.astrongfeelingofdislike,annoyance,ordisapprovalloathing,hatred,nauseaEightpigeonswereshownphotographsofpeopledisplayingemotionsofhappiness,anger,surprise,anddisgust.26.assessmentn.theactofcalculatingordecidingthevalueoramountofsomethingestimation,evaluation,judgmentOneisaconscious,rationalassessmentofthedanger,andtheotherisanunconscious,innatereaction.27.chance1)n.likelihoodthatsomethingwillhappen,especiallysomethingdesirable

2)adj.notplannedorexpected1)probability,prospect2)accidental,causalAchanceconversationwithastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.28.integraladj.beinganecessarypartofawholeessential,fundamental,elementalEducationisalifelongprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschoolandisonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone’sentirelife.29.palatialcf.palaceadj.likeapalaceinmagnificenceorspaciousnessluxurious,grand,splendidMiamiBeachisapopularyear-roundresort,famousforitsgoldcoasthotelstrip,palatialestates,andrecreationalfacilities.30.adoptionn.theactoftakingandusingasone’sownacceptanceIn1923,hebeganacampaigntopromotetheadoptionofanamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionmandatingequalrightsforwomen.

Chapter04UNIT15NaturalSciences1.minuteadj.verysmalltiny,minuscule,littleQuarksareminuteparticlesthatarebelievedtobethefundamentalunitofmatter.2.cross-sectionaladj.madeinhorizontalsectionscross-sectionedThestrengthofaropeisdirectlyproportionaltoitscross-sectionalarea.3.spike1)n.alargemetalnail2)v.torisedramatically1)peg,pin2)skyrocketTheresultwasthemostcatastrophicnucleardisastereverasradioactivelevelsspikedinthesurroundingareas.4.literallyadv.accordingtothewordsandnottheintentionstrictly,exactly,wordforwordTheseanimalswerethepterosaurs,literally,the“wingedlizards.”

5.merelyadv.onlyasspecifiedandnothingmoreonly,simply,purelyTheplovers’nestsaremerelyscrapesinthesandorearth.6.randomadj.havingnospecificpatternaccidental,haphazard,unsystematicFarfrombeingrandom,moltingiscontrolledbystrongevolutionaryforcesthathaveestablishedanoptimaltimeandduration.7.rearv.tofeedandeducatechildren;tobringupnurture,raise,careforAmongthespeciesofseabirdsthatusethecliffsontheAtlanticcoastinCanadatomate,layeggs,andreartheiryoungarecommonmurres.8.recruitv.toenrollorobtainnewmembersmobilize,draft,enlistWhentheyfightwithinsectsfromoutsidetheircolony,Argentineantscanquicklyrecruitahugearmyfromtheirnetworkofnests.9.refugecf.refugeen.ashelterorprotectionfromdangerortroublehaven,asylum,sanctuary

Wetlandsproviderefugeformanyspeciesofbirds,reptiles,mammals,andamphibians.10.respirationn.theactofrespiringorbreathingexhalationTheprocessofrespirationinplantsinvolvesacomplexseriesofchemicalreactions.11.robustadj.strongandhealthy;withastrongconstitutionvigorous,hardy,sturdyThisbirdhasalarge,robustbill,yetitisnotthemostprominentfeatureontheanimal.12.rottingcf.rottenadj.decayingorcausingtodecaybyagradualnaturalprocessdecomposing,decaying,spoilingBothanimalslivedandforagedprimarilyinthesoilandinrottingvegetationontheground.13.scramblev.tocrawlortoclimb,especiallyhurriedlyorfranticallyclamber,scrabble,crawlTheanimal’ssmallsizemakesiteasyforittoscrambleforinsects,flowers,orfruitamongthetwigsandbranchesinthecanopy.14.conspicuous

adj.visiblynoticeableorobviousprominent,outstanding,vividManymountaineerswearorangeandotherbrightcolorsinordertobeasconspicuousaspossible.15.seepv.topassslowlythroughsmallopeningsorporesleak,drain,oozeMillionsofyearsagointheOligoceneEpochofEarth’shistory,clearresinseepedfrompinetreesgrowingintheBalticSeabasin.16.dubiousadj.feelingdoubt;unsuredoubtful,suspicious,ambiguousTheyobjectedtotheplanbecausethereplenishmentprogramsarecostlyandofdubiousvalue.17.edgen.thepartfarthestfromthemiddleofsomethingborder,boundary,rimPrehistoricpeopleusedflinttomaketoolsandweaponsbecauseitcouldbechippedintoshapeswithsharpedges.18.seismicadj.relatingtoorcharacteristicofearthquakesThewaythatseismicwavestravelshowsthattheEarth’sinteriorisfarfromuniform.

19.sortoutph.toseparatefromamassorgroupclassify,group,divideTomeasuresoiltexture,thesand,silt,andclayparticlesaresortedoutbysizeandweight.20.squeezev.tograsporembracetightly;togetorforceoutbysqueezingcompress,press,extractTheabilityofoilcompaniestosqueezeoutmoreproductionbyusingnewtechnologyhasaddedtothesurplus.21.tangledadj.untidy,knotted,andconfused;involvedespeciallyinconflictentangled,twisted,intertwinedSincethen,over100tonsoffossils,including1.5milliontonsfromvertebratesand2.5milliontonsfrominvertebrates,havebeenrecovered,oftenindenselyconcentratedtangledmasses.22.consistencyn.thestateofalwayskeepingtothesameprinciplesorcourseofaction;thedegreeoffirmnessorthicknessagreement,coherence,solidityTheconsistencyoftheoceanfloordetermineswhattypeofblastthetrencheruses.23.hazardous

adj.veryrisky;dangerousperilous,unsafe,precariousWorkingwithtoxicmaterialsisahazardousoccupation.24.majoradj.greatorgreaterinnumber,size,extent,value,orimportanceprimary,principal,criticalGalaxiesarethemajorbuildingblocksoftheuniverse.25.subtleadj.notstraightforwardlyorobviouslystatedordisplayeddelicate,vague,abstruseTheavailableweatherdataaregenerallynotdetailedenoughtoallowcomputerstodiscernthesubtleatmosphericchangesthatprecedethesestorms.26.primevaladj.oftheearliestperiodintheexistenceofsomethingearly,prehistoric,primitiveFormorethan15years,astronomershavesearchedforsuchprimevalgalaxies,andmanygaveupthetaskafterseveralsurveysoftheskyfailedtofindany.27.graphicadj.describedorshownvividlyandindetaildescriptive,explicit,lifelikeDr.DennisMcCarthy,thechiefofthebranchthatmeasurestheEarth’srotation,expressedthe

meaningofasecondinanother,perhapsmoregraphic,way.28.solitaryadj.habituallyalone,especiallybychoicesole,single,loneThesolitaryscientistmakingimportantdiscoveriesbyhimselfhasbeenreplacedbyacooperativescientificteam.29.moleculen.thesmallestparticleofanelementorcompoundthatcanexistindependentlyThemoleculartheoryofmatter,whichconsideredallmattertobecomposedoftiny,indivisibleentitiescalledmolecules,wasdeveloped.30.realmn.adomain,province,orregion;afieldofinterest,study,oractivityterritory,area,sphereTheinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.

Chapter04UNIT16AppliedSciences1.installv.toputequipmentormachineryinplaceandtomakeitreadyforuseposition,place,settleTheBaltimoreandOhioRailroadinstalledthefirstairconditioningsystemfortrainsin1931.2.spawn1)v.tolayeggs;togiverisetosomething2)n.anoffspringofsomeoneorsomething1)generate,create2)progenyOneinventionoftenspawnsmanyothers.3.subsequentadj.happeningafterorfollowingensuing,following,succeedingModernarchitectshaveignoredthesubsequentimpactofindustrializationonmodernlife.4.stiffencf.stiffv.tomakeorbecomefirmharden,solidify,thickenUntiltheGeorgeWashingtonBridgewasbuilt,modernsuspensionbridgeswerestiffenedwithsteeltrussesandbeamstolimittheirmotionintrafficandwind.

5.boroughn.adivisionofalargetowntown,city,municipalityThecommercialcenterofNewYorkCity,theislandofManhattanisjoinedtotheotherboroughsbybridgesandtunnels.6.obligatev.toforceorcompelsomebodytodosomethingoblige,bind,compelTheEndangeredSpeciesActof1973obligatesthegovernmenttoprotectallanimalandplantlifethreatenedwithextinction.7.extinctionn.thedyingoutofmanyanimalspeciesatmoreorlessthesametimedeath,loss,destructionPerhapsthehumanspecieswasdrivingotherstoextinctionlongbeforethedawnofhistory.8.menacev.toshowanintentiontodamageorharmsomeonethreaten,intimidate,frightenBaldeagleswerehuntedbothforsportandbecausetheywerethoughttomenacelivestock.9.innateadj.belongingtoorexistingfrombirthinborn,inherent,intrinsic

Scientistsareexploringtheinnateweed-killingpowersoflivingorganisms,primarilyinsectsandmicroorganisms.10.keyadj.centrallyimportantessential,crucial,mainSocialityhasseveralkeyadvantagesoversolitarybehavior.11.preponderancen.thestateofbeinggreaterinamount,number,orsomethingelsesupremacy,superiority,predominanceNewWorldbutterfliesmakeupthepreponderanceofexamplesbecausetheyarethemostfamiliarspecies.12.profoundadj.farbelowthesurface;verystronglyfeltdeep,intense,greatThewrongpolicyhashadaprofoundimpactonHaiti’sdevelopmentandhasresultedinHaitibeingthepoorestnationintheWesternHemisphere.13.revealv.tomakeasecretknown;todisclosesomethingexpose,display,letoutThefossilrecordrevealsthatextinctionshaveoccurredthroughoutthehistoryofEarth.

14.evadev.toescapeoravoidsomethingorsomeonebytrickeryorskillavoid,elude,escapeManytypesoffisharecontinuallystalkingandevadingoneanother.15.bloodcurdlingadj.causingastrongchillingfearorhorrorhorrible,scary,goryAmorebloodcurdlingexample,especiallytohumanbeingsandmostotherspeciesoffish,istheshark.16.puzzleoverph.tomakeagreateffortofthemindinordertofindtheanswertoaquestionponder,contemplate,considerDoctorsandpsychologistsinthepastpuzzledoverthecauseofthedisease.17.skyrocketingadj.increasingrapidlysoaring,risingItwasjustadecadebeforethisthatmanydrugcompaniesfoundtheirvitaminsalesskyrocketing.18.solelyadv.onlyandnotinvolvinganyoneoranythingelsealone,solitarily,exclusively

Earacupunctureisinvolvedsolelywiththeearanditsnumerousactivationpoints.19.nervousadj.relatingtothenerves;easilyagitatedagitated,anxious,onedgeThenervoussystemofvertebratesischaracterizedbyahollow,dorsalnervecordthatendsintheheadregion.20.onslaughtn.afierceattack;anonsetassault,attack,raidInthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismstoprotecttheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.21.ration.thenumberordegreeofoneclassofthingsinrelationtoanotherproportionIntheexperiment,theratioofheliumtohydrogennucleiremainedaboutthesame.22.cautiousadj.carefultoavoidriskswary,watchful,alertWorkersmustbeverycautiouswhendealingwithtoxicsubstances.23.physiological

adj.oforpertainingtophysiologyAlternativetherapiescanworkwondersaspreventativemethodsforpsychologicalaswellaspsychologicalproblems.24.aversionn.astrongdislikehatred,animosity,hostilityApersonsufferingfromclaustrophobiahasanaversiontoconfinedspaces.25.outragev.toinsult,shock,orangersomeonegreatlyenrage,infuriate,offendThepatientsurvived,buttheincidentoutragedthereligioussensitivitiesofthetimes,andnofurtherexperimentsweretried.26.overlapv.topartlycoveranotherobjectoverlie,overlayOnereasonthatthereismuchlessemphasisonwhetherapersonisconsideredtobe“right-”or“left-brained”isthatthereissuchanoverlapintheseareas.27.odorn.adistinctivesmell,especiallyanunpleasantonesmell,scent,stinkEachantnesthasitsownodorasaresultofitslocation,history,andlocalfoodsupply.

28.petroleumn.anaturallyoccurringoilconsistingofadarkandthickliquidmixtureofhydrocarbonsPipelinestransporthugequantitiesofnaturalgasandliquidpetroleumproducts.29.wholesomeadj.goodforthebodyorlikelytoproducegoodhealthhealthy,nutritious,beneficialWholegrainsandfreshfruitsandvegetablesarewholesomefoods.30.murkyadj.darkandunpleasantgloomy,dim,overcastIt’sdifficultforscubadiverstoseewhenthewaterismurky.

Chapter05UNIT17Humanities1.recordv.tosetsomethingdowninsomepermanentformwritedown,register,documentBy1820,itwasacityofmorethan10,000people,and,by1880,ithadrecordedapopulationofoveronemillion.2.seizev.totakeorgrabsuddenly,eagerly,orforciblygrasp,grab,captureManyWestAfricanswereseizedandshippedunwillinglytotheNewWorldasslaves.3.concreteadj.definiteorpositive,asopposedtovagueorgeneralactual,tangible,specificAgoodwritersupportshisorhergeneralizationswithconcreteexamples.4.provisionaladj.undertermsnotfinalorfullyworkedoutoragreedupontemporary,interim,conditionalOnFebruary7,thesevenstatesadoptedaprovisionalconstitutionfortheConfederateStatesofAmerica.

5.traversev.togoacrossorthroughsomethingcross,crisscross,intersectTheshipscouldtraversegreatdistancesandbringAmericanandotherAlliedfightingforcestofacetheAxispowers.6.boostv.toimproveorencouragesomethingorsomeonelift,raise,encourageThroughoutthewilderness,bandsprovidedentertainmentandboostedmorale.7.employ1)v.touseaparticularobjectormethod2)v.togivework,usuallypaid,tosomeone1)utilize,apply2)hire,recruitTheearliestwayofkeepingacountwasbysomesimpletallymethod,employingtheprincipleofone-to-onecorrespondence.8.exposev.toremovethecoverfromsomethingortoallowthistobethecaseuncover,reveal,unveilThewoollymammothandothermammalswereperiodicallyexposedinthetundraofSiberia.9.favoredcf.favoradj.enjoyingfavororpreferentialtreatmentpreferred,selected,favorite

Ifsuchhuntersfirstcompetedwiththelargerpredatorsandthenreplacedthem,theymayhaveallowedmoreyoungtosurviveeachyear,graduallyincreasingthepopulationsoffavoredspecies.10.glazev.tomakesomethingshiny;tocoverplatesorcupswithathinliquidpolish,coat,enamelKilnswerealsousedforglazingpotterywhentwofiringswereneeded.11.indispensableadj.absolutelynecessary;essentialrequisite,vital,crucialFromtheverybeginning,musicwasregardedasanindispensableaccompanimentthatpeoplesimplyneededtolistento.12.legacyn.anamountofpropertyormoneyleftinawillheritage,bequest,inheritanceTheempiredidnotlastlong,butitslegacywasfarreaching.13.inscribev.towriteorengravewordsonsomething,oftenasalastingrecordengrave,etchManyothertabletswereinscribedinanotherlanguagethatwasnotpreviouslyunknownandthuscouldnotbetranslated.

14.majesticadj.havingorshowingmajesty;grandinmannermagnificent,imperial,grandThishighlandgroundismajesticbutnotforbidding.15.conjecturev.toformanopinionaboutsomethingevenwithoutmuchinformationonitguess,suppose,estimateItisconjecturedthattheAnasaziabandonedtheirsettlementsbecauseofdrought.16.disguise1)v.tochangeappearanceinordertoescaperecognition2)n.adisguisedstate1)mask,deceive2)camouflage,coverupContrarytofolksongs,popularsongs’originscannotbedisguised,andthereforetheybelongprimarilytothecomposerandnottoacommunity.17.excursionn.ashorttrip,usuallyonemadeforpleasurejourney,expedition,jauntTheartsociety’sactivitiesalsoincludedorganizedsketchingexcursionsalongtheHudsonRiver,whereartistspaintedlandscapesofthebreathtakingscenerythere.18.outstanding

adj.verygreatorclear;extremelygooddistinguished,remarkable,excellentMarkTwainbecamethecountry’smostoutstandingrealistauthor.19.epochn.amajordivisionorperiodofhistory,orofaperson’slifeera,age,periodTheyear1850maybeconsideredthebeginningofanewepochinAmericanart.20.statusn.arankorpositioninrelationtootherswithinsocietyoranorganizationstanding,position,levelBytheoutbreakoftherevolutionin1778,thestatusoftheartistshadalreadyundergonechanges.21.executev.toperformorcarryoutsomethingperform,fulfill,accomplishOnceagain,anoriginalportraitbecamealuxurythatwascommissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.22.flatterv.topraisesomeoneexcessivelyorinsincerelycompliment,butterup,fawnWhilethenicknamewasnotintendedtobeflattering,itwashardlyinappropriateinhiscase,

sohewasnotoffendedbyit.23.forefrontn.theveryfront;themostprominentoractivepositionvanguard,headTheEnlightenmentwasaperiodoftimeinEuropeinwhichpeopleputhumanreasonattheforefrontofthought.24.dubv.togiveaname,especiallyanickname,tosomeonecall,name,entitleOvertime,thestyleoftheintermezzocaughtonandwasputonseparately,eventuallybeingdubbedtheoperabuffa.25.exponentn.apersonwhosupportsanidea,theory,orsomethingelseandpersuadesothersthatitisgoodproponent,advocate,supporterFranceproducedanumberofoutstandingexponentsoftheArtNouveaustyle,somanyartistsmovedtheretoattempttolearnfromthem.26.extolv.topraisesomethingverymuchpraise,celebrate,glorifyIntheUnitedStatesaswellasinGreatBritain,reformersextolledthevirtuesofhandcraftedobjects,therebydrivinguptheirprices.

27.mimicv.toimitateinawaythatismeanttobeamusingcopy,imitate,mirrorThetreeseemedtomimictheOldTestamentprophetJoshuawavingpeople,withupraisedarms,ontowardthePromisedLand.28.intuitiveadj.attainedbyusingfeelingsratherthanbyconsideringfactsinstinctive,insightfulTheconverser’stonecanreflectintuitivesympathyorantipathy,lackofinterest,fatigue,anxiety,orevenexcitement.29.causticadj.criticalinabitterorsarcasticwaybiting,harsh,scathingCausticremarkscanoffendpeople,whichiswhypeopleneedtobecarefulofwhattheysayinthepresenceofothers.30.skepticaladj.havingdoubtsthataclaimorstatementistrueorthatsomethingwillhappendoubtful,dubious,suspiciousTheywereskepticalabouttheplan;arailroadbuiltthroughsochallengingandthinlysettledastretchofdesert,mountain,andsemiaridplaincouldnotmakeaprofit.

Chapter05UNIT18SocialSciences1.stemfromph.toariseororiginatefromderivefrom,comefromTheimpressivegaininoutputstemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhichworkersmadethegoods.2.commercen.thebuyingandsellingofcommoditiesandservicestrade,business,merchandisingWiththegrowthofinternationalcommerce,theeconomiesoftheworldhavebecomemoreinterdependent.3.savageadj.untamedorundomesticated;cruelwild,barbaric,brutalThepetroleumindustrysufferedfromsavagecompetition,and,inthe1870s,manyoilindustriesfailed.4.sleekadj.smooth,soft,andshinyglossy,satiny,slickPanAmnamedtheairplanesaftertheswift,sleekclippershipsthatoncesailedtheworld’soceansduringthenineteenthcentury.

5.recessionn.aperiodofreducedtradeandbusinessactivitydepression,downturn,slumpDuringadepression,economicconditionsarefarworsethantheyareduringarecession,whichalsolastsforashorterperiodoftimethanadepression.6.tranquiladj.serenelyquietorpeaceful;undisturbedserene,calm,placidManufacturedinthetranquilNewEnglandtownofConcord,thefamousConcordCoachcametosymbolizetheWildWest.7.stockn.thetotalsharesissuedbyaparticularcompanyshares,funds,assetsCorporationsoftenraisefundsbythesaleofstock.8.vergecf.onthevergeofn.alimit,boundary,orbordermargin,edge,brimUnfortunately,bythelate1930s,thewhoopingcranewasonthevergeofextinctionandrequiredprotectioninordertosurvive.9.denounce

v.toinformagainstortoaccusesomeonepubliclyblame,condemn,criticizeKnightandVinerdenouncedeconomicimperialism,whichviewedallsocialforcesashavinganeconomicexplanation.10.eran.adistinctperiodinhistorymarkedbyanimportanteventepoch,time,ageIneveryera,thelureofthecityincludedamajorpsychologicalelementforcountrypeopleasitdrewthemtourbancentersbythethousands.11.exceedv.tobemorethanaparticularnumberoramountexcel,surpass,transcendIn1872,onlytwodailynewspaperscouldclaimacirculationofover100,000,but,by1892,sevenmorenewspapersexceededthatfigure.12.forward-lookingadj.planningforandthinkingaboutthefutureinapositivewaygoingahead,progressiveIcewasusedinhotels,taverns,hospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.13.functionaladj.designedforefficiencyratherthandecorativenesspractical,useful,effective

OnlyNewYorkpossessesaneasy-accessfunctionalconnectiontothevastMidwesternhinterland.14.burdensomeadj.difficulttocarry,support,ortoleratecumbersome,troublesome,bothersomeAtthesametime,wartaxeshadtobereducedtolessburdensomelevels.15.inadequateadj.notsufficientoradequatedeficient,insufficient,incompleteInthe1950sand1960s,thebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.16.intensiveadj.requiringconsiderableamountsofeffortwithinarelativelyshortperiodconcentrated,focusedEveninthiscurrenteraoflarge-scale,intensiveresearchanddevelopment,theinterrelationshipsbetweencompaniesanduniversitiesarefrequentlymisunderstood.17.toutv.totrytopersuadepeoplethatsomethingisimportantbypraisingitpush,promote,talkupTheFreudianstoutedtheimpactofthepersonalsubconsciousnessonbehavior,andthebehavioristsemphasizedexternalpunishmentsandrewards.

18.congestionn.anexcessiveorabnormalaccumulationovercrowding,jamTheconfusionandcongestionofindividualcitizenslookingfortheirletterswasitselfenoughtodiscourageuseofthemail.19.secessioncf.seceden.theactofanareaorgroupbecomingindependentfromthecountryorlargergroupthatitbelongstoseparation,breakingThewarledtotheSouth’ssecessionfromtheUnion.20.positionn.aplacewheresomeoneorsomethingisstance,posture,jobMaryGoddardisconsideredtobethefirstwomantoholdafederalposition.21.prevalentadj.commonataparticulartime,inaparticularplace,oramongaparticulargroupprevailing,common,widespreadThemovierepresentstheidealismprevalentinAmericaintheearlytwentiethcentury.22.supervisioncf.supervisen.themanagementbyoverseeingtheperformanceoroperationofapersonorgroupsuperintendence,oversight

TheHumanGenomeProject,surprisingly,isunderthesupervisionoftheDepartmentofEnergy.23.symbolizev.tobeasymbolofsomething;tostandforsomethingdenote,exemplify,typifyAnimageonanationalflagcansymbolizepoliticalidealsthatwouldotherwisetakemanywordstoexplain.24.revisev.tochangesomethingbecauseofnewinformationorideasamend,modify,alterLawmakerssimplyrevisedthevetoedbillandpasseditagain,daringthepresidenttovetoitdespiteitspopularsupport.25.curbv.tocontrolorlimitsomethinginordertopreventitfromhavingaharmfuleffectcheck,restrain,controlThegovernmenthopestocurbtaxfraud,soitissimplifyingtheprocessoffilingtaxestomakeitlessconfusing.26.authorizev.togivesomeonethepowerorrighttodosomethingempower,entitle,licenseTheNationalLaborRelationsBoardisauthorizedtoinvestigateallegationsofunfairlabor

practicesonthepartofeitheremployersoremployees.27.essentialadj.extremelyimportantandnecessary;relatingtothebasicindispensable,necessary,fundamentalAlthoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetscantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.28.encounterv.tomeetsomeoneorsomething,especiallyunexpectedlycomeupon,runintoThememoryofapastencounterwithasnakewouldmaketheimpressionofthesnakemuchstronger.29.illegibleadj.difficultorimpossibletoreadunreadable,indecipherableIllegiblehandwritingdoesnotindicateaweaknessofcharacterasevenaquickglanceatthepenmanshipofGeorgeWashingtonreveals.30.expertisen.specialskillorknowledgeinaparticularsubjectknow-how,knowledgeAnewenergypolicyshouldbedevelopedandguidedbypeoplewithapoliticalscienceandtechnologyexpertise.

Chapter05UNIT19NaturalSciences1.opticaladj.relatingtosightortowhatonesees;connectedwiththerelationshipbetweenlightandsightocular,visual,opticThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.2.paneln.arectangularboardformingasectionboard,paneTheinstrumentpanelofalightairplanehasatleastadozeninstrumentsthepilotmustwatch.3.perseverancen.acontinuedefforttoachievesomethingdespitesetbackspersistence,patience,enduranceTheresearcher’sdiscoverywasbasedonoverthirtyyearsofperseveranceandsweat.4.self-consistentadj.notself-contradictoryself-evident,self-explainingAlthoughthephlogistontheorywasself-consistent,itwasawkwardbecauseitrequiredthatimaginative,evenmysterious,propertiesbeascribedtophlogiston.

5.scarceadj.lessplentifulthanwhatisnormal,necessary,ordesirablescant,rare,lackingThescarcefossilsoftheProterozoic,mostlysingle-celledbacteria,providelittleevidenceforglaciation.6.assurev.tostatepositivelyandconfidently;toguaranteeensure,assertNestingmaterialshouldbeaddedinsufficientamountstoavoidbothextremetemperaturesituationsandtoassurethattheeggshaveasoft,secureplacetorest.7.concedev.toacknowledgeastrue,just,orproperadmit,accept,acknowledgeDarwinhimselfconcededthatthemissingfossilrecordcouldbeusedasanargumentagainstthevalidityofhistheory.8.principaladj.firstinrankorimportancechief,primary,importantDarwinwasanamazingmanandwastheprincipalfounderofevolutionarybiology.9.puncturev.tomakeasmallholeinsomething

perforate,pierce,stabTheexternalsurfacesofplantsoftencarryspikyhairsknownastrichomes,whicheitherpreventfeelingbyinsectsormayevenpunctureandkillinsectlarvae.10.reproductiveadj.producingnewlifeoroffspringgenerative,procreativeThesefishhavenothadachancetomaturelongenoughtobecomereproductive.11.repertoiren.thelistofthingsthataperformerisreadytoperformrepertory,stockpile,collectionPlovershaveaneffectiverepertoireoftricksfordistractingpotentialnestpredatorsfromtheirexposedanddefenselesseggs.12.deftadj.skillfulandquickdexterous,handyAsarule,large-billedcrossbillsarebetteratseekingseedsfromlargeconeswhilesmall-billedcrossbillsaremoredeftatremovingtheseedsfromsmall,thin-scaledcones.13.squirtv.toshootaliquidorsomethingelseoutinanarrowjetspout,gush,jetWhentheseacucumberisattacked,itsquirtsallitsinternalorgansintothewater.

14.gearv.toadjusttoaparticularsituationinordertobringaboutsatisfactoryresultsadjust,fit,tailorAconsequenceofright-handdominanceisthatmostcommonconsumerproductsaregearedtoright-handersonly.15.freev.toallowsomeonetomovewithoutrestrictionrelease,emancipate,liberateTheincreasingwaterpressureundertheglaciermightliftitoffitsbed,overcomingthefrictionbetweeniceandrock,thusfreeingtheglacier.16.hazyadj.notclearorexactfoggy,faint,vagueWhenitcomestopredictinganearthquake,itisaveryhazyarea.17.nutrientn.achemicalorfoodthatprovideswhatisneededforlifeandgrowthnourishmentSincethedamwasbuilt,thesediments,richwithnutrients,arefewer,andthefisharealsofewer.18.residue

n.whatremainsofsomethingorisleftoverremainder,remains,restThewatercanbedrawnoffandevaporated,leavingaresidueofclay,whichcanbeweighed.19.sagv.tobend,sink,orhangdown,especiallyinthemiddledroop,dip,dropEachpieceofclaycanstandonlyacertainamountofheatwithoutlosingitsshapethroughsaggingormelting.20.segmentn.apartofsomethingthatisdifferentfromthewholesection,portion,fragmentThecableshipwillmoveontorepeattheprocessandlayanothersegmentofcable.21.segregatev.tosetapartortoisolatedivide,separate,discriminateTheoneriddlewasthatintheWesternUnitedStates,twokindsofejecta–quartzandmeltedrock–arenotintermingledbutaresegregated;thequartzislayeredjustabovethemeltedrock.22.convolutedadj.coiledandtwistedcurled,entwined,coiled

TheconvolutedfoldsoftheEarth’ssurfaceanditsfracturedgeologicalstructuretendtoabsorbtheseismicenergyofanearthquake.23.worth(of)adj.equalinvaluetosomethingspecified;deservingofvaluable,qualified,meritingFloodscausebillionsofdollarsworthofpropertydamageannually.24.spot1)v.tosearchfor;tomarkwithspots2)n.aplace;asmallmarkorstain1)detect,identify2)site,stainThegeographicalcenteroftheNorthAmericancontinentisaspotnearBalta,NorthDakota.25.adjacentadj.lyingbesideornexttosomethingadjoining,bordering,touchingMeteorologystudiesthecurrentsoffreeairthatarenotadjacenttotheEarth’ssurfacebutwhicharehigherupintheatmosphere.26.retainv.tokeeporcontinuetohavesomethinghold,preserve,saveOnthemoon,thereisnoairbecausethemoon’sgravitationalfieldistooweaktoretainanatmosphere.

27.faintadj.difficulttosee,hear,orsmellpale,dim,fadedAstronomersusephotographyandsightingtelescopestostudythemotionsofallofthebrightstarsandmanyofthefaintones.28.glimpsev.toseesomethingorsomeonemomentarilyspot,glance,peekThiscometarytrain,glisteninglikeastringofpearls,hadbeenfirstglimpsedonlyafewmonthsbeforeitsfatefulimpactwithJupiter.29.mutatev.tochangeanddevelopanewformmodify,alter,transformTheradioactiveraysareespeciallydangeroustohumansbecausetheyincreasetheriskofcancerandcannegativelyalterandmutateDNA.30.observationn.theactofnoticingorwatchingwatching,viewing,noticeThescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesobservationstotesthypotheses.

Chapter05UNIT20AppliedSciences1.follyn.afoolishaction,practice,orideaidiocy,stupidity,absurdityHowever,theartists’achievementsweremockedbytheartisticeliteofParisasexpensiveanduglyfollies.2.regardlessofph.inspiteof;withoutregardfordespite,notwithstanding,heedlessofPottersfounditconvenienttolocatetheirworkshopsneartheirsourceofclay,regardlessoftheirrelationtothecenterofthesettlements.3.renovationn.theactofimprovingbyrenewingandrestoringremodeling,reengineering,upgradeTherenovationofthebuildingwilltakelongerthanwhathadbeenpreviouslyestimated.4.spaciousadj.havingampleroomorspace;extendingoveralargeareawide,capacious,extensiveBytheopeningdecadesofthetwentiethcentury,spaciousbuildingsfinallytranscendedthelightconfinementofrowhousebuildinglots.

5.centripetaladj.actingormovingtowardthecenterofacircle;tendingtounifycentralized,unifyingSociallifeisthuscentripetal;thatis,itisfocusedaroundthecommunitycenter,thevillage.6.competev.tostrivetooutdoanotherforacknowledgment,aprize,supremacy,orprofitcontend,vieAsthepopulationsexpanded,theymayhavecompetedwithothergamespeciesforthesameenvironmentalniche.7.periodicadj.happeningatintervals,especiallyregularonesperiodical,regular,cyclicalThisperiodicextinctionmightbeduetotheintersectionoftheEarth’sorbitwithacloudofcomets.8.perchv.tositorrestonanelevatedplaceorpositionroost,rest,sitInAlaska,whereeaglesperchedonfishtrapsandscaredawaythesalmon,hunterskilledmorethan100,000eaglesbetween1917and1952.9.conversionn.anactorprocessofchangingsomethingintoadifferentstateorform

alteration,metamorphosis,transformationAtleast5,000yearsago,inEurope,deforestationandtheconversionofwildlandstopasturebegan.10.joltingadj.movingsuddenlyandroughly;givingsomeoneasuddenshockjerking,shaking,shockingThehighrateofspeciesextinctionsintheseenvironmentsisjolting.11.magnituden.thegreatsizeorimportanceofsomethingsize,enormousness,greatnessHowever,nothinghaseverequaledthemagnitudeandspeedwithwhichthehumanspeciesisalteringthephysicalandchemicalworldanddemolishingtheenvironment.12.perishv.todie;tobedestroyedorruinedloselife,expireWhenaspeciescannolongeradapttoachangedenvironment,itmayperish.13.poultryn.birdssuchaschickensandducksthatarekeptonfarmsinordertoproduceeggsandmeatdomesticfowlDucksarelesssusceptibletoinfectionthanothertypesofpoultry.

14.chokev.topreventorbepreventedfrombreathingbyanobstructioninthethroatsuffocate,smother,stifleOilandthepollutantsitcausesarechokingthelifefromtheplanet.15.combustionn.theactorprocessofburningburning,flamingOilwasinthedepthsoftheplanetformillionsofyearsbeforemanfoundauseforitintheinternalcombustionengine.16.temptingcf.temptationadj.attractive;invitingseductive,enticing,alluringManypeoplefindchocolatetempting,whichaccountsforthereasonwhythechocolateindustryissoprofitable.17.whenitcomestoph.regarding;withregardtoinrelationto,asfor,astoWhenitcomestoourvision,allofthecomponentsoftheeyeareimportant.18.impulsen.asuddenpushforward;aforceproducingsuddenmovementforwardboots,urge,impetus,stimulus

ThecardiacmusclewillcontinuetopumpbloodwithoutanyimpulsesfromthebrainorANS.19.inretrospectph.inlookingbackonpasteventsinhindsightInretrospect,vitaminandmineraltherapiesweremuchlesseffectivewhenappliedtohealth-crisisconditions.20.infectionn.theactorprocessofcausingorgettingadiseasecontagion,communicationHisworkwasstimulatedbythewartimeneedtofindacureforthefungusinfectionsthatafflictedmanymilitarypersonnel.21.challengingadj.offeringachallenge;testingone’sability,endurance,orsomethingelsedefying,provoking,demandingStill,thebrainisagreatunknowninmyriadwaysandremainsoneofthemostchallengingandfascinatingareasinthemedicalfield.22.bolsterv.tomakesomethingstrongerortoholdsomethingupsupport,reinforce,buttressKiisfundamentalingivinghumanstrengthandenergyaswellasbolsteringtheimmunesystem.

23.conjunctionn.acombinationofdifferentthingsthathavecometogethercombination,unionSometimes,herbalmedicinesareusedinconjunctionwithacupuncturetomagnifyitseffects.24.cerebraladj.relatingtooraffectingthebrain;involvingcomplicatedideasintellectualInmostcasesofepilepsy,cerebralelectricalactivity,alsoknownasbrainwaves,demonstratesacharacteristicallyabnormalrhythm.25.vesseln.acontainer,especiallyforliquids;ashiporlargeboatcontainer,holder,shipAnErlenmeyerflaskisaglassvesselusedinchemistrylabs.26.neutralizev.tocancelouttheeffectofsomething;tomakeasubstancechemicallyneutralnegate,counteract,offsetTheinsectscanneutralizeoralterthepoisonoussubstancesthatcertainplantsproduce.27.nucleusn.thepositivelychargedtinycentralpartofanatom;thecentralpartofsomethingheart,core

Mostofthemassofanatomismadeupofthenucleus,whichcontainstheneutronsandprotons.28.alchemistcf.alchemyn.ascientistwhotriedtodiscoverhowtochangeordinarymetalintogold,especiallyintheMiddleAgesThroughthecenturies,thedreamofmedievalalchemistswastodiscoverhowtoturnleadandotherbasemetalsintogold.29.renownedadj.knownandadmiredbyalotofpeople,especiallyforaspecialskill,achievement,orqualityfamous,celebrated,notedHisdiscoveryoftheelectriclightiswhatheismostrenownedfor.30.defectiveadj.havingadefectordefectsimperfect,flawed,faultyAdefectivebatterycancauseanelectricaldevicetomalfunction.

Chapter06UNIT21Humanities1.settle1)v.tomakeorbecomequiet,calm,orstill2)v.tocometoanagreementaboutsomething1)relax,tranquilize2)decide,fixTheplacefunctionedasasanctuarywheretheeldersmettoplanfestivals,performritualdances,settlepuebloaffairs,andimparttriballoretotheyoungergeneration.2.oraladj.spoken;notwrittenverbal,vocal,voicedMostAfricancultureswerebasedonwhatiscalledanoraltradition.3.peakn.asharplypointedmountaintop;thehighestpointsummit,pinnacle,apexAfterthepeakyearof1957,thebirthrateinCanadabegantodecline.4.initiallyadv.atthebeginningoriginally,incipientlyThecharacteristicofjazzisarhythmicdrivethatwasinitiallycalled“hot”andlater“swing.”

5.scopen.thesizeorrangeofasubjectortopicextent,range,reachHowlongtherecessionisexpectedtolastwillaffectthescopeofmeasuresthebankmightadopt.6.tenuousadj.slight;withlittlestrengthorsubstancethin,vague,meagerOilpriceswerelittlechangedlastyearalthoughanalystssaidthestabilitywastenuous.7.staunchadj.dependablyloyaltrusty,steadfast,reliableThestaunchmembersoftheladies’groupwouldnotgiveuptheirfightfortherighttovote.8.overseev.towatchtoseethatworkisbeingproperlydonesupervise,superintend,directBeforethedeceasedoverseeandconductthelivesofthepeopletheyhaveleftbehind,anelaboratefuneralcelebrationmusttakeplace.9.mercyn.awillingnesstoforgive,nottopunishpity,compassion,kindness

Iftheopponentskilledtheiremissaryorrefusedtosurrender,theMongolsshowednomercy.10.mandatev.togiveauthorityorpowertosomeoneorsomething;tocommandtoactinacertainwayorder,dictate,commandIn1938,theFairLaborStandardsActmandatedaweeklymaximumof40hourstobeginin1940.11.marginaladj.onorinthemarginofapage;smallinimportanceoramountborderline,insignificantHistribewasoneofthepoorerones,livingnorthofthegreatGobiDesertinareaswithmarginalresources.12.meticulouslyadv.verycarefullypainstakingly,particularly,scrupulouslyInthepast,thingswerenotrecordedasmeticulouslyastheyaretoday.13.nomadn.amemberofapeoplewithoutpermanenthomesandwhotravelfromplacetoplacemigrant,roverTheAboriginesareprobablythedescendantsoftheseearlynomads,whomadetheirwaythroughsouthernAsiabothbyboatsacrossnarrowchannelsandacrosslandbridges.

14.ornamentn.somethingthatdecoratesoraddsgraceorbeautytoapersonorthingaccessory,adornment,decorationArticlesfornearlyeveryhouseholdactivityandornamentcouldbeboughtinRockinghamware.15.engulfv.toswallowsomethingcompletelydevour,swallowOverthenexttenyears,afiercecivilwarengulfedtheMongoltribesuntilGenghiswasmasterofthemall.16.eternaladj.lastingforeverandwithoutabeginningoranendtimeless,everlasting,immortalTheessenceoftheindividualiseternalandwillcontinuetoexistinthisworlduntilaproperfuneralceremonyhasbeenperformedtosendthepersonofftothenextstageofexistence.17.primaryadj.firstormostimportantchief,fundamental,principalInadditiontorevealingtheprimaryconcernsofasociety,thecontentofthatsociety’sartmayalsoreflecttheculture’ssocialstratification.18.prize

1)n.somethingwoninacompetitionorlottery2)v.tovalueorregardhighly1)award,reward2)treasure,cherishTheArtNouveaustylewaswidelycopiedintheirtimeandishighlyprizedtoday.19.foremostadj.firstinplace,order,orrank;leadingprimary,supreme,prominentTheodoreDreiser,theforemostnaturalistwriter,grimlyportrayedadarkworldinwhichhumanbeingsweretossedaboutbyforcesbeyondtheirunderstandingorcontrol.20.stereotypen.afixedideaorimagethatmanypeoplehaveofaparticulartypeofpersonorthingtype-castTheminstrelshowfeaturedwhiteactorsdressedinblackfaceandplayingupracialstereotypes.21.identicaladj.exactlysimilarineveryrespect;exactlyalikesame,twin,indistinguishableThistypeofwritingdescribesanimaginaryworldthatisidenticaltooursuptoacertainpointinhistory.22.representative1)adj.beinganexampleofwhatothermembersofthesamegrouparelike2)n.apersonorthingthatrepresentsanotherorothers

1)typical,symbolic2)deputy,delegateMostoftheseleaderswereinvolvedinpubliclifeasreformers,activistsworkingforwomen’srighttovote,orauthors,andwerenotrepresentativeatallofthegreatmassofordinarywomen.23.districtn.adivisionofterritory,asofacountry,state,orcountyarea,quarter,localityThedistrictinNewYorkCityknownasHarlemwasthecapitaloftheHarlemRenaissance.24.fabricatev.toinventormakeupastoryorevidence;tomakesomethingimagine,fake,manufactureDreiserthoughtthatwritersshouldtellthetruthabouthumanaffairs,notfabricateromance.25.fadev.toloseorcausetolosestrength,freshness,orcolor;tobecomedimwane,dull,cloudThesewriters,whocangenuinelybesaidtohavecreatedagenre,the“railroadnovel,”arenowmostlyforgotten,theirnameshavingfadedfrommemory.26.feudingadj.quarrelingbetweenfamilies,individuals,orclans;havingpersistentenmityconflicting,quarreling,hostileWestSideStorytransformedtheMontaguesandCapuletsofShakespeare’splayintofeuding

streetgangs,theJetsandtheSharks.27.originatev.tobringorcomeintobeingbegin,derive,stemThetermetiquetteoriginatedinFranceintheseventeenthcentury,butitisalsoacommontermtodayinEnglish.28.regardingprep.beingtalkedorwrittenaboutwithregardto,asto,asforTheimportanceofpunctualitycanbeseenthroughthemyriadproverbsandexpressionsalmosteveryculturehasregardingtime.29.distinct1)adj.noticeablydifferentorseparate2)adj.easilyseen,heard,orrecognized1)different,separate2)clear,explicitEveryPomobasketmakerknewhowtoproducefromfifteentotwentydistinctpatternsthatcouldbecombinedinanumberofdifferentways.30.lamentv.tofeelorexpressregretorsadnesssorrow,grieve,mournDeeplyphilosophicalhistorianslamentedtherolethatthenewfrenzyforbusinesswasplayinginerodingtraditionalvalues.

Chapter06UNIT22SocialSciences1.commodityn.somethingthatisboughtandsold,especiallyamanufacturedproductorrawmaterialproduct,merchandiseCorn,cotton,sugar,andmanyothergoodsareboughtandsoldincommoditymarkets.2.convenientadj.fittinginwithone’splans;notcausingtroubleordifficultysuitable,handy,nearbyAutomatictellermachinesprovideaconvenientmeansofbanking24hoursaday.3.monetaryadj.belongingorrelatingto,orconsistingof,moneyfinancial,fiscal,pecuniaryCanadaadoptedthedollarasitsmonetaryunitin1878.4.notionn.animpression,conception,orunderstandingconcept,idea,thoughtTheDepressionyearsofthe1930sbroughtwiththemthenotionofjobsharingtospreadavailableworkaround.5.furnace

n.anenclosedchamberinwhichheatisproducedforsmeltingmetalThefurnaceinthefactorywasturnedupashighaspossible.6.prolificadj.producingplentifulfruitoroffspring;producingmanyworksproductive,fertile,fruitfulAsearlyas1782,theprolificDelawareinventorOliverEvanshadbuiltahighlyautomated,labor-savingflourmilldrivenbywaterpower.7.routinen.aregularorunvaryingseriesofactionsorawayofdoingthingscustom,habit,procedureThemassproductionofpaperbagscostsolittlethatabagsoonbecamearoutinepartofalmosteverypurchase.8.monotonousadj.lackinginvariety;tediouslyunchangingrepetitious,tediousWhilefactoryworkwaslesscreativeandmoremonotonous,itwasalsomoreefficientandallowedmassproduction.9.posturen.thegeneralwayofholdingthebody;awayofbehavingonaparticularoccasionposition,pose,stanceThegovernmentestablishedtariffbarriers,providedloansandgrantstobuilda

transcontinentalrailroad,andassumedastudiedpostureofnoninterventioninprivateenterprise.10.accommodatingadj.helpful;willingtodowhatanotherpersonwantscooperative,hospitable,kindThegovernmentwasnothingifnotaccommodating.11.contentv.tosatisfyortomakeoneselforanothersatisfiedplease,gladden,gratifyMostothercitiescontentedthemselveswithzoningplansforregulatingfuturegrowth.12.distinguishv.tomakeoutoridentifysomethingdiscriminate,separate,differentiateIn1870,thecensusofficiallydistinguishedthenation’s“urban”fromits“rural”populationforthefirsttime.13.justifyv.toproveorshowsomethingtoberight,just,orreasonablelegitimate,vindicate,rationalizeTheslaveownersjustifiedslaverybysayingitwasthenaturalorderofeventsandthattheAfricans’placeintheworldwasasslaves.

14.obligev.tobindsomeonemorallyorlegally;tocompelrequire,force,coerceSlaveownerswereobligedtocareforthenonproductiveAfricans,whichincludedtheyoung,aged,andinfirm.15.outbreakn.asudden,usuallyviolent,beginningoroccurrenceoutburst,rashInthefifteenyearspriortotheoutbreakoftheWarofIndependencein1775,morethan200,000immigrantsarrivedonNorthAmericanshores.16.overwhelmingadj.physicallyormentallycrushing;intenselypowerfuloverpowering,formidable,uncontrollableThenewplaywassosuccessfulthatthedemandforticketswasoverwhelming.17.packv.tostowgoodscompactlyincases;toputgoodsintoacontainercram,fill,packageMajorcitieswerepackedwithpeoplebasicallylivingontopofeachother.18.sprawlingadj.spreadingorextendinginanirregular,straggling,oruntidywayspreading,extending,stretching

LosAngeleswasadecentralizedmetropolis,sprawlingacrossthedesertlandscapeoveranareaof400squaremiles.19.counterv.tooppose,actagainst,orhitbackcontradict,retaliate,frustrateOnemethodtocounterdesertificationthatisbeingusedistheplantingofleguminousplants.20.senatorn.amemberofasenatepoliticianApersonmustbeatleastthirtyyearsoldinordertoserveasaU.S.senator.21.temporaryadj.lasting,acting,orusedforalimitedperiodoftimeonlymomentary,transient,provisionalThecityofMemphiswasanimportantConfederatemilitarycenterduringtheCivilWarandservedasthetemporarystatecapitalin1862.22.property1)n.somethingwhichisowned2)n.aquality,power,oreffectthatbelongsnaturallytosomething1)possessions,belongings2)characteristic,traitFewerthan25percentofthe245,000whotookuplandundertheactobtainedfinaltitletotheproperty.

23.campaign1)n.anorganizedseriesofactionsintendedtogainsupportfororbuildupoppositiontoaparticularpracticeorgroup2)v.toorganizeortakepartinacampaign1)operation,drive2)run,electioneerCampaigningontelevisionmeansthat,increasingly,ourpoliticalworldcontainsmemorablepicturesratherthanmemorablewords.24.urgev.totryveryhardtopersuade;tosuggeststronglypress,push,requestTheLeagueofWomenVotersurgesallcitizenstovote.25.deployv.tospreadoutandpositiontroopstogetreadyforbattleThegeneralwasreluctanttodeployhistroopsintotheenemy-controlledtown.26.backlashn.asuddenviolentreactiontoanactionorsituationbackfire,counteraction,repercussionThencamethebacklashinthe1920s.AmericawastrickedintothewarbytheBritishandFrench,saidmany.27.evidence1)n.informationorsomethingelsethatgivesgroundsforbelief

2)v.tobeevidenceofsomething;toprove1)proof,ground2)demonstrate,revealEmotionalhealthisevidencedinthevoicebyfreeandmelodicsoundsofthehappy,bytheconstrictedandharshsoundsoftheangry,andbythedullandlethargicqualitiesofthedepressed.28.concentratev.togivefullattentionandenergytosomethingorsomeonefocus,center,intensifyAdultssometimesmistakechildren’scuriosityabouteverythingasalackofabilitytoconcentrate.29.meansn.theinstrumentormethodusedtoachievesomeobjectprocess,manner,wayIncreasingly,schoolswereviewedasthemostimportantmeansofintegratingimmigrantsintoAmericansociety.30.compulsoryadj.requiredbytherulesorlawobligatory,mandatoryTheuseofseatbeltsiscompulsoryinmanystates;failuretowearthemmayresultinfines.

Chapter06UNIT23NaturalSciences1.outline1)n.alinethatmarkstheouteredgeofanobject2)v.togiveabriefdescriptionofsomething1)contour,silhouette2)delineate,draftCharlesTownesandArthurSchawlowwrotealongpaperoutliningtheconditionsneededtoamplifystimulatedemissionofvisiblelightwaves.2.interchangeableadj.capableofbeingputorusedinplaceofsomethingelseequivalent,identicalPotashandsodaarenotinterchangeableforallpurposes,butforglass-orsoap-making,eitherwilldo.3.mutualadj.havingorbasedonthesamerelationshipofonetowardstheotherreciprocal,interactiveItseemsthatallallosaursworkedtogetherformutualprotectionandnourishment.4.latentadj.presentorexistinginanundevelopedorhiddenformdormant,potential,undevelopedTheprimarysourceofenergyfortropicalcyclonesisthelatentheatreleasedwhenwatervaporcondenses.

5.oozev.tofloworleakoutgentlyorslowlyleak,exude,secretePrecipitationsuchasrainandwatercanenterdirectlyintothepoolofnuclearwaste,mixwithit,andoozeoutintotheenvironment.6.herbivoren.aplant-eatinganimalAnyplantspeciesoftenhasmanywaystodefenditselffromherbivores.7.hostileadj.expressingenmity,aggression,orangryoppositionantagonistic,inhospitable,unfriendlyThedeep-oceanbottomisahostileenvironmenttohumans.8.crawlv.tomovealongthegroundslowly;tomovealongonone’shandsandkneescreep,worm,squirmAthree-foot-longoctopuscancrawlthroughaholelessthanoneinchindiameter.9.interventionn.anactofintervening,especiallyintheaffairsofotherpeopleorcountriesinterference,interruption

Ordinarylightisemittedspontaneouslywhenatomsormoleculesgetridofexcessenergybythemselveswithoutanyoutsideintervention.10.nocturnaladj.happeningoractiveatnightnightlyMostmicearenocturnal,buttheAfricangrassmouseisactiveduringdaylighthours.11.abyssn.adeepandbottomlessholeabysm,bottomlessgulfInthedarkabyssofthedeepsea,theonlylightisproducedbyluminescentfish.12.palatableadj.havingapleasanttasteappetizing,tasty,savoryMenhadenareasmallfishbelongingtothehaddockfamily,buttheyarenotverypalatabletohumans.13.fine-tuningn.slightadjustmentstosomethingtoobtainoptimumperformanceIntheworldofbirds,billdesignisaprimeexampleofevolutionaryfine-tuning.14.grumblev.tocomplaininabad-temperedway

complain,gripe,mutterHisletterthefollowingyeargrumbledthathislivestockwasalldead.15.soleadj.beingtheonlyonesingular,unique,lonePheromonesarethepredominantmediumofcommunicationamonginsectsbutarerarelythesolemethod.16.spanv.toformanarchorbridgeover;togofromoneendtotheotherendofbridge,cross,stretchoverTheplover’smostfamousstratagemisthebroken-wingdisplay,whichisactuallyacontinuumofinjury-mimickingbehaviorspanningtherangefromslightdisabilitytonear-completehelplessness.17.invadev.toattackoroverrun;toenteracountrybyforcewithanarmyencroach,overrun,raidMoltenmaterialwellsoutoftheEarth’sinteriortoinvadethesurfacelayersortoflowontothesurfaceitself.18.intervaln.aperiodoftimebetweentwoeventsinterim,intermission,pause

However,atintervalsof10to100years,theseglaciersmoveforwardupto100timesfasterthanusual.19.intricateadj.fullofcomplicated,interrelating,ortangleddetailsorpartscomplex,tangled,involvedThegeyserislinkedbyanintricateplumbingnetworktosomeextremelyhotrocks.20.intrusionn.anactorprocessofintruding,especiallyonsomeoneelse’spropertyencroachment,interruptionMan’sintrusionintothedeltassometimesupsetsthebalanceofnature.21.marginn.theblankspacearoundapageofwritingorprintboundary,edge,rimNewoceaniccrustisformedalongoneormoremarginsofeachplatebymaterialissuingfromdeeperlayersoftheEarth’scrust.22.modifyv.tochangetheformorqualityofsomething,usuallyonlyslightlyrevise,amend,adjustRaindissolves,transports,andprecipitatesmanychemicalcompoundsandisconstantlymodifyingthefaceoftheEarth.

23.deductionn.aprocessofreasoningusinggeneralrulesorprinciplestoformajudgmentconclusion,reasoningStrictlyspeaking,the“true”naturalscienceisinthesetoffacts,notthedeductions.24.dampadj.slightlywetmoist,humid,dankFloridahasahumidclimate.Summersthereareparticularlyhotanddamp.25.recedev.togoormovebackorbackwardretreat,withdraw,gobackAttheendoftheIceAge,theglaciersbegantorecede.26.rudimentaryadj.oforrelatingtobasicfactsorprinciplesbasic,fundamental,elementaryIntheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheat,whichwasessentialtothescienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.27.altituden.theheight,especiallyabovesealevel,ofamountain,aircraft,orsomethingelseelevation,height,levelAthigheraltitudes,theparticlecools,andthemoistureitcarriesisprecipitatedasrainor

snow.28.revolvev.tomoveorturn,ortomakesomethingmoveorturn,inacircleturn,rotate,spinAlltheplanetsinthesolarsystemexceptMercuryandVenushavenaturalsatellites,whichareobjectsthataroundrevolveplanets.29.devourv.toeatupsomethinggreedilygulp,swallow,gorgeBlackholesareareasofmassivegravitationalenergythatdevourallthingstheypass,includingstars.30.dominatev.tohavecommandorinfluenceoversomeoneorsomethingcontrol,govern,reignThelightfromthenearbyVirgoGalaxysetoutwhenreptilesstilldominatedtheanimalworld.

Chapter06UNIT24AppliedSciences1.presumablyadv.supposedly;probablysupposedly,likely,seeminglyTheruralpotteryestablishmentontheislandofThasosproducedmanytypesofpotteryandrooftiles,too,presumablytomeetlocaldemand.2.picturesqueadj.charmingtolookat,especiallyifitisratherquaintscenic,pictorial,attractiveWithitscharmingshopsandrestaurants,OldTownisthemostpicturesquesectionofAlbuquerque.3.predecessorn.thepersonwhoformerlyheldajoborpositionnowheldbysomeoneelse;somethingformerlyusedforerunner,antecedent,forebearEighteenth-centuryhousesshowedgreatinteriorimprovementsovertheirpredecessors.4.recommendationn.anofficialsuggestionaboutthebestthingtodoadvice,counsel,guidanceTheplanimpressedtheuniversityofficials,and,intime,manyofitsrecommendationswereimplemented.

5.convivialadj.pleasantlymerryandfriendlygala,jolly,sociableAmericanhotelsmadeothernationalconventionsnotonlypossiblebutalsopleasantandconvivial.6.pursuev.tofollowsomeoneorsomethinginordertoovertakechase,follow,traceFewpredatorsfailtopursuesuchobviouslyvulnerableprey.7.raidv.toattackonaperson,place,orsomethingelsetododamageattack,invadeEventhefewprotectedpartsinHaitiareraidedfortheirprizedtrees.8.waryadj.lookingoutfordanger;carefulcircumspect,vigilant,cautiousYoumustbewarywhenbuyingausedcar;besuretheengineisingoodcondition.9.exposurecf.exposen.theactofexposingorthestateofbeingexposeddisclosure,uncovering,baring

Humanpopulationsneartheequatorallhavedarkskinovermanygenerationsbecauseofexposuretothefierceraysofthesun.10.generatev.toproduceorcreatesomethingcreate,manufacture,breedItishopedthattheerrorsgeneratedbyimperfectandincompletetaxonomywillbeminimized.11.pungentadj.sharpandstrong;cleverlycausticorbitingbitter,biting,tartCertainspicesgivefoodsapungenttaste.12.renderv.tocausetobeorbecomemake,becomeRapidecologicalchangemayrenderanenvironmenthostiletoaspecies.13.inhabitv.toliveinoroccupyaplacedwellin,residein,liveinThefactthathalfoftheknownspeciesarethoughttoinhabittheworld’srainforestsdoesnotseemsurprising.

14.genesisn.anoriginorgenerationorigin,beginning,generationLife’stransitionfromtheseatothelandwasperhapsasmuchofanevolutionarychallengeaswasthegenesisoflife.15.crunchn.themomentofdecisionorcrisiscrisis,criticalpoint,decisiontimeHybridcarshavebeenaroundinoneformoranothersincetheearlyseventiesduringtheoilcrunchintheU.S.16.impairv.todamageorweakensomething,especiallyintermsofitsqualityorstrengthdamage,injure,harmAlcoholcanimpairone’sabilitytodrive.17.potentadj.havingaverypowerfuleffectorinfluencepowerful,mighty,effectiveMorphine,aformofsyntheticheroin,isapotentpainkiller.18.curativeadj.abletoortendingtocureremedial,restorative,therapeutic

Somepeoplebelievethatthecrystalsofcertainmineralshavecurativepowers.19.densitycf.densen.thedegreetowhichanareaisfilledwithpeopleorthingssolidness,thicknessOurboneandmusclestructuresaswellastheirdensityarepredeterminedbyourgenes.20.elongatev.tolengthenorstretchsomethingoutextend,prolong,lengthenTheactualeyeballisoblongandelongatedlength-wisefromthefronttotherear.21.enthusiasticadj.showinglivelyinterest;extremelykeenpassionate,eager,ferventSomeexpertswereenthusiasticaboutthemedicinewhileotherssaiditwasonlyeffectiveforafewmonths.22.circulatorycf.circulateadj.relatingtothecirculationofthebloodorsomethingelseHerbshaveamoredirectinfluencethanacupunctureonthebody’sphysicalsystems,suchasthecirculatorysystem.23.concomitant(with)adj.accompanyingbecauseoforasaresultofsomethingelse

concurrent,coincidental,accompanyingConcomitantwiththeincreasinguseofdonoreggs,theproportionofwomenwithmultiplebirthsoverage40hasincreasedaswell.24.cruxn.themostimportantpartofaproblem,question,argument,orsomethingelsecore,gist,pivotTheherbalistsattempttotreatthesourceofthehealthproblemratherthansimplygetridofthesymptoms,whichissomethingthatmanyargueistheflawedcruxofWesternmedicinaltechniques.25.resistantadj.abletoresistsomething;notaffectedbysomethingdefiant,unsubmissive,imperviousCeramicscanbeharder,lighter,andmoreresistanttoheatthanmetals.26.impurityn.somethingthatrenderssomethingelseimpurecontaminant,pollutantEmeraldsgettheirbeautifulgreencolorfromtitaniumandchromiumimpuritiesinthestone.27.modulatev.tovarythestrengthornatureofsomething;tochangeoraltertune,adjust,regulateTheorganism’sabilitytomodulateachemicalsignalislimitedwhencomparedwith

communicationbyvisualoracousticmeans.28.alloyn.amaterialconsistingofamixtureoftwoormoremetalscomposite,compound,mixtureDespitetheirlightweight,aluminumalloyscanbeverystrong.29.toleratev.tobearorenduresomeoneorsomethingbear,endure,standAnotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals.30.expelv.todriveorforceoutorawayeject,dislodge,removeAspongefeedsitselfbydrawingwaterthroughtinyporesonitssurface,filteringoutfoodparticles,andthenexpellingthewaterthroughlargervents.

Chapter07UNIT25Humanities1.vanishv.tobecomeinvisibleorunnoticeabledisappear,dissipate,evaporateAsthefrontiervanished,greatfactoriesandvastagriculturalholdingsmarkedtheland.2.longingcf.longforn.anintensedesireoryearningcraving,desire,wishTulipbulbsweresentfromEuropetotheUnitedStatestosatisfythenostalgiclongingsofhomesickEnglishandDutchsettlers.3.meteoriccf.meteoradj.belongingorrelatingtometeors;veryrapidfleeting,swiftAnumberofcircumstancescontributedtothemeteoricriseofLosAngeles.4.noveladj.notlikeanythingknownbeforenew,unusual,creativeTheenginethatbecamestandardonwesternsteamboatswasadifferentandnoveldesign.5.obsolete

adj.nolongerinuseorinpracticeoutofdate,outmoded,old-fashionedUntilrefrigeratorsmadeitobsolete,theiceindustrysuppliedcitydwellerswithblocksofice.6.coercev.toforceorcompelsomeonetodosomethingbyusingthreatsforce,fore,oblige,makeAsforItalians,theRussiansonlymetthereluctantfewwhomHitlermanagedtocoerceforhisRussiancampaign.7.conquerv.togainpossessionordominionoveraterritorybyforcedefeat,subdue,vanquishWithhishorse-riding,arrow-shootinghordes,heconqueredaterritorygreaterthananyotherleadereitherbeforeorafterhim.8.consumev.touseuptime,money,goodsorsomethingelseexhaust,deplete,expendItisclearthathumansbegantocarrytheirfoodtocentralplaces,calledhomebases,whereitwassharedandconsumed.9.disputen.anargumentoradisagreementbetweentwopeopleorgroupsdebate,discussion,controversy

Thevillagechiefdealtwithlanddisputesandreligiousaffairs.10.plateaun.anextensiveareaofrelativelyflathighlandthatisusuallyboundedbysteepsidesmesa,tableland,highlandMesaVerdeislocatedinthehighplateaulandsnearFourCorners,whereColorado,Utah,NewMexico,andArizonacometogether.11.poren.oneofthesimilarsmallholesinthesurfaceofaplantorarockopening,orifice,holeFossilsarefrequentlyverydensebecausetheporesandotherspacesintheboneshavebecomefiledwithmineralstakenupfromthesurroundingsediments.12.sacredadj.religiousinnatureoruseholy,divine,saintedThesacredobjectsofthefamilywereunderthecontroloftheoldestfemale.13.staple1)n.aneconomicallyimportantproduct2)n.amajorconstituentofaparticularcommunity’sdiet1)merchandise,provision2)necessity,basicThoughothersweresometimesused,thesefourmaterialswerethestaplesoftheirfinestbasketry.

14.storyn.anyofthelevelsonwhichabuildingisbuiltfloor,level,tierThelargestPueblobuildingshadfivestoriesandmorethan800rooms.15.exaltedadj.raisedorelevated,asinrankorcharacter;nobleorelevatedlofty,noble,honoredTheartisans’products,primarilysilverplatesandbowls,reflectedtheirexaltedstatusandtestifiedtotheircustomers’prominence.16.foen.apersonwhofeelsenmityorhatredtowardanotherenemy,adversary,opponentHumansorganizetheirsocietiesinsuchawaytoobtainameasureofsecurityfromaharshandhazardousenvironmentmadeupofhumanfoes,famine,andplagues.17.realization1)n.anawarenessofsomething2)n.makingsomethingreal1)recognization,comprehension2)actualizationSatirejarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.18.secure

v.tomakefreefromdangerorriskprotect,guard,defendInadditiontosecuringanexhibitionspaceintheLibrarySocietyBuildinginlowerManhattan,thesocietyfoundedasmallschoolfortheinstructionofwatercolorpainting.19.ensconcev.tohidesafelyhide,conceal,cacheThekeywasensconcedunderthewelcomemat.20.markedadj.obviousornoticeableconspicuous,pronounced,evidentCitizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-class,republicshavealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.21.mediumn.somethingbyorthroughwhichaneffectisproducedmeans,method,modeImplicitinitisanaestheticprincipleaswellthatthemediumhascertainqualitiesofbeautyandexpressiveness.22.monopolizev.tohaveamonopolyorexclusivecontroloftradeinacommodityorservicecontrol,dominate

Theolderpainterspracticedinamodethatwasoftenself-taughtandmonopolizedbythesubjectmatterofthelandscape.23.optimisticadj.disposedtotakeafavorableviewofeventsorconditionspositive,hopeful,idealisticTheendingofthepoemisoptimistic,makingitverydifferentfromthedark,pessimisticoutcomeofSmith’s.24.tantrumn.anoutburstofchildishorpetulantbadtemperblowup,rage,furySpoiledchildrenareapttohavetantrumswhentheydonotgettheirway.25.flushv.toblushortomakesomeoneblushorgored;toanimateredden,excite,encourageTheartmovementknownasRegionalismbeganintheUnitedStateswhentheDepressionoccurred,butitreallyflushedbeforethe1930s.26.improvisationn.thecreativeactivityofimmediatemusicalcompositionextemporization,ad-libbingOperaseriaeschewedimaginationandimprovisationinfavoroffamiliarstorylines,mostoftenGreek.

27.strictadj.demandingobedienceorthecloseobservanceofrulesaustere,rigid,rigorousManyparentsplacestrictlimitsonthekindsofshowstheirchildrenmayseeandthenumberofhoursallowedfortelevisionviewing.28.utterancen.theactofspeakingstatement,expressionThesoundsthataninfantnoticesmightbethewordsthatoftenoccurattheendsofutterances.29.fidelityn.faithfulness;devotionloyalty,dedicationMostimportantwasthattheartistshadallmaintained,withacertainfidelity,amanneroftechniqueandcompositionconsistentwiththoseofAmerica’sfirstpopularlandscapeartist.30.irrelevantcf.relevantadj.notconnectedwiththesubjectathand;besidethepointunrelated,impertinent,inappropriateEspeciallybecauseofwriterswhoplacesomuchimportanceonsounditself,themeaningsofthewordsbecomeallbutirrelevant.

Chapter07UNIT26SocialSciences1.durableadj.lastingalongtimewithoutbreakinglasting,persistent,enduringEconomistsdefinedurablegoodsasonesintendedtolastmorethanfourmonths.2.indifferentadj.alackofinterest,feeling,orreactiontowardsomethingorsomeoneunconcerned,detached,uncaringStockholdersmaybetooindifferenttovoteincorporateelections,sotheyletmanagementvoteforthembyproxy.3.expendablecf.expendadj.notvaluableenoughtobeworthpreservingdispensable,nonessential,unnecessarySomeworkerslosttheirjobswhennewtechnologiesmadetheirlaborcheaporexpendable.4.insurancen.anagreementinwhichonepartypromisestopayanothermoneyintheeventofalossassuranceAnumberofinsurancecompanieshavetheirheadquartersinHartford,Connecticut.5.kinfolk

n.one’srelations;themembersofone’sfamilykin,kindred,familyIntownsandcities,thenuclearfamilywasmoredependentonitsimmediateneighborsthanonkinfolk.6.lucrativeadj.affordingfinancialgaingainful,profitableEventoday,NorthAtlanticcommercialflightsremainthemostlucrativemarketintheworld.7.appraisev.tojudgetheworth,quality,orconditionofsomeoneorsomething;tofindoutthevalueestimate,evaluateJewelersaresometimesaskedtoappraisejewelryforinsurancepurposes.8.out-of-dateadj.outofstyleorfashion;outmodedold-fashioned,outdated,obsoleteSubsequentreformshavemadethepriornotionsseemquiteoutofdate.9.barnn.abuildinginwhichgrainorhayisstoredorabuildingforhousinganimalsstallOtherartisansworkedintheirhomesorbarns,relyingonthehelpoffamilymembersorapprentices.

10.collectiveadj.belongingtoorinvolvingallthemembersofagroupcombined,communalExpressiveleadershipisthatwhichemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smembers.11.compact1)adj.firmanddenseinformortexture2)adj.neatlyconcise1)dense,condensed2)succinct,briefCitydwellersalsodevelopedotherpleasures,whichonlycompactcommunitiesmadepossible.12.affluentadj.havingmorethanenoughmoneyrich,wealthy,well-offScholarshipsallowstudentsfromlessaffluentfamiliestoattendcollege.13.ponderousadj.slowandawkwardbecauseofgreatsizeandweightheavy,massiveTheseponderousmachinesreapedthegrain,threshedit,andbaggedit,allinonesimultaneousoperation.14.proponent

n.asupporteroradvocateofsomething;someonewhoarguesinfavorofacauseadvocate,backerProponentsofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipwouldensurewidespreadaccesstotheseutilities.15.deformityn.animperfectionofthebody,especiallyonethatcanbeseenabnormalityTheoffspringofanimalsmaysometimesbebornwithaninjuryorphysicaldeformity.16.reapv.tocutandgathergrainorsomethingelseharvest,acquire,gainTheurbanpoorreapedfewbenefitsfromhouseholdimprovements.17.bruntn.themainforceorshockofabloworattackonslaught,violence,impact,shockTheAmericansborethebruntofthePacificfightingduringthewar.18.censorshipn.thepracticeofcensoringsomethingsuppressionRarelycouldtheyseesuchamovieinthecountryduetocensorshipbythegovernment.

19.pledgev.topromisemoneyorsomethingelsetosomeone;tooffersomethingasaguaranteepromise,oath,vowTheRepublicanPartypledgedtheenactmentofalawgrantingfreehomesteadstosettlerswhowouldhelpintheopeningoftheWest.20.cozy1)adj.snuglywarmandcomfortable2)adj.markedbyfriendlyintimacy1)snug,comfortable2)intimateBefore1754,BritainandtheNorthAmericancolonieshadacozyrelationship,but,afterthat,theirrelationshipbecamestrained.21.outspokenadj.sayingexactlywhatonethinks;frankcandid,direct,forthrightRogerWilliamswasthefounderofthecolonyofRhodeIslandandanoutspokenadvocateofreligiousandpoliticalfreedom.22.penalizecf.penaltyv.toimposeapenaltyonsomeoneforwrongdoingpunish,handicap,sentenceRecyclingismandatoryinmostmajorcitiestoday,andviolatorsmaybepenalizeduptofivehundreddollars.

23.poll1)n.apoliticalelection;asurveyofpublicopinion2)v.toconductanopinionpollamongpeople1)vote,survey2)sample,interviewA1990surveyfoundthatover80percentofthosepolledclaimedtobelieveinGod.24.promotev.tohelpsomethingtodeveloporincreaseadvance,boost,advertiseThereisanactthatpresidentshavereliedoninthepasttopromoteboththeinterestsoftheUnitedStatesaswellastheirown.25.prospectn.anexpectationofsomethingdueorlikelytohappenexpectation,outlook,anticipationPeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.26.spatialadj.belonging,referringto,orrelatingtospaceLosAngeleswasaproductoftheautoage;itsdistinctivespatialorganizationdependedonwidespreadprivateownershipofautomobiles.27.observe1)v.tonoticeorbecomeconsciousofsomething2)v.toobey,follow,orkeepalaw,custom,orreligiousrite

1)examine,monitor2)obey,followForalongtime,we’vebeenabletoobservetheeffectsoffearonthehumanbodybutnotinthebrain.28.circumstantialadj.basedonsomethingthatappearstobetruebutisnotprovenpresumptive,deduced,inferredCircumstantialevidenceisthatwhichisnotdrawnfromthedirectobservationofafact.29.backbonen.thespinalcolumn;amainsupportormajorsustainingfactorspine,buttress,pillarBy1771,whenentrepreneurMarkBirdestablishedtheblastfurnaceinPennsylvania,ironmakinghadbecomethebackboneofAmericanindustry.30.plaguen.anyofseveralepidemicdiseaseswithahighmortalityratescourge,epidemic,pestilenceTheplaguethenspreadbyseatradeonshipsintotheMediterraneanandtotheislandSicily,whereitgotitsfirstfootholdonEurope.

Chapter07UNIT27NaturalSciences1.ampleadj.morethanenoughabundant,plentiful,sufficientThereisampleevidencethatwateronceexistedonthesurfaceofMarsandmightreturninthefutureiftheplanetwarms.2.penetratev.tofindawayintosomething;toentersomething,especiallywithdifficultypierce,puncture,gothroughCleanerwaterallowssunlighttopenetratetogreaterdepths.3.preliminaryadj.occurringatthebeginning;preparatoryprior,initial,introductoryIttakesaboutfouryearsforanewaircraftmodeltomovefromthepreliminarydesignstagetothefull-productionstage.4.gravitationn.theforceofattractionbetweenanytwomassesgravity,attractionGravitationkeepsthemooninorbitaroundEarth.

5.horizontaladj.atrightanglestoverticallevel,flat,planeMoreairisinvolvedinthosehorizontalmovementsthaninverticalmovements.6.inducev.topersuade,influence,orcausesomeonetodosomething;tocauselead,urge,influenceScientistshopetoattachdifferentchemicalstothetipofthescanningmicroscopetoinducechemicalreactionsatprecisespots.7.injectionn.anactofforcingliquidintosomethinginstillation,inoculation,shotFuelinjectionenginesemployinjectorsinsteadofacarburetortosprayfuelintothecylinders.8.traitn.aparticularqualityinsomeone’scharactercharacteristic,feature,propertyTraitssuchashaircolorandeyecolorareinheritedgeneticallyfromone’sparents.9.courtshipn.thecourtingorwooingofanintendedspousecourting,wooing

Billclappingisacommonpartofcourtshipbystorks,andbillsnappingisacommonthreatbyowls.10.jeopardyn.thedangerofharm,loss,ordestructionhazard,peril,riskWhengroupsofchimpanzeesbecomefragmentedandisolatedfromeachother,theirowngeneticmakeupisplacedinjeopardy.11.lairn.awildanimal’sdenhole,burrow,caveDinosaurshadnestsorlairswheretheylaidtheeggs.12.fromafarph.faroff;alongwayofffromadistanceToluretheirpollinatorsfromafar,orchidsuseappropriatelyintriguingshapes,colors,andscents.13.departfromph.tostartdoingsomethingdifferentornotplanneddiverge,deviate,differfromDesertmammalsdepartfromthenormalmammalianpracticeofmaintainingaconstantbodytemperature.

14.matureadj.fullygrownordevelopedadult,ripened,agedItsfeaturesarestriking,asamaturewhoopingcraneisallwhiteandstandsfivefeettallwithawingspanofabouteightfeet.15.heretoforeadv.beforeoruptothistime;formerlyhitherto,theretofore,thusfarResearchersareconfidentthatthediscoverieswillprovideinvaluablecluesaboutthisheretoforemysteriousprocess.16.pouncev.toleaporswooponavictimorprey,especiallywhentryingtocaptureitjump,spring,leapWhenatigerspotsitsprey,itcrouchesandthenpounces.17.immunityn.thestateofbeingimmunetoadisease;thestateofbeingprotectedfromunpleasantthingsexemption,invulnerability,nonliabilityThehumanimmunesystemreactsdefensively,andimmunityisstimulatedwithoutillness.18.rapidityn.arapidstateorquality;quicknessswiftness,speediness,promptness

Thelastfigureshowstheimportanceoftheoceanastheprincipalreservoirofthehydrosphereandalsotherapidityofwatertransportonthecontinents.19.rigidadj.completelystiffandinflexible;unwillingtochangefirm,hard,stubbornThehard,rigidplatesthatformtheoutermostportionoftheEarthareabout100kilometersthick.20.tapv.tostartusingasource,supply,orsomethingelseuse,utilizeGeothermalenergyisapotentiallyinexhaustibleenergysourcethathasbeentappedbyhumansforcenturiesbut,untilrecentyears,onlyonasmallscale.21.grindv.tocrushsomethingintosmallparticlesorpowderbetweentwohardsurfacespound,pulverize,millBecauseoftheirhardness,industrialdiamondscanbeusedforcutting,grinding,anddrilling.22.groundwatern.waterwhichoccursintherocksbeneaththesurfaceoftheEarthundergroundwater,subsurfacewaterManycommunitiesaredependentongroundwaterobtainedfromwellsfortheirwatersupply.

23.inaccessibleadj.difficultorimpossibletoapproach,reach,orobtainunapproachable,unobtainable,unreachableUntilaboutacenturyago,thedeep-oceanfloorwascompletelyinaccessible.24.infringe(on)v.tobreakortoviolatealaworoathintrude,impinge,trespassWhilemanyanxiousparentsmaywelcomethis,othersarealreadybeginningtowonderiftheGPSrevolutionisjustanotherwayforthegovernmenttoinfringeonitscitizens’privacy.25.deltan.amore-or-lesstriangularareaofsedimentsdepositedatthemouthofariverTheAmazonRiverhasthelargestdeltaintheworld,andtheYellowRiverinChinahasthegreatestsedimentflow,whichisveryimportantindeltaformation.26.sturdyadj.thickandstrong-lookingstrong,solid,well-builtBecausetheymustbeabletobreakapaththroughiceboundwaters,icebreakershavetobeverysturdyboats.27.instantaneouslyadv.inaninstant;ataparticularinstantimmediately,directly,promptly

Communicationssatellitescantransmitdataaroundtheworldcheaplyandinstantaneously.28.phenomenonn.somethingthathappensorexistsinsociety,science,ornatureevent,happening,occurrenceThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearinEarth’satmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.29.compilev.tocollectandorganizeinformationputtogether,collect,gatherModerncomputerscanquicklycompileandanalyzealargevolumeofweatherinformation.30.vastadj.extremelygreatinsize,extent,oramountgreat,enormous,hugeItisnowknownthatthevastmajorityofthemoon’scraterswereformedbytheimpactofsolidbodieswiththelunarsurface.

Chapter07UNIT28AppliedSciences1.combinev.tojointogetherconnect,link,uniteBecauseoftheurbanheatislandeffect,severalcharacteristicsofurbanareascombinetoelevateartificiallytheambienttemperature.2.projection1)n.theprocessofbeingprojected2)n.somethingthatprotrudesfromasurface1)presentation2)bulge,protrusionThehatchdomeisasmoothdesignwithnoprojectionstoeasilyattachto.3.meageradj.lackinginqualityorquantityscant,sparse,thinSeattle’sparkdevelopmentwasverylimited,anditsfundingwasmeager.4.muraln.apaintingthatispainteddirectlyontoawallwallpainting,frescoMuralstellnarrativestoriesthroughvisualimages.

5.deckn.aplatformextendingfromonesideofashiptotheotherandformingafloororcoveringfloorTheobservationdeckattheEmpireStateBuildinghasbeenfeaturedprominentlyinseveralmovies.6.uniqueadj.beingtheonlyoneofitskind;unusuallygoodandspecialsingle,only,unequaledWhatunusualoruniquebiologicaltraitledtotheremarkablediversificationandunchallengedsuccessofantsforover50millionyears?7.ultimatelyadv.atlast;intheendfinally,eventually,inthelongrunOtherspeciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetition,and,ultimately,thedeathofaspecies.8.rareadj.notdone,found,oroccurringveryoftenscarce,unusual,uncommonOntherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors.9.ecosystemn.acommunityoflivingthingsandtheirrelationshipstotheirsurroundings

Humanshavebecomeexpertsatdestroyingtheworldandtheecosystemsinwhichtheylive.10.measuren.asystemofmeasurement;theprocessofascertainingthequantityofsomethinggauge,scale,estimationAbsentanobjectivemeasure,therefore,therangeofestimatesiswide.11.equivalentadj.equalinvalue,power,ormeaningcomparable,corresponding,equalStudieshaveshownthatitcoststheequivalentofaboutadollaragallontorechargeaplug-inhybrid’senergytank.12.eschewv.toavoid,keepawayfrom,orabstainfromsomethingevade,escape,avoidWeshouldaccepttheresponsibilityofsavingtheenvironmentbyeschewingnon-hybridcarsformoreenvironmentallyfriendlyplug-inhybrids.13.eternityn.timeregardedashavingnoendperpetuity,infinity,timelessnessTheanimalmaysoonbeanotheronelostforeternitytohumangreed.

14.custodiann.someonewhocaresforsomething,likeapublicbuildingorancientmonumentcaretaker,guardian,watchmanTherefore,boththeoceanandthehumanbodyhaveakindofcustodianthatmaintainstheirbacterialevels.15.debilitatev.tomakesomeoneweakorweakerweaken,enervateIfbacterialevelsincreaseandgetoutofcontrol,theycantakeholdofasystem,overrunit,andbecomedebilitating.16.floran.thewildplantsofaparticularregion,country,ortimeperiodvegetation,greenery,herbageTheseplanshavebeendesignedtoprotecttheendangeredfloraandfaunaaswell.17.aggravatev.tomakesomethingworse;toexasperateorirritateexacerbate,worsen,botherThetreatmentonlyaggravatedthecondition.18.circulatev.tomoveortocausetomovearoundfreely,especiallyinafixedroutecircle,flow,movearound

Theheartmustbeatmoreforcefullyifitistocirculatethesameamountofblood.19.blockagen.thestateofbeingblockedorprevented;somethingthatisstoppingmovementinanarrowplaceobstruction,impasseThesepathwaysmightsufferblockageorbedisruptedforvariousreasons.20.clotn.athick,almostsolid,massformedwhenbloodormilkdriescoagulation,lumpThiscancauseseriousproblems.Aclot,oralumpofblood,canform.21.compatibleadj.abletoassociateorcoexistagreeablyagreeable,consistent,harmoniousInatransfusion,apatientmustreceiveabloodtypethatiscompatiblewithhisblood.22.besiegev.tosurroundatownorstrongholdwithanarmylaysiegeto,blockade,surroundAlmostdaily,thepublicisbesiegedbyclaimsfor“no-aging”diets,newvitamins,andotherwonderfoods.23.intoxication

n.aconditioninwhichcertaincentersinthebrainareaffectedbytoxicsubstancespoisoningAsuddenincreaseincaffeineconsumptioncaneasilyproducecaffeineintoxication.24.chronicadj.long-lasting,usuallyofgradualonset,andoftendifficulttotreatlong-lasting,lingering,continuingMoreoftenthannot,chronicpainisuntreatedorundertreated,butitdoesnothavetobethisway.25.filterv.topasssomethingthroughafilter,oftentoremoveimpuritiessieve,purify,refineCommercialhoneyisheatedandfilteredinordertostabilizeandclarifyit.26.detonatev.toexplodeortomakesomethingexplodeexplode,burst,blowupDynamiteisordinarilydetonatedwithadevicecalledablastingcap.27.duplicatev.tomakeorbeanexactcopyorcopiesofsomething;torepeatsomethingcopy,reproduce,repeatInscience,theresultsofanexperimentarenotgenerallyaccepteduntiltheyhavebeenduplicatedinotherlaboratories.

28.amenableadj.readytoacceptsomeoneelse’sidea,proposal,advice,orguidanceagreeable,receptive,obedientGlassisamenabletoagreaternumberofheat-formingtechniquesthanmostothermaterials.29.pupan.theinactivestageduringwhichalarvaistransformedintoasexuallymatureadultwhileenclosedinaprotectivecasechrysalisEighttoelevendayslater,anadultmothemergesfromthepupa.30.brilliantadj.verybrightandsparkling;showingoutstandingintelligenceortalentshining,radiant,intelligentRobertGoddardwasabrilliantpioneerinthefieldofrocketry.

Chapter08UNIT29Humanities1.fragileadj.easilybroken,shattered,ordamagedbrittle,feeble,frailThefiberswereshortandfragile,buthepredictedthatspunglassfibersasthinasspidersilkwouldbeflexibleandcouldbewovenintofabric.2.gruelingadj.verydifficultandtiringexhausting,laborious,arduousThe26-mile-longBostonMarathonisagruelingfootrace.3.fixturecf.fixn.apermanentlyfixedpieceoffurnitureorequipmentappliance,fitting,equipmentTheiceboxbecameafixtureinmosthomesandremainedsountilthemechanizedrefrigeratorreplaceditinthe1920sand1930s.4.hollowadj.containinganemptyspacewithinorbelow;notsolidempty,vacant,voidAstheycontinuedthisoraltradition,theywereabletofillupwhatwashollowandwhatwasmissinginsideofthem.

5.intentn.somethingwhichisaimedatorintended;apurposeintention,goal,objectDespitetheintentofthelaw,speculatorsoftenmanagedtoobtainlargetractsofland.6.subterraneanadj.beneaththesurfaceoftheEarthundergroundSeparatesubterraneanroomsinthreepueblosweresetasideforreligiousceremonies.7.bederivedfromph.tohavearisenfromsomething;tobetracedbacktosomethingstemfrom,beoriginatedfromThenameofthewarewasprobablyderivedfromitsresemblancetoEnglishearthenwaremadeinSouthYorkshire.8.besidesprep.inadditionto;apartfromsomethingorsomeoneaswellas,additionally,asidefromBesidesoverhunting,atleastthreeotherreasonsfortheextinctionhavebeensuggested.9.blendv.tomixdifferentsortsorvarietiesintoonemix,mingle,combine

ThefuneraltraditionoftheTorajapeopleblendsancientanimistbeliefswiththeWesterninfluencesofChristianity.10.casual1)adj.intendedforinformalsituations2)adj.happeningbychance1)informal2)accidental,fortuitousSpokenlanguageisgenerallymorecasualthanwrittenlanguage.11.buttn.apersonwhoisoftenthetargetofjokes,ridicule,orcriticismobject,target,victimTheseso-calledcouchpotatoesareoftenthebuttofjokesorregardedasbeingunintelligent.12.supernaturaladj.relatingtophenomenathatcannotbeexplainedbythelawsofnatureparanormal,unnatural,mysteriousThebeliefinthesupernaturalpowersofastoneortreemaycauseasculptortobesensitivetothatmaterial.13.supposedlyadv.seemingly;probablypresumably,allegedly,reputedlyEnglishgoodsweresupposedlybeingsmuggledintothatcityatatimewhentheDutchcontrolledtradinginthearea.

14.supremeadj.highestinrank,power,orimportance;mostoutstandinguppermost,prime,excellentTheanthropologistsuggestedthatallhumanbeingshavethecapacitytounderstandthatthereisasupremegod.15.forgev.toshapemetalbyheatingandhammering;todevelopsomethingnewmold,invent,formGenghiswasabletoforgehispeopleintothegreatestclassofwarriorstheworldhaseverknown.16.hearthn.thefloorofafireplaceortheareasurroundingitfireplace,firesideMostearlypotterywasfiredoveropenhearths.17.shield1)n.apieceofarmorconsistingofabroadplate2)v.toprotectfromdangerorharm1)buckler2)guard,defendLocksandescutcheonplates-thelattertoshieldthewoodfromthemetalkey-wouldoftenbeimported.18.sketch

v.todoaroughdrawingordrawingsofsomethingoutline,delineateSometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputation.19.outnumberv.toexceedinnumber;tobemorethanThegreatestmusicalexpansionsandexperimentationshaveinvolvedpercussioninstruments,whichoutnumberstringsandwinds.20.overtakev.togopastamovingvehicleorpersoninthesamedirectionoverhaul,catch,reachArtNouveauwaseventuallyovertakenbyanewschoolofthoughtknownasFunctionalism,whichhadbeenpracticedsincetheturnofthecentury.21.pessimisticadj.emphasizingorexpectingtheworstnegative,cynical,hopelessMostpeoplemixapessimisticandanoptimisticoutlooktosomedegree.22.prevailv.tobevictorious;tobethecommon,usual,orgenerallyacceptedthingpredominate,preponderate,spreadAfterthe1870s,anumberofimportantauthorsbegantorejecttheromanticismthathad

prevailedimmediatelyfollowingtheCivilWar.23.prominentadj.importantorwell-known;easilyseeneminent,celebrated,conspicuousForty-twoprominentartistslivinginNewYorkCityfoundedtheAmericanSocietyofPaintersinWaterColors.24.inceptionn.thestartofanorganization,institution,orsomethingelsebeginning,outset,dawnSinceitsinceptioninItalyaroundtheyear1600,operahasexperiencedanumberofshiftsandtrends.25.insanitycf.insanen.thestateofbeinginsanelunacy,madnessHersisaworldofviolence,insanity,fracturedlove,andhopelessloneliness.26.acculturationn.theadoptionofthebehaviorpatternsofasurroundingculturesocializationOnecrucialoutcomeofthesemusicalacculturationswasthedevelopmentbyblacksoftheso-calledbluesscale,withits“bluenotes.”

27.self-sacrificingadj.forgoingone’sownneedsorinterestsforthesakeofothersselfless,self-immolatingTheHopipeopleofArizonastresstheinstitutionsoffamilyandreligioninaharmoniousexistencewhichmakestheself-sacrificingindividualtheideal.28.snapv.tobreaksuddenlyandcleanlywithasharpcrackingnoisecrack,break,fractureBeforebarbedwirecameintogeneraluse,fencingwasoftenmadefromserratedwire,whichcouldsnapincoldweatherduetocontractions.29.feedv.tosupplyfoodtoanimalsorsomethingelse;tosupplyamachinewithfuelnurture,nourish,supplyThewiretomakethebarbsisfedintothemachinefromthesidesandcuttolengthbyknivesthatcutdiagonallythroughthewiretoproduceasharppoint.30.hulln.theframeorbodyofashiporairshipframework,structure,bodyTheclipperhasaknifelikebowtosliceeasilythroughthewaterandanarrowhullsothattheshipcanmovesmoothly.

Chapter08UNIT30SocialSciences1.prudentadj.sensibleandcareful,especiallybytryingtoavoidunnecessaryriskswary,cautious,discreetAprudentinvestornevertakesunnecessaryfinancialrisks.2.rawadj.notcooked;notprocessed,purified,orrefinedunprepared,untreated,crudeRawmaterialshavelesseconomicvaluethanprocessedones.3.cling(to)v.toholdfirmlyortightly;tostickadhere,attach,stickInthenineteenthcentury,theformercolonieslaggedbehindBritaininindustrialdevelopmentbecausetheirsupplyofwoodledthemtoclingtocharcoaliron.4.domesticatev.totrainananimalforlifeinthecompanyofpeopletameHugenumbersofpeoplebegantorelyonthegraintheygrewandtheanimalstheydomesticated.

5.eageradj.feelinggreatdesireorenthusiasm;keentodosomethingavid,enthusiastic,longingThisnewtechnologyenabledthemtobuildfactoriesinthelargestcities,takingadvantageofurbanconcentrationsofinexpensivelaborandeagercustomers.6.reconstructionn.constructingorformingagainrestorationThedesperateplightoftheSoutheclipsedthefactthatreconstructionhadtobeundertakenintheNorthaswell.7.entrepreneurn.someonewhoengagesinbusinessenterprisesindustrialistNorthAmericanentrepreneursincreasedproductivitybyreorganizingworkandbuildingfactories.8.bustn.afailure;asuddendeclineintheeconomicconditionsofacountryfailure,recessionThemore-or-lessrhythmicsuccessionofeconomicboomsandbustsisreferredtoasthebusinesscycle.9.buttressv.tosupportasystem,idea,argument,orsomethingelse

brace,sustain,reinforceThepopulationflowfromfarmstocitiesincreased,andthelaborforceitprovidedwasbuttressedbymillionsofnewlyarrivedimmigrants.10.clampv.toputorholdsomethinginapositionsothatitcannotmoveclasp,clip,fastenIn1789,heinventedamachineinwhichthecutterwasclampedintoamoveableslidethatcouldbeadvancedpreciselybyahandcrank.11.availv.toprovidewithsomethingusefulordesirablebenefit,pay,profitWithmuchofthelaborforceinductedintothearmyandwithgrainpricesontherise,northernfarmersrushedtoavailthemselvesofthenewlabor-savingequipment.12.rationaladj.relatedtoorbasedonreasonorlogiclogical,reasonable,sensibleYourrationalmindtellsyouit’sjustastick,butyourinnatemindtellsyouitcouldbeasnake.13.resolve1)v.todeterminetodosomething2)v.tofindasolutionforsomething1)decide,determine2)solve,answer

Theywerequicktolightenseriousmomentswithhumorandtriedtoresolveissuesthatthreatenedtodividethegroup.14.afterthought1)n.athoughtafteramainplanhasbeenformed2)n.somethingaddedlater1)reconsideration2)additionInmostoftheearliestbooksforchildren,illustrationswereanafterthought.15.stimulatev.tocausephysicalactivityorincreasedactivity;toinitiateortogetgoingrouse,spur,provokeTheagriculturalrevolutionstimulatedmanyinthecountrysidetoseeknewlivesinthecities.16.superbadj.extremelygoodperfect,marvelous,excellentThecityhadasuperbnaturalharboraswellasexcellentrailconnections.17.tenementn.alargebuildingdividedintoseveralself-containedflatsorapartmentsapartment,flatUrbanslumwardsoftenhadnosewers,garbagecollection,orgasorelectriclines,andtenementslackedbothrunningwaterandcentralheating.

18.determinantn.athingthatdecideswhetherorhowsomethinghappensEconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantforthebabyboom.19.dilutev.tomakealiquidweaker;tomakeaqualityorbeliefweakerorlesseffectivewaterdown,weaken,lessenAsaresult,itchangesfarmoreslowlythanregularDNA,whichisdilutedbyfiftypercenteachgeneration.20.uniformlyadv.withoutvariationordiversityconsistently,evenly,equallyTobefair,lawsmustbeuniformlyappliedtoallpeople.21.inspectionn.acloselookatoroversomeoneorsomethinginordertojudgeitsconditionscrutiny,examination,auditTheperishablecommoditiesoftradegenerallycameunderstateinspection.22.jurycf.jurorn.abodyofpeoplesworntogiveanhonestverdictManyAmericansstillfeelthatthejurysystemisatthecoreoftheirdemocracy.

23.legislativeadj.concernedwithmakinglawslawmakingMembersofcongresshavetospendmostoftheirtimeinWashingtontakingcareoftheirlegislativeduties.24.mock1)v.tomakesomeoneorsomethingtheobjectofunkindlaughter2)adj.notreal,butintendedtobesimilartoarealsituationorsubstance1)deride,ridicule2)fake,shamHewasaskedtobeajurorinthemocktrialwhichwilltakeplaceatthelawschoolnextweek.25.conspiracyn.asecretplanmadebytwoormorepeopletodosomethingthatisharmfulorillegalcollusion,plot,intrigueThedetailsofJohnKennedy’sdeathcontinuetoeludethemostrelentlessofconspiracytheorists.26.demographicadj.pertainingtodemography;relatingtothedynamicbalanceofapopulationToday,theelderlycomprisethefastestgrowingdemographicgroupinmanydevelopedcountries.27.characteristicn.aqualityorfeatureofsomethingorsomeonethatistypicalofthatthingorpersonandiseasytorecognize

mark,trait,propertyThesefactorsensuredthatChicagowouldbecomeagreatcityregardlessofthedisadvantageouscharacteristicsoftheavailablesite.28.assignv.togiveataskorsomethingelsetosomeoneallocate,allot,apportionIntheresearch,eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.29.sponsorv.toactasasponsorforsomeoneorsomethingpatronize,support,backClassesforadultimmigrantsweresponsoredbypublicschools,corporations,unions,churches,settlementhouses,andotheragencies.30.dismayv.tobreakdownthecourageofcompletely,asbysuddendangerortroublediscourage,disheartenSomevisitorsweredismayedbytheendlessurbansprawlanddismissedLosAngelesasamerecollectionofsuburbsinsearchofacity.

Chapter08UNIT31NaturalSciences1.candidaten.someonewhoiscompetingwithothersforaparliamentaryseatorsomeotherpositionrunner,nominee,applicantMarswouldbeamoresuccessfulcandidateforexplorationandsettlement.2.cushionv.tomaketheeffectofafallorhitlesspainfulsoften,mitigate,absorbThebigsurprise,though,istheroleofairresistanceincushioningtheshockofcollisions.3.bewilderingadj.thoroughlyconfusing,disorientating,orpuzzlingbaffling,perplexing,confusingTelescopicimagesoftheplanetpermittedthecatalogingofabewilderingarrayoflandforms.4.quantifyv.todeterminethequantityofsomethingmeasureScientistshavetriedtoquantifytheproportionofthesun’senergy.5.refrigeratev.tofreezesomethingortomakeitcold

chill,cool,iceFloristsoftenrefrigeratecutflowerstoprotecttheirfreshappearance.6.condensev.todecreasethevolume,size,ordensityofasubstancecompress,compact,concentrateThewaterstoredasvaporintheatmospherewillcondensetoaliquidagain,andtheenergywillbereleasedtotheatmosphere.7.constituentn.aformingpartofawholecomponent,element,ingredientHeliumnucleihavealsobeenfoundtobeconstituentsofcosmicraysthatfallontheEarth.8.diffusev.tospreadortosendoutinalldirectionsdisperse,distribute,scatterThenitrogendiffusesfromthetissuesintothebloodandfromthebloodintothelungs.9.frictionn.therubbingofonethingagainstanother;disagreementorunfriendlinessbetweenpeopleabrasion,scrape,conflictTheairoftheupperatmosphereisdenseenoughtoignitemeteorsbyfriction.

10.wanderv.towalk,move,ortravelaboutwithnoparticulardestinationramble,roam,rangeSomeofthemicewanderedaroundtheboxanddidnotappeartobebotheredbybeingsoexposed.11.ferociousadj.violentlyunfriendlyoraggressivefierce,savage,cruelBarracudasareferociouspredatorsandaresometimescalledthe“tigers”oftropicalwaters.12.humidityn.theamountofwatervaporintheatmospheredampness,moistureWhenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityoftheirnestsarecontrollednaturally.13.instillv.toimpressideas,feelings,orsomethingelseslowlyorgraduallyimplant,imbue,infuseThroughthisprocess,theconservationistsinstillinthewhoopingcranesanaturalsenseofmigration.14.intactadj.notbrokenordamaged;untouchedundamaged,unimpaired,unblemished

Thefindingofaperfectlyintactmassivedinosaurfossilmayseemexciting,buttopaleontologists,itisjustevidencethatonebeastdiedforsomereason.15.intaken.athingorquantitytakeninoraccepted;theactoftakinginconsumption,ingestionAnimportantconsiderationoffatintakeistheratioofsaturatedfatstounsaturatedfats.16.expendituren.apaymentmadeinthecourseofachievingaresultoutlay,expense,costEachofthefunctionsofthebody,eventhinking,requirestheexpenditureofenergy.17.incubatorn.atransparentcontainerinwhichaprematurelybornbabycanbenurturedTheeggswereplacedinincubators,hatched,andcontinuallymonitoredandeventuallyraisedbyspecialists.18.ingestv.totakefoodorliquidintothebodyconsume,eatThenectarofflowersisingestedbyworkerbeesandconvertedtohoneyinaspecialsacintheirdigestivesystems.

19.insulationn.thestateofbeingaloneorkeptapartfromothersisolation,secludedness,separatenessFatactsasinsulationagainstthecoldandascushioningfortheinternalorgans.20.jostlev.topushsomethinginanannoyingwayhustle,jolt,pushEventually,largerocksmaybejostledaroundenoughtobebrokenintosand-sizedgrains.21.submergev.toplunge,sink,orcausetoplungeorsinkunderthesurfaceofsomeliquidimmerse,drench,diveAstheBeringlandbridgehadbeensubmergedbeforetheEskimoscamefromAsia,theymusthavearrivedbyboat.22.decomposev.torot,usuallyasaresultoftheactivityoffungiandbacteriadecay,breakdown,disintegrateItistherockthatgraduallydecomposesintoclay.23.depositv.toputsomethingdown;toleavealayerofasubstanceonthesurfaceofsomethingplace,store,bankWhenariveroverflows,thecoarsersandsedimentissometimesdepositedontheriverbanks,

whichformsnaturallevees.24.fineadj.consistingoftinyparticlesdusty,floury,powderyTablesaltisfinerthanrocksalt.25.erodev.towearaway,destroy,orbegraduallydestroyedweardown,grinddown,corrodeRockiserodedbywindandwater,andmanyoftheerodedpartsendupinthewatersystematsomepointand,eventually,inthegreatriversoftheworld.26.givewaytoph.togivepriorityto;tocollapseunderpressureconcede,succumb,yieldBeyondadepthofaround2,900kilometers,agreatchangetakesplace,andthemantlegiveswaytothecore.27.labyrinthn.ahighlycomplexnetworkofinterconnectedpassagesmazeLocatedinsideRainer’stwoice-filledsummitcraters,thesecavesformalabyrinthoftunnelsandvaultedchambersaboutoneandone-halfmilesintotallength.

28.glowingadj.givingoutasteadyheatorlightwithoutflamesburning,luminous,incandescentViewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarth’smagneticpoles.29.inflown.aflowingorcomingininflux,inrushForasnowfalltocontinueonceitstarts,theremustbeaconstantinflowofmoisturetosupplythenuclei.30.evaporatev.tochangeorcausesomethingtochangefromaliquidintoavaporvaporize,boiloff,dehydrateRainandmeltingsnowquicklyevaporateinthedrydesertclimate.

Chapter08UNIT32AppliedSciences1.outlookn.aviewfromaparticularplaceviewpoint,perspective,prospectThetownplanningcommissionsaidthatitsfinancialoutlookforthenextfiscalyearwasoptimistic;itexpectsanincreaseinitstaxrevenues.2.invitingadj.attractiveortemptingalluring,captivating,enticingInspiteofHunt’sinvitingfaçade,thelivingspacewasawkwardlyarranged.3.loopn.aroundedoroval-shapedsinglecoilinapieceofthread,string,orropecircle,hoop,ringTheLoop,whichisthecommercialheartofChicago,isenclosedwithinarectangularloopofelevatedtraintracks.4.magnificentadj.splendidlyimpressiveinsize,extent,orappearancegreat,grand,impressiveEventhoughmanyaretaller,thebuilding’shistoryandthemagnificentviewfromthetophavehelpeditspopularityendurethroughoutthedecades.

5.drawonph.toutilizeormakeuseofsomethingasasourceemploy,exploit,useApubliclibraryisaresourcetheentirecommunitycandrawon.6.toxicadj.relatingtothecharacteristicsofpoisonortoxinpoisonous,venomousInherbookSilentSpring,RachelCarsonwroteaboutinsecticidesandtheirtoxiceffectsonanimallife.7.cosmicadj.relatingtotheuniverseuniversalTheextinctionofthedinosaurswascausedbysomephysicalevent,eitherclimaticorcosmic.8.drasticallyadv.withforceorviolence;severelyorextensivelyseverely,violently,forcefullyTheweathercanchangedrasticallyinthedesertoverthecourseofamereday.9.bleakadj.coldandcheerlessdreary,dismal,desolate

Withitsmassivepopulationandbleakfuture,manyHaitiansaresneakingacrosstheborderandhopingforabetteroneintheDominicanRepublic.10.comparablyadv.inasimilarwayortoasimilardegreesimilarly,equivalently,likelyCrowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspecies.11.conservev.tokeepsafefromdamage,deterioration,loss,orundesirablechangekeep,preserve,saveInwinterespecially,itisimportantforbirdstoconservetheirpreciousfoodreserves.12.declinen.alesseningofstrength,health,orsomethingelseweakening,decrease,downturnTherearetwomajorfactorswhichcontributedtothedeclineofthebirdintheearlytwentiethcentury.13.deficientadj.notgoodenough;nothavingallthatisneededlacking,wanting,insufficientIfoneofthemismissingordeficient,anentiresystemcanbeplacedinjeopardy.14.mitigate

v.tomakepain,anger,orsomethingelselessseveremoderate,relieve,lessenOnestrategyformitigatingtheimpactoftheheatislandeffectistouseconstructionmaterialsinhouses,pavements,andhighwaysthatreflect,notabsorb,thesunlight.15.discrepancyn.afailureofsetsofinformationorsomethingelsetocorrespondtosomethingdisparity,disagreement,inconsistencyThetwonationshavefolloweddifferentpathsofforestmanagement,whichhasresultedinthecurrentdiscrepancy.16.exhalev.tobreatheoutblow,puffWhenthepressureinsidethelungsincreases,theairisexhaled.17.abusen.thewronguseofone’spower;theexcessiveuseofharmfulsubstancesperversion,misuse,ill-useThetherapyisexcellentfortreatingindividualswitheatingdisordersanddrugabuse.18.comeaboutph.tohappenoccur,takeplace,comeupThetrainwreckcameaboutasaresultoftheengineer’snegligence.

19.methodicallyadv.inasystematicway;systematicallyneatly,tidily,regularlyHazenmethodicallyscreenedandculturedscoresofsoilsamples,whichshethensenttoherpartner.20.ironicadj.containing,characterizedby,orexpressingironysarcastic,satirical,sardonicItissomewhatironicthatwithoutcholesterol,aperson’sbodywouldnotbeabletofunctioncorrectly.21.holisticadj.consideringapersonorthingasawholeratherthanasseparatepartsManyindividualsaretakingamoreholisticapproachtotheirbodiesandhealthratherthansimplylookingforaquickcure.22.imbibev.todrink,especiallyalcoholicdrinksdrink,takeTraditionally,herbalteasareimbibedtoboosttheimmunesystem.23.tissuen.agroupofcellswithasimilarstructureandparticularfunction

Freeradicalsofoxygen,commonbyproductsofthemetabolicprocessesinthebody,arecapableofcausingtissuedamage.24.alternativeadj.secondaryordifferent,especiallyintermsofbeinglessfavorableasachoicesubstitute,surrogateNaturalgasreallyisanexcellentalternativefueltogasoline.25.ceasev.tobringortocometoanendend,halt,stopBythetimetheuniversewasafewminutesold,heliumproductionhadeffectivelyceased.26.conciseadj.briefbutcomprehensivecompact,succinct,abridgedThesystemofchemicalsymbols,firstdevisedaround1800,givesaconciseandinstantlyrecognizabledescriptionofanelementorcompound.27.tarnishv.tomakeorbecomedullanddiscoloredsully,stain,spoilInthemetalindustry,hydrogenisusedtopreventmetalsfromtarnishingwhileundergoingheattreatments.

28.homologyn.thesamerelation;thequalityofbeingsimilarorcorrespondinginposition,valuestructure,orfunctionTheconceptsofanalogyandhomologyareprobablyeasiertoexemplifythantodefine.29.pectoraladj.referringtoorrelatingtothebreastorchestthoracicThepectoralfinsofafish,thewingsofabird,andtheforelimbsofamammalareallhomologousstructures.30.afflictionn.distressorsufferinghardship,pain,diseaseFuturestudiesofthebrainmaymakeitpossibletocreatemicrochipsthatcanbeimplanted,thuscuringstutterersoftheirafflictionsforgood.

Chapter09UNIT33Humanities1.enthusiasmn.livelyorpassionateinterestoreagernessfervor,passion,ardorThereseemedtobenothingthatmenaresoafraidofasreligiousenthusiasm.2.eradicatev.togetridofsomethingcompletelyeliminate,obliterate,removeGovernmentalattemptstoeradicatetheblackmarketwerelessthansuccessful.3.trendn.ageneraldirectionortendencyinclination,leaning,directionAgenerationinpop-culturetermsmeasuresabouttwoyears,andatrendcancomeandgoinweeks.4.progressiveadj.favoringoradvocatingprogress,change,improvement,orreformadvancing,liberal,radicalTheprogressivemovementisanumbrellatermreferringtosomereformeffortsthatemergedintheearly1900s.

5.crisscrossv.tocrossoneanotherindifferentdirectionsweave,traverseWagonsandcoachescontinuedtocrisscrosstheWestwherevertherailshadnotyetbeenlaid.6.designatev.toname,choose,orspecifysomeoneorsomethingforaparticularpurposenominate,appoint,selectTheAntiquitiesActgivesthepresidenttheunobstructedpowertodesignatelandasnationalmonuments.7.attainv.tocompletesuccessfullyaccomplish,achieve,reachThenativesattainedoneofthemostcomplexsocialorganizationsofanynonagriculturalpeopleintheworld.8.attributen.atraitorcharacteristicofsomethingtrait,quality,featureThephysicalattributesoftheHoleintheRockinArizonaallowitsuseasanaturalcalendar.9.surmisev.toconcludesomethingfromtheinformationavailablesuppose,assume,guess

Onemightsurmisethatthesedwellingswerebuiltforprotection,buttheAnasazihadnoknownenemies.10.synonymous(with)adj.havingthecharacterofsynonymsorasynonym;equivalentinmeaningequal,tantamount,identicalTheythoughtoftheIndustrialRevolutionassynonymouswithmechanization,withhumanlaborreplacedbymachines.11.henceforthadv.fromnowon;fromthispointforwardhereafter,henceforwardIn1926,heannouncedthat,henceforth,hisfactorieswouldclosefortheentiredayonSaturday.12.immutableadj.unabletobechangedchangeless,invariable,constantAdjustmentsinvariousplacesshowthatthestandardisnotimmutable.13.imperativeadj.absolutelyessential;urgentnecessary,requisite,pressingWiththegradualevolutionofsociety,morecomplexcountingbecameimperative.

14.incisev.tocutinto,especiallypreciselyandwithaspecializedsharptoolcut,gash,slashSomepotswereadornedwithincisedorstampeddecorations.15.incurv.tobringsomethingunpleasantupononeself;tobecomeliablefordebtsdraw,arouse,provokeThereasonisduetothecostsincethefamilywillincurheavyexpensesbecauseofthefuneral.16.iridescentadj.havingmanybrightrainbow-likecolorswhichseemtochangeconstantlyopalescentAfavoreddeviceofthestylewastoimitatetheiridescentsurfaceseenonancientglass.17.faten.theapparentpowerthatdeterminesthecourseofeventsoverwhichhumanshavenocontrolfortune,destiny,doomSomewriterswroteofaworldinwhichacruelandmercilessenvironmentdeterminedhumanfate.18.proclivityn.anaturallikingortendency,especiallytowardssomethingbadinclination,preference,tendencyTheproclivitytoplayhotdistinguishedjazzmusiciansfromotherinstrumentalists.

19.undergov.toexperiencesomethingespeciallyunpleasantordifficultsuffer,bear,endureThesurroundingareawasundergoingtremendouseconomicanddemographicgrowth.20.reverev.tofeelorshowgreatrespectorreverenceforsomeoneorsomethingrespect,admire,worshipFoundedbyJohnRuskinandWilliamMorris,themovementreveredcraftasaformofart.21.rotatev.toturnormakesomethingturnaboutanaxislikeawheelrevolve,spin,whirlCommitteemembershiprotateseveryyearsothatnewvoicesandopinionsareconstantlyheard.22.myriadadj.anexceedinglygreatnumbercountless,limitlessAseriesofmechanicalimprovementsfinallyproducedaninstrumentcapableofmyriadtonaleffects.23.normn.atypicalpatternorsituation;astandard,especiallyforachievementinindustry

criterion,standard,modelTheorganizationoftheoperaneverdeviatesfromtheusualnorm.24.preoccupationn.thestateorconditionofbeingpreoccupiedobsession,absorptionAnexaminationoftheartoftheMiddleAgestellsussomethingaboutthemedievalpreoccupationwiththeologicaldoctrine.25.ragen.awidespread,usuallytemporary,fashionfashion,vogue,crazeInthelateeighteenthcentury,portraiturewastherage,soRaphaellePealefoundfewbuyersforhisstilllives.26.refreshingadj.producingafeelingofcomfortandnewstrengthinvigorating,rejuvenating,exhilaratingSatireexistsbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentremindertheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking.27.exuberantadj.overflowingwithlifeandcheerfulexcitementjoyful,lively,vigorousSelf-imagecanbeindicatedbyatoneofvoicethatisconfident,shy,aggressive,orexuberant.

28.deliveryn.thecarryingofgoods,letters,orsomethingelsetoapersonorplacedistribution,conveyance,transportationThefreedeliveryservicewasatfirstconfinedtocities,andsoonhomedeliverybecameamarkofurbanism.29.insultingcf.insultadj.rudeoroffensivewithlackofrespectcontemptuous,rude,offensiveAftertheCivilWar,JeffersonDavis,presidentoftheSouthernConfederacy,wasthesubjectofaninsultingpopularNorthernsong.30.formidableadj.causingfear,doubt,oranxiety;veryimpressiveappalling,awesome,overwhelmingThenorthwestcoastoftheUnitedStatesisuniquelycharacterizedbytheformidableCascadeMountainRange.

Chapter09UNIT34SocialSciences1.prioradj.existingorarrangedbeforesomethingelseorbeforethepresentsituationearlier,former,previousEmployersoftenrequirejobapplicantstohavepriorexperienceinthefield.2.outputn.thequantityoramountofsomethingproducedproduction,yieldTheinnovationsinmanufacturingboostedoutputandlivingstandardstoanunprecedentedextent.3.capacity1)n.someone’sabilitytodosomething2)n.theamountofspaceacontainerorroomhastoholdthingsorpeople1)ability,faculty2)space,volumeTheeconomicheartofCanada,Ontarioaccountsformorethan40percentofthenation’sproductivecapacity.4.cohesionn.theprocessorstateofstickingtogether;thetendencytounitecohesiveness,connection,bondTheairplanescontributedtoakindofinternationalcohesion,whichwasbeginningtoemergeduetoairtravelacrosstheoceans.

5.colossaladj.extraordinarilygreatinsize,extent,ordegreevast,gigantic,enormousTheLincolnMemorialfeaturesacolossalstatueofthesixteenthpresident.6.crampedadj.uncomfortablyrestrictedinsizetight,crowded,closeHavingalowerincomegenerallyforcespeopletoliveinmorecrampedquartersthanthosetypicallyoccupiedbywealthierpeople.7.defunctadj.nolongerliving,existing,active,usable,orinuseextinct,outmoded,expiredThecitycannotlegallysignacontractwithadefunctcorporation.8.dictatev.tosaywordsforsomeonetowritedown;totellsomeonewhattodocommand,order,demandThequalityofthehinterlanddictatedthepaceofgrowthofthecities.9.astoundingadj.sosurprisingthatitisalmostimpossibletobelieveastonishing,shocking,stunning

ThecirculationofLadies’HomeJournalreachedanastounding700,000copies.10.turmoiln.astateofconfusion,excitement,oranxietydisorder,confusion,unrestTherewereanumberofmajorcausesforthesocialandreligiousturmoilexperiencedinEuropeduringthefourteenthcentury.11.valid1)adj.basedontruthorsoundreasoning2)adj.drawnupaccordingtoproperlegalprocedure1)concrete,sound2)lawful,legitimateInsomesocieties,bothmaleandfemalelinesareconsideredequallyvalid.12.vigilancen.thestateofbeingwatchfulorobservantalertness,watchfulness,cautionFromthispointuntilthefirstgreencorncouldbeharvested,thecroprequiredlaborandvigilance.13.exorbitantadj.goingbeyondanormaloracceptablelimitindegreeoramountexcessive,outrageous,disproportionateReformersarguedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswouldchargeexorbitantratesfortheseessentialservices.

14.exponentialadj.becomingfasterandfasterExceptforBoston,citiesgrewbyexponentialleapsthroughtheeighteenthcentury.15.filthyadj.extremelydirtyfoul,tainted,uncleanThefilthylivingconditionsweredefinitelyamajorreasonwhytheBlackDeathwassodevastatingtoEurope.16.footholdn.aplacetoputone’sfootwhenclimbing;afirmorsecurepositionfooting,bridgehead,baseThefive-dayworkingweekgainedafirmfootholdinEnglandduringthepastyear.17.foreshadowv.togiveorhavesomeindicationofsomethinginadvanceaugur,indicate,presageThebeginningofamajorchangewasforeshowedinthelater1860s.18.ghastlyadj.makingsomeoneveryfrightened,upset,orshockedawful,terrible,appalling

Thedateofthepandemic’sghastly,horrificassaultonEuropewasprobablyaroundthemid-fourteenthcentury.19.goalongwithph.tocomplywithsomething,evenifreluctantlyagreeto,assentto,concurwithThepresidentwouldgoalongwiththedecisiontohiremorepeopleifthedepartmentcouldbringinmorerevenue.20.grantn.somethinggranted,especiallyanamountofmoneyfromapublicfundforaspecificpurposesubsidy,subventionManyuniversitiesreceivegrantstodoresearchforthefederalgovernment.21.heraldv.toproclaimorusherinsomethingannounce,proclaim,declareTheDeclarationofIndependenceincludedthenamesofitssignersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteencolonies.22.discoursen.anexchangeofviewsforthepurposeofexploringasubjectordecidinganissuediscussion,colloquyMuchofwhatconstitutedthetraditionalpoliticaldiscourseofearlierageshasbeenlost.

23.emissaryn.apersonsentonamission,especiallyonbehalfofagovernmentmessenger,envoy,legateWhentheBritishsentemissariesdemandingthesurrenderofthecolony,theleaderwantedtofight.24.entanglementn.adifficultsituationorrelationshipthatishardtoescapefrominvolvement,complicationThefirstpresidentadvisedthenationtoavoidforeignentanglements,and,forthefirstcentury,thecountrywasquiteadeptatdoingso.25.facilitationcf.facilitaten.theactofmakingsomethingeasyoreasieraid,assist,promotionThegoalsofthefederalgovernmentwerethefacilitationofwesternsettlementsandthedevelopmentofnativeindustries.26.fatigue1)v.toexhaustortobecomeexhausted2)n.tirednessafterworkoreffort1)tire,exhaust2)weariness,tirednessPeoplemakemoremistakeswhentheyarefatiguedthanwhentheyarefresh.27.insatiable

adj.notabletobesatisfied;extremelygreedygreedy,ravenous,unquenchableOnecharacteristicthatmanypsychologistshaveagreediscommontocreativetypesisaninsatiablecuriosity.28.antecedentn.aneventorcircumstancewhichprecedesanotherforerunner,precursor,predecessorAbookwasgenerallyboundsimply,inboardsormerelystitchedinpaperwrappers,whichwasanantecedentofmodern-daypaperbacks.29.blundern.afoolishorthoughtless,andusuallyserious,mistakeerror,mistake,howlerTheairlineblundered.ItsenthimtoAtlantabuthisluggagetoMontreal.30.ideal1)n.thebestormostsuitablethatsomethingcouldbe2)adj.perfectineveryway1)perfection,nonpareil2)supreme,completeManypeoplefeelthatHawaiihasanalmostidealclimate.

Chapter09UNIT35NaturalSciences1.postponev.todelayorputoffsomethingtilllaterdefer,adjourn,suspendNASAsometimespostponesthelaunchofspacevehiclesonaccountofbadweatherortechnicalproblems.2.atmospheren.thelayerofgassurroundingaplanet;thegeneralorprevailingclimateormoodaerosphere,air,moodAtmosphereiscrucialbecauseitprotectshumansandallotherlifefromthecontinuousbombardmentofcosmicradiation.3.axisn.animaginarystraightlinearoundwhichanobject,likeaplanet,rotatesTheaxisistiltedsothatEarthhasvariousseasonsatthenorthernandsouthernregions.4.bypassv.toavoidacongestedorblockedplacebytakingaroutewhichgoesrounditevade,circumvent,sidestepThemoon’srelativelyharshenvironmentisthemajorreasonwhyitshouldbebypassed.5.related

adj.connectedwithsomethingorsomeoneinsomewayassociated,linked,alliedInscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.6.capsizev.toturnovercompletelyinvert,overturn,upsetSmallsailboatscaneasilycapsizeiftheyarenothandledcarefully.7.abrasionn.theprocessofrubbingasurfaceveryhardsothatitbecomesdamagedordisappearserosion,friction,wearAbrasionduetodailywearaltersthesurfacefeaturesofbeads.8.atomn.thesmallestunitofachemicalelementthatcandisplaythepropertiesofthatelementPhysicistshaveknownsincetheearlynineteenthcenturythatallmatterismadeupofextremelytinyparticlescalledatoms.9.auroran.anatmosphericphenomenonconsistingofbandsoflightcausedbychargedsolarparticlesfollowingtheEarth’smagneticlinesofforceThecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.

10.keen1)adj.havingasharpedgeorpoint2)adj.enthusiasticaboutsomethingorsomeone1)sharp,pointed2)eager,enthusiasticTherhinoceroshasapoorsenseofsightbutakeensenseofsmell.11.giganticadj.extremelylargeinsize,amount,ordegreeenormous,huge,massiveLikethedinosaurs,someofthepterosaursbecamegigantic.12.grasp1)v.totakeafirmholdofsomethingorsomeone2)v.tocompletelyunderstand1)grip,seize2)understand,comprehendAcoupleofmajorcontrastsbetweenantandhumansocietiesareperhapseasiertograsp.13.groundbreakingadj.makingnewdiscoveries;usingnewmethodsinnovativeThegroundbreakingworkofprimatologistsLouisLeakeyandJaneGoodallhasshownthatthechimpanzeeisnotjustanothermonkey.14.hibernationn.passingthewinterinasleepingorinactivecondition

Someanimalactivities,suchasmating,migration,andhibernation,haveayearlycycle.15.huen.acolorortypeofcolortint,shade,toneThebird’sheadiscoloredredandblack,anditseyesareadeep,goldenhue.16.fertilizev.tomakenewanimalorplantdevelop;tosupplysoilorlandwithextranutrientsimpregnate,pollinate,enrichThemaleantsserveonepurposeonly;tofertilizetheeggsofthequeen.17.laceratev.tocutskindeeplywithsomethingsharp;towoundorhurtsomeone’sfeelingsgash,rip,wound,hurtTheweedhassharp,spinyleavesthatcanlaceratethefleshofranchersandhorsesalike.18.litter1)n.discardedrubbishlyinginapublicplace2)v.tomakesomethinguntidy1)rubbish,debris2)clutter,scatterThegroundundertoweringoaksisoftenlitteredwiththousandsofhalf-eatenacorns,eachoneonlybittenfromthetop.19.huddle

v.togatherorcrowdtogetherinaclosemasscluster,crowd,packTheeffectofshelteringismagnifiedbyseveralbirds,includingwrens,swifts,andbrowncreepers,huddlingtogetherintheroosts.20.nostriln.eitherofthetwoexternalopeningsinthenosenareTheseaotteriswelladaptedtoitsmarineexistence,withearsandnostrilsthatcanbeclosedunderwater.21.summitn.thehighestpointofamountainorhillpinnacle,zenith,peakThesnow-coveredsummitofMountHoodisthehighestpointinthestateofOregon.22.igneousadj.ofrocksformedwhenmagmabecomessolid,especiallyafterithaspouredoutofavolcanoEventoday,approximately95percentoftheentirecrustisigneous.23.crackn.apartialfractureinamaterialproducedbyanexternalforceorinternalstresssplit,crevice,riftIfthereisacrackintherock,acrackthatrunsfromtheaquifertothesurfacepushesthe

waterupthroughit.24.facetn.anyoftheflatsidesofsomething;anaspectofaproblemside,aspect,phaseThemorefacetsadiamondhas,themoreitglitters.25.expeditionn.anorganizedjourneywithaspecificpurposeexcursion,explorationTheLewisandClarkexpedition,sponsoredbyPresidentJefferson,wasthemostimportantexaminationofthehighplainsandthenorthwestbeforetheWarof1812.26.entombv.toputabodyinatomb;toburysomeoneorsomethingbury,interAlthoughtheywereentombedinrockformillionsofyears,manyfossilshaveorganicremainsinthem.27.fleckn.aspotormarkingspeck,dot,markTheGlassMountainsofnorthwesternOklahomaarecoveredwithflecksofgypsum,whichshineinthesunlight.

28.oscillationn.amovementofswingingormakingsomethingswingbackwardandforwardfluctuation,vibration,swingInthediurnaltypeoftidaloscillation,thealternateriseandfallofsealevel,asinglehighwaterandasinglelowwateroccureachtidalday.29.consecutiveadj.followingoneaftertheother;insequencesuccessive,succeeding,sequentialThedriestdesertsarecalledhyper-arid,andrainisabsentforatleasttwelveconsecutivemonths.30.embedv.tosetorfixsomethingfirmlyanddeeplyroot,entrench,implantWhenmeteoritesfellonthecontinent,theywereembeddedinthemovingicesheets.

Chapter09UNIT36AppliedSciences1.harmonizev.toformorbemadetoformapleasingwholecoordinate,conformFrankLloydWrightisknownforhishighlyoriginalmethodsofharmonizingbuildingswiththeirsurroundings.2.intimacyn.astateofhavingaclosepersonalrelationshipwithsomeonefamiliarity,closeness,nearnessTheAmericanfarmerisasfreeoftheintimacyofthevillageastheurbanite.3.impetusn.theforcewithwhichsomethingmoves;adrivingforcethrust,impulse,stimulusBrickhousesbecamecommoninBoston,wherethedangeroffiregaveanimpetustousingmoredurablematerials.4.edificen.abuilding,especiallyalargeandimpressiveonebuilding,hall,palaceTheExecutiveMansion,constructedinthe1790sandnowcalledtheWhiteHouse,istheoldestedificeinWashington,D.C.

5.foliagen.thegreenleavesonatreeorplant;thespraysofleavesusedfordecorationleafage,greeneryArtdecoregularizedtheformsintoabstractedrepetitivepatternsratherthanpresentingthemasflowing,asymmetricalfoliage.6.archaicadj.fromorrelatingtoancienttimes;oldandnolongerusedantiquated,outmoded,out-of-dateInfact,hybridtechnologywasarchaicaswasbatterytechnology.7.barkn.thetoughandprotectiveouterlayerwhichcoversthestemsandrootsofwoodyplantsThebarkofatreethickenswithage.8.emissioncf.emitn.theactofsendingoutlight,heat,orgasdischarge,ejection,radiationEmissionsfromthenewdieselreleaseupto30%lesscarbondioxideintotheairthangasburners.9.encroach(on)v.toadvancebeyondproper,established,orusuallimitsintrude,trespass,infringeAspopulationsinAfricaexplodeandencroachonchimpanzeesocieties,theybegintobecome

infectedwithdisease,suffer,anddie.10.entrenchv.tofortifysomethingwithtrenchesdugaroundit;toestablishsomethingfirmlyestablish,embed,fixThiscombinationofresourcesandtechnologyisentrenchedinman’swayoflife.11.environsn.surroundingareas,especiallytheoutskirtsofatownorcityenvironment,neighborhoodThenumbersofbacteriaarevast,whichallowsthembothtodominateandmaintainahealthybalancewithintheirenvirons.12.impedev.topreventordelaythestartorprogressofanactivityorsomethingelseobstruct,hamper,hinderWeedsclogwaterways,destroywildlifehabitats,andimpedefarming.13.epicadj.havingthefeaturesofanepic;verygreatandimpressiveheroic,imposing,impressiveThisisunfortunatesincethelossofthemenhadenspellsaneco-disasterofepicproportions.14.foragev.togatherfoodorprovisionsfromanarea

graze,pastureDuringtheday,partiesofbirdswillhavespreadouttoforageoveraverylargearea.15.fractionn.asmallpartofsomethingsegment,portion,bitOnlyasmallfractionofalltheorganismsthathaveeverlivedarepreservedasfossils.16.laymann.someonewhoisnotamemberoftheclergy;someonewhodoesnothavespecializedknowledgeworldling,nonprofessionalBothdoctorsandlaymentalkaboutbothhemispheresofthebrainasifeachhasspeciallyassignedfunctions.17.ailmentn.anillness,especiallyaminoronesickness,affliction,diseaseAnthraxisgenerallyanailmentofsheepandcattlebutmayalsobetransmittedtohumans.18.nausean.asensationthatoneisabouttovomitqueasiness,squeamishnessEarlysignscharacteristicoftheacutephaseofviralhepatitisareabdominalpain,nausea,andfeveroftenaccompaniedbychills.

19.perspirationn.thesecretionoffluidbythesweatglandsoftheskinsweatingAnyoneworkingunderconditionsthatcauseaheavyamountofperspirationcansufferheatexhaustion.20.pharmaceuticaln.thepreparationofdrugsandmedicines;medicinemedication,drugThousandstodayclaimthatpharmaceuticalshavedonewonders,helpingthemmanagestressbetteronaday-to-daybasis.21.pulsatev.tomakesoundsormovementsthatarestrongandregularlikeaheartbeatingbeat,throb,pulseKiisakindoflifeforcethatpulsatesthrougheveryhuman’sbody.22.rectifyv.tocorrectamistake;toadjustsomethingcorrect,revise,fixResearchhasdemonstratedthatrapidweightlosscanberectifiedbyprovidingadequateproteinassociatedwithcertainfoods.23.spinalcf.spine

adj.belonging,relating,orreferringtothespineThespinalcolumnislikethebraininthatitsmainfunctionscanbeclassifiedaseithersensoryormotorfunctions.24.staminan.energyandstayingpowervigor,robustness,indefatigabilitySometeasbuildstaminaandaregoodfordigestivepurposes.25.correlatev.tohaveaconnectionorcorrespondence;torelateonethingtoanotherlink,associate,connectOnefunctionofavirusthatdoesnotcorrelatewithitssizeisitsabilitytocauseaseriousdisease.26.corrosiveadj.capableofeatingaway;tendingtocausecorrosioncausticThechemicalelementchlorineisacorrosive,greenish-yellowgasthathasasharpodorandis21/2timesheavierthanair.27.detergentn.aliquidorpowderusedforwashingclothes,dishes,orsomethingelsecleanserDetergentscleanclothesbyfirstremovingparticlesofdirtfromthefabricandthen

suspendingtheparticlesuntiltheycanbewashedaway.28.tartadj.sharporsourintasteacidic,sour,tangyCitricacidgivescitrusfruittheirtarttaste.29.haphazardadj.happeningordoneinawaythatisnotplannedororganizedcasual,random,arbitraryAtfirst,theresultsoftheexperimentseemedhaphazard,butapatternfinallyemerged.30.tamper(with)1)v.tointerfereortomeddle2)v.tohandlethoughtlessly,ignorantly,ormischievously1)intervene2)fiddle,messOneshouldneverbuyfoodormedicineifthepackagehasobviouslybeentamperedwith.

Chapter10UNIT37Humanities1.fortn.afortifiedmilitarybuilding,enclosure,orpositionfortress,base,strongholdInadditiontotheirmilitaryrole,thefortsofthenineteenthcenturyprovidednumerousotherbenefitsfortheAmericanWest.2.imposingadj.impressive,especiallyinsize,dignity,orappearancemajestic,magnificent,grandTheFirstBankoftheUnitedStatesstillstandsintheimposingbuildingconstructedinthe1790s.3.retractv.torefusetokeepanagreement,apromise,orsomethingelsewithdraw,revoke,cancelOncedetermined,littlecanbedonetoretractorstoptheestablishmentofmonuments.4.apparentadj.easytoseeortounderstandobvious,evident,clearThewayinwhichasocietyviewsitsenvironmentissometimesapparentinitschoiceanduseofartisticmaterials.

5.unearthv.todigsomethingupoutofthegroundexcavate,disclose,uncoverVastquantitiesoftabletsinSumerianhavebeenunearthedduringtheinterveningyearsfromnumeroussites.6.utmostadj.thegreatestpossibleindegree,number,oramountparamount,ultimate,supremeTheclayusedinprehistoricpotmakingwasinvariablyselectedwiththeutmostcare.7.lustern.theshinyappearanceofsomethinginreflectedlightradiance,luminosity,sheenThedistinctivecolorandlusterofpotteryweretheresultsofskillfuladjustmentsofthekiln’stemperature.8.mundaneadj.connectedwithordinarydailyliferatherthanreligiousmatterseveryday,prosaicAmanremainsacreationeternallytornbetweenthedivineandthemundane.9.ornateadj.coveredwithalotofdecorationelaborate,flamboyant

Thesetoolswerehighlyornate,withelaboratebarbsandpointsonthem.10.procurev.tomanagetoobtainsomethingortobringsomethingaboutacquire,gain,comebyHuntingisaprecariouswayofprocuringfoodevenwhentheperson’sdietissupplementedwithseedsandfruits.11.ramblev.togowhereonepleases;towanderstroll,amble,meanderTheAnasazibegantobuildtheirhomesabovegroundandjoinedthemtogetherintoramblingmultistoriedcomplexes.12.rebuke1)n.asternreprimandorreproach2)v.tospeakseverelytosomeone1)criticism2)reprove,scoldFighting,bullying,orattemptingtosurpassothersbringsautomaticrebukefromthecommunity.13.sufficientadj.asmuchasisneededforaparticularpurposeenough,adequateTheyenjoyedsufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesas

professionalartists.14.settingn.asetofsurroundings;abackgroundwithinoragainstwhichactiontakesplaceenvironment,background,sceneThemuseumfeaturedpaintingsbyPealeandhisfamilyanddisplaysofanimalsintheirnaturalsettings.15.solemnadj.veryseriousandnothappy;performedinaveryseriouswaygrave,serious,soberWithinaveryshorttime,theincongruityofplayinglivelymusicforasolemnfilmbecameapparent.16.contrastingadj.differentordissimilarbetweenthingsorpeoplethatarebeingcompareddifferent,dissimilar,distinctThenewtastedemandeddramaticeffectsofcontrastingstarkoutlineandcomplextexturalsurfaces.17.strugglen.alongandhardfighttogetfreedom,politicalrights,orsomethingelse;ataskrequiringstrenuouseffortfight,strife,effortTheHudsonRiverSchoolseemstohaveemergedinthe1870sasadirectresultofthestrugglebetweentheoldandnewgenerationsofartists.

18.prodigiousadj.verylargeorgreatinasurprisingorimpressivewayhuge,enormous,immenseHerproductivityhasbeenprodigious,asshehas,inlessthantwodecades,writtennearlythirtyworks.19.protrudev.tostickoutfromsomewhereproject,extendThepainterstandsoutwithhislife-sizedpaintingofawoman’sbentbackfromwhichprotruderealthorns.20.scoren.awrittenorprintedcopyofmusicforseveralpartsandwhichissetoutverticallydownthepagemusicThemostfamousscorewascomposedandarrangedforD.W.Griffith’sfilmBirthofaNation.21.spontaneousadj.unplannedandvoluntaryorinstinctive;notprovokedorinvitedbyothersnatural,instinctive,involuntaryMusicbeganplayingagreaterroleinopera,wasspontaneous,andoftenmirroredthecharacters’emotions.

22.criterionn.astandardorprincipleonwhichtobaseajudgmentstandard,benchmark,touchstoneSomegroupsjudgedpotentialmembersthroughacomplexsetofcriteriathatoftenincludedclass,educationandskintone.23.invainph.withoutsuccess;tonopurposeunsuccessfully,vainly,fruitlesslySupplyshipswereessentialduringthewarbecause,withoutthesupplyships,allwouldbeinvain.24.ruggedadj.nothavingalevelorsmoothsurfacejagged,rough,bumpyTheglassfiberswerebrittle,ragged,andnolongerthantenfeet.25.inproportiontoph.havingdueproportioncorrespondingThehigh-pressureenginewasfarlighterinproportiontoitshorsepowerandwasmucheasierandcheapertorepairthanthepreviousone.26.obsessedadj.completelyorconstantlyoccupiedbythoughtsorthemindhaunted,preoccupied,possessed

Evansquicklybecameobsessedbythepossibilitiesofmechanizedproductionandsteampower.27.optioncf.optn.thepower,right,oropportunitytochoosechoice,selectionTheirspeedoftravelmadesteamboatsthemostattractiveandpracticaloptionforshippingaswellasforhumantravel.28.ridgen.alongandnarrowstripofrelativelyhighgroundwithsteepslopesoneithersidecrest,strip,topedgeThedistancewasmorethan350miles,andtherewereridgestocrossandawildernessofwoodsandswampstopenetrate.29.resort(to)v.toturntosomethingasameansofsolvingaproblemturn,fallbackItispleasanttoimagineawoodworkercarefullymatchinglumberandjoiningachesttogetherwithoutresorttonailsorglue.30.aidv.tohelporsupportintheformofmoney,supplies,orservicesassist,help,backTheswamp’senvironmentkeptbacterialdecaydown,whichaidedinthepreservationofplants

andanimals.

Chapter10UNIT38SocialSciences1.wagen.aregularpaymentfromanemployertoanemployeesalary,pay,earningsCongresssetstheminimumwage,whichisthelowestamountofmoneyworkersmaybepaidperhour.2.communaladj.fororbyagroupratherthanindividualscollective,shared,commonCommunalviolencebrokeoutindifferentpartsofthecountry.3.boomv.tobecomerapidlyprosperous;toincreasesharplyinvalueprosper,flourish,roarTheglassfactoriesofToledo,Ohio,boomedafterMichaelOwensinventedaprocessthatturnedoutbottlesbythethousands.4.ployn.astratagemormaneuvertogainanadvantageartifice,trick,wileAtthispoint,shemayuseoneofseveralploystodeceiveherenemy.

5.followsuitph.todothesamething;tofollowtheexampleofanotherfollowinone’stracks,conformtoWhenBritaindevelopedcokesmelting,thecoloniesdidnotfollowsuitbecausetheyhadplentyofwood.6.fomentv.toencourageorfosterill-feelingorsomethingelseagitate,inflame,provokeTheeventwasamajorissuethatfomentedthebreakbetweenEnglandandtheBritishcolonies.7.implement1)v.totakeactionormakechangesthathavebeendecided2)n.atool,especiallyoneusedforoutdoorphysicalwork1)execute,carryout2)instrument,utensilAplowisafarmimplementusedtobreakupsoilandtopreparethelandforplanting.8.joltn.ajarringshake;anemotionalshockbounce,blow,shockThecoach’sruggedbodyandsuspensionsystemofleatherstrapscouldhandlethehardjoltsfromroughroads.9.altogetheradv.wholly;withalloreverythingincluded

entirely,totally,utterlyTheinterrelationshipofscience,technology,andindustryissummedup,notaltogetheraccurately,as“researchanddevelopment.”10.assassinatecf.assassinv.tokillsuddenlyorsecretivelykill,murderAgroupwhofavoredtherestorationoftheRomanRepublicassassinatedCaesarin44B.C.11.optimaladj.mostfavorable;mostsuitableoptimumProponentsoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.12.hygienen.aconditionofcleanlinessthathelpsmaintainhealthcleanliness,sanitationCitystreetswerecrowdedwithcitizens,andhygienewasnotatthetopofafourteenth-centuryEuropean’slistofpriorities.13.influxn.acontinualstreamorarrivaloflargenumbersofpeopleorthingsinflow,inrushThisblackinfluxtocitiesincreasedduringWorldWarIIasblackscameseekingjobsinthe

warindustries.14.ingenuityn.inventivecleverness,skill,ororiginality;inventivenesshandiness,brilliance,creativitySomefunctionsoftheparkaredirectresultsoftheingenuityofthecitizenry.15.instabilitycf.stabilityn.alackofphysicalormentalsteadinessorstabilityinsecurity,precariousness,shakinessTherezoningplanwouldcatalyzephysicalexpansionandacceleratetheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.16.gulfn.aportionofanoceanorseapartlyenclosedbyland;alargedifferencebetweentwopeopleorgroupsbay,cove,gapAgulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives.17.intriguingadj.arousingcuriosityorinterestinteresting,fascinating,immersingThebustleandsocialinteractionofurbanlifeseemedparticularlyintriguingtothoseraisedinruralisolation.

18.cooperationn.anactorinstanceofworkingoractingtogetherforacommonpurposecollaboration,teamwork,interactionTheoriginalmotivationforthespacestationwastofostercooperationbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.19.accusev.tomakeaclaimofwrongdoingagainstblame,denounce,indictIntheUnitedStates,everypersonaccusedofacrimehastherighttoatrialbyajuryofhisorherpeers.20.eloquentlyadv.inaneloquentmanner;bypowerfuldiscoursefluently,persuasively,effectivelyFewAmericanpoliticianshavespokenmoreeloquentlythanWilliamJenningsBryan.21.feebleadj.lackingstrengthfragile,weak,infirmThenationalgovernmentmadeafeebleattempttoreducetaxes.22.intertwinev.totwistorbetwistedtogetherinterweave,interlace,entangle

TheAmericanConstitutionclearlystatesthatreligiousworshipandgovernmentalactivitiesshallnotbeintertwined.23.nominatev.tosuggestsomeoneformallyforaposition,office,orsomethingelseappoint,designate,nameIn1884,BelvaLockwood,alawyerwhohadappearedbeforetheSupremeCourt,becamethefirstwomannominatedforpresidentoftheUnitedStates.24.decreev.toorderordecidesomethingformallyorofficiallyordain,proclaim,pronounceThepresidentdecreedthatnomoremoneywouldbespentonmissiledefense.25.fairn.aneventatwhichpeopleorbusinessesshowandselltheirproducts;amarketexhibition,exposition,bazaarThefairsprovidedameansofbringinghandmadegoodsfromoutlyingplacestowould-bebuyersinthecity.26.bond1)n.somethingusedfortying,binding,orholding2)n.awrittenagreementtopaymoney1)tie2)contract,covenantInvestmentbankingdealswithcorporatestocksandbondsaswellasthegovernmentbonds.

27.condemn1)v.todeclaresomethingtobewrongorevil2)v.togivesomeoneapunishmentafterdecidingthepersonisguiltyofacrime1)criticize2)convict,sentenceWhenMartinLutherwascondemnedasareligiousoutlaw,heexperiencedprofoundspiritualandphysicaltorment.28.nurture1)n.careornourishmentgiventoagrowingchild2)v.tonourishandtendtoagrowingchild1)raising2)foster,nourishTheothertheorymaintainsthatachildisdefinedbyenvironment−nurture−notnature.29.statutorilyadv.intermsofrulesorlawswhichhavebeenformallywrittendownlegally,legitimatelyThename“charter”referstothestatutorilydefinedperformancecontractthattheschoolsareexpectedtomeet.30.intrudev.toforceorimposeoneselfwithoutwelcomeorinvitationencroach,interfere,breakinTheprintedword,unquestionably,wasintrudingontheinsulationthathadcharacterizedtheUnitedStatessocietyinanearlierperiod.

Chapter10UNIT39NaturalSciences1.fickleadj.likelytochangesuddenlyandwithoutreasoncapricious,inconstantThis,alongwiththeficklenatureofhurricanes,addstotheturmoilthathurricanesinflictonthepopulationsoftheareastheyhit.2.celestialadj.belongingorrelatingtotheskyastronomical,heavenlyTheorbitofacelestialbodyisusuallyintheshapeofanellipse.3.staggeringadj.almostunbelievableamazing,surprising,unpredictableTheprocesscouldtakehundredsoreventhousandsofyearstocomplete,andthecostwouldbestaggering.4.contradictv.toasserttheoppositeofastatementorsomethingelsemadebyaperson;todisagreewithcontrovert,counterNewton’sideaofgravityasaforceofattraction,whichcontradictedtheideaofauniversethatisstatic,wasunchanging.

5.cratern.thebowl-shapedmouthofavolcanoorgeyserhole,cavity,pitTheroughnessofthemoon’ssurfaceismostlycausedbytheabundanceofcraters.6.retreatv.tomovebackorawayfromtheenemyortoretireafterdefeatwithdraw,recede,evacuateSome800yearsago,Alaska’sHubbardGlacieradvancedtowardthesea,retreated,andadvancedagain500yearslater.7.interstitialadj.pertainingto,situatedin,orformingaspaceorcrackSomefossilboneshavealloftheirinterstitialspacesfilledwithforeignminerals.8.misconceptionn.awrongormisguidedattitude,opinion,orviewmisapprehension,misjudgment,misunderstandingThatalldesertsarehotisacommonmisconception.9.granularadj.madeoforcontainingtinyparticlesorgranulesgrainy,gritty,particulateAsnewsnowfallsandburiestheoldersnow,thelayersofgranularsnowfurthercompact.

10.hemispheren.onehalfofasphereLogically,intheNorthernHemisphere,anorthwindturnstobringcolderweatherandthesouthwindwarmerweather.11.ornamentaladj.servingasanornamentdecorative,adorning,beautifyingAnornamentalplantiscultivatedchieflyforitsbeauty.12.estimatev.tojudgeorcalculatesize,amount,orvalueroughlyorwithoutmeasuringapproximate,gauge,guessAprofessorestimatedthateachlargewhiteoakproducedbetweentwoandeightthousandacorns.13.disproportionatelyadv.outofproportion,asinsizeornumberasymmetrically,unevenlyHumansaredisproportionatelyright-handed.14.stashv.toputasideorawayforsafekeepingorfutureuse,usuallyinasecretplacecache,secrete

Theantcolonycontainsalloftheants’importantpossessions,suchasthequeenandtheirstashedfoodreserves.15.forerunnern.apersonorthingthatgoesbefore;anearliertypeorversionpredecessor,forebear,precursorExpertshaveconcentratedtheirstudiesonthespeciescalledtheAllosaur,aforerunnerofthemassiveTyrannosaurusRex.16.fragrantadj.havingapleasantscentoraromasweet-smelling,sweet-scented,aromaticThedaylilyisanattractive,fragrantflower.17.dehydrationn.drynessresultingfromtheremovalofwater;anabnormallossofwaterfromthebodyevaporationDehydrationoccurswhenmorewaterislostthroughperspirationordiarrheathanisreplacedbyfluidintake.18.obedientadj.doingwhatoneisorderedtodo;willingtoobeyobservant,docile,compliantTheyarewildanimalsanddonotmakeobedient,domesticatedpets.

19.impinge1)v.tointerferewithorencroachonsomethingorsomeone2)v.tomakeanimpression1)infringe,encroach2)impactFlorida’ssurroundinglushnesscannotimpingeonitsdesertscrubbiness.20.omnivorousadj.eatinganytypeoffood,especiallybothmeatandvegetablematterpolyphagousChimpanzeesareomnivorous,whichmeansthattheyrelyonmeat,plantlife,andfruitforsubsistence.21.pandemoniumn.anyverydisorderlyornoisyplaceorassemblychaos,turmoil,uproarThechimpanzee’sabilitytousetoolscausednearpandemoniuminthescientificworld.22.transmitv.topassorhandon,especiallyamessage,aninheritance,ordiseasetransfer,convey,sendPaths,roads,andtrailsmadejourneyseasier,andthecreationofmapstransmittedthisknowledgetoothers.23.boundadj.tiedwithorasifwitharopeorotherbinding;stucktogether

fastened,tied,fixedTheprocessbywhichindividualcrystalsbecomeboundtogetherinacollectionoficecrystalsproducesglacialice.24.oren.rock,earth,orsomethingelsefromwhichmetalcanbeobtainedTheoreisbrokenupinaseriesofblastingoperations.25.bunch1)n.anumberofthingsfastenedorgrowingtogether2)v.togrouptogetherinortoformabunchorbunchesofsomething1)bundle,cluster2)collect,gatherInthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.26.acronymn.awordmadefromthefirstlettersofotherwordsandpronouncedasawordinitsownrightabbreviationThewordlaserwascoinedasanacronymforLightAmplificationbytheStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.27.conflict1)n.adisagreement;afierceargument2)v.tobeincompatibleorinopposition;tofight1)dispute,opposition2)disagree,clash

WhenJulesVernewroteJourneytotheCenteroftheEarthin1864,thereweremanyconflictingtheoriesaboutthenatureoftheEarth’sinterior.28.outfit1)n.asetofequipment;anorganization2)v.toprovidesomeonewithanoutfit1)apparatus,group2)equip,furnishThecableshipcrewwillpullthetrencherbackuptothesurfaceandoutfititwithaburyingapparatus.29.percolatev.topassslowlythroughamaterialthathassmallholesinitfilter,seep,permeateAllofthemineralsdepositedwithinthebonehavebeenrecrystallizedfromsolutionbytheactionofwaterpercolatingthoughthem.30.insurmountableadj.toolargeordifficulttobedealtwithunbeatable,indomitable,invincibleThedifficultiesinvolvedinrapidlycollectingandprocessingtherawweatherdatafromsuchanoldnetworkwereinsurmountable.

Chapter10UNIT40AppliedSciences1.commissionv.togiveacommissionorauthoritytosomeoneauthorize,license,chargeThecity’ssocialleadershipcommissionedmansionswhileapartmentsandhotelsbegantosproutonmultiplelots.2.engage1)v.totakesomeoneonasaworker2)v.toinvolveortooccupy1)employ,hire2)occupy,absorbIn1903,thegoverningboardoftheUniversityofWashingtonengagedafirmoflandscapearchitects.3.freneticadj.wildlyexcitedoractive;inanuncontrolledwayfrantic,frenziedHotelswerebothcreaturesandcreatorsofcommunitiesaswellassymptomsofthefreneticquestforcommunity.4.hurlv.tothrowsomethingwithforcecast,throw,pitchPassengerterminals,liketheluxuryexpresstrainsthathurledpeopleoverspots,spotlightthe

romanceofrailroading.5.suspensionn.theactofsuspendingorthestateofbeingsuspendedTheGeorgeWashingtonBridgeisasuspensionbridgebetweenNewYorkCityandFortLee,NewJersey.6.arbitraryadj.notbasedonanyprinciplecapricious,erraticInconstructingthebotanicalgardens,somearbitrary,practicaldecisionsweremade.7.fringen.aborderofloosethreadsonagarmentorsomethingelseborder,edge,trimmingInterrestrialecosystemsandinfringemarineecosystems,themostcommonproblemishabitatdestruction.8.germinatev.tocauseaseedtostartgrowing;toshowthefirstsignsofdevelopmentsproutTheseacornhalves,manyofwhichcontainseeds,maylatergerminate.9.hackv.tocutorchopsomethingroughly

hew,slash,sliceWhatissoworrisomeisthatacreuponacreoftheanimals’habitatisbeinghackedtothegroundeveryday.10.herbiciden.asubstanceusedtokillweedsweed-killerTheherbicidesareeffective,butsomeposeseriousproblems,particularlyifmisused.11.scurryv.tomovehurriedlyorbrisklyhurry,rush,dashTheducksrespondbyscurryingtogatheraroundher.12.inclination1)n.thedegreeatwhichanobjectslopesawayfromaverticalline2)n.aparticulartendency1)tilt,slope2)disposition,preferenceIndividualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterests,inclinations,andstrategies.13.infrastructuren.thebasicinnerstructureofasociety,organization,orsystembaseTheyhaveestablishedanothercompanytohelpdeveloptheinfrastructureofhydrogenseparationandhydrogensupplypoints.

14.ironoutph.tosolveorgetridofproblemsordifficulties,especiallysmallonesresolve,clearupUntilthesebasicproblemsareironedout,hydrogenwillnotturnintoamajorsourceofenergy.15.lurkingadj.lyinginwait,especiallyinambush,withsomesinisterpurposeinmindhiding,sneaking,slinkingStill,thereisanotherpredatorlurkinginvisiblyinthebodiesofwateroftheworld;bacteria.16.stimulantn.anysubstancethatproducesanincreaseinparticularactivitystimulus,spur,incentiveOccasionally,doctorswillprovidestimulants,butthesecancauseaddictionandareusuallyavoidedexceptinthemostextremecases.17.stroken.ainterruptiontothesupplyofbloodtothebrain,therebycausingunconsciousnesscerebralapoplexy,attack,seizureIfabloodclotgoestothebrain,itcancauseastrokeorevendeath.18.stuttern.aninabilitytoformwordsatwhatisconsideredanormalspeedofspeech

stammer,slurThenewesttheoriesonstutteringconcentrateonhowthebrainfunctionsduringspeech.19.subconsciousadj.denotingmentalprocesseswhichapersonisnotfullyawareofsubliminalSpecialistsbelievestutterersarelisteningtothemselvesastheytalkbutatasubconsciouslevelofunderstanding.20.transfusionn.theprocessofintroducingblooddirectlyintothebloodstreamofapersonYoumayknowthat,nowadays,bloodtransfusions,orthegivingofoneperson’sbloodtoanother,areacommonpractice.21.transplantedadj.havingtakenalivingorganfromsomeoneandusingitasanimplant;havingtakenaplantoutofthegroundandputitinadifferentplacerelocated,uprooted,removedTheimmunesystemtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.22.equilibriumn.astateinwhichvariousforcesbalanceeachotherbalanceIllnesscanresultwhenbodilysystemsarenotinequilibrium.

23.outagen.aperiodoftimeduringwhichapowersupplyfailstooperatepowerfailure,powercutThe1979poweroutageinNewYorkCitycausedhalfofthecitytobewithoutelectricityforseveralhours.24.infinitesimaladj.infinitelysmall;withavaluetooclosetozerotobemeasuredtiny,minute,slightAvirusissoinfinitesimalthatitcanbeseenonlywithanelectronmicroscope.25.inertadj.tendingtoremaininastateofrestoruniformmotioninactive,inanimate,motionlessThesegasesincludehelium,neon,andargonandarecalledinertbecausetheybondwithotherelementsonlywithextremedifficulty.26.integrityn.thequalityorstateofbeingwholeandunimpairedcompleteness,entirety,soundnessThecolonyodorallowsantstoidentifyintrudersandtomaintaincolonyintegrity.27.malleableadj.abletobebeatenintoadifferentshapeorbentwithoutbreaking

flexible,pliable,tractableThemixturebecomessoftandmalleableandcanbeformedintomanyshapesandsizes.28.fortuitouslyadv.bychanceorhaphazardlyincidentally,haphazardly,accidentallyOna1948vacation,HazenfortuitouslycollectedaclumpofsoilfromtheedgeofacowpastureinFauquierCounty,Virginia.29.prown.theprojectingfrontpartofashipbow,headToensureproperidentification,theprowsofVikingwarshipswereeitheradornedwithcarvedfiguresorvividlypainted.30.counterpartn.oneoftwopartswhichformacorrespondingpairrival,equivalent,parallelDigitalcamerasarelikelytoreplacetheirtraditionalcounterpartsaspricesofelectroniccomponentsgodown.

Chapter11UNIT41Humanities1.veil1)n.afabriccoveringforawoman’sheadorface2)v.tocoversomething1)cloak,curtain2)conceal,hideEventually,storiesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.2.worldlyadj.relatingtothisworld;material,asopposedtospiritualoreternalearthly,secular,mundaneAnelaboratefuneralcelebrationisalsoimportanttoimpressthegodswiththeindividual’sworldlyimportanceandwealth.3.relentcf.relentlesslyv.tobecomelesssevereorunkindrelax,softenHecouldhaverelented,buthedecidedtoattack.4.sanitationn.thesystemthatkeepsplacesclean,especiallybyremovinghumanwasteInSacramento,anexcavationatasiterevealedgarbageinthebuildingbasementdespitesanitationlawstothecontrary.

5.scorchv.toburnorbeburnedslightlyorsuperficiallychar,sear,roastThistimbermightbescorchedoccasionally,butitwasfarenoughinfrontoftherisingcolumnofheattobesafefromcatchingfire.6.stalk1)v.towalkinaproudprovedorangrywayandwithlongsteps2)v.tohunt,follow,orapproachstealthily1)strut,prance2)chase,huntManyaccountssaythatGenghisKhanstalkedandkilledhisolderhalf-brother.7.stringentadj.notallowingforanyexceptionsorlooseningofstandardsrigid,strict,inflexibleThearchaeologistsstatedthattheyhavesubjectedtheirfindingstostringentandnumeroustests.8.subjugatev.todominatesomeone;tobringsomeoneundercontrolsubdue,suppress,subjectThepeoplessubjugatedbytheNazislabored,sometimeswithoutpayandsometimesforapittance.9.lavishadj.spendingorgivinggenerously

generous,unsparing,open-handedInmostcultures,itistraditionaltopreparelavishmealstocelebrateholidays.10.vitaladj.relatingtooressentialforlife;extremelyimportantandnecessaryessential,requisite,crucialFromcolonialtimes,sailingshipswerevitaltotheeconomy.11.supplantv.totaketheplaceofsomeoneorsomething,oftenbyforceorunfairmeansreplace,substitute,supersedeModerndictatorsareusingarttohelptheirstatessupplantreligionwithpoliticalmyths.12.frustrationcf.frustraten.thefactthatsomethingispreventingsomeonefromsucceeding;thefeelingofbeingfrustratedprevention,disappointment,dissatisfactionExpressionistdramaoftenshowstheinfluenceofmodernpsychologybyreflectingtheinnerfrustrationsofthedramatist.13.trace1)v.totrackbyfollowingclues2)n.asignofpresenceinaparticularplace1)pursue,shadow2)print,footmarkAnothertheorytracesthetheater’soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.

14.vividlyadv.inaveryclearanddetailedmannerdistinctly,clearly,livelyInhisnovelTheRedBadgeofCourage,StephenCranevividlydescribesaCivilWarbattle.15.accomplishedadj.expertorskilledversed,adept,proficientAnaccomplishedsaxophonistandcomposer,JohnColtranebeganhiscareerplayinginthebigbandsoftheearly1950s.16.subjectcf.besubjecttov.tocausesomethingtoundergosomethingunpleasantexpose,submit,layopenWhensongshavebeensubjectedtocomplexprocesses,theiroriginsareusuallyimpossibletotrace.17.unadornedadj.withoutunnecessaryorspecialfeaturesordecorationsundecorated,unornamented,unembellishedManyearlyjazzbandsplayedunadornedpublishedarrangementsofpopularsongs.18.inflectionn.achangeinthetoneorpitchofavoice

accent,intonationBabiescandetectthedifferencebetweensyllablespronouncedwithrisingandfallinginflections.19.varyv.tobedifferentfromeachotherinsize,shape,orsomethingelsediffer,divergeIntheearlydaysoftheUnitedStates,postalchargeswerepaidbytherecipient,andchargesvariedaccordingtothedistancecarried.20.apply(to)v.tousesomethinglikeamethod,idea,orlawinaparticularsituation,activity,orprocessuse,utilize,employThistermwasusuallyappliedtoafabricofwoolandlinenusedinheavyclothingandquiltedpetticoatsworninthewintertime.21.peripheryn.theedgeorboundaryofsomethingperimeter,circumference,rimOver100areasdesignatedasconservationofwildlifepreservesexistaroundtheperipheryoftheCaribbeanSea.22.persistv.tocontinuewithsomethinginspiteofresistanceanddifficultycontinue,preserve,insist

Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutiondaysoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphia.23.indigenousadj.belongingnaturallytoacountryorareanative,local,aboriginalTheindigenouspeopleofAustraliawerecalledAboriginesbytheEnglishsettlers.24.submissionn.abendingtotheauthorityorcontrolofanothersurrender,concession,obedienceGenghisKhanoftensentanemissaryaheadtoacitytoaskforitssubmission.25.therebyadv.withtheresultthatsomethingelsehappensthus,therefore,henceNon-WesternmusictypicallydividesanintervalbetweentwopitchesmorefinelythanWesternmusicdoes,therebyproducingagreatnumberofdistincttones,ormicrotones,withinthesameinterval.26.agent1)n.someoneorsomethingthataffectsorchangesasituation2)n.someonewhorepresentsanorganizationandactsonitsbehalf1)factor,means2)proxy,representativeOrganismsmustbeburiedrapidlytoescapedestructionbytheelementsandtobeprotectedfromagentsofweatheringanderosion.

27.tricklev.toflowinathinandslowstreamordropsdrip,drop,flowTheclimateisdry,buttinystreamstrickleatthebottomofdeeplycutcanyons.28.perishablecf.perishadj.liabletorotortogobadquicklyBeforerefrigeratorscameintocommonuse,peopleinruralareasoftenhadawelloraspringhousetokeepperishablefoodsfresh.29.presidev.totaketheleadatanevent;tobeinchargechair,supervise,overseeMr.Kennedywasscheduledtopresideat4p.m.overameetingoftheNationalSecurityCouncil.30.anonymousadj.havingnoname;fromsomeonewhosenameisnotknownnameless,incognito,unidentifiedTheterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:"limner"wasusuallyappliedtoanonymousportraitpaintersuptothe1760s.

Chapter11UNIT42SocialSciences1.yield1)v.togiveuportogivein2)n.theamountofprofitsorcropsthatsomethingproduces1)surrender,handin2)production,outputFertilizerscanincreasefarmers’yields.2.allotv.togiveashareofsomethingtoeachmemberofagroupallocate,apportion,distributeRationingisasystemforallottingscarceresources.3.discriminatev.torecognizeadifferencebetweenthings;totreatapersonorgroupdifferentlyfromanotherinanunfairwaydifferentiate,discern,segregateItisillegalforuniversitiesandcollegestodiscriminateonthebasisofsex,religion,ornationalorigin.4.lullv.tomakesomeonerelaxedandcalmsoothe,calm,tranquilizeParentsoftensingtochildrentolullthemtosleep.

5.lurev.totemptortoentice,oftenbytheofferofsomerewardtempt,attract,seduceManyadultswereluredtothecitiesbypromisesofsteadyemployment.6.masonn.someonewhoisskilledinshapingstonesforbuildingworkstonecutterWherestonewasthelocalbuildingmaterial,amasonwassuretoappearonthelistofpeoplewhopaidtaxes.7.mergern.ajoiningtogether,especiallyofbusinessfirmsconsolidation,amalgamation,combinationAmergerisachievedwhenacompanypurchasesthepropertyofotherfirms.8.mintv.tomanufacturecoinscoinBoththeUnitedStatessilverdollarandhalf-dollar,firstmintedin1794,hadthefiguresofLibertyononesideandaneagleonthereverseside.9.ratifyv.togiveformalconsenttoatreatyoragreementapprove,endorse,validate

Congressmustwriteandratifythedeclarationmuchlikealaw.10.reversev.tomovebackwardorinanoppositedirectioninvert,transpose,overturnToday,thereisahighdemandforpeoplewhomightbeabletocontrolorreversetheagingprocess.11.irrigationn.theartificialapplicationofwatertolandwateringTheagriculturalpotentialoftheareawasenormousifwaterforirrigationcouldbefound.12.lineagen.thewayinwhichmembersofafamilyaredescendedfromothermembersancestry,genealogy,bloodlineItcanalwaysbeproventhatthemembersofalineagesharebloodties.13.divulgev.tomakesomethingknown;torevealasecretexpose,unveil,discloseApersonwhohasbeenaccusedofacrimecannotbeforcedtodivulgeanyinformationthatisself-incriminating.

14.monarchyn.thesysteminwhichacountryisruledbyakingorqueenautocracy,absolutism,monocracyPatrilinealdescentisoftenusedinmonarchiestodeterminewhohasthebestclaimonthethrone.15.municipaladj.relatingtoorbelongingtothelocalgovernmentofatownorregioncivic,urbanWaterandsewagesystemswereusuallyoperatedbymunicipalgovernments.16.potentialadj.possibleorlikely,thoughasyetnottestedoractualpossible,dormant,latentRealestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustfiftyyears.17.precariousadj.notincompletecontrolofsomethingunsafeunreliable,perilous,riskyThousandsabandonedtheirprecariouslivesonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.18.notorietycf.notoriousn.thestateofbeingknownforsomethingbadorunfavorabledisgrace,dishonor,disrepute

HeachievednotorietyaschiefcounseltoPresidentNixonduringtheWatergatebreak-in.19.prejudicen.abiasedopinionbasedoninsufficientknowledgepartiality,bias,prejudgmentEthnicandreligiousprejudiceofteninfluencespolitics.20.splitn.atearorcrackinsomething;aseparationordivisionthroughdisagreementcrack,rift,divisionItwasthesplitofelevensouthernstatesfromtheUnionin1861thatledtotheCivilWarintheUnitedStates.21.appliancen.apieceofequipment,especiallysomethingelectricalgadget,contrivanceTheelectrictoasterwasoneoftheearliestappliancestobedevelopedforthekitchen.22.loom1)v.toappearinanenlargedform2)v.toappearimportantorthreateningandlikelytohappensoon1)appear,emerge2)predominateAftertheCivilWar,financialproblemsloomedlargeinboththeNorthandtheSouth.

23.dramaticallyadv.forcefullyinappearanceoreffectsensationally,strikingly,suddenlyCriticsarguethaturbanizationhascreatedmanyproblemsandhasdramaticallydecreasedpeople’squalityoflifeincities.24.snippetn.ascrapofinformation,news,orsomethingelsesnatch,extractInsnippets,politiciansassertbutdonotargue.25.superintendentn.someonewhosejobistomanageadepartmentsupervisor,overseer,foremanSheservedasthesuperintendentofagroupofhospitalnursesforthefederalgovernment.26.pertinentadj.relatingtoorconcernedwithsomethingappropriate,pertaining,relevantItisanabilitytoaskpertinentquestions,recognizedefensibleanswers,andrejectspuriousorirrelevantones.27.triggerv.topullatriggerordetonatingdevice;tostartatrainofeventsactivate,propel,spark

Asenseofdangernearby,whetherrealorimagined,triggersvariousreactionsinthebody.28.cursiveadj.havingletterswhicharejoinedratherthanprintedseparatelyflowing,runningThechildrenmovedfromwritinginblockcapitalletterstocursivescript.29.rank1)v.tohaveaparticularstatusinrelationtoothers2)n.apositionofsenioritywithinanorganization1)rate,grade2)status,standingDespiteitsgreaternumberofdead,theRussianeffortrankssecondplacetotheAmericaneffortduringWorldWarII.30.preoccupiedadj.lostinthoughtandunawareofone’ssurroundingsoractionsengrossed,absorbed,raptPeoplewerebecomingmoreandmorepreoccupiedwiththeirownlives.

Chapter11UNIT43NaturalSciences1.descendv.togoormovedownfromahighertoalowerpositiongetdown,decline,slopeSmokejumpersarefirefighterswhodescendintoremoteareasbyparachutetofightforestfires.2.inexorableadj.incapableofbeingmadetochangeaposition;unrelentingunavoidable,inevitable,mercilessAglacier’sprocessisslowbutinexorable.3.docketn.anylabelaccompanyingapackage;alistofthingstobedonetag,timetable,agendaThemoonisalreadyonNASA’sdocketforfurtherexplorationwithinthenextcoupleofdecades.4.commencev.tobeginorstartsomethingbegin,initiate,launchTheSpaceAgecommencedinOctober1957whenSputnikwaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.5.entity

n.somethingthathasaphysicalexistenceasopposedtoaqualityormoodbeing,object,thingButnoneoftheshapesonthelistdescribesthelargestsingleentitiesintheuniverse.6.extractv.topullordrawsomethingout,especiallybyforceorwitheffortextricate,pull,deriveHydrogencanbeextractedfromwatersourcesandusedasfuel.7.rearn.thebackofsomething,asdistinguishedfromthefrontback,end,hindpartAsthecatrotatesthefrontofitsbodyclockwise,itsrearandtailtwistcounterclockwisesothatthetotalspinremainszero.8.intenseadj.verygreatorextreme,especiallyinqualityorfeelingpowerful,severe,extremeAlaserusesasyntheticrubytoconcentratelightintoanextremelyintensehigh-energybeam.9.platen.athinandflatpieceofmetal;anyoftherigidsectionsthatmakeuptheEarth’scrustpanel,layerTheycanmeasurethemovementoftheplatesbutnotwhentheywillspawnanearthquake.

10.kineticadj.relatingtoorproducingmotionmotiveWheneachfragmentslammedintotheatmosphere,itsimmensekineticenergywastransformedintoheat.11.lubricantn.oil,grease,orsomethingelseusedtoreducefrictionSubglacialstreamsofmeltwatermightactasalubricant,allowingtheglaciertoflowrapidlytowardthesea.12.extendv.tomakesomethinglongerorlargerstretch,elongate,broadenTheevaporatedwaterisreplacedbywatermovingfrominsidetheplantinunbrokencolumnsthatextendfromthetopofaplanttoitsroots.13.castoffph.toremovesomethingorsomeonethatbecomesunnecessarythrowoff,shedWhenattacked,theseacucumberalsocastsoffattachedstructuressuchastentacles.14.colony1)n.anareaunderthepoliticalcontrolofadistantcountry2)n.agroupofthesamekindofanimalsorplants

1)settlement2)communityWhenitcomestoantcolonies,certainkindsofantsaredividedintohighlyspecializedpositions.15.porousadj.referringorrelatingtoamaterialthatcontainsporesorcavitiesspongy,permeable,perviousPorousrockssuchaschalkandsandstoneallowwatertosoakthroughthem.16.discardv.togetridofsomethingasuselessorunwanteddispensewith,disposeof,abandonUsingitsbillandtongue,thebirdcracksopenanddiscardsthewoodyseedcoveringandswallowsthenutritiousinnerkernel.17.counteractv.toreduceorpreventtheeffectofsomethingcounterbalance,neutralize,nullifyIncreasedprotectionbythemassrootsiscounteractedsincetheyattractpredatorsandarevulnerableiftheyareontheground.18.parasiten.aplantoranimalthatlivesonorinotherlivingthingshanger-on,freeloaderPerhapsthemoststraightforwarddependenceofonespeciesonanotheroccurswithparasites

.19.peculiaradj.strangeorunusual,especiallyinawaythatisunpleasantorworryingodd,weird,quaintAllbirdshavewings,too,butwingsarenotpeculiartobirds.20.predatorn.anyanimalthatobtainsfoodbyeatingotheranimalsFisharenottheonlypredatorsofmenhadenasbirdsalsodependonthemasasourceofnourishment.21.dwindlev.toshrinkinsize,number,orintensitydecrease,diminish,reduceTheamountofopenspacehasdwindledasmoreandmorelandisdeveloped.22.applicationn.theactofusingsomethingforaparticularpurposeutilization,operation,useTheapplicationsofGPSarewide-ranging.23.primaten.amemberofthegroupofanimalsthatincludeshumansandmonkeys

Theirastonishingresearchrevealsthattheseprimatesexhibitnumeroushighlydevelopedphysicalaswellasmentalcharacteristics.24.pryv.tomove,raise,oropenbyleveragelever,jimmy,prizeSquirrelspryoffthecapsofacornsandbitethroughtheshellstogetattheinnerkernels.25.benignadj.kindandgentle;notdangerousorlikelytocausedeathgentle,mild,nonfatalFollowingtheearlyProterozoic,theclimateappearstohavebeenfairlybenignforaverylongtime.26.hydraulicadj.movedoroperatedbythepressureofwaterorotherliquidHydraulicelevatorsarestillusedinsomeoldbuildings,butalmostallnewbuildingsareequippedwithelectricalelevators.27.discreteadj.separateanddistinctfromeachotherseparate,individual,disconnectedBysuchingeniousadaptationstospecificpollinators,orchidshaveavoidedthehazardsoframpantcrossbreedinginthewild,assuringthesurvivalofspeciesasdiscreteidentities.

28.quarryv.todigstoneorsandfromaquarrymine,extractOneofthelatestmethodsofquarryingstoneiscuttingthestonewithajettorch.29.scuffv.tobrush,graze,orscrape,especiallyshoesorheelswhilewalkingscrape,abradeCavesareusuallycreatedbycarbonateacidtricklingdown,butthecavewasscuffedoutbypowerfulacidthatrosefrombelow.30.sedimentn.solidparticlesthathavesettledatthebottomofaliquiddeposit,grounds,remainsAdeltacanbuildupformanycenturies,and,ifthereisenoughsediment,itcanproduceislands.

Chapter11UNIT44AppliedSciences1.adjoinv.tobenextto;tobecontiguoustoneighbor,abut,borderTheirroomsonupperfloorscouldbeenteredbothbydoorwaysfromadjoiningroomsandbyaholeintheceiling.2.cluster1)n.asmallgrouporgathering2)v.toformintoaclusterorclusters1)collection,bunch2)gatherThemotelsclusteredalongtranscontinentalhighwayssuchasU.S.Routes40and66.3.lugn.apartofsomethingthatsticksoutandcanbeusedasahandleorasupportgrip,handleWoodfromafreshlycuttreewasusedforthelugpole,soitwouldresistheat.4.sumptuousadj.veryimpressiveandexpensivecostly,expensive,luxuriousThesewhocouldaffordthebuildingswerequitecontenttoliveinthemoresumptuous,single-familyhomes.

5.motif1)n.anideaorsubjectrepeatedthroughoutawork2)n.asingledesign1)theme,topic2)pattern,figureStonecarversengravedmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothetombstonesinoldburialgrounds.6.aerialadj.relatingtoorfoundintheair;fromaplaneAnaerialviewoftheborderbetweenHaitiandtheDominicanRepublicshowsaremarkablesight.7.marv.tospoilsomething;tomakesomethinglessattractiveorenjoyabledamage,spoil,impairMarringourgardensisoneofthemildereffectsofweeds.8.pneumaticadj.filledwithair;workedbyairpressureCompressedairprovidesthepowertodrivepneumatictools.9.paucityn.lessthanisneededofsomethinglack,shortage,scarcity

BecauseofskyrocketingpopulationsandthepaucityofhousinginmanyregionsofAfrica,developersarecuttingbackthejungle.10.perpetuationn.anendlessexistenceforanindefiniteperiodoftimecontinuance,eternity,immortalityMigrationisthesecondmajorhurdlethewhoopingcraneandconservationistsalikeneededtoovercomeinordertosecurethebirds’perpetuation.11.peskyadj.annoyingtroublesome,bothersome,disturbingAresquirrelsdispersersandplantersofoakforestsorpeskyseedpredators?12.pillagev.tostealthingsfromaplaceorregion,especiallyinawar,byusingviolenceloot,plunderOncetheeggswerepillagedfromnests,futuregenerationsbecameplacedevenmoreinjeopardy.13.pollutantcf.polluten.anysubstanceoragentthatpollutesadulterant,contaminant,impurityInthefuture,evenwatervapormightbeconsideredanairpollutantundercertainconditions.

14.proliferatev.toreproducerapidly;toincreaseinnumbergrow,increase,multiplyThespecieswillcontinuetoexpandandtoproliferateinmostregionsoftheworld.15.purificationcf.purifyn.theactoraninstanceofcleansingorpurifyingcleansing,sanctificationHumanoutputmaytemporarilyoverloadthenaturalpurificationschemeofthecycle.16.fracturen.acrackorbrokenpartinaboneorotherhardsubstancebreak,breakageWeareabletorepairdamagesuchasbonefracturesandinjuriestotheskinandmuscles.17.cranialadj.relatingtoorintheregionoftheskullTheperipheralnervoussystemisresponsibleforcontrollingcranial,spinal,andautonomicnerves.18.dissectionn.theseparationandidentificationofthepartsofawholebreakdown,anatomizingEarlystudiesofanatomywerehamperedbytheauthorities’disapprovalofdissections,andbythelackofrefrigeration.

19.veinn.oneofthetubeswhichcarriesbloodtotheheartfromotherpartsofabodyCholesteroltendstogetbuiltupasexcessresidueinthearteriesandveinsofthebody.20.championv.tostronglysupportordefendapersonorcauseadvocate,back,supportFormanyyears,doctorshavechampionedtheviewthatcholesterolisadangeroussubstance.21.acupuncturen.atreatmentforpainanddiseasethatinvolvespushingspecialneedlesintopartsofthebodyTwoofthemostpopularformsofalternativetherapiesintheWesttodayareacupunctureandherbalmedicine.22.appendagen.anythingaddedorattachedtoalargerormoreimportantpartaccessory,attachment,additionThemusclesareresponsiblefortheactual,physicalmovementofourlimbsandappendages.23.arteryn.oneofthetubesthatcarriesbloodfromthehearttotherestofthebodyThepulmonaryarterycarriesbloodfromtherightsideofthehearttothelungs.

24.complicationn.aseconddiseasethatarisesasaresultofanexistingoneApainfulcomplicationofdiabetesmaybecausedbyanunderproductionofahormonethatnourishesandmaintainsthebody’snervoussystem.25.microben.anextremelysmalllivingthingthatcanonlybeseenunderamicroscopeandthatmaycausediseasesmicroorganism,germWhenfishpopulationsbecomedepletedduetofactorslikeoverfishing,microbessuchasalgaeexpandandthreatenthefragileecosystemsoftheocean.26.resinn.athickandstickyliquidthatcomesoutofsometreesAmberisahard,yellow-brownsubstanceformedfromtheresinofpinetreesthatlivedmillionsofyearsago.27.saturatedadj.extremelywet;containingasmuchofasoluteascanbedissolveddrenched,soakedAllfatsarecombinationsofsaturatedandunsaturatedfattyacids.28.treblev.tobecomethreetimesasmuchorasmanytriple,threefold

Ababyusuallydoubleshisbirthweightattheendoffourmonthsandtreblesitattheendofoneyear.29.summonv.toordersomeonetocometoaplacecall,assemble,conveneUltrasonicwhistles,whichcannotbeheardbyhumanbeings,areaudibletodogsandareusedtosummonthem.30.helicalcf.helixadj.relatingtoorlikeahelixspiral,coiling,screwlikeFranklinusedthetechniqueknownasX-raycrystallographytoshowthatDNAhasahelical,orspiral,shape.

Chapter12UNIT45Humanities1.maritimeadj.connectedwiththeseainrelationtonavigation;pertainingtotheseamarine,nautical,oceanicTheNativeAmericanpeopleofthenorthPacificCoastcreatedahighlycomplexmaritimeculture.2.jollyadj.good-humored;pleasantandenjoyablejoyful,cheerful,merryThejollycharacterFalstaffisoneofShakespeare’sfinestcomiccreations.3.shunv.tointentionallyavoidorkeepawayfromsomeoneorsomethingavoid,eschew,stayawayfromTheShakerswereastrictreligiousgroupthatshunnedalltypesofpleasure.4.envisionv.topicturementallysomefutureeventsenvisage,imagine,visualizeBeforehunting,hunterswoulddrawandstudymigratinganimalsandenvisionhavingasuccessfulhunt.

5.depictv.todescribesomethingorsomeoneinwritingortoshowsomeoneorsomethinginapaintingdescribe,characterize,pictureIntheirnovels,JoelChandlerHarrisandEllenGlasgowdepictedlifeintheSouth.6.tremendouslyadv.greatlyinsize,amount,orintensityenormously,vastly,utterlyDuringtheGreatDepression,theeconomysufferedtremendously.7.vigorousadj.strongandactivebrisk,dynamic,energeticTheBoardofHealthtookvigorousmeasurestobringthetenementhousesofNewYorkuptothebestsanitarycondition.8.vocalizev.toutterorproducesomethingwiththevoicearticulate,verbalize,speakTheMalcolmXmarchhasoftenbeenusedasanoutlettovocalizediscontentoverthedevelopmentofHarlem.9.puzzlingadj.confusinganddifficulttounderstandorexplainbaffling,perplexing,bewildering

SherlockHolmes,afictionaldetective,solvedmanypuzzlingcrimes.10.usherv.toescortsomeoneintoaplaceguide,direct,leadIn1839,thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography.11.complement1)v.tomakeupalackofsomething2)n.somethingthatcompletesorperfectsanother1)complete,enhance2)supplementMoviedirectorsusemusictocomplementtheactiononthescreen.12.eerieadj.strangeanddisturbingorfrighteninguncanny,weird,creepyThewriterH.P.Lovecraftwrotemanyeeriestoriesaboutthesupernatural.13.enticev.totemptbyarousinghopesordesiresorbypromisingarewardseduce,lure,temptVancePackard’sbook,TheHiddenPersuadersdealswiththetacticsadvertisersusetoenticeconsumers.

14.jargonn.thespecializedvocabularyofaparticularprofessionargot,cant,lingoTechnicaljargonsgreatlyacceleratechangesinusage,oftenblurringthedefinitionsofwordsandfracturingthegrammaticalrulesofpurists.15.rollbackph.toreturntoalowerlevelofprices,wages,orsomethingelseIn1979,SantaMonica’smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.16.maintenancen.theprocessofkeepingsomethingingoodconditioncontinuance,persistenceRentalpricespromotetheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatetheconstructionofnewhousing.17.kilnn.aheatedovenorfurnaceusedfordryingorforfiringsomethingfurnace,ovenMoreandmorelargekilnswerebuilttocreatethehigh-firedstoneware.18.carvev.tocutwood,stone,orsomethingelseintoashapehew,sculpt,engrave

Sculptorsusehammersandchiselstocarvestatuesoutofstone.19.rehearsev.topracticesomethingbeforeperformingitinfrontofanaudienceexercise,practiceMusicianshavetorehearsebeforeperforming.20.time-wiseadv.withregardtotimeBecausetherailroadwasmoreefficientandreliabletime-wise,itquicklybecamethedominantmodeoftransportation.21.mythologyn.ancientmythsingeneralfolklore,lore,storiesIntheseventhandsixthcenturies,pottersdepictedepisodesfrommythologyandancientGreekheroicnarratives.22.deterioratev.togrowworseworsen,degradeFiredclaydoesnotdeteriorateovertime.23.homagen.adisplayofgreatrespecttowardsomeone

respect,admiration,esteemTheprieststranscribedtheirhomageinEgyptianandGreekusingthethreeprevailingscriptsoftheday.24.carcassn.thedeadbodyofananimalcorpse,remainsAnimportantfunctionofearlystonetoolswastoextracthighlynutritiousfoodfromlargeanimalcarcasses.25.tacticsn.theartorscienceofdisposingmilitaryforcesforbattlemaneuvers,strategy,plansItisareflectionoftheAmericanandRussiancommanders’battletactics,withtheformerbeingmoreconcernedwithsavinglives.26.catharticadj.helpingsomeonetoremovestrongorviolentemotionspurgative,cleansingThroughsongsandtheoraltradition,slaveswereabletobefreeinasense,whichbecamecatharticforthem.27.logisticaladj.relatingtosuppliescarriedbyanarmyAgreatlogisticaleffortwasrequiredtosupportbothitsownforcesandthoseofmanyother

nations.28.spectacularadj.impressivelystrikingtoseeorwatchdramatic,splendid,sensationalD.W.Griffithwasthefirstdirectorofspectacularfilms.Thereweremoviesmadeonacolossalscale.29.unravelv.toseparatethestrandsofaknittedfabric;toexplainsomethingthatismysteriousorcomplicateduntwine,untangle,solveThepot’shistory,manufacture,culturalcontext,economicrole,andornamentaluseareallpointsofinformationonehopestounravel.30.obscureadj.notclearlyunderstoodorexpresseduncertain,confusing,ambiguousThepoetryofEzraPoundissometimesdifficulttounderstandbecauseitcontainssomanyobscurereferences.

Chapter12UNIT46SocialSciences1.preachv.todeliverasermonaspartofareligiousservice;totalkaboutsomethinginordertopersuadepeopletoacceptitevangelize,sermonize,urgeBeforetheGreatDepression,classicaleconomicspreachedthetheoryoflaissez-faire.2.aboundv.topresentinlargenumbersteem,overflowAllsortsoffinetreeswereabounded,andthosewhopushedwestwardencounterednewforestsaswell.3.acceleratev.toincreasethespeedofsomethinghasten,quicken,speedTheopeningoftheErieCanalin1825acceleratedthedevelopmentofcommerceontheGreatLakes.4.pastoraladj.relatingtothecountrysideorcountryliferustic,rural,provincialSomehuntersandgathererscontinuedtheoldpastoralandnomadicways.

5.plushadj.expensivelyorshowilyluxuriousluxurious,opulent,lavishTheaccommodationswerebynomeansplush.6.shrewdadj.possessingorshowingkeenjudgmentgainedfrompracticalexperienceastute,clever,sharpAshrewdbusinesswoman,Oprahhasinspiredtrendsinthemarketplacesimplybymentioningaproductontheair.7.stabilizev.tomakeorbecomefirmorsteadybalance,steady,fixTheInternationalMonetaryFundwascreatedtostabilizeexchangerateswithoutinterferingwiththegrowthoftrade.8.rejuvenatev.tomakesomeonefeelyoungagainreinvigorate,renew,revitalizeMusiccanhelptorejuvenateorsoothethepatient.9.vyingcf.vieadj.competingwithsomeoneforsomegainoradvantagecompeting,contending,struggling

Inthe1880s,fiverailroadswerevyingfortrafficbetweenNewYorkandChicago.10.abolishv.toputanendtocustoms,laws,orsomethingelseeliminate,terminate,obliterateIn1864,theHouseresumedtheconsiderationoftheconstitutionalamendmenttoabolishslavery.11.precursorn.somethingthatcomesbeforeanotherandleadstoitforerunner,harbinger,heraldTheiceboxwasaprecursorofthemodernrefrigerator.12.uncannyadj.havingasupernaturalorinexplicablebasis;beyondtheordinarysupernatural,unnatural,unaccountableAbrahamMaslowpossessedanuncannyintelligencethatputhiminthecompanyofthegreatestsocialthinkersoftheday.13.reciprocaladj.givingandreceivingorgivenandreceivedmutual,complementary,sharedThereciprocalrelationshipensuredthatallwouldhaveameansofsurvival.

14.replicatev.toreproduceorcopysomethingexactlycopy,duplicate,transcribeResearchersmaketoolsthatreplicateexcavatedspecimensascloselyaspossible.15.revolt1)v.toriseupagainstagovernment2)v.toprovokeafeelingofdisgust1)rebel,mutiny2)disgust,offendWhileinfanticidemayrevoltthevastmajorityofpeople,ithasitspurposewithintheanimalkingdom.16.gratifyv.togivepleasuretoapersonbysatisfyingdesiresplease,satisfy,delightHeobservedthatindividualswhosebasicneedshadbeengratifiedperformeddifferentlyfromdissatisfiedpeople.17.sirev.tobeafatherofyoungfather,generate,createAmongsomespecies,malesthattakeoveragroupoffemaleskilleverychildsiredbytheothermales.18.upheavaln.astrongorviolentchangeordisturbance,asinasociety

upset,disruption,disturbancePoliticaldiscontentariseswhenexistingpoliticalpartiesfailtogivevoicetothosefrustratedbysocialupheavals.19.aspirationn.astrongdesireforhighachievementambition,dream,yearningInadditiontohispoliticalaspirations,heservedastheleaderoftheGreenMountainBoys.20.coordinatev.tointegrateandadjustanumberofdifferentpartsorprocessessystematize,organize,harmonizePoliticalpartieshelptocoordinatethecampaignsoftheirmembers.21.unionn.anassociation,confederation,orgroupofpeopleunitedforacommongoal;atradeunionalliance,coalition,leagueIn1886,manynationalunionsformedtheAmericanFederationofLaborundertheleadershipofSamuelGompers.22.autocraticadj.pertainingtoautocracyorexercisingpowerorauthoritywithoutinterferencebyotherstyrannical,despotic,dictatorialAnautocraticrulerwhoserveshispeoplewellissometimescalledabenevolentdictator.

23.lucidadj.brightorshining;clearlypresentedandeasilyunderstoodluminous,distinct,clearJuliusCaesarisknownforhispoliticalskillsandforhislucid,informativewriting.24.moralen.thelevelofconfidenceoroptimisminapersonorgroupspirit,confidence,self-esteemTheUSOisaserviceorganizationthatentertainsU.S.troopsandimprovestheirmorale.25.substantiallyadv.inrealworth,value,oreffectactually,practically,virtuallyTheeffectofadvertisingincreasedsubstantiallyasadsforproductslikecoffee,tea,andchocolateappearedinnewspapers.26.dogman.abelieforprinciplelaiddownbyanauthorityasunquestionablytruecreed,doctrine,tenetTheexperimentswiththeanimalserodedthebehavioristdogmathatonlyhumanshaveminds.27.endowv.toprovideasourceofincomeforanorganizationdonate,grant,contribute

MassachusettsusedmuchofitsfundstoendowtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.28.inevitablyadv.withoutpossibilityofescapeinescapably,unavoidably,certainlyThefocusofeducatorsinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.29.wharfn.alanding-stagebuiltalongawaterfrontforloadingandunloadingvesselspier,dockThelargestcompanieshavefiredmanyemployees,andmanyoftheirvesselssitidleatthewharf.30.arableadj.suitableorusedforplowingandgrowingcropsLandreferstoallnaturalresourcesusableintheproductionprocess:arableland,forests,andsoon.

Chapter12UNIT47NaturalSciences1.aridadj.havingsolittlerainastobeverydryandunproductivedesert,dry,torridSouthernArizonahasanaridclimate,andtherearesomedeserts.2.precipitationn.waterthatfallsfromcloudsintheatmospheretotheEarth’ssurfacerainfall,shower,downpourDesertsareregionsthatreceivelessthan25centimetersofannualprecipitation.3.rimn.theoutsideedgeorborderof,especiallyaroundobjectedge,brim,borderThetotallyeclipsedmoonwillappeartohaveabrightrimalongitssouthernedge.4.incineratev.toburnorreducetoashesburnTheasteroidimpactcausedanexplosionthatquicklyexpandedaseachicymassincinerateditself.5.inhospitable

adj.notfriendlyorwelcomingtoothersunwelcoming,unfriendly,unfavorableAccordingtotheevidencegatheredbyspaceprobesandastronomers,Marsisaninhospitableplanet.6.intensityn.thequalityorstateofbeingintensepower,strength,forcefulnessThehabitablezoneistheregion75to140millionmilesawayfromastarwiththeintensityofoursun.7.lethaladj.causingorenoughtocausedeathfatal,mortal,deadlyMarshasnoozonelayertoscreenoutthesun’slethalradiation.8.ambientadj.relatingtothesurroundingareasurroundingThereport,whichwaspreparedfortheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,statedthatthelevelofleadinambientairposesasignificantthreattoinfants.9.acidicadj.like,orcontaining,acid;verysoursour,tart

Rainisslightlyacidiceveninunpollutedair.10.ominousadj.containingawarningofsomethingevilorbadthatwillhappenforeboding,sinisterTheblackcloudsofagatheringthunderstormlookquiteominous.11.radiationn.theenergyintheformofheatorlightthatissentoutaswavesemission,emanation,diffusionThenuclearchambercontinuestosmolderandtoemitharmfulradiationintotheairandwater.12.resonancen.thesoundproducedinanobjectbysoundofasimilarfrequencyfromanotherobjectvibration,echo,reverberationThemusicaltoneofanelectricguitariscreatednotbytheresonanceofthebodyoftheguitarbutbyelectronicamplification.13.aggressionn.theactortendencyofattackinganotherpersonorcountrywithoutbeingprovokedattack,belligerence,hostilityWithinthiscolony,thereislittleaggressionamongantsfromdifferentnests.14.speculate

v.toconsiderthepossibilitiesregardingsomethingpostulate,hypothesize,conjectureExpertshavespeculatedthattheremayhavebeenacycleofdryandwetseasons.15.bizarreadj.weirdlyoddorstrangeodd,peculiar,weirdWhatelsecanbesaidaboutthebizarreanimalthateatsmudisthatitfeedsalmostcontinuouslydayandnight.16.carnivoren.ananimalthatfeedsmainlyonthefleshofotheranimalsOurimageofdinosaursiseitherofmassiveherbivoresliketheBrontosaurusorofcarnivoressuchastheTyrannosaurusRex.17.torquen.themeasuredabilityofarotatingelementtoovercometurningresistanceWhilenobodycanacquirespinwithouttorque,aflexibleone,likeacat,canreadilychangeitsorientation.18.scale1)v.toclimbup2)n.anextentorlevelrelativetoothers1)ascend,mount2)range,scopeOneofthemostpopularpeaksformountainclimberstoscaleisElCapitaninYosemite

NationalPark.19.scavengern.apersonoranimalthatsearchesamongwasteforusableitemsorfoodprowlerLikevultures,condorsarescavengers,sotheyeatanimalsthatarealreadydead.20.blisteringadj.viciouslyangryandaggressiveharsh,criticalItsclimate,despitemorethan50inchesofannualrainfall,isblistering.21.untamedcf.tameadj.undomesticatedoruncultivatedunsubdued,savage,wildHawaii’svarietyofuntamedvolcanicrangesandpristinebeachesattractsmanytouristswhoenjoythediversewilderness.22.accessibleadj.abletobereachedeasilyapproachable,attainable,availableRiversalsorevealclayalongtheirbanks,anderosiononahillsidemaymaketheclayeasilyaccessible.23.apparatus

n.theequipmentneededforaspecifiedpurposedevice,gear,machineThoughdelicateapparatusesareused,volcanoeshavebeengreatmysteries.24.sieve1)n.autensilwithameshedorperforatedbottom2)v.tostrainorsiftwithasieve1)mesh,net2)filter,screenClayisfartoosmalltosieveaccurately.25.scourgen.acauseofgreatsufferingandafflictionaffliction,misery,plagueWiththeirabilitytodisseminatenumerousseedsquickly,weedssoonbecamethescourgeoftheprairies.26.skimv.toremovefloatingmatterfromthesurfaceofaliquidcream,scoop,takeoffThebubblesrosetothesurfacewiththemineralparticlesattached,andtheywereskimmed.27.trenchn.alongandnarrowditchinthegroundchannel,furrow,pitThetrenchers,whicharecomplexmachinesthatdigthetrenchforthecable,layitinthe

correctpositionandthenburyit.28.thrustern.arocketattachedtoaspacecraftusedtocontrolitsattitudeInthebackofthetrencher,itcontainstenfanthrustersthatpropelitthroughthewater.29.accumulatev.tocollectorgathersomethinginanincreasingquantityamass,stock,pileupThereseemtohavebeenseveralperiodswhenwateraccumulatedinthesebasins.30.homogeneousadj.madeupofelementsthatareallofthesamekindornatureuniform,consistent,identicalRailroadshavemadethepeopleoftheUnitedStateshomogeneousandhavebrokenthroughthepeculiaritiesandprovincialisms.

Chapter12UNIT48AppliedSciences1.reorientcf.orientv.tosetorarrangeinanewordifferentdeterminatepositionmodifyRailroadsreshapedtheNorthAmericanenvironmentandreorientedNorthAmericanbehavior.2.deciduousadj.involvingplantswhichshedalltheirleavesatacertaintimeofyearThispestdefoliatesornamentaltreessuchasdeciduousoaks.3.expedientadj.usefulorhelpfulforapurposebeneficial,effective,practicalHefeltthattheremustbeamoreexpedientwaytosendmessages.4.stake1)n.aninterest,especiallyafinancialone2)n.asumofmoneyriskedinbetting1)interest,share2)betHoldingalargestakeinthecommunity,nineteenth-centuryAmericanhotelkeepersexercisedpowertomakeitprosper.5.adverse

adj.goingagainst;unfavorabletoone’sinterestscontrary,negative,hostilePenicillincanhaveanadverseeffectonapersonwhoisallergictoit.6.replenishv.tofillupormakecompleteagainrefill,restock,restoreThereisnoeasysourceofhydrogentoreplenishthesupply.7.resilientadj.abletorecoverquicklyelastic,flexible,springyByriddingtheoceanofweakerfish,predatorsallowthestrongeronestomultiply,makingtheirspeciesmoreresilient.8.sanctuary1)n.aholyorsacredplace,likeachurchortemple2)n.anareaforbirdsoranimalswheretheycannotbehunted1)sanctum,shrine2)reservationThedesignationofamarinesanctuaryindicatesthatitisaprotectedarea,justasanationalparkis.9.sedentaryadj.involvingmuchsitting;notmovingfromoneplacetoanotherseated,stationary,unmoving

Aphidsareparticularlyvulnerabletopredatorsbecauseoftheirgregarioushabitsandsedentarynature.10.stagnantadj.notflowing;notdevelopingorgrowingmotionless,standing,staleAcupfulofstagnantwatermaycontainmillionsofmicroorganisms.11.suffocatev.tokillorbekilledbyalackofairchoke,stifleIfthebacteriaarenotkeptincheck,theycouldsuffocatetheoceans.12.nemesisn.apersonorthingthatcausesseriousharmaspunishmentenemy,foe,rivalHebelievedAIDSisourcollectivenemesis.13.hatchv.tobreakoutofanegg;toproduceyounganimalsfromeggsbreed,incubate,broodFemaleseaturtlesswimasmuchas2,000kilometerstoreturntothebeacheswheretheywerehatched.14.surrender

v.toadmitdefeatbygivingoneselfuptoanenemygiveup,concede,yieldThemilitarywaschargedwithdefendingthenation’sforestsandhadorderstokillillegalloggerswhodidnotsurrender.15.symbioticadj.relatingtoarelationshipinwhichorganisms,people,orlivingthingsinvolveddependoneachotherAsymbioticrelationshipiswhentwoorganismsofdifferentspecies“worktogether”andeachbenefitfromtherelationship.16.glucosen.anaturalformofsugarfoundinfruitandusedinthebodyGlucosedoesnothavetobedigested,soitcanbeputdirectlyintothebloodstream.17.prostheticadj.relatingtoadevicethatsubstitutesfororsupplementsamissingordefectivepartofthebodyAprostheticlegenablesapersontofunctionwithouttheassistanceofawheelchairorcrutches.18.amnesian.alossofmemory,eitherinpartorcompletelyforgetfulnessIncasesofaminorinjurytothebrain,amnesiaislikelytobeatemporarycondition.

19.analgesicn.aremedythatrelievesorallayspainpainkillerAnalgesicsareusedtorelievepainandreducefever.20.antibioticn.asubstancelikepenicillinwhichisusedinthetreatmentofbacterialinfectionsFungiarethesourceofmanyofthemostpotentantibioticsusedinclinicalmedicine,includingpenicillin.21.hypnosisn.aninducedsleeplikestateinwhichapersonisdeeplyrelaxedhypnotism,mesmerismHypnosisissometimesemployedasameansofhelpingpeopletoquitsmoking.22.insomnian.aconditionwheretheindividualhastroublefallingasleeporwakesuprepeatedlyduringthenightsleeplessness,wakefulnessThecausesofinsomniaareusuallypsychologicalintheformofstress,depression,andtoomuchworrying.23.terminologyn.thewordsandphrasesusedinaparticularsubjectorfield

jargon,lingo,argotInverylooseterminology,therighthemisphereofthebraincontrolstheleftsideofthebody.24.ulcern.asoreplaceappearingontheskininsideoroutsidethebodywhichmaybleedorproducepoisonousmattersore,abscess,cankerPeoplewithulcersmusteatblandfoods.25.secretev.toformandreleaseasubstancerelease,ooze,exudePheromonesaresecretedtotheoutsideofthebodyandcauseotherindividualstohavespecificreactions.26.volatilityn.thepropertyofchangingreadilyfromasolidorliquidtoavaporThechemicalsignalcanbepersistentdependinguponthevolatilityofthechemical.27.weldv.tojointwopiecesofmetal;tounitesomethingtogetherfirmlyjoin,unite,combineTherearetwogastanksconnectedtotheweldingequipment;oneisfullofoxygen,andtheotherisfullofacetylene.

28.streamlinedadj.designedtooffertheleastpossibleresistance;optimallyshapedhydrodynamic,aerodynamic,efficientThechallengeistobuildawingstreamlinedenoughtoflyathighspeedsforlongdistances.29.revolutionizev.tobringaboutrevolution;tochangedramaticallyIronproductionwasrevolutionizedintheearlyeighteenthcenturywhencokewasfirstusedinsteadofcharcoalforrefiningironore.30.sereneadj.calmandcomposedtranquil,peaceful,pacificThearchitectsemphasizedtheneedfornatural,serenesettingswherehurriedurbandwellerscouldperiodicallyescapefromthecity.

Chapter13UNIT49Humanities1.subsidizev.toprovideorsupportwithasubsidyfinance,fund,sponsorOneawardsubsidizesapromisingAmericanwriter’svisittoRome.2.utter1)adj.havingnoexceptionsorrestrictions2)v.toexpressathoughtoremotioninwords1)complete,thorough2)stateThismovieillustratespeople’sutterhelplessnessinthefaceofmachinesmeanttoservetheirbasicneeds.3.article1)n.anobject2)n.ashortwrittencompositioninanewspaper1)item2)essay,reportThePomopeopleusedfourdistinctvariationsonthebasictwiningprocess,oftenemployingmorethanoneoftheminasinglearticle.4.convergencen.thecomingtogetheroftwoormorethingstothesamepointconfluence,conjunction,meetingFromthisunitycreatedbytheconvergenceofartistsfromvarioussocialandgeographical

backgroundscameanewspirit.5.hilariousadj.veryfunnyorhumorousamusing,comical,merryShirleyJackson’ssometimeschilling,sometimeshilariousstorieswerelargelyignoredbycriticswhentheywerepublished.6.jestern.acolorfully-dressedprofessionalclownclown,jokerThisfunnycostumeremindsyouofajesterorevenawoman.7.puppetn.atypeofdollthatcanbeoperatedbystringsorsticksmarionetteMusicbasedonIndonesianmusicwasusedintheshadowpuppettheaterofthatregion.8.memoirn.arecordofeventswrittenbyapersonhavingknowledgeofthembiography,life,reminiscenceAmemoirisrestrictedinscope,anditisusuallyshorterthananautobiography.9.obscenitycf.obscenen.thestateorqualityofbeingobscene

bawdiness,vulgarity,filthinessAlsoinfluentialwasanovelbyWilliamsS.Burroughs,NakedLunch,whichalsosurvivedanobscenitytrial.10.prosaicadj.notpoetic;boringorordinaryunimaginative,common,routineForbabies,languageisasensory-motordelightratherthantheroutetoprosaicmeaningthatitoftenisforadults.11.auditoryadj.referringtohearingortheorgansinvolvedinhearingacoustic,aural,auricularBabies’responsestothesoundofthehumanvoicearedifferentfromtheirresponsestoothersortsofauditorystimuli.12.utensiln.animplementortool,especiallyoneforeverydayordomesticusetool,implement,deviceTheforkhasbeenusedasaneatingutensilatleastsincethetwelfthcentury.13.cumbersomeadj.difficulttouseoroperate,especiallybecauseofsize,weight,ordesignawkward,clumsy,unhandyAsapartofacumbersomeprocess,apitwasdug,andaplatformwassetupacrossit.

14.strategicadj.doneasapartofaplan,especiallyinamilitaryorbusinesstacticalAnotherareatotakeintoconsiderationwasthestrategicbombingcampaign.15.coarseadj.oflowquality;nothavingalevelorsmoothsurfacecrude,inferior,roughTheEgyptiansmadecoarsefibersby1600B.C.,andfiberssurvivedasdecorationsonEgyptianpotterydatingbackto1375B.C.16.infiltratev.tofiltersomethinglikealiquid;topassintoaterritoryinsinuate,permeate,sneakUsingthecoverofdarkness,thesoldiersinfiltratedtheenemy’sdefenses.17.nichen.ashallowrecesssuitableforathing;apositioninlifeinwhichonefeelsfulfilledalcove,hollow,placeThearchaeologicalsitecontainednichesforceremonialobjectsandacentralfirepit.18.eccentricityn.anoddorpeculiarhabitunusualness,strangeness,peculiarity

PlaywrightOscarWildedistinguishedhimselfforhiswitandeccentricityindress,taste,andmanners.19.roten.themechanicaluseofthememorytoperformsomethingwithoutthinkingmemoryJohnDeweystronglybelievedthatchildrenshouldnotbetaughtbyrote.20.shardn.afragmentofsomethingbrittlechip,fragment,pieceBydiggingupdifferentshardsfromdifferentstratumlayers,archaeologistscaneasilydatethestagesofaculture’sdevelopment.21.chroniclev.torecordhistoricaleventsintheorderinwhichtheyoccurredrecord,list,documentThebookvividlychronicledthewriter’sstruggletoovercomealcoholism.22.libationn.aliquidsuitablefordrinking;thepouringofwineorsomethingelseinhonorofagoddrinkLargequantitiesoffoodandlibationsareconsumedduringthefestivities.

23.figurinen.asmallcarvedormoldedfigurefigure,statuetteAtthearchaeologicalsite,thereweremanypoor-qualityfigurinesandpaintedpotsproducedinquantitybyeasy,inexpensivemeans.24.conventionaladj.conformingtoestablishedpracticeoracceptedstandardscustomary,traditional,ordinaryTheEuropeaninfluencesonjazzcanbeheardinitsuseofsuchconventionalinstrumentsasthetrumpet,stringbass,andpiano.25.betrayv.tobedisloyalorunfaithfultosellout,letdown,failArthurMiller’smasterpiece,DeathofSalesman,isthetragicstoryofasalesmanbetrayedbyhisownhollowvalues.26.sentimentn.asubjectiveresponsetoaperson,thing,orsituationfeeling,emotionModernTimesdoesaccuratelyreflectthesentimentsofmanywhofeeltheyarevictimsofanover-mechanizedworld.27.dilapidatedadj.fallingtopiecesbecauseofneglectorage;ingreatneedofrepair

ruined,destroyed,broken-downThesepaintersusuallychosesubjectsthatwereinterestingonlybecausetheyweresoordinary;aclosed-downgasstation,anoldmanwaitingforabus,adilapidatedbillboard.28.aviationn.thescienceofmechanicalflightthroughtheair;theindustrythatmakesaircraftaeronauticsCharlesLindbergh’sfirsttransatlanticflightopenedawholenewworldofpossibilitiesforaviation,especiallycommercialaviation.29.pluckv.topulloutsomethingwithone’sfingers;tosoundthestringsofaviolinorsomethingelseusingthefingerspick,extract,drawoutTheharpisastringedmusicalinstrumentofancientorigin,anditsstringsarepluckedbythefingers.30.decodecf.encodev.totranslateacodedmessageintoordinarylanguagedecipher,interpretInordertodecodeEgyptiannumerals,longstretchesofsymbolgroupingshadtobesortedoutandaddedtogether.

Chapter13UNIT50SocialSciences1.pivotaladj.constructedasoractinglikeapivot;cruciallyimportantcentral,vital,crucialThedevelopmentofsteamenginesplayedapivotalroleinthespreadofthefactorysystem.2.barter1)n.atradebyexchanginggoodsratherthanbysellingthemformoney2)v.totradeorexchangegoodsorserviceswithoutusingmoney1)trade2)exchange,bargainBeforecurrencycameintouse,peopleusedthebartersystemtoexchangegoodsdirectlyforgoods.3.layoffph.tostopemployingsomeonebecausethereisnoworkforthatpersontododismiss,sackTheBrindleyCorporationhadtolayofftenpercentofitsemployeesduetodecreasedsales.4.reprieven.adelayorcancellationofsomeone’spunishmentpostponement,suspensionTofamers,factoriesofferedareprievefromthebackbreakingworkandfinancialunpredictabilityassociatedwithfarming.

5.juggernautn.amightyforcesweepingawayanddestroyingeverythinginitspathTheywerethejuggernautsoftheskyandbyfarthelargestcommercialplanesoftheirday.6.percapitaph.byorforeachindividualpersonperhead,pereachpersonFifteenhundreddollarsayearwasthepercapitaincomeintheUnitedStatesin1950.7.arduousadj.needingalotofwork,effort,orenergyhard,laborious,exhaustingMountainclimbingisanarduoussport.8.frivolousadj.notsufficientlyserious;sillyoramusinginsignificant,trivial,childishHewasfrustratedbecausehisbossassignedhimsomefrivolouswork.9.consistentadj.inagreementwithsomething;inkeepingwithsomethingconforming,accordant,constantDecadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidence.

10.subduev.tooverpowerandbringundercontrol;toreduceinintensityconquer,suppress,quellPolicemenarmedwithriotshieldsandbatonswerecalledintosubduetheangrysoccerfans.11.patent1)n.asolerighttomakeandsellaparticulararticle2)v.toobtainapatentforaninventionBarbedwire,firstpatentedintheUnitedStatesin1867,playedanimportantpartinthedevelopmentofAmericanfarming.12.strainn.atypeofanimal,plant,ordiseasefamily,bloodline,raceThesecondstrainwasthepneumonicplague,whichwasprobablyamutationofthebubonicplague.13.abortionn.thedeliberateendingofapregnancyatanearlystageterminationInsomesocietieslikeChina,withitsone-childpolicy,thepreferenceforsonsisadrivingreasonforabortion.14.censusn.anofficialcountofapopulationcarriedoutatperiodicintervals

pollTheUnitedStatescensusfor1970showedthattheFrench-speakingresidentsofLouisianawereoneofthecountry’smostcompactregionallinguisticminorities.15.localen.thesceneofsomeeventoroccurrencesite,location,spotTheinformationonthealarmpertainedtothelocaleinwhichitwouldbeused.16.ovulatev.toreleaseanovumoreggcellfromtheovaryDuringestrus,afemaleisovulatingandcanbecomepregnant.17.putdown1)ph.tocriticizesomeonetomakethatpersonfeelsilly2)ph.tostoparevolutionorsomethingelsebyusingforce1)belittle,insult2)overpower,suppressTheleadersputdownarebellionintheircountrybyappeasingthedifferentgroups.18.falterv.tomoveunsteadily;tobecomeweakertotter,stumble,weakenAfterstartingoutinthelead,hebegantofalternearthefinishline.

19.federaladj.belongingtoacountryconsistingofagroupofstatesThefederalsystemofgovernmentinCanadaissimilartothatoftheUnitedStates.20.electoraten.allthepeopleinacityorcountrywhohavetherighttovoteTheBritishReformBillof1867morethandoubledtheelectoratebygrantingtherighttovotetocommonworkingmen.21.hierarchicaladj.classifiedaccordingtovariouscriteriaintosuccessivelevelsorlayersBecauseofthefiercenessoftheirarmyandtheirhierarchicalorganization,theybecamethelargestNativeAmericansociety.22.amendmentn.asmallchangeorimprovementthatismadetoalaworadocumentcorrection,alterationThefirsttenamendmentstotheConstitutionareknownastheBillofRights.23.ammunitionn.bullets,shells,bombs,orsomethingelsemadetobefiredfromaweaponManyoftheFrenchmenhadprovidedallsortsofthings,fromfoodtoammunition,fortheIndians.

24.bladdern.ahollowsac-shapedorganinwhichliquidwasteisstoredbeforeitispassedoutofthebodyvesicaYourbowelsandbladderpreparetoemptytheircontentsbecause,iftheyexperienceaninjury,theircontentscouldinfectyourbody.25.ruthlessadj.havingorshowingalackofsympathyortenderfeeling;hardandcruelrelentless,pitiless,mercilessThepirateBlackbeardhadareputationforbeingaharsh,ruthlessman.26.incestn.sexualintercoursebetweencloselyrelatedpeopleWhilevirtuallyallcultureshaverulesprohibitingincest,thedefinitionofwhatconstitutesincestfluctuateswidely.27.inauguraladj.comingbeforeallothersintimeororder;relatingtoaceremonythatofficiallymarksthebeginningofsomethinginitial,introductory,maidenOntheinauguralflightoftheDixieClipperacrosstheAtlantic,twenty-twopassengersenjoyedamainsittingareaequippedwithplushsofas.28.soothev.tobringrelieffrompainorsomethingelse

comfort,calm,mitigateFood,drink,andcelebrationafterthegroupworkprovidedrelaxationandsoothedwearymuscles.29.interdisciplinaryadj.involvingtwoormoresubjectsofstudyCognitivescienceisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofresearchthatemployspsychology,linguistics,andbiology.30.dignifyv.tomakesomethingimpressiveordignifiedennoble,glorify,exaltAgriculturewasnotevenconsideredascienceuntilitwasdignifiedbytheworkofresearchstations.

Chapter13UNIT51NaturalSciences1.hexagonalcf.hexagonadj.havingaplanefigurewithsixsidesandanglesSimplesnowflakespossessavarietyofbeautifulforms,mostofwhicharehexagonal.2.torrentialadj.causedbyorlikeatorrent;fallinginlargeamountsrushing,streaming,violentThetorrentialrainsandheavywindsthehurricanebroughtarecontributingtoitsstormsurge.3.luminousadj.fulloforgivingoutlightbright,shining,glowingThemostluminousobjectsseenbytelescopesareprobablytenthousandmillionlightyearsaway.4.spiraladj.movinginacontinuouscurvethatwindsaroundacentralpointcoiled,helical,screwTheMilkyWayisaspiralgalaxy,aflattishdiscofstarswithtwospiralarmsemergingfromitscentralnucleus.5.tentacle

n.longandthinappendageswhichareusedassenseorgansGiantsquidhaveeightshortarmsandtwolongtentacles.6.sinuousadj.markedbyalongseriesofirregularcurvescurving,twisting,windingThelargecircularmariawereseenasstrange,andsinuousfeatureswereobservedinthemaria.7.rupturev.tobebrokenortoburstapart;toburstorbreakapartsomethingbreak,split,breachThischangeinthevolumeofairmaycausethelungstodistendandeventorupture.8.tension1)n.afeelingofanxietyandstressthatmakesitimpossibletorelax2)n.thestateofbeingstretchedtight1)nervousness,distress2)strain,pressureAswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,anegativepressureortensioniscreatedonit.9.translucentadj.allowinglighttopassdiffuselysemi-transparent,see-throughOnecannotseethroughtranslucentmaterials,butlightcanpassthroughthem.

10.borealisn.aluminousdisplayofcolorsinthenightskyoftheNorthernHemisphereItisalmostimpossibletocapturethebeautyoftheauroraborealisinphotographs.11.reactorn.alargestructureusedforthecontrolledproductionofnuclearenergyInlateApril1986,thenumberfourreactorattheChernobylnuclearpowerplantexploded.12.ovaladj.withtheoutlineofaneggorshapedlikeaneggegg-shaped,ovoid,ellipticalThepeartreehassimple,ovalleavesthataresmootherandshinierthanthoseoftheapple.13.gyrationn.arapidturningaboutonanaxisorcentralpointwhirl,rotation,spinThegyrationsofthecatinmidairaretoofastforthehumaneyetofollow,sotheprocessisobscured.14.anomalyn.somethingthatisunusualordifferentfromwhatisexpectedabnormality,freak,exceptionIfwestandabovenatureandiftechnologyisallpowerful,thenAIDSisahorrifyinganomalythatmustbetryingtotellussomething.

15.antlern.eitherofapairofsolidbonyoutgrowthsontheheadofananimalDeerusetheirantlerschieflytofightformatesorforleadershipofaherd.16.epidermisn.theouterlayerofskinskinTheexternalsurfacesofplants,inadditiontobeingcoveredbyanepidermisandawaxycuticle,oftencarryspikyhairs.17.conifern.atreewithnarrowneedle-likeleavesandwhichproducepollenandseedsinconesTheconifer,whichisamongthetallesttrees,hasanunusuallylowrootpressure.18.piquev.tohurtsomeone’spride;toarousecuriosityorinterestannoy,offend,intrigueAlthoughthisimpacteventwasofconsiderablescientificimportant,itespeciallypiquedthepublic’scuriosityandinterest.19.phosphorescentadj.producingafaintlightinthedark;luminouswithoutsensibleheatlight,radiant,luminous

Fishlivingincompletedarknessatthebottomofdeep-seatrencheshaveevolvedincrediblysensitiveeyesandphosphorescentorgans.20.vascularadj.relatingtothebloodvesselsofanimalsorthesap-conductingtissuesofplantsClubmosses,consideredtobeadvancedbecausetheyarevascular,ofteninhabitmoistplaces.21.pollinatev.toputpollenintoaflowerorplantsothatitproducesseedsfertilizeSomehoneybeesareraisedfortheirabilitytopollinate,whichensuresplantfertilizationthatincreasesfruityields.22.unfurlv.tospreadoutorunrollsomethingfromarolled-upstatespread,unfold,openThewaterunfurlsinthesunlightwiththecolorsoftherainbowplayingacrossit.23.aquifern.anareaofrockunderneaththesurfaceoftheEarththatabsorbsandholdswaterThefirstconditionforageyser’seruptionisthatwatermustbecontainedinanaquifer.24.cartographern.apersonwhomakeschartsormapsmapmaker

ThetaskofacartographeristorepresenttheEarth’ssurfaceatagreatlyreducedscale.25.faultn.abreakorcrackintheEarth’scrustresultingintheslippageofarockmassslipTheoriginalarchitectsoftheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleybuiltthecampusdirectlyontopofafault.26.parolen.thereleasebeforetheendofone’ssentenceonthepromiseofgoodbehaviorGPSisevenusedtokeeptrackofcriminalsondayleaveorparole.27.ensuev.tohappenafterorasaresultofanothereventfollowIn1906,muchofSanFranciscowasdestroyedbyanearthquakeandthefiresthatensued.28.impendingadj.beingsoontoappearortakeplaceimminent,approaching,nearingEvenwithourimprovedabilitytoidentifyhazardousareasandtowarnofimpendingeruptions,increasingnumbersofpeoplefacecertaindanger.29.overcast

adj.coveredbycloudscloudy,gloomy,darkBecauseultravioletlightfromthesuncanpenetrateclouds,itispossibletogetasunburnonanovercastday.30.gaugen.astandardagainstwhichthingsaremeasured;aninstrumentusedtomeasureaquantityyardstick,measure,indicatorThegaugeknownaspotentialevaporationtotalsthewaterlostthroughbothnormalevaporationandtheevaporationthatoccursfromplantlife.

Chapter13UNIT52AppliedSciences1.minusculeadj.extremelysmallminute,tinyInordertobuildhisdream,heborrowed$50million,whichsoundsminusculebytoday’sstandards.2.ledgen.anarrowhorizontalshelforshelf-likepartshelf,projection,overhangTwoledgeswerebuiltacrossfromeachotherontheinsideofthechimney.3.tendonn.acordofstrongfibroustissuethatjoinsamuscletoaboneMusclefibersareattachedbonesbytendons.4.electronn.aparticlewhichhasanegativeelectricchargeinatomsTheprotonhasapositivecharge,andtheelectronhasanegativecharge.5.scaffoldingn.atemporaryframeworkofmetalpolesandplanksframe,rack

ConstructionworkershavebegundismantlingthescaffoldingthathasencasedtheGuggenheimMuseumfornearlythreeyears.6.terrestrialadj.relatingtothelandortotheEarthearthly,earthboundMuchhasbeenwrittenaboutthediversityofterrestrialorganisms.7.thwartv.topreventorhindersomeoneorsomethingimpede,obstruct,blockOceanpredatorsplayacriticalrolebythwartingbacteriagrowthandmaintainingtheoceans’equilibriumbyreducingvulnerablelinksinthefoodchain.8.parchedadj.driedup;slightlyroasteddry,torrid,burnedAccordingtooneofthescientists,mostparchedtreestransmittheirplightinthe50-and500-kilohertzrange.9.salineadj.containingsodiumchlorideorsaltbriny,saltyWhenthesalinewatertablerisestowithintwometersofthesurface,evaporationconcentratessaltatthesurface.

10.seeminglyadv.inappearanceapparently,ostensibly,superficiallyWhydidthehuge,seeminglysuccessfulmammothsdisappear?11.bogn.anareaoflowandwetmuddygroundthatsometimescontainsbushesorgrassesmarsh,swamp,fenManyanimalsbecametrappedinbogsovergrownbyvegetation.12.propagationn.multiplicationbynaturalreproduction;disseminationproliferation,generation,spreadOurproblemsdonotstemfromevaporatedwatersuppliesbutfromapropagationofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesduetoindustrialandautomobileemissions.13.groomv.tocleanthefurorskinofanotheranimaloritselfdress,neatenup,tidyupMonkeysarehighlysocialanimals.Agoodexampleofthisisthefactthattheygroomoneanother.14.cetaceann.ananimalbelongingtotheorderwhichincludesdolphins,porpoises,andwhales

Itiswidelybelievedthatcetaceansarehighlyintelligent.15.antigenn.aforeignsubstancethatstimulatesthebody’simmunesystemtoproduceantibodiesEachbloodcellhasanantigen,akindofprotein,onitssurface.16.capillaryadj.havingaverysmalldiameter;relatingtocapillarityhair-likeOxygenandnutrientsreachthebody’stissuesbypassingfromthebloodthroughthecapillarywall.17.caninen.oneofthelong,sharp,andpointedteethinfrontofahuman’soranimal’smouthcuspid,dogtoothThefrontteethareusedtobitefood,thecaninestotearit,andthemolarstogrindit.18.incisorn.oneoftheeightsharpteethatthefrontofthemouthandwhichareusedforbitingfronttooth,fore-toothAbaby’sfirstteethtoappeararegenerallythelowerincisors.19.diaphragmn.thelayerofmusclebetweenthelungsandthestomachandwhichisusedespeciallyto

controlbreathingThepowerrequiredforbreathingcomesfromtheintercostalmusclesandthediaphragm.20.irisn.thecoloredpartoftheeyethatcontrolstheopeningandclosingofthepupilTheirisisbasicallytheapertureoftheeye,whichissimilartothatofacamera.21.neurosisn.amentaldisorderthatcausesobsessivefearsandunreasonablebehaviornervousbreakdownApsychosisisaseverementaldisorderthatismoreseriousthananeurosis.22.pneumonian.aninflammationofthelungs,usuallyasaresultofbacterialorviralinfectionThesymptomsofpneumonia,alunginfection,includehighfever,chestpains,breathingdifficulty,andcoughing.23.pupiln.thedarkandcircularopeninginthecenteroftheirisThepupilregulatestheamountoflightallowedintotheeye.24.paralysisn.atemporaryorpermanentlossofmuscularfunctionorsensationnumbness,palsy

Althoughcompleteparalysisisrarewithneuritis,itiscommonforsomemusclestobecomeweak.25.arthritisn.adiseasethatcausespainandswellinginoneormorejointsofthebodyIsadoraMartinezinventedakneeimplantthatletspeoplewitharthritisbendtheirkneeseasily.26.viableadj.capableofbeingdoneorcarriedoutfeasible,possible,practicalDuringthenineteenthcentury,furtheradvancesweremade,notablyBessemer’sprocessforconvertingironintosteel,whichmadethematerialmorecommerciallyviable.27.carbohydraten.agroupoforganiccompoundswhichconsistofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenCarbohydratessuchassugarorstarchesareimportantenergysourcesforhumansandanimals.28.viscosityn.thedegreetowhichafluidcanresistflowingcohesionViscosityisameasurementdescribingtherelativedifficultyoreasinesswithwhichliquidsflow.

29.pavilionn.alargeandelaboratetent;alargeornamentalbuildingTheLibertyBell,formerlyhousedinIndependenceHall,wasmovedtoaseparateglasspavilionin1976.30.prodigyn.achildofextraordinarybrilliance;somethingextraordinaryorsurprisinggenius,wonder,marvelEdisonhasbeenreferredtoasachildprodigysincehebeganworkingonhisfirstinventionsattheageoftwelve.

Chapter14UNIT53Humanities1.calibern.thelevelofqualityorabilitythatsomeoneorsomethinghasachievedtalent,capacity,meritTheactorsmaybeofthehighestcaliberorsimplypart-timenovices.2.cardinaladj.highlyimportant;havingotherthingsbasedonsomethingessential,main,principalAcardinalruleforplayersofthelute,astringedinstrument,isthateverynoteissustainedforaslongaspossible.3.hissn.asoundlikealong‘s’;unwantedbackgroundnoiseinasoundsystemsibilanceEnvironmentalsoundsandelectricallygeneratedhissescanbeincorporatedintoamusicalcomposition.4.luminosityn.thepropertyofemittinglightradiance,glow,splendorHispaintingsshowthesameluminosityandattentiontodetailthattheworksoftheDutchmastersshow.

5.luridadj.toobrightincolor;arousingastrongandsuperficialinterestoremotionalreactionflaming,sensational,startlingPaperbacknovelsinthe1940softenhadluridcoverstoattractreaders’attention.6.choreographyn.thearrangementofthepatternofmovementsindancingItwasaround1925thatanaccurate,convenientsystemforrecordingthechoreographyofballetwasdeveloped.7.punctualityn.thequalityorhabitofarrivingontimepromptness,timelinessYouwillnodoubtmeetpeoplewithvaryingattitudestowardspunctuality.8.babblev.totalkorsaysomethingquicklyprattle,chatter,jabberBetweenfourmonthsandeightmonths,infantsbegintobabblemeaninglesssyllables.9.clichén.aphrasewhichhasbecomestaleandhackneyedthroughoverusetritesaying,banalitySomeoftheAmericanexpressionsaresocommontheyhavebecomeclichés;“Timeismoney,”

“Timewaitsfornoone,”andsoon.10.sproutv.todevelopanewgrowthofleaves,hair,orsomethingelsecomeup,bud,germinateThankstothesteamboat,numeroustownsandindustriesbegantosproutupalongtherivers.11.supplementn.somethingthatisaddedtomakesomethingelsecompleteaddition,annex,accessoryWagonfreighting,stagecoachingandsteamboatingbecamesupplementsoffeedersforthefirsttrain.12.treacherousadj.nottobetrusted;readyorlikelytobetrayunreliable,faithless,disloyalTheearlyslavesongsprovidedthemwithakindofspiritualescapefromthetreacherousbondsofslavery.13.discretionn.therighttomakedecisions;thequalityofbehavinginadiscreetwayvolition,discernment,discriminationEstablishingmonumentsisatthepresident’sdiscretion.14.feudalcf.feudalism

adj.relatingtothefeudalstructurethatwasusedinmedievalEuropeAlthoughbasedonfeudalmodels,thecolonyofPennsylvaniadevelopedareputationforaprogressivepoliticalandsocialoutlook.15.mutinyn.arebellionoranactofrebellion;openfightingagainstauthorityrebellion,revolt,uprisingThemutinyofaship’screwsignifiesthebreakdownofobedienceanddiscipline.16.detectablecf.detectadj.abletobenoticedordiscoveredperceptible,observable,discernibleThefactthatDNAindetectableamountshassurvivedfor40,000yearshasgivenscientistshopethatgeneticmaterialofotherlong-vanishedspeciesmaybefound.17.limbon.anareabetweenheavenandhellThenativesbelievethatonlythroughafuneralaretheyabletobreakthelimbooftheirdeadfamilymember.18.hominidn.aprimatebelongingtothefamilyofmodernmanandhisancientancestorshumanAgreatdealcanbelearnedfromtheactualfootprintsofearlyhominids.

19.vaultn.anundergroundburialchambercrypt,catacombThebodyisplacedinahorizontalvaultandenclosedwithstoneorwood.20.freakishadj.veryunusualorunexpectedodd,weird,peculiarAtrumpeteroffreakishgift,LouisArmstrongwillberememberedasthemostinfluentialjazzmusicianofalltime.21.characterizev.todescribesomething;tobeatypicalfeatureofsomethingdepict,label,markHerworkscannotbecharacterizedinafewwords.22.glorifyv.tomakesomeoneorsomethingseemmoreimportantorbeautifulthanhe,she,oritreallyisexalt,dignify,ennobleTheartdidnotglorifyanyspecificrulers.23.delineatev.todescribe,draw,orexplainsomethingindetaildescribe,outline,portray

Theregionalnoveldelineatesthelivesofpeopleinaparticularplacetodemonstratehowanenvironmentinfluencesitsinhabitants.24.embark(on)v.tobeginatask,especiallyalengthyonecommence,launch,startTheDadaistsembarkedontheircrusadebytryingtoshockthepublicbyconstructingoffensiveoroutrageousworksofartandliterature.25.rekindlev.torelightafire;toreviveorrenewsomethingrestore,revitalize,renewIn1912,O’Keeffe’screativesparkwasrekindledwhensheattendedanartclassattheUniversityofVirginiasummerschool.26.relegatev.tomovesomeonedowntoalowergradebanish,exile,demoteTheshowwashoundedoffthelegitimatestageandfounditselfrelegatedtosaloonsandbarrooms.27.comeofagecf.constantph.tobecomeestablishedandacceptedColonialcoppersmithingalsocameofageintheearlyeighteenthcenturyandprosperedinnortherncities.

28.inregardstoph.withregardto;regardingoraboutasregards,inrespectofPayparticularattentiontodetails,especiallyinregardstoPoe’swork,becausetheyarethereforareason.29.impostorn.someonewhopretendstobesomeoneelseinordertodeceiveotherspretender,deceiver,tricksterThecharacterlooksverymuchlikeafoolorevenanimpostor;thatis,hemighthavewealth,but,essentially,heisaclown,afake.30.lyricsn.thewordsofasonglibretto,book,wordsLouisArmstrongwasoneofthefirstmusicianstosinginthescatstyle,usingrhythmicnonsensesyllablesinsteadoflyrics.

Chapter14UNIT54SocialSciences1.spearheadv.toleadamovement,campaign,attack,orsomethingelselead,initiate,pioneerTaylorwasanAmericanengineerwhospearheadedtheEfficiencyMovementatthebeginningofthe20thcentury.2.haulv.topullwithgreateffortordifficultydrag,draw,towFarmwomenhadtohaullargequantitiesofwaterintothehousefromwellsorpumpsforeverypurpose.3.arithmeticn.thebranchofmathematicsthatusesnumberstosolveproblemscalculation,computationReading,writing,andarithmeticwerethebasicsofanelementaryschooleducation.4.encyclopedian.areferencecontaininginformationoneverybranchofknowledgePublishersofencyclopediasemployedhundredsofspecialistsandlargeeditorialstaffs.5.protocol

n.theversionofanagreement;correct,formal,ordiplomaticetiquetteorproceduretreaty,manners,conventionThisendlessrepetition,combinedwithstrictschedulesandofficeprotocol,hasaverywearingeffectonworkers.6.hingeonph.tobedependentorcontingenton,orasifonahingedependon,relyon,turntoIndustrialgrowthhingedonseveraleconomicfactors.7.lathen.amachinetoolusedtocut,drill,orpolishapieceofmetalUntilthelate1700s,metalcouldnotbeturnedonalathetomakeituniformlysmoothandround.8.subsistv.toliveortomanagetostayaliveexist,live,surviveManyprehistoricpeoplesubsistedashuntersandgathers.9.headingn.awordorseriesofwords,ofteninlargerletters,placedatthebeginningofapassageinordertointroduceorcategorizeheadline,rubric,titleTheworkofafactoryworkerandanofficeworkerfallsunderthegeneralheadingoflabor.

10.disseminatev.tomakesomethingbewidelycirculatedordiffuseddisperse,spread,dissipateHollywooddisseminatedanimageofthegoodlifeinSouthernCaliforniaonscreensallacrossthenation.11.windfalln.afruit,especiallyanapple,blowndownfromitstree;anunexpectedfortunejackpot,bonanza,luckystrikeTheSouthreceivedgreatfinancialwindfallsfromitsagriculturalproduce.12.lingerv.toremainforalongtimeremain,stay,loiterSomepeopleliketolingerafterdinnerovercoffeeanddessert.13.ideologyn.thebodyofideaswhichformsthebasisforasocialsystembeliefs,doctrine,philosophyThefarmers’distrustofacitywascaused,inpart,byanationalideologythatproclaimedfarmingthegreatestoccupationandrurallivingsuperiortourbanliving.14.littern.anumberofanimalsborntothesamemotheratthesametime

offspring,young,broodManyanimalspeciesproducelargelittersatbirth.15.pubertyn.thestageofchangeinthehumanbodyfromchildhoodtotheadultstateadolescence,pubescence,teensAdolescenceisatransitionalstageinhumandevelopmentfromthebeginningofpubertytotheattainmentoftheemotional,social,andphysicalmaturityofadulthood.16.chaosn.astateofutterconfusionordisorderdisorder,pandemonium,turmoilThesenewurbanitieseagerlyembracedtheprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthechaosofthecity.17.institutionn.apublicbodyfoundedforaspecialpurpose;acustomortraditionestablishment,foundation,practiceTheinstitutionofslaveryhasbeenapartofhumanhistoryforthousandsofyears.18.gullibleadj.easilytrickedorfooledinnocent,naive,unwaryConartistsarecriminalswhotakeadvantageofgulliblepeoplebytrickingthemandtakingtheirmoney.

19.pendingadj.waitingtobedecidedordealtwithimpending,undecidedThependingplanfortheimprovementofNewYorkHarborwasdiscussedataconference,but,unfortunately,itwasnotagreedto.20.ravagev.tocauseextensivedamagetoaplacedemolish,destroy,razeThecountrycurrentlyisbeingravagedbyancientreligiousconflicts.21.epithetn.awordappliedtoapersonorthingtodescribeanactualqualitynickname,label,tagEventhenameisanepithet,asynonymforthestunted,thescruffy,andtheinsignificant.22.cabinetn.anexecutivepolicy-makingbodymadeupofseniorministerscouncil,ministryIntheUnitedStates,theattorneygeneralisthecabinetmemberinchargeoftheadministrationoftheDepartmentofJustice.23.credentialn.thepersonalqualificationsthatcanbequotedasevidenceofone’scompetence

identification,reference,licenseWhatevertheiropinionofMr.Jelkswas,hehadveryimpressivecredentials.24.isolationismn.thepolicyofnotjoiningwithothercountriesininternationalaffairsAwholemovement,knownasisolationism,whichcalledforAmericatoremainoutofworldaffairsunlessthreateneddirectly,grew.25.arenan.aplayingfieldwheresportingeventstakeplace;aplaceofgreatactivitystadium,theaterInforeignaffairs,heledtheUnitedStatesintothearenaofinternationalpowerpolitics,thrustingasidetheAmericantraditionofisolationism.26.bowelsn.anintestine,especiallythelargeintestineinhumansintestines,guts,innardsAnestimatedoneinfiveAmericanssuffersfromirritablebowelsyndrome,adisorderthatcancausedisablingcramping,constipation,anddiarrhea.27.variablen.afactorwhichmaychangeorbechangedbyanotherAworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.

28.exaltationn.theactofexaltingorraisinghighelevation,glory,praiseTheSecondChicagoSchooladheredtoneoclassicaleconomicsandrejectedtheKeynesianexaltationofgovernmentregulation.29.cost-effectiveadj.givinganacceptablefinancialreturninrelationtotheinitialoutlayprofitable,economical,worthwhilePamphletsandchapbookscouldbeprintedinlarge,cost-effectiveeditionsandsoldcheaply.30.territoryn.anareaofland,especiallyconsideredwithregardtothegovernmentthatownsorcontrolsitland,area,domainCanada,whichhasasmallpopulation,coversslightlymoreterritorythantheUnitedStatesdoes.

Chapter14UNIT55NaturalSciences1.concentricadj.havingacommoncenterTheplanetsinoursolarsystemarearrayedonnearlythesameflatplane,withtheirorbitsformingroughlyconcentricellipsesaroundthesun.2.wispn.athinandfinetuftorshred;athinordelicateuntidypiecebit,tuft,snippetDaytimetemperaturesmayreachabovefreezing,butbecausetheplanetisblanketedbythemerewispofanatmosphere,theheatradiatesbackintospace.3.eclipse1)v.tocauseaneclipseofaheavenlybody2)v.tosurpassortooutshine1)veil,overshadow2)surpassThemoonhasbeeneclipsedbymankind,anditisonlynaturalthatMarsbethenextstepforspaceexploration.4.skewedadj.slopingortwistedoblique,distortedMadeofhardwood,theboomerangisroughlyV-shapedwitharmsslightlyskewed.

5.constellationn.agroupofstarswhichformapatternandhaveanameInadditiontothetwelveonesoftheZodiac,thirtyotherconstellationswerefamiliartopeopleinancienttimes.6.tributaryn.astreamorriverthatflowsintoalargerstreamorriverbranch,offshoot,streamletAwesterntributary,calledValerieGlacier,advancedupto122feetperday.7.velocityn.arateofmotion;aspeedinacertaindirectionspeed,pace,rapidityThevelocityofariveriscontrolledbytheslope,depth,andtoughnessoftheriverbed.8.refractionn.achangeinthedirectionofawaveoflightwhenitpassesfromonemediumtoanotherBecauseofrefraction,thewaterinatankneverlooksasdeepasitactuallyis.9.narcoticadj.takingawaypainorespeciallycausingsleepanesthetic,hypnotic,soporificSomedoctorshavequestionedwhethersurgicaltreatments,injections,andnarcoticpainmedicationsarebeingusedappropriatelyinmanypatients.

10.petaln.oneofthemodifiedleaves,oftenscentedandbrightlycoloredThemostnoticeableofthepetalsiscalledthelabellum,orlip.11.hitchn.asmallandtemporarysetbackordifficultyproblem,snag,obstacleTherewasahitchintheprogram,whichcausedatwo-hourdelay.12.moltv.toshedfeathers,hair,orskintomakewayforanewgrowthshedAlladultbirdsmolttheirfeathersatleastonceayear.13.coronaryadj.denotingvessels,nerves,orsomethingelsebelongingorrelatingtotheheartCholesterolmayleadtocoronaryheartdiseasebybuildingupinthearteriesoftheheart.14.hypersensitiveadj.unusuallysensitive;havingfeelingswhicharetooeasilyhurttemperamental,touchyInanallergy,theanimal’simmunesystemishypersensitivetosomesubstancesitencounters,calledallergens.

15.embryon.adevelopingyoungorganismuntilhatchingorbirthEggsshouldnotbecomechilledtoapointwheretheembryocannolongersurvive.16.faunan.theanimalsofagivenregionorperiodconsideredasawholeCrowsareprobablythemostfrequentlymetandeasilyidentifiablemembersofthenativefaunaoftheUnitedStates.17.intestinen.thelongtubethatcarrieswastematterfromthestomachoutofthebodybowls,gutsProteindigestionbeginsinthestomachandendsinthesmallintestine.18.resiliencen.thepowerorabilitytoreturntoanoriginalformorpositionafterbeingbent,compressed,orstretchedelasticity,springiness,flexibilityThetinyantcouldbeoneofthemostsuccessfulandmarvelousspecieseverwitnessedduetoitsunrivaledresilience.19.metabolismn.thechemicalreactionthatoccurswithinthecellsofalivingorganism

Virtuallyallspecieshavebiologicalclocksthatregulatetheirmetabolismovera24-hourperiod.20.crevicen.anarrowcrackfissure,cleft,crannyCactusrangefromthethree-inchfishhookcactusnestledinarockcrevicetothetoweringSaguaroCactus,whichreachesheightsof30to40feet.21.gridn.anetworkofevenlyspacedhorizontalandverticallinesthatcanbesuperimposedonachartOnmoremodernGPSsusedinvehicles,itevenshowsananimatedcarexactlywhereitisonacitygrid.22.quicksandn.wetsandthatcansuckdownanythingthatlandsorfallsonitAlthoughquicksandcanbefoundallovertheworld,littlewasknownaboutitscompositionuntilrecently.23.dunen.aridgeorhill,usuallyonaseashoreorinahotdesertSanddunesaremadeofloosesandbuiltupbytheactionofthewind.24.geyser

n.atypeofhotspringthatintermittentlyspoutshotwaterandsteamintotheairGeysershaveoftenbeencomparedtovolcanoesbecausetheybothemithotliquidsfrombelowtheEarth’ssurface.25.incandescentadj.white-hotorglowingwithintenseheatglowing,flaming,flaringSomegeologiststhoughtthattheEarth’sinteriorcontainedahighlycompressedballofincandescentgas.26.synchronize1)v.tohappenormakesomethinghappeninexacttimewithsomethingelseoreachother2)v.tosetclocksandwatchessothatallshowthesametime1)coincide2)coordinate,mateTheGPSreceiversynchronizesitsclockwiththatofthesatellites’atomicclocks.27.basaltn.afine-graineddarkvolcanicrockformedbythesolidificationofmoltenlavaTheblackobsidiancliffsofYellowstoneNationalParkaretheresultofalavaflowofbasaltrunningheadonintoaglacier.28.stratumn.alayerofsedimentaryrock;alayeroftheatmosphereortheoceanlevel,layerTheformationofsnowbeginswiththeseicecrystalsinthesubfreezingstrataofthemiddle

andupperatmosphere.29.weatheringn.theactionofweatheronrocksmakingthemchangeshapeorcolorefflorescence,erosionWeatheringinvolvestheinteractionofthelithospherewiththeatmosphereandhydrosphere.30.symmetricaladj.characterizedbyorexhibitingsymmetry;proportionallybalancedproportional,well-balancedTheellipticalgalaxieshaveasymmetricalellipticalorspheroidalshapewithanobviousstructure.

Chapter14UNIT56AppliedSciences1.thawv.tomelt;tomakesnoworicemeltmelt,deice,unfreezeDuringthesummer,thepermafrostthawsenoughsothatplantsareabletogrowandreproduce.2.crookedadj.bentorcurved,angled,ortwisted;notstraightbowed,askew,distortedLombardStreetinSanFrancisco,whichzigzagsitswayupasteephill,isknownasthemostcrookedstreetintheworld.3.hoistv.toliftorheavesomethingup,especiallysomethingheavyelevate,raise,upliftDuringtheconstructionofskyscrapers,cranesareusedtohoistbuildingmaterialstotheupperfloors.4.opulentadj.havingorshowinggreatwealthaffluent,wealthy,well-to-doManyoftheworld’smostopulentrestaurantsarelocatedinluxuryhotels.

5.bargen.alongandflat-bottomedboatusedonriversandcanalsCoal,grain,steel,andotherproductsareoftenshippedbybargeoninlandwaterways.6.pegn.alittleshaftofsomewoodshapedforanyofvariousfixingpin,rod,boltEarlycarpenters,havingnonails,hadtousewoodenpegstosecuretheirconstructions.7.canaln.anartificialchannelorwaterwayItissaidthatGeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefirsttorealizehowimportantthebuildingsofcanalswouldbetothenation’sdevelopment.8.vindicatev.toprovethatsomethingistrueorright;toclearsomeoneofblameorcriticismjustify,support,exonerateCarson’sworkwasvindicatedbya1963reportofthePresident’sScienceAdvisoryCommittee.9.roamv.torambleorwanderwithnofixedpurposeordirectionwander,range,roveMillionsofbisononceroamedtheplainsofNorthAmerica.

10.pasturen.anareaofgrasslandssuitableorusedforthegrazingoflivestockmeadow,grassland,rangeOvergrazingisaresultoftoomuchlivestockbeingkeptonagivenareaofpasture.11.pulverizationcf.pulverizen.theactionofreducingtodustorpowdergrinding,shattering,crushingTheresultofcattlegrazinginanareaisthereductionofthenaturalvegetationandthepulverizationofthesoil.12.enzymen.aspecializedproteinmoleculethatactsasacatalystInfacttheenzymemaycauseareactiontoproceedbillionsoftimesfasterthanitwouldotherwise.13.stasisn.asituationinwhichthereisnochangeordevelopmentcounterpoise,equilibrium,equipoiseBasilworkstogetherinconjunctionwithhelpfulpredatoryinsectstocreateastateofstasisinwhichthelevelsofharmfulpestdamageareminimizedwithouttheuseofanychemicals.14.mileagen.thenumberofmilestraveledortobetraveled

Testshaveshownthatthenewdieselgetsbetween25%and45%bettermileagethangasoline.15.tuskn.oneofapairoflongandprojectedteethcertainanimals,liketheelephant,haveMammothsweredistinguishedfromtoday’selephantsbytheirthick,shaggycoatsandtheirhuge,upward-curvingtusks.16.camouflagen.thewaythatthecolororshapeofsomethingcanmakeitdifficulttoseecover,disguise,concealmentThesesnakeshavecamouflagepatternsonthemandcanbeverydifficulttosee.17.splicev.tojointwopiecesofropebyweavingthestrandsofoneintotheotherknit,unite,bindAnotherpossiblesolutiontotheproblemofoverfishingisgenesplicing,whichcanacceleratethereproductionoffishmanytimes.18.arboretumn.abotanicalgardenwheretreesandshrubsaregrownInanarboretum,treesarecultivatedforscientificandeducationalpurposes.19.infraredn.awavelengthbetweentheredendofthevisiblespectrumandmicrowavesandradiowaves

Thegreenhouseeffectisaprocessbywhichthesun’sinfraredradiationismorereadilyabsorbedbytheatmosphere.20.kingdomn.acategoryinbiologicaltaxonomy;oneofthefivemajorgroupsintowhichalllivingthingsareorganizedMembersoftheanimalkingdomhavedevelopedavarietyofdefensemechanismsfordealingwithparasites.21.veterinariann.apersontrainedinthemedicalcareandtreatmentofsickanimalsAdogshouldbecheckedregularlybyaveterinariantoensurethatitremainsingoodheath.22.slashandburnph.characterizedbyasystemofagricultureinwhichtreesarecutdownandburnedinordertomakelandavailableforcropsThisterriblelossofvegetationandfarmlandisduetotheslashandburnagriculturalpracticesusedbytheindigenouspeople.23.astigmatismn.theinabilityoftheeyetoseeproperlybecauseofitsshapeSymptomsofastigmatismareblurredvisionand,inmoreextremecases,headaches.24.dementian.alossorseverelesseningofnormalmentalability

Alzheimerdiseaseisthemostcommonformofdementia.25.hepatitisn.aninflammationofthelivercausedbyaviralinfectionEarlysignscharacteristicoftheacutephaseofviralhepatitisareabdominalpain,nausea,andfeveroftenaccompaniedbychills.26.plasman.thecomponentofbloodorlymphinwhichthebloodcellsaresuspendedBloodisusuallystoredaswholebloodorplasma.27.hypersomnian.theconditionofsleepingforexcessiveperiodsContrarytopopularbelief,manystudieshaveshownthathypersomniacouldactuallybeevenmorecommonthanitsnocturnalcousin,insomnia.28.ligamentn.abandoftoughconnectivetissuethatholdstwobonestogetheratajointsinew,stringTheyarealsothemusclesthatconnecttotendonsandligaments,whichconnectthemtoourbones.29.anesthesian.areversiblelossofsensationinallorpartofthebody

narcosisFrontiersurgeonEphraimMacDonaldhadtoperformoperationswithoutanesthesia.30.pituitaryglandph.asmallandovalendocrineglandattachedtothebaseofthevertebratebrainEndocrineisusedtorefertoglandslikethethyroidandpituitaryglands,whichsecreteproductsdirectlyintothebloodstream.

Chapter15UNIT57Humanities1.footagen.aclipfromafilmusedinaTVprogramoramovieScenesoffactoryinteriorsaccountforonlyaboutonethirdofthefootageofModernTimes.2.chiseln.ahandtoolwhichhasastrongmetalbladewithacuttingedgeattheendoftheblade,usedforcuttingintoorshapingwood,stone,orsomethingelseNeoclassicalsculptorsseldomheldamalletorchiselintheirownhands.3.snideadj.expressingcriticismordisapprovalinanunpleasantmannerscornfulAlthoughmanyintellectualsmakesnideremarksaboutTVviewing,thereareanumberof“high-brow”shows.4.intonationn.theriseandfallofthepitchofthevoiceinspeechinflection,accent,toneThesedifferencesinadultstressandintonationcaninfluencebabies’emotionalstatesandbehavior.5.vowel

adj.pertainingtoanyofthehumanspeechsoundsinwhichthebreathisletoutwithoutanyclosingoftheairpassageinthemouthorthroatMostcommonarethosewordsbeginningwithp,b,d,ornsoundsfollowedbyavowelsound.6.stationaryadj.notmoving;standingstillfixed,immovable,staticAsearlyas1802,hewasusingastationarysteamengineofhigh-pressuredesigninhismill.7.surgev.tomoveupanddownortoswellwithforcewave,bulge,riseandfallMostofthesurgingpopulationgrowthcamefromanaturalincrease.8.salvagev.torescuepropertyorashipfrompotentialdestructionorlosssave,rescue,retrieveEvenafterashiphassunk,itscargocanoftenbesalvaged.9.hinterlandn.aregionlyinginlandfromthecoastorthebanksofariverinterior,provincePhiladelphiabecameanincreasinglyimportantmarketingcenterforavastandgrowingagriculturalhinterland.

10.semanticsn.thebranchoflinguisticsthatdealswiththemeaningsofwordsOneimportantbranchoflinguisticsissemantics,whichanalyzesthemeaningsofwords.11.utilitarianadj.intendedtobeusefulratherthanbeautifulfunctional,practical,usefulPotteryusuallyhasutilitarianpurposes,andsometimesitisdesignedpurelyfordecorativereasons.12.derogatoryadj.showingdisapproval,dislike,scorn,oralackofrespectdepreciating,lowering,insultingWeusedtocallthemEskimos,but,today,thattermisregardedbymanyInuitasderogatory.13.polygamyn.thecustomofhavingmorethanonehusbandorwifeMarriageswerenotalwaysmonogamous.Somemenpracticedpolygamy.14.hieroglyphsn.asymbolrepresentingaword,syllable,sound,orideaHieroglyphscateredtoreligiousrulesandrepresentedimportantconceptswithstylizedpictures.

15.etchv.tomakedesignsonmetalbyusingacidtoeatoutthelinesengraveThemonumentatMountRushmoreisagiantsculptureoffourUnitedStatespresidentsthatisetchedintothehighestpeakintheBlackHillsmountainrange.16.humanitarianadj.concernedwithimprovingpeople’slivesandwelfareSheisrememberedforherworkinliteratureandalsoforherhumanitarianwork.17.evacuatev.toleaveaplace,especiallybecauseofdangerleave,vacate,decampTheBucksreturnedtoChinaintheyear1927onlytobeevacuatedtoJapanduringtheChineseCivilWar.18.hoardv.tostoreorgathersomethingespeciallyforuseinthefuturestore,reserve,setasideThefamousmiserEbenezerScroogewouldhoardhismoneyandneverspendit.19.consortv.toassociateorkeepcompanywithsomeonemingle,mix,pal

Somecolonialurbanportraitistsconsortedwithaffluentpatrons.20.gruffadj.havingadeepandroughvoicehoarse,husky,roughLouisDanielArmstrongisknownforthebeautiful,cleartoneofhistrumpet-playingandforhisgruff,gravellysingingvoice.21.factionn.anactiveortrouble-makinggroupwithinalargerorganizationgroup,cabal,blocThosewhowerepro-slaveryjoinedtheDemocrats,andtheanti-slaveryfactionswitchedtotheRepublicans,whowereledbyAbrahamLincoln.22.morphv.toform,shape,orstructureTheirdistinctstylesreflectedthesocialmentalityoftheeraanditsabilitytomorphandgrowinanewdirection.23.fiddlen.aviolin,especiallywhenusedtoplayfolkmusicorjazzAfterwork,thepeopleofthefrontiersanganddancedtofiddletunesorcountrydances.24.propn.asmallarticle,suchasaweaponorpieceoffurniture,thatisusedonstageintheactingof

aplayProvincialtheatersfrequentlylackedheatandevenminimalpropsandscenery.25.pretend1)adj.imaginary2)v.tomakebelieve;toactasif1)imagined,fake2)makebelieve,feignIntheexperiment,thechildwaspresentedwithapictureofsomekindofpretendcreature.26.lexiconn.adictionary;thevocabularyoftermsusedinaparticularbranchofknowledgedictionaryWhethertheterm“couchpotato”wasfirstsaidinjestornot,ithasstuckandisnowapartofthelexiconofmodern-daypeople.27.metaphysicaladj.belongingorrelatingtometaphysicsabstract,psychicMetaphysicalphilosophyisconcernedwiththeprinciples,structures,andmeaningsthatunderlieallobservablereality.28.templaten.apieceofmetalcutinaparticularshapeandusedasapatternwhencuttingoutmaterialpattern,modelTheRainbowprovidedthetemplateforanewgenerationofshipsthatamazedtheworld.

29.catalyzecf.catalystv.tobringaboutachangeintherateofachemicalreaction;toaltersignificantlyMasstransportationcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbanlife.30.thermaladj.belongingorrelatingto,causedby,orproducingheatGlassfiberswerelittlemorethananoveltyuntilthe1930s,whentheirthermalandelectricalinsulatingpropertieswereappreciated.

Chapter15UNIT58SocialSciences1.premisen.astatementorideaassumedtobetrueasabasisforstatingsomethingfurtherassumption,proposition,suppositionKeynes’premisewasthattherateofeconomicgrowthdependsonanaggregatedemandforgoods.2.heydayn.theclimaxofthemostsuccessandprosperitygoldenage,bestdaysClippershipssawtheirheydayintheearlytomid-1800s.3.consensusn.ageneralagreement;theopinionofmostofthepeopleinagroupTheconferencecametoaconsensus,overcomingavarietyofchallenges.4.sweatshopn.aworkshopinwhichtheemployeesworkhard,ofteninterribleconditionsThereweresweatshopsincitytenements,wheregroupsofmenandwomenmanufacturedclothingorcigars.5.depression1)n.aperiodoflowbusinessandindustrialactivity

2)n.amentalstateofprolongedsadnessandpessimism1)recession,slump2)dejection,gloomTheWallStreetCrashof1929leadstoyearsofeconomicdepressionintheUnitedStates.6.tariffn.thetaxtobepaidonaparticularclassofgoodsimportedorexportedThefederalgovernmentsetupasystemoftariffsthatwasbasicallyprotectionist.7.microcosmn.anystructurewhichcontains,inminiature,allofthelargerstructureThesettlementatJamestowninVirginiawasinmanywaysamicrocosmoftheeconomyofcolonialNorthAmerica.8.surplusn.anamountthatexceedstheamountrequiredleftover,oversupply,excessTheadministrationraisedthepossibilitythattheslowingeconomycoulddrivethefederalbudgetsurplusdownthisyear.9.embargon.anofficialorderforbiddingsomething,especiallytradewithanothercountryban,prohibition,proscriptionTheNazi’sembargoimmediatelyaffectedtheUnitedStatesandmanyofitsallies.

10.laissez-faire1)adj.withminimallyrestrictedfreedomincommerce2)n.apolicyofnotinterferinginwhatothersaredoingHereversedthetraditionalfederalpolicyoflaissez-faireandsoughttobringorder,socialjustice,andfairdealingstoAmericanindustryandcommerce.11.tenetn.aprincipleorbeliefheldbyaperson,group,orsomethingelsecreed,doctrine,dogmaNotallofthemembersacceptedthechurch’stenets.12.pluralismn.thebeliefortheorythatrealityconsistsofmorethantwokindsofsubstancesLockerecommendedaculturalpluralismthroughwhichartistscouldenrichthecultureofAmerica.13.decimaladj.basedonthenumber10Canadaadoptedthedecimalsystemofcoinagein1867.14.pseudoadj.notactualbuthavingtheappearanceof;falseorspuriousquasi,sham,deceptiveAccordingtothepseudo-scienceofracialclassification,Africansweredeemedinferiorandunintelligent.

15.breadbasketn.anareawhichproduceslargeamountsofgrainforexportrichgraindistrict,granaryTheregionsaroundNewYorkandPhiladelphiabecamethebreadbasketofNorthAmerica.16.genealogyn.thehistoryofthemembersofafamilyfromthepasttothepresent;aperson’sdirectlineofdescentfromanancestorpedigree,lineageToday,individuals,drivenbyanurgetolearnmoreabouttheirfamily’shistory,oftentracetheirpersonallineagesthroughonlinegenealogysites.17.miscarriagen.acaseofaccidentallygivingbirthtoachildtooearlyforittoliveAbortionexistsinsomeanimalsasanaturalphenomenonintheformofmiscarriages.18.commentaryn.aspokendescriptionofaneventwhileitishappening,especiallyontheradioortelevision;acriticismordiscussionofsomethingcomment,exposition,criticismJamesFranklinwasthefirsteditortoseethenewspaperasameansofexpressingsocialandpoliticalcommentary.19.questionnaire

n.asetofquestionsformulatedasameansofcollectinginformationOneofthemostimportanttoolsforresearchinsocialscienceisawell-writtenquestionnaire.20.treatyn.aformalagreementbetweenstatesorgovernmentsagreement,compact,protocolThedefeatedwereforcedtosignatreatywiththeiropponents.21.veto1)n.therighttoformallyrejectaproposal2)v.toformallyandauthoritativelyrejectorforbid1)turndown,rejection2)deny,proscribeIfit’snottothepresident’sliking,thebillcanbevetoedorkilledintwootherways.22.bracketn.agrouporcategoryfixedaccordingtocertainupperandlowerlimitsclass,group,rankUnfortunately,suchoptionsarenotavailabletoall,especiallythoseinalowerincomebracket.23.egalitarianadj.relatingtotheprinciplethatallhumanbeingsareequalOlmstead’sconceptwastomaketheparkasymbolofdemocracyandegalitarianideals.

24.cognitionn.thementalprocesseswhichenablehumanstoexperienceandprocessknowledgeandinformationWhatpsychologistscallcognitionisageneralcategorythatincludesallmentalstatesandactivities.25.ethologyn.thestudyofanimalbehaviorwithanemphasisontheirbehavioralpatternsEthologybegantobeappliedtoresearchonchildreninthe1960sbuthasbecomeevenmoreinfluentialtoday.26.paranoian.ararementaldisordercharacterizedbydelusionsofpersecutionbyothersThememoriesoftheterribleeventsweresopowerfulthattheysufferedfrominsomnia,paranoia,andotherdramaticsideeffects.27.traumaticadj.relatingto,resultingfrom,orcausingphysicalwounds;ofanexperiencedeeplyandunforgettablyshockingAnyonewhohasbeeninacaraccident,beenrobbed,orbeeninanykindoftraumaticeventcansufferfrompost-traumaticstressdisorder.28.supersedev.totaketheplaceofsomethingdisplace,replace,supplant

Plasticandfiberglasshavesupersededmetalinthereplacementofsuchbodypartsaseyeballs,teeth,andbones.29.hubn.thecenterofawheel;thecenterofactivityorimportancecenter,core,pivotPhoenixistheninthlargestcityintheUnitedStatesandisthehuboftherichagriculturalregionoftheSaltRiverValley.30.anarchyn.lawlessnessandsocialandpoliticaldisordercausedbyabsenceofgovernmentorcontrol;anystateofdisorderandconfusionTheDadaists’answerwastoembraceanarchyandtheirrational.

Chapter15UNIT59NaturalSciences1.tiltn.aslopingpositionorangle;aslantincline,pitch,slopeEarth’stilt,whichgivesustheseasons,isprobablyduetotheimpactofalargeobjectatitsbirth.2.nebulan.amassofgasanddustamongthestars,appearingoftenasabrightcloudatnightJupiteristhebest-preservedsampleoftheearlysolarnebula.3.tug1)v.topullsharplyorstrongly2)n.astrong,sharpandsuddenpull1)draw,haul2)drag,yankTidesarecausedbythetugofthemoon’sgravity.4.ellipticaladj.relatingto,orhavingtheshapeof,anellipse;roundedlikeaneggovalThesatelliteisfollowinganellipticalpath680milesfromtheEarthatitsfarthestpoint.5.plasma

n.agasthathasanearlyequalnumberofpositivelyandnegativelychargedparticlesThegasisstrippedofitselectronsbyheat,andeachatomtherebyacquiresapositiveelectriccharge.Inthisform,thegasiscalled“plasma.”6.diffractionn.thespreadingoutoflightwavesastheyemergefromasmallopeningorslitTwoyoungscientistsboldlypublishedtheresultsoftheirexperimentsonthediffractionoflight.7.spelln.aperiodorboutofillness,work,weather,orsomethingelseinterval,periodHigh-pressurecellsmaybringbriefwarmspellseveninthemiddleofwinter.8.imprintingn.theprocessbywhichanimalsrapidlylearnthecharactersoftheirownspeciesLikeallmigratorybirds,theyhaveanaturalinstinctcalledimprinting,whichmeanstheywillfollowandtrustthefirstobjecttheyopentheireyesto.9.gilln.arespiratoryorganofafishthatextractsdissolvedoxygenfromthesurroundingwaterbranchiaMenhadenswimwiththeirmouthsopen,allowingwatertoflowthroughtheirgills.

10.herbariumn.aclassifiedcollectionofpreservedplantsinaroomUnfortunately,nobookdescribedtheweed,andnosamplesexistedinanyherbariaintheUnitedStates.11.biodiversityn.theexistenceofdifferentspeciesoflivingorganismswithinagivenareaOnedefinitivecharacteristicoftundraisaverylowlevelofbiodiversity.12.pathologicaladj.oforpertainingtopathology;causedbyorinvolvingdiseasemorbidSomeresearchershavearguedthatsomeleft-handednessmayhaveapathologicalorigin,havingbeencausedbybraintraumaduringbirth.13.vertebraten.anyanimalthathasabackboneThefirstflyingvertebratesweretruereptileswhichhadoneofthefingersfromtheirfrontlimbsbecomeveryelongated.14.invertebraten.anyanimalthatdoesnotpossessabackboneSomemarineinvertebratesmigratefromdeepwatertoshallowwatertospawnduringspringandearlysummer.

15.metamorphosiscf.metamorphosen.achangeinphysicalformthatoccursduringthedevelopmentprocess;acompletechangetransformation,changeButterfliesundergometamorphosischangingfromcaterpillartopupa.16.superficialadj.apparentratherthanactualorsubstantialexternal,shallowTherewasonlyasuperficialresemblancebetweenthetwocreatures.17.avalanchen.therapidmovementofalargemassofsnowdownamountainslopesnowslideOccurringpredominantlyinmountainousareas,avalanchesaretriggeredbyearthquaketremors,humandisturbances,orexcessiverainfall.18.estuaryn.thebroadmouthofariverthatflowsintotheseaOtherdeltasdonotappeartobedeltasatallbutaremorelikeestuariesbecausethestrengthofthetidesandwavesissostronginthoseareas.19.longituden.theimaginarycirclesthatpassthroughbothpolesmeasuredfromGreenwichLinesoflongituderunfromtheNorthtoSouthpoles.

20.coman.theenvelopeofgaswhichformsaroundthenucleusofacometThevisiblecomaisahugecloudofgasanddustthathasescapedfromthenucleus.21.reclamationn.theconversionofwastelandtocommercialuserecoveryReclamationisthesuccessfulattempttomakeunusablelandsuitableforfarming.22.congregatev.togathertogetherintoacrowdassemble,collect,clusterLikestars,galaxiestendtocongregateinclusters.23.graniten.ahardandcoarse-grainedigneousrockwidelyusedinbuildingsandroadsGraniteisacoarse-grainedigneousrockwhoseindividualmineralcrystalshaveformedtoasizeeasilyseenbythenakedeye.24.lavan.themagmathathaseruptedfromavolcano;arockinaveryhotliquidstateflowingfromavolcanoInitsmoltenstate,thematerialiscalledmagmawhenitpushesintothecrustandlavawhenit

runsoutontothesurface.25.asteroidn.asmallrockyobjectoracelestialbodyorbitingastarOursolarsystemhas240moons,ornaturalsatellites,thatcircumnavigatetheplanetsandasteroids.26.bulgev.toswelloutwardsswell,protrude,stickoutAplanet’srotationgenerallycausesaslightflatteningatthepolesandbulgingattheequator.27.scrap1)v.todiscardorceasetouse2)n.asmallpiece1)abandon,discard2)piece,fragmentDenver’splantobuildasubwaysystemwasscrappedinthe1970s.28.tectonicsn.thestudyofcontinentaldriftandhowmountainsandvolcanoesformWithanunderstandingofplatetectonics,geologistshaveputtogetheranewhistoryoftheEarth’ssurface.29.latituden.theimaginarycirclesdrawnaroundtheEarthparalleltotheequator

LatitudelinesstartatzerodegreesattheequatorandthenrunnorthtotheNorthPole.30.starkadj.barrenorseverelybare;harshorsimplevacant,severe,desolateMarsisaninhospitableplanet,moresimilartoEarth’smoonthantoEarthitself–adry,stark,seeminglylifelessworld.

Chapter15UNIT60AppliedSciences1.vicinityn.anareaveryneartooraroundastatedplaceneighborhood,environs,localeAmetropolitanareaconsistsofacentralcityandanysuburbanareasinitsvicinity.2.feasibilitycf.feasiblen.thecapabilityofbeingdoneorachievedpracticability,workability,viabilityThecanalwasnevercompleted,butitshowedthenationthefeasibilityofcanals.3.archn.acurvedandboth-sidesupportedstructureforminganopeningofaroof,post,orpillarThecommitteeappointedbythemayorwillundertaketheerectionofamemorialarchinhonorofthesoldierswhodiedinthewar.4.divergencen.theactofmovingawayinadifferentdirectionfromacommonpoint;adifferencebetweentwoormorethingsseparation,division,differenceMostdomesticarchitectureduringthefirstthree-quartersoftheeighteenthcenturydisplaysawidedivergenceoftastes.

5.topographyn.thescienceofdescribingthecharacterofanarea;thenaturalandconstructedfeaturesonthesurfaceoflandterrainHeandhisbrothersbelievedthatparksshouldbeadaptedtothelocaltopography.6.ordern.thegroupsintowhichaclassisdividedandsubdividedintomorefamiliesScientistscannotagreeonhowfleasarerelatedtootherordersofinsects.7.environmentally-kindadj.suitabletothesurroundings;harmonizingwiththecircumstanceseco-friendly,naturefriendly,greenThereisanumberofwhatwecallgreenfuels,moreenvironmentally-kindfuels,onthemarketrightnow.8.adrenaladj.pertainingtotheadrenalglands;relatingtothekidneyssuprarenalTheadrenalglands,oneontopofeachkidney,secretemanyimportanthormones.9.cardiacadj.relatingtooraffectingtheheartAsthenameimplies,cardiacmuscleisthetissuethatsurroundstheheartandallowsittopumpbloodthroughoutourbodies.

10.inflammationn.thepresenceofrednessandswellingfromaninfectionEncephalitisisaninflammationofthebrainthatcanbecausedbyrabies.11.hyperopian.aconditioninwhichdistantobjectsareseenmoredistinctlythannearonesfarsightednessAstheygrowanddevelop,sometimestheshapeoftheeyedoesaswell,therebyalleviatingthehyperopia.12.narcolepsyn.aconditionmarkedbysuddenepisodesofirresistiblesleepinessScientistsbelievethatnarcolepsyisageneticdisorderpasseddownthroughgenerations.13.antidepressantn.adrugthatpreventsorrelievesthesymptomsofdepressionSevenoutoftenpracticinghealthcareprofessionalsinAlaskaprescribeantidepressantstotheirpatients.14.neutronn.oneoftheelectricallyunchargedparticlesinthenucleusofanatomTheneutronisneutral,meaningithasnocharge.

15.photosynthesisn.theprocessofmanufacturingcarbohydratesfromcarbondioxideandwaterbyusinglightDuringtheprocessofphotosynthesisingreenplants,lightenergyiscapturedandused.16.geneticsn.thescientificstudyofheredityandofitsmechanismsOurbodytypesareusuallyfixedbyheredity,thatis,genetics.17.antioxidantn.asubstancethatslowsdowntheoxidationofothersubstancesOneexcellentexampleofanherbalremedyismushroomtea,whichisanexcellentantioxidant.18.asthman.along-lastingdiseasewhichcausesdifficultyinbreathingchronicrespiratorydiseaseHot,humidweathercanmakeanasthmasufferer’sconditionmuchworse.19.chromosomen.themicroscopicthread-likestructuresofacellwhichcontainallthegeneticinformationAlmostallthehereditarymaterialofanindividualorganismresidesinthechromosomes.20.endocrine

adj.relatingtointernalsecretionsortoapathwayorstructurethatsecretesinternallyTheendocrinesystemfunctionsincloserelationshipwiththenervoussystem.21.cornean.theconvextransparentmembranethatcoversthefrontoftheeyeballThecorneaprotectstheinternalworkingsoftheeyefromthingslikeforeigndebris.22.lensn.apieceofroundandtransparentfleshbehindthepupilintheeyeThelensfocusestheimagebeforeitmovesinwardlyontotheretina.23.myopian.aconditioninwhichdistantobjectsappearblurryshortsightednessPeoplewithmyopiahavedifficultyseeingobjectsfarawaybutcanseethingsupcloseveryeasily.24.measlesn.ahighlyinfectiousdiseasecharacterizedbyfever,asorethroat,andablotchyredrashrubeolaAmongthesymptomsofmeaslesareahighfever,theswellingglandsandacough.25.polion.aviraldiseaseofthebrainandspinalcordwhichcanresultinparalysis

poliomyelitisThepoliovaccinewasdiscoveredbyaphysiciannamedJonasSalk.26.receptorn.anelementofthenervoussystemadaptedforreceptionofstimuliThesearegenesthatareassociatedwithparticularnerve-cellreceptorsinthebrain.27.kidneyn.anorganwhosefunctionistheremovalofwasteproductsfromthebloodThekidneysplayavitalroleinmaintaininghealthbyremovingimpuritiesfromthebloodstream.28.pancreasn.anorganthatissituatedbehindthestomachandwhichproducesinsulinThehormonesecretintravelsthroughthebloodstreamandstimulatesthepancreastoliberatedigestivefluid.29.isotopen.oneoftwoormoreatomswiththesameatomicnumberbutwithdifferentnumbersofneutronsCarboncanhaveisotopeslikecarbon-12,carbon-13,andcarbon-14.30.protonn.thepositivelychargedparticlesthatarefoundatthecenterofanatom

Thenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatomvariesfromelementtoelement.