Final Project: Odense Residential Building Renovation

2014 Final Project: Odense Residential

Building Renovation

Supervisor: Torben Klausen

Jorge Pérez Lázaro (216425)

Mónica Badía Marín (216403)

Sara Briz Cristobal (217107)

Ana Suárez-Bustamante Almendros

(216437)

Final project Course 2014/2015 Group S3A14

1

ABSTRACT

First idea

The main purpose of the project is to renovate three different types of building (one floor detached house, two storeys detached house and a multi-storey building) placed in Odense. The renovation will be based on the reduction of the energy consumption of the buildings, improving their conditions and adding and external input for renewal energy. Another factors like the economical one, will be taken into account, but they will not be decisive. Following that goal, the focus of the project will be renew the carpentry, study of new materials and reinsulate the different component of the building, with their corresponding study about which one is better. This study will be based on the BE10 software, which has the possibility to analyse the different changes as they performed. In addition, new system of renewal energy will be added s to improve the indoor climate conditions and improving the optimizing the use of the energy on the building, such as photovoltaic panel to produce domestic hot water, and a boreholes system like long seasonal energy storage, to be used while it will be necessary.

Final result

The study was divided among the different types of buildings and their special features, but also a few studies will be done to know how them works on the different building typologies. Furthermore the most suitable installation will be placed on the building according to the characteristic of each building

.Finally,

The borehole system will be studied in two different ways, first one, all the building together and the second, one installation per building typology. The last one will be taken because it works without any external energy input resulting on and economical saving.


2

Table of contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 1

1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3

2. REGISTRATION ....................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 FLOOR PLANS ...................................................................................................................... 6

Block A: .................................................................................................................................. 6

Block B: .................................................................................................................................. 7

Block C ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2 BUILDING COMPONENTS .............................................................................................. 9

External wall .......................................................................................................................... 9

Ceiling .................................................................................................................................. 10

Basement............................................................................................................................. 11

Ground floor ........................................................................................................................ 12

3. RENOVATION PROPOSAL .................................................................................................... 13

New proposal external wall ................................................................................................. 14

New proposal ceiling ........................................................................................................... 15

New proposal basement ...................................................................................................... 15

New proposal ground floor ................................................................................................. 16

New proposal windows ....................................................................................................... 17

3.1 BUILDING RENOVATION BLOCK A ..................................................................................... 20

3.2 BUILDING RENOVATION BLOCK B ..................................................................................... 37

3.3 BUILDING RENOVATION BLOCK C ..................................................................................... 55

4. INSTALLATIONS ............................................................................................................... 71

4.1. Ventilation .................................................................................................................... 71

4.2. Domestic hot water (DHW + SOLAR PANELS) ......................................................... 90

4.3. Heating. (Heat pump) ............................................................................................ 102

4.4. Re using-water system .......................................................................................... 105

4.5. Boreholes .............................................................................................................. 111

5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 123


3

1. INTRODUCTION

There are different predictions concerning the development of resource consumption up to year 2050. These different approaches can generally be presented as three scenarios with different objectives. In each case the annual carbon dioxide emissions are used as a point of reference.

Scenario 1

It is based on the assumption that there will be continuous growth mainly due to the efforts being made by emerging countries to catch up, which is leading to an incredible increase in resource consumption.

Even though resource consumption in industrialized countries will almost remain stable, the other countries will raise their energy consumption, reaching the same level as that industrialized countries owing to better living standards. The CO2 emissions are approximately 90 billion tons in 2050.

Scenario 2

It is based on the assumption that the industrialized nations will have their CO2 emissions by 2050 in accordance with the agreements made (Kyoto Protocol1) and the other countries will only reduce their level until meets that of industrialized countries. This scenario is based on a limited world population growth- regardless of how this might be achieved- stopping at around seven billion people worldwide.

The CO2 emissions in scenario 2 are approximately 35 billion tons in 2050, so at today´s level.

Scenario 3

In principle, scenario 3 corresponds to with the aims of scenario 2, however, the overall reduction targets are higher. The industrialized countries will lower their CO2 emissions by 80% and the other countries will only increase or reduce their levels until reaching the lower level of the industrialized countries.

The target is also linked to a controlled world population growth. A world population of seven billion people is also regarded as a possible limit in this case. Under these circumstances, the CO2 emissions would be approximately 18 billion tons in 2050.

Denmark is highly committed with these targets, however in this particular case, Denmark wants to meet the targets of 2050 in 2020, therefore its legislation is quite restrictive with the energy requirements.

The first solution that comes to mind is the energy production without finite resources. The problem concerning using renewal energies is the security of supply, due to the time lag between supply and demand, must be given top priority.

A study performed by Stanford University and University of California demonstrates how energy could be supplied at short notice by 2030 using already available technology and

1 The 15 countries that were EU members before 2004 ('EU-15') committed to reducing their collective emissions to

8% below 1990 levels by the years 2008-2012, 20% by 2020, 40% by 2030 and 80-95% by 2050. More State Members

have been joint to this agreement after 2004. (http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/brief/eu/index_en.htm)


4

exclusively wind, water and solar power. On the other hand, based on similar assumptions, a number of studies have forecasted a doubling of electricity price in same countries, for example Germany, in comparison with today´s level if the power is supplied exclusively by renewal energy sources.

In conclusion, it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption before a high demand is covered by renewal energy. In the particular case of buildings, this target should be considered as one of the top priorities that should be considered at the beginning of the design project phase for the new buildings. And for old ones, it should be tanking in mind when a refurbishment is going to be carried out, enhancing the existing construction to meet the requirements and incorporating new systems that helps to reach the aim.

This project is based on this difficulties. Several solutions are going to be analysed, and how to transform and introduce new energy resources into a whole neighbourhood, and its economic impact.


5

2. REGISTRATION

The project is set up by three different types of buildings (A, B and C) built in the 50’s. The A type is a one floor family house and basement, hipped roof. Six dwellings make up the building type. The type B consist on duplex houses, ten per building, with a garage per each dwelling and common basement. Finally, type C is a five floors building and basement, with ten apartments per floor.

Image. 1 Situation plan

Image. 2 Block C

Image. 3 Block B

Image. 4 Block A

BUILDING TYPE

NUMBER OF BUILDINGS

ORIENTATION NUMBER OF FLOORS

AREA DWELLINGS

TYPE A 4 EAST 1 421.96 m² 6 TYPE B 4 NORTH-WEAST 2 772.66 m² 10 TYPE C 5 SOUTH-WEAST 5 2793.80 m² 50

Elevation Building C


6

2.1 FLOOR PLANS

Block A: Dwelling:

Floor Plant:

Basement:


7

Block B: Basement:

Ground floor:

First floor:


8

Block C Basement:

Ground floor:

First floor:


9

2.2 BUILDING COMPONENTS All the buildings of the project have same materials and layers in all the structure. For that reason it is going to be enough describe one for all of them.

In order to obtain the characteristic and u-values from each building components, Danish regulations are followed.

Table 1. DS418 pag 23

External wall

U= 0.64 W/m²K

MATERIAL ƛ [W/mK] R [m²K/W] Weight [kg/m²]

Thickness [mm]

Thermal contact resitance 0.13

1. Gypsum plaster 0.35 0.029 10 10

2. Light weight cocncrete 1.30 0.083 194.40 108

3. Coverrock 0.036 1.11 4.0 40

4. Fill granul 0.70 0.063 59.40 44

5. Brick 0.96 0.113 216.0 108

Thermal contact resistance 0.040

Whole component 1.568 483.80 310


10

Ceiling


Thickness [mm]


1. Gypsum plaster 0.18 0.011 2.0 2

2. Lamination 0.07 0.214 7.5 15

3. Cover rock 0.036 4.167 13.2 150

4. Oak 0.18 0.833 12.7 150



U= 0.295 W/m²K


11

Basement


Thickness [mm]

Thermal contact resistance 0.10 1. Cement screed 1.40 0.011 30 15 2. Light weight concrete 1.30 0.077 180 100 3. Slag 0.23 0.652 118.50 150 Thermal contact resistance 0 Whole component 0.841 328.50 265

U= 1.19 W/m²K


12

Ground floor

U= 0.466 W/m²K

*NOTE: The thermal resistance of the surface in the exterior side of the ground floor is 0.17 because is facing to an unventilated basement, so it becomes the surface into an interior one.

MATERIAL ƛ [W/mK] R [m²K/W]

Weight [kg/m²]

Thickness [mm]


1. Wood panel 0.09 0.278 11.50 25

2. Common beech 0.16 0.625 72 100

3. Cork 0.05 1 7.10 50

4. Common beech 0.16 0.312 3.90 50

5. Concrete 2 0.05 240 100




13

3. RENOVATION PROPOSAL

The proposal of the renovation is implement the best result for the improvement of the energy consumption of each building. For this reasons, it is going to do a preliminary proposal study material about a possible solution with a right U-values, with the propose to introduce them in the Be10 program and chose the best solution.

In order to fulfil the requirements for the U-values of the building components of the renovation proposal, Danish regulations are followed.

Table 2. BR10 pag 137. Energy consumption


14

New proposal external wall

The new proposal of external wall is composed with 10 mm Gypsum plaster as internal finish layer; internal addition of 160 mm of EARTHWOOL insulation, from KNAUFINSULATION manufacturer, with a thermal conductivity of 0.044 W/mK; 108 mm existing light weight conrecte brick and 108 mm Brick as a finish layer with 40 mm Coverrock insulations and 44 mm Fill granul between them.

U= 0.190 W/m²K

MATERIAL ƛ [W/mK] R [m²K/W]

Weight [kg/m²]

Thickness [mm]

Thermal contact resitance 0.13

1. Gypsum plaster 0.35 0.029 10 10

2. EARTHWOOL 0.044 3.636 7.2 160

3. Light weight cocncrete 1.30 0.083 194.40 108

4. Coverrock 0.036 1.11 4.0 40

5. Fill granul 0.70 0.063 59.40 44

6. Brick 0.66 0.164 216.0 108




15

New proposal ceiling

The new proposal for the ceiling have 20 mm of existing gypsum plaster as a finish layer; 15 mm of wood lamination; 150 mm existing Coverrock insulation with a thermal resistance on 0.036 W/mK between common beach joists; new addition of 270 mm EARTHWOOL insulation, from KNAUFINSULATION manufacturer too, between common beach joists.


Thickness [mm]

Thermal contact resitance 0.10 1. Gypsum plaster 0.35 0.057 20.0 20 2. Lamination 0.13 0.115 7.5 15 3. Coverrock 0.036 4.167 12.9 150 4. Common beech 0.160 0.938 14.9 150 5. EARTHWOOL 0.044 6.136 10.5 270 6. Common beech 0.160 1.688 26.8 270 Thermal contact resistance 0.10 Whole component 3.392 92.6 455

U= 0.128 W/m²K

New proposal basement

There is not changes in the basement. It is intended to place the technical room, therefore it is not necessary that it be insulated.


16

New proposal ground floor

The new ground floor is made with 25 mm existing wood panel; 100 mm existing beam of Common beech; 50 mm existing Cork insulation with a thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/mK placed between common beech joists; addition of 165 mm EARTHWOOL insulation, from KNAUFINSULATION manufacturer too, between common beech joists; and a addition finish layer of 12.50 mm plasterboard.


Thickness [mm]

Thermal contact resitance 0.17 1. Wood wood panel 0.090 0.278 11.50 25 2. Common beech 0.160 0.625 72 100 3. Cork 0.050 1 7.10 50 4. Common beech 0.160 0.312 3.90 50 5. Concrete 2.000 0.05 240 100 6. EARTHWOOL 0.044 3.75 6.6 165 7. Common beech 0.160 1.031 13.0 165 8. Plasterboard 0.250 0.05 8.50 12.5 Thermal contact resistance 0.17 Whole component 5.161 362.70 452.50

U= 0.194 W/m²K


17

New proposal windows

The three different types of buildings have the same existing windows, as all the materials

previous described.

The existing windows are made of wood with double glazing. It is recommended be replaced

with energy-saving windows with a U-value of no more than 1.2 W / m² K and a triple glazing

types.

For this reasons, it has been chosen IPLUS TOP 3C glass windows of INTERPANE manufacturer with Ug-Value=0.5-06 W/m²K, for all the buildings.


18

And for fulfil with frame requirements, it has been chosen an aluminium windows frame with Uf-value=1.6 W/m²K of SWISSPACER manufacturer.

Calculations of the new U-values windows

Block A

Nº

Width (m)

Height (m)

Orientation

Frame width sides and top m

Frame width at the botto

m m

Ag Glas

s area m2

Ug

Uvalue glass W/m2

K

Af

Frame area m2

Uf

Uvalue frame

W/m2K

lg

Glass lenght

m

Ψ

Linear loss

W/mK

Aw

Total window area m2

TOTAL

U W/m2K

22 1,1 1,26 270 0,13 0,13 0,84 0,56 0,55 1,60 1,84 1,39 0,97

22 2,4 1,26 270 0,117 0,134 2,19 0,56 0,84 1,60 3,18 0,11 3,02 0,96

22 0,9 2,1 270 0,13 0,13 1,18 0,56 0,71 1,60 2,48 0,11 1,89 1,10

22 1,32 2,1 270 0,13 0,13 1,95 0,56 0,82 1,60 2,90 0,11 2,77 0,98

22 1,08 1,26 90 0,13 0,13 0,82 0,56 0,54 1,60 1,82 0,11 1,36 1,12

22 3,45 1,6 90 0,13 0,13 4,27 0,56 1,25 1,60 4,53 0,11 5,52 0,88

Block B

Nº

Width (m)

Height (m)

Orientation

Frame width sides and top m


m m

Ag

Glass area m2

Ug

Uvalue glass

W/m2 K

Af

Frame area m2

Uf

Uvalue frame

W/m2K

lg

Glass lenght

m

Ψ

Linear loss

W/mK

Aw


TOTAL

U W/m2K

40 2,3 1,26 180 0,13 0,13 2,04 0,56 0,86 1,60 3,04 2,90 0,87

40 2,2 1,06 180 0,117 0,134 1,59 0,56 0,74 1,60 2,78 0,11 2,33 1,02

40 0,9 2,1 180 0,13 0,13 1,18 0,56 0,71 1,60 2,48 0,11 1,89 1,10

40 1,3 1,26 0 0,13 0,13 1,04 0,56 0,60 1,60 2,04 0,11 1,64 1,08

40 1,96 0,66 0 0,13 0,13 0,68 0,56 0,61 1,60 2,10 0,11 1,29 1,23

80 0,9 2,1 0 0,13 0,13 1,18 0,56 0,71 1,60 2,48 0,11 1,89 1,10


19

Block C

Nº

Width (m)

Height (m)

Orientation

Frame width sides

and top m


m m

Ag

Glass area m2

Ug

Uvalue glass W/m2

K

Af

Frame area m2

Uf

Uvalue frame

W/m2K

lg

Glass lenght m

Ψ

Linear

loss W/m

K

Aw


TOTAL

U W/m2K

25 1,32 0,5 315 0,13 0,13 0,25 0,56 0,41 1,60 1,30 0,11 0,66 1,42

25 2,4 1,85 135 0,117 0,134 3,46 0,56 0,98 1,60 3,77 0,11 4,44 0,88

25 1,45 1,4 135 0,13 0,13 1,36 0,56 0,67 1,60 2,33 0,11 2,03 1,03

25 1,32 0,5 135 0,13 0,13 0,25 0,56 0,41 1,60 1,30 0,11 0,66 1,42

225 2,4 1,85 225 0,13 0,13 3,40 0,56 1,04 1,60 3,73 0,11 4,44 0,90

125 2,9 1,4 225 0,13 0,13 3,01 0,56 1,05 1,60 3,78 0,11 4,06 0,93

25 2,07 2,1 45 0,13 0,13 3,33 0,56 1,02 1,60 3,65 0,11 4,35 0,90

225 1,45 1,4 45 0,13 0,13 1,36 0,56 0,67 1,60 2,33 0,11 2,03 1,03

125 3 0,95 45 0,13 0,13 1,89 0,56 0,96 1,60 3,43 0,11 2,85 1,04

25 4 1,2 225 0,13 0,13 3,52 0,56 1,28 1,60 4,68 0,11 4,80 0,95


20

3.1 BUILDING RENOVATION BLOCK A Energy requirement was calculated with the old building (see annex BE10 calculations) to know exactly with is the starting point of the renovation. According this calculation with current values, Block A has a total requirement of 260.1 KW/m2/year. As it is said, the goal is to achieve, at least, a 40% less of this value after the renovation

RENOVATION PROPOSAL FOR BUILDING COMPONENTS

RE-DISTRIBUTION

Analyzing the current dwelling in a functional point of view it is easy to identify some useless points of the distribution. It is existing a small room (yellow) which formerly was a storage room. It is understand that nowadays storage rooms are out of the dwellings, and it could be a good improvement to use this space to enlarge bedrooms or the living room.

Also, daylight was analyzed in order to recognize the amount of sun light it is currently in the building.

According to Building regulation 2010, the minimum average of daylight factor is 2 % in habitable areas.

According to the daylight analysis, none of the living areas fulfil the daylight factor requirement of the Danish Regulation. This study will be taken into account when redistribution take place.

Image. 5 Dayligth analysis existing building A


21

EXTENSION

Construction of an extension in a house has lots of benefits for the occupants, either in the functional way as well as the energy aspect of the house.

In one hand, enlarge the space of a dwelling give the possibility to have more useful space for the inhabitants but could be a problem with heat losses due to the fact more areas of the house have to be heated. This is an aspect that it has to be into consideration in order to make an extension, how much heat loss it is to have.

On the other hand, new materials could be use. In this point, it can be use high performance energy materials, with low U-values, and recover heat loss from thermal bridges reaching negative values.

Due to this reasons, it is decided to make a redistribution of the house increasing kitchen, bathroom and corridor areas. Since the distribution of the house is going to change, it is considered to do an extension in the dwelling in order to improve the space, the future client needs, and also the energy requirement. This improvement of the energy requirement is possible considering the new materials and combinations which are better than the current.

In order to develop the extension, it is decided to do it in the east façade because of the free space that it can be used in this side against the west façade area.

With the aim of find the best dimensions for this extensions, following comparison is made with a standard value of 4 meters of extension and an u-value estimation according to the minimum demand of BR10. Base on this calculation, last dimensions will be calculated according to the heat loss and space needed.


22

Solution Drawing (just one dwelling) Improvement of Floor Area

Area of the wall

U-value

Area of roof U-value

Area Floor

U-value

Heat loss

Current

- 164.28 0.67 - - - - 3522.16

Re-insulation

- 164.28 0.2 - - - - 1022.39

Extension

243.57

190.33

0.2

243.57

0.1

243.57

0.1

277.96

Final project Course 2014/2015 Group ….. As it can be observed in the table below, the heat loss decrease with the extension but even it is a better value than the first one, still is more profitable in an energy point of view re-insulate the old wall than make the extension.

The extension is an architectural and functional improvement that is good to make to increase the value and the interest of the dwelling. Due to this, is necessary to balance both aspect of the building. This goal will be achieved reversing the process of calculation. According to this calculation, the most profitable solution is to make an extension of just 12.5 m² of heating area and using the rest of the first extension area to an unheated room (blue zone in the drawing), preserving the old walls and making this area just for seasonal use.

GREEN HOUSE

It is decided to transform the left side of the building into a “green house area”. This zone can be used for the inhabitants as a seasonal space or even as a domestic drop area.

In this new area, high energy performance glasses are going to be used (see annex Green House). These materials improve the solar gains of the area, which will be transfer into the dwelling and decreasing at the same the heat loss frame of the house. To achieve the best energy solution, the adjacent walls have the same components as an external wall. In this way, it is guarantee the best energy performance of the extension system.

All the other walls of the dwelling are going to be preserved and they are going to be improved with better building components as is explained below (new windows, re-insulation, new installations, etc)


24

Final design of extension:

DAYLIGHT FACTOR

As it was explained above, daylight was one of the main reasons to do the new distribution of the dwellings. Following daylight study proves that the new layout of the house accomplish the Danish Regulation requirement of 2% of daylight:

Image. 6 Daylight new building A

Notice that the VELUX Daylight software assumes that the green house is a interior partition and there is not daylight transmission between interior walls. It is assumed that if there is a average factor of 8% of daylight in the green house, there will be enough daylight through the windows in the kids room.


25

MATERIALS

New materials of the extension have to be consciously chosen due to it is a very good opportunity to use new, friend-environmental and sustainable materials. In order to make the best selection of them, some of the most actual solutions are studied to come up with the best solution of our case.

To start this study is important to clarify which are the best solution for each important value for each material and its correlation with others. In this point, it is decide to make and U-value calculation with standard materials, sizes and thermal conductivities.

In order to achieve the minimum u-value for each construction, comparison of different solution is developed. It is decided to select solutions of passive house walls to have an idea of which materials will reach good thermal performance.

Construction: External wall

Description of the construction

(mm)

Total thickness

of the wall

(mm)

U-value (W/m

2K)

Type of

insulation

Thickness of

insulation (mm)

108 Bricks

380 Insulation 108 Brick

588

0,086

Isover

380

15 Silicate plaster

20 wood shuttering 30 cork dowelled on shuttering

300 Cellulose bet. Wood C-posts 200 Wood chip concrete hollow block masonry filled with core

concrete 15 Loam rendering

580

0.12

Cellulose

350

10 Interior Filler

300 Brick&Porotherm 350 Cork Insulation

20 Exterior Silicate Plaster

680

0.085

Cork

300

It can be observed that several solutions can achieve the values required, so that the election of the material must have other aspect to consider in order to carry out with the best solution. Other feature of the solution to take into account upon doing this selection is the moisture into layers of the building component.

Thanks to the following study of the current building, it is proved that moisture analysis can be one of the key points to choose the best option in new material decision.


26

Thic

knes

s o

f

mat

eria

l lay

er, t

(m)

Ther

mal

co

nd

uct

ivit

y,

λ (

W/m

*kº)

Ther

mal

res

ista

nce

, R

(m

2*k

º/W

)

Tem

per

atu

re, (

Cº

)

Satu

rati

on

vap

or

p

ress

ure

, Pm

(P

a)

Per

mea

bili

ty,

d (

kg/m

*s*G

pa)

Vap

or

Res

ista

nce

, Z

(Gp

a*m

2*s

/Kg)

Vap

or

pre

ssu

re

wh

iteo

ut

corr

ecti

on

(P

a)

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y (%

)

20.00 2338.00 1428.75 61.11

Internal Surface Resistance 0.13 20.00 2336.68 0.00 1428.75 61.14

Gypsum plaster 10 0.35 28.57 19.58 2277.06 0.020 500.00 1384.50 60.80

Light weight concrete bricks 108 1.3 83.08 18.37 2111.21 0.030 3600.00 1065.88 50.49

Cover rock 40 0.036 1111.11 2.16 713.35 0.125 320.00 1037.56 145.45

Fill 44 0.7 62.86 1.24 667.93 0.180 244.44 1015.92 152.10

Brick 108 0.96 112.50 -0.40 592.98 0.020 5400.00 537.99 90.73

External Surface Resistance 0.04 -0.40 592.96 0.00 537.99 90.73

According to Danish Regulation, DS/EN ISO 13788, 5.1: “The relative humidity at the internal surface, should not exceed 80% for several days in succession. Furthermore, SBI 216, the guide for the Danish Building Regulations 2008 recommends that “the critical relative humidity on the surface of a material should be less than 75% - in that case that the critical moisture content of the material is not known in advance “As it can be observed in the calculations and the graphics, in the situation before the renovation condensation appears in the external face of the outer wall. It could be a good decision to install a vapor barrier at first appearance. It is not complain in the actual situation any of the regulation of humidity.

Finally, it is decided to combine both studies, and find a solution which can achieve both conditions: avoid the risk of condensation and reach the thermal performance enough to minimize as much heat loss as possible.


27

Image. 7 Moisture study

VENTILATED FAÇADE

One of the most popular solutions to avoid the risk of content of moisture is the ventilated construction. This kind of solution is made with and external layer which avoid all the risks to condensation.

Image. 8 Facade ventilated

Also, this typology of construction has lot of advantages besides it performance against the moisture:

Easy to mount on site. These are elements that are assembled on site "dry", that is, using mechanical anchoring and fixing systems only.

No maintenance costs over the years, as ambient conditions do not affect the ceramic pieces and rainwater is enough to keep them clean.

The individual tiles are very easily replaced in the unlikely event of a mishap.

Thanks to this system, the internal wall structure is protected from atmospheric agents. Cracking due to subsidence is completely avoided.

Energy savings range from 25% to 40%.

No thermal bridging.


28

Surface water condensation is totally eliminated. The presence of an air chamber facilitates the evacuation of water vapor from the inside, and favors the evaporation of any humidity due to filtration.

Excellent soundproofing both in exteriors and in pavilions, theatres, schools, etc.

Very convenient as a rehabilitation system for older buildings as the façade is easily installed over underlying structures.

Ventilated facades are formed by an aluminum structure that holds the cladding material. This aluminum structures sets up the ventilated layer and it could be used to place some insulation material in case that is needed.

In this case, the wall is decided to be created as a structural wall, since no structural analysis is made, and to be sure that this wall can support the new roof weight and the aluminum structure too. This will be achieve with a brick layer of 218 mm of width.

For the insulation layer, a special insulation from ISOVER manufacturer is selected. This decision made this wall prepare to be a ventilated façade since this manufactured produce a specific insulation for ventilated façade (See annex insulation catalogue).

The last important part of the ventilated façade is the cladding material. This material has to have low moisture expansion combined with a low facing water absorption. Also, the weight of the material matters, due to the aluminum structure has to be able to support this material with any doubt of collapse (Mpa Modulus of rupture). Last feature to compare is the coefficient of thermal expansion since the ice cycles that the material can be experiment in a cold place like Denmark. Following study shows which material could be the best solution for this kind of facades.

Material Mass/Surface area g/cm²

MPa modules of rupture

Moisture Expansion mm/m

Coefficient of thermal expansion ºC⁻¹x10⁻⁶

Facing water absorption g/cm²

Marble 1.85 45-57 <0.1 4.1-4.6 0.006

Limestone 5.20 9-12 <0.1 4.4-4.6 0.013

Granite 5.43 11-16 <0.1 7.1-7.9 0.013

HPL 1.39 107 0.6/1.5 9.4-19.4 0.008

Phenolic 1.38 108 0.6/1.5 9.4-19.7 0.007

Aluminum 0.54 Deformable <0.1 23.1 0.01

Porcelain Tile 1.85 45-57 <0.1 6.0 <0.001

According to this study, the most profitable material to use should be the aluminum following by the Porcelain Tile. In one hand, this material has a very good performance in relation with the features that are important for the ventilate façade. In the other hand, the connection between the cladding and structure, all made of aluminum, is not very recommended for the ventilated façades manufactured since it could be make some thermal bridges. Also, porcelain tile has more possibilities of slope and sizes and its values are not too high as the aluminum: it has a medium performance and less thermal conductivity too.


29

So that, the material chosen for the cladding is porcelain, which has other advantages. Leading European laboratories have certified the physical characteristics of this material:

Frost-resistant material pursuant to standard 10545 withstanding 100 frost/defrost cycles.

Non-combustible material.

High impact resistance (4867 N)

Non-variable material, easy to clean.

It is decided to use a ventilated façade system from a manufacturer which provides cladding and steal structure (See annex ventilated façade).

Image. 9 Cladding ventilated facade

Image. 10 Structure ventilated facade


30

NEW U-VALUE

In order to calculate the new value of this facade, the calculation os made according the materials, thermal conductivity and sizes that manufaturers provide. Combining all this data, following wall is created, achieving the 0.2 W/m2K as it is indicated in BR 10.

Calcuation of steal part is made as following:

The air layer is calculated as describes in PHPP program, to stimate the thermal conductivity of it. As a result, the final U-value of the new wall of the extension:


31

NEW ROOF

In the choice of new roof, it is decided to follow the ventilation construction and research about the ventilated roofs as well. It was hard to find some real measurements of the different materials, due to the fact that all the different combinations achieve good results depends of what it is looking for. At this point, it is decided to do a theory research, comparing advantages and disadvantages of the different solution of ventilated and non-ventilated roof.

It is found that the most common roofs are divided into two big groups: cold roofs and warm roofs. In this point is where the ventilation takes place. This two are defining below:

Warm Roofs

A warm roof is defined as being when the all or the majority of the insulation is above the joists or deck. The roof itself is therefore kept warm. By ‘majority’, the rule of thumb is that in a domestic house (not flats), approximately a third of the total thermal performance of insulation can be placed below the deck with two thirds above the deck (sometimes this is called a ‘hybrid warm roof’). Ventilation is not needed in a warm roof.

Cold Roofs

A cold roof is where all of the insulation is placed either between and under or completely under the joists or deck. No insulation is on top. In this way the roof itself is kept cold. You only need ventilation in a cold roof. Cold roofs, by the way, are not recommended for high humidity areas as swimming pools, saunas, etc. And, also, this kind of ventilated roofs are not recommended for extreme temperature zones.


32

Due to the fact that in Denmark temperature zones are too extreme, it is decided not to use this kind of roof. In any case, doing this ventilated roof research, one solution of high energy saving performance was finding. This solution has a non-ventilated cavity which provides a low emissivity of heat out of the building.

This solution, calls THERMAROOF, is a high performance, fiber free, rigid thermoset insulation core faced with an FSC ® certified 6 mm nominal thickness WBP exterior grade plywood on its upper surface and a low emissivity composite foil facing on its lower surface. It provides insulation, vapor control layer and decking in one board.

This manufacturer has a solution which achieves the minimum requirement of Building Regulation on U-values of 0.1 W/m2K.

SLAB

It is decided to choose new slab materials according to BR10 guidelines of thermal conductivity and linear losses, so that the u- value of this building component has to be as maximum of 0.1 W/m2K. At this point, it is decided to use ISOVER solutions due to the fact that this manufacturer has linear losses calculation for several connections. This is important since linear losses has a special calculation which needs the use of a special software to do it. Using the ISOVER solution it can be estimate how many linear losses are going to take place in the building.

In this point, the solution of the new floor slab is going to be formed by:

Due to the fact that Isover solution has a U-value of 0.371 W/m2K, it is decided to increase the size of the insulation to achieve the value of 0.1 W/m2k and fulfill the BR10 requirements. Therefore, both insulation layers (sand and XPS) are rising into 100 and 200 mm respectively the calculation of the new slab is:


33

CONNECTIONS. LINEAR LOSS

External Wall and Roof connection

Using ISOVER calculation, it is estimated the linear loss of calculation. It is possible since the u-values of the new materials of the Block An extension are better than the isover values. Furthermore, the detail of the new construction is going to be solve as the isover detail, which is means that the air tightness layer and insulation are same u-values and placement.

Building Component Solution U-value

External Wall ISOVER 0.196 Block A 0.194

Roof ISOVER 0.166 Block A 0.1


34

External Wall – Floor slab connection

Building Component Solution U-value

External Wall ISOVER 0.196 Block A 0.194

Slab ISOVER 0.371 Block A 0.1

EXTENSION RESULTS

According to BE-10 calculation, the energy requirement of the building adding the extension (See annex BE10 calculation) is 232.6 kW/m2/year. This calculation suits with the reduction of 27.5 kW/m2/year, which is a 10.57 %.


35

RE- INSULATION

On account of last calculation, it is necessary to improve the actual materials of the building. As it was mentioned, the components which have the highest U value and, therefore, the highest heat loss are the windows. So that it is decided as first renovation intervention do the changes of the windows of the whole building.

According to this calculation, the energy requirement of the building decrease to205.3 kW/m2/year, a total amount of 27.3 kW/m2/year has decreased with this change. This value, achieve the 20.77 % of reduction from the primary calculation.

Due to the last calculation don’t fulfil the goal of 40% of reduction, it is necessary to re insulate building components of the old building. To decide which building component is going to be re-insulate following analysis is develop.

This study (See annex BE10 calculation) shows the different values achieve in the current building (without extension and windows changes) depending of the re insulated component.

Model Changes Heat loss frame

Difference Percentage

Old - 260.1 - - Model 1 Walls 219.8 40.3 15.49 % Model 2 Roof 240.6 19.5 7.49% Model 3 Slab 185.5 74.4 28.60%

Analyzing this results, it is obvious that the better solution to carry out with the re insulation is the improvement of the slab of the building. This renovation has different features to take into consideration depending of the different system that is decided.

To have a clearer vision of this different aspects, following table is made to try to make the best decision of the action:

Building Component

Advantages Disadvantages

Walls

Different solutions can be achieved with no restriction: external or internal insulation.

Large area to act (it can be divided)

Doesn’t require remove material.

External insulation: change of cladding material. Difficulties to make the connection with roof and avoid thermal bridges

Internal insulation: loss of habitable space in the building.

Risk of excessive indoor temperature

Not possibility of thermal bridges reduction.

Less day light per m2 of glass in the windows.

Feeling if isolation (“prison feeling”).

Lower temperature of the facing wall. Roof Easy way to reinsulate.

No limits of width of insulation.

Possibility of thermal bridges reduction

Good current U value.

This action requires remove material.

Slab

Bad current U.value: easy to improve it.

Limited width of insulation due to th high of the basement.

Action requires remove material.


36

After this studies, it is decided to reinsulate the slab than the walls. Because of following reasons:

1. The slab U-value of the old building is the highest of all the components so the different of heat loss increased.

2. It is decided to taken into account the thermal bridge of the slab in contrast to the other connections. This decision is made because is decided not to remove the roof, so it is impossible to reinsulate the connection between the external wall and the roof in this way. It is easier to avoid the thermal bridge in the slab as soon as the work to do it is just remove the terrain and place insulation.

CHOICE OF MATERIALS

This is the current floor slab in the old building and its connection with the foundation. It is decided to remove all the floor slab until the Slag, reinsulated it and the joint between it and the foundation.

In order to select the best insulation material for new slab and it connection with foundation and external wall, following study is made.

Insulation Type Thermal Conductivity

Thickness

Phenolic 0.022 200 Polyisocuanurate and polyurethane

0.035 300

Flax 0.037 Expanded polystyrene

0.038 250

Sheep’s wool and hemp

0.039 350

Mineral Wool and wood fibre

0.044 300

Vermiculite 0.063 400

Due to the height of the basement in the laundry room and the bicycle storage room, it is not allow to have less than 2,20 m. Therefore, it is decided to use a high performance insulation in order to reduce the thickness of the insulation and avoid the risk of decrease more than the allow high.

Thereby, it is decided to chose Phenolic material, as it can be observed in the table, it is the one which less thickness has. It is determined to remove the cement screed layer of the old slab to upgrade the surface of the slag to place the new insulation.

After calculations, this solution achieve an U-value of 0.105 w/m2K

Block A: Investment study


37

Building component

Cost/m² (without tax)

Cost (i.tax) Area (m²) Total Prize

New Nfacade 487.84 609.8 156.24 95275.152

New Sfacade 487.84 609.8 156.24 76220.1216

New Wfacade 487.84 609.8 68.85 33587.784

New Slab 398.65 498.3125 75 29898.75

New Roof 416.83 521.0375 75 234981.808

Re-insulation slab 254.36 317.95 476 374688.463

TOTAL 844652.078

*the prices are estimation because the man-hours to execute it are not taken into account.

Total energy requirement of the current building : 260,1 kwh/m² yearly

Total energy requirement of the building after the intervention: 138,1 kwh/ m² yearly

Savings per year: 122 kwh/ m² yearly

Energy price : 2dkk/kwh (price 2007)

Area:551m² Total savings per year: 122 kwh/ m² x 551m² x 2dkk/kwh = 134.444 dkk yearly

Savings per year

(dkk)

Total Investment (dkk)

Money saved per year

(dkk)

Frist year 134.444,00 -844.652,08

Second year 134.444,00 -710.208,08

Third year 134.444,00 -575.764,08

Fourth year 134.444,00 -441.320,08

Fifth year 134.444,00 -306.876,08

Sixth year 134.444,00 -172.432,08

Seventh year 134.444,00 -37.988,08

Eighth year 134.444,00 96.455,92

Nine year 134.444,00 134.444,00

Tenth year 134.444,00 268.888,00

eleventh year 134.444,00 403.332,00

Twelfth 134.444,00 537.776,00

Thirteenth 134.444,00 672.220,00

Fourteenth 134.444,00 806.664,00

fifteenth 134.444,00 941.108,00

sixteenth 134.444,00 1.075.552,00

seventeenth 134.444,00 1.209.996,00

The investment is profitable after seven years. The first six years the savings are used to repay the

initial investment, after that the users pay less for the energy, savings money year per year.

3.2 BUILDING RENOVATION BLOCK B


38

The renovation study about the building B is about what is the best component building to choose for the renovation instead to change all of them.

Using the BE10 program, the following changes have been done looking the heat losses of the building to see which would be the best solution for the renovation:

Building/ Heat loss

Before modifications

(BR 2010)

Changing windows U-

value

Changing Windows U-value and

walls

Changing roof U-value Changing slab

B 194,10 185,8 83,60 187,90 162,90

% reduction - 4,27 % 56,92% 3,19% 16,07%

The existing building has a Heat loss of 194,10 kWh/m². It could see that the option that gives the best solution is changing the windows and renovating the existing walls, it reduces the heat losses in around 56, 92%.

So, all the study is about how the building could be improved doing the renovation of windows, walls, installations of the existing construction and use renewable energy.

RENOVATION PROPOSAL FOR THE BUILDING COMPONENTS Block B walls will be insulated studying three different possible solutions. The study is about the new living wall solution, the addition of insulation in the outside façade and the reinsulated existing façade removing the external existing bricks.

The insulation thickness for insulate the external walls is usually really high. For that reason, the type of insulation and the ways to use it are going to take into account in the study.

All the solutions have an addition of MINERALWOLLE insulation of Isover manufacturer. The difference between them is the position and the way of execution.

1. Living wall the difference of the living wall is the addition of 120 mm mineral wool insulation

and the extra addition of 150 mm of Rockwool insulation as growing media of the vegetation panels.

2. Insulation outside the same layers than the living wall façade empty the vegetation solution.

3. Insulation between layers the way to insulate the façade is removing the existing brick and add 120 mm of mineral wool insulation, then adding brick again to keep the external appearance of the building.

LIVING WALL INSULATION OUTSIDE INSULTATION BETWEEN

TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION

OUTDOOR FACE ADD: 120 mm MINERALWOLLE WLG032 + 12,50 mm AQUAPANEL and 150 mm Rockwool in

planting panels

OUTSIDE FACE ADD: 120 mm MINERALWOLLE

WLG032 and 12,50 mm AQUAPANEL

INSIDE FACE ADD: remove existing bricks

and ADD 120 mm MINERALWOLLE WLG032

U-VALUE 0,182 W/m²K 0,185 W/m²K 0,188 W/m²K

MOISTURE PROOFING 0 0 4.2 %

ASPECT VERY GOOD VERY GOOD GOOD

EXECUTION OF WORK (difficulty 1-3)

1 1 2

MAINTENANCE VERY GOOD VERY GOOD VERY GOOD


39

U-VALUE CALCULATION 1. Living wall

MATERIAL

ƛ [W/mK]

R [m²K/W]

Weight [kg/m²]

Thickness [mm]


1. Gypsum plaster 0.35 0.029 10 10

2. Light weight concrete 1.30 0.083 194.40 108

3. Coverrock 0.036 1.11 4.0 40

4. Fill granule 0.70 0.063 59.40 44

5. Brick 0.96 0.113 216.0 108

6. Vapour barrier 0.031 0.065 0.00 2

7. MINERALWOLLE WLG032 0.032 3.75 2,40 120

8. AQUAPANEL 0.35 0.036 14.40 12.50


9. Air (ventilated layer)

10. Rockwool 0.04 3.75 9,0 150

Whole component 9.348 509.60 624.50

U-Value= 0,182 W/m²K


40

2. Wall insulation outside


Thickness [mm]


1. Gypsum plaster 0.35 0.029 10 10


3. Coverrock 0.036 1.11 4.0 40

4. Fill granule 0.70 0.063 59.40 44

5. Brick 0.96 0.113 216.0 108

6. Vapour barrier 0.031 0.065 0.00 2

7. MINERALWOLLE WLG032 0.032 3.75 2,40 120

8. AQUAPANEL 0.35 0.036 14.40 12.50


Whole component 5.418 500.60 444.50



41

3. Wall insulation between layers


Thickness [mm]


1. Gypsum plaster 0.35 0.029 10 10


3. Cover rock 0.036 1.11 4.0 40

4. Fill granule 0.70 0.063 59.40 44

5. MINERALWOLLE WLG032 0.032 3.750 2.40 140

6. Brick 0.96 0.113 216.0 108





42

MOISTURE CALCULATION To calculate moisture in the building we have taken into account the next standard values:

- Internal temperature = 20°C

- Internal relative humidity = 61,1%

- External temperature = - 0,4°C (January)

- External relative humidity = 91% (January)

First of all, the current situation of the building has to be analysed. By doing that, it is seen that there are some materials with a high value of condensation in the existing walls of the building.

MOISTURE WALL ANALYSIS

Thic

kne

ss o

f

mat

eri

al la

yer,

t(m

m)

The

rmal

co

nd

uct

ivit

y,

λ (

W/m

*kº)

The

rmal

re

sist

ance

, R

(m

2*k

º/W

)

Te

mp

era

ture

, ( C

º )

Satu

rati

on

vap

ou

r

pre

ssu

re, P

m (

Pa)

Pe

rmea

bili

ty,

d (

kg/m

*s*G

pa)

V

apo

ur

Res

ista

nce

,

Z (G

pa*

m2

*s/K

g)

Vap

ou

r p

ress

ure

w

ith

ou

t co

rre

ctio

n (

Pa)

R

ela

tive

Hu

mid

ity

(%)

20,00 2338,00 1428,75 61,11

Internal Surface Resistance 0,13 20,00 2336,68 0,00 1428,75 61,14

Gypsum plaster 10 0,35 28,57 19,58 2277,06 0,020 500,00 1384,50 60,80

Light weight concrete bricks 108 1,3 83,08 18,37 2111,21 0,030 3600,00 1065,88 50,49

Cover rock 40 0,036 1111,11 2,16 713,35 0,125 320,00 1037,56 145,45

Fill 44 0,7 62,86 1,24 667,93 0,180 244,44 1015,92 152,10

Brick 108 0,96 112,50 -0,40 592,98 0,020 5400,00 537,99 90,73

External Surface Resistance 0,04 -0,40 592,96 0,00 537,99 90,73

1398,29 10064,44 890,76

So now, it should be studied if our solution after renovation is according to the moisture regulation.


43

Thic

kne

ss o

f

mat

her

ial l

aye

r, t

(m)

The

rmal

co

nd

uct

ivit

y,

λ (

W/m

*kº)

The

rmal

re

sist

ance

, R

(m

2*k

º/W

)

Tem

pe

ratu

re, (

Cº

)

Satu

rati

on

vap

ou

r

pre

ssu

re, P

m (

Pa)

Pe

rmea

bili

ty,

d (

kg/m

*s*G

pa)

Vap

ou

r R

esis

tan

ce,

Z (G

pa*

m2

*s/K

g)

Vap

ou

r p

ress

ure

wh

ito

ut

corr

ect

ion

(P

a)

Re

lati

ve H

um

idit

y (%

)

21,00 2338,00 1428,75 61,11


Gypsum plaster 10 0,35 28,57 20,89 2468,43 0,020 500,00 1403,09 56,84

Ligth weight concrete bricks 108 1,3 83,08 20,56 2419,35 0,030 3600,00 1218,33 50,36

Cover rock 40 0,036 1111,11 16,20 1840,35 0,125 320,00 1201,91 65,31

Fill 44 0,7 62,86 15,95 1811,58 0,180 244,44 1189,36 65,65

Brick 108 0,96 112,50 15,51 1761,07 0,020 5400,00 912,22 51,80

Vapour barrier 2 0,13 15,38 15,45 1754,26 0,003 666,67 878,00 50,05

Mineral wolle WLG032 120 0,03 4000,00 -0,26 599,06 0,020 6000,00 570,07 95,16

AQUAPANEL BOARD 12,5 0,35 35,71 -0,40 592,96 0,020 625,00 537,99 90,73


5449,39 17356,11 890,76


44

DESCRIPTION OF NEW MATERIALS ADDED

VAPOUR BARRIER

With Vario airtightness and moisture protection system Isover offers a comprehensive system of patented, breathable membranes and climate adhesive and sealing products: Vario system is perfectly matched and is functionally reliable for all common building substrates

The humid climate variable membranes keep the moisture in the winter out of the wall structure. In the summer they open their pores and moisture to escape easily from the construction for cooler the lounge.

In summer: drying function

As a result of the action of heat occurs in summer from the information stored in wood moisture in the form of water vapour. The membrane is permeable to vapour diffusion resistance drops: The construction dries out faster.

In winter: vapour barrier

In winter, the climate membrane slows the absorption of water vapour rising from the living quarters; little moisture can penetrate into the design. The vapour diffusion resistance is high. (See annex materials).

MINERAL WOLLE WLG032 INFORMATION

Product benefits at a glance

Excellent thermal insulation with WLS 032

best fire protection class: Non-flammable, Euro Class A1

excellent sound insulation and low weight

powerful weather protection as continuous water-repellent

Permeable, allows moisture to dry out unhindered

Very flexible, yet robust, thereby easily and quickly

Dimensions: 1250 × 625 mm

(See annex materials).


45

AQUAPANEL FINISH LAYER

AQUAPANEL Cement Board Outdoor is a robust, non-combustible building panel made of aggregated Portland cement with coated glass fibre mesh embedded in back and front surfaces. It offers all the benefits of a dry panel system with the strength of brick and block.

The ends are cut square and edges are reinforced for extra strength (the EasyEdgeTM). The panel provides a solid base that withstands extreme weather conditions.

AQUAPANEL Cement Board Outdoor must be protected from the effects of moisture and weather before installation. Boards that have become damp must be dried on both sides before use. (See annex materials).

GORDAN DELTA. ROCKWOOL INSULATION LIVING WALL

Rock wool is a natural product consisting of a volcanic rock called basalt. Use of stone wool has many benefits for the professional grower:

Thanks to the controlled manufacturing process, this growth medium is of a consistently high quality. Sterile production at extremely high temperatures guarantees a clean product with no pollutants, free of plant diseases.

Additionally, rock wool enables recirculation of water and nutrients, so there is no waste of input materials.

Rock wool substrate does not lock up or release any substances, enabling the grower to apply precisely the right amount of water and fertiliser and thus optimise the growing result.

The product is lightweight, making it easy to use. (See annex materials).


46

SOLUTION CHOSEN

Once the study done, it could see that the best solution in that case is the construction of the living wall. The U-value of the living wall is lower than the others but it is not valid for all the external walls.

The living wall is a system that the microclimates have different impact on one orientation of the living wall relative to another (varying light, heat, and humidity conditions); a good orientation can increase the energy efficiency of the building, making it more comfortable to live in and cheaper to run. And also, specifications for soil, irrigation, nutrients, and long-term maintenance should be considered.

On the other hand, since plants are living organisms and their development depends on the weather, the final results may greatly differ from one climate area to another, spoiling the expectations of energy savings that had been planned according to theoretical calculations for a given system. So it is essential to know the behaviour of the different plant species in local weather conditions for the efficient operation of green facades.

In order to use green vertical systems as passive energy savings systems four fundamental mechanisms should be considered: interception of solar radiation due to the shadow produced by the vegetation, thermal insulation provided by the vegetation and substrate, evaporative cooling that occurs by evapotranspiration from the plants and the substrate, and by blocking the wind.

For all this reason, it is not effective to install this system around the building and the solution of living wall is going to be installed in the south east façade.

Since insulation applied to the exterior of buildings is much more effective than interior insulation, especially during the summer months, vertical greenery systems would have the two fold effect of reducing incoming solar energy into the interior through shading and reducing heat flow into the building through evaporative cooling, both increasing energy savings.

Taking in account this reasons, the South-East facade will be renovated with the living wall system, since it is the facade with more sunlight and area; and the other external walls are going to be insulated with an external insulation layer.


47

DESCRIPTION LIVING WALL

The wall includes planting panels measuring 600 mm x 500 mm x 150 mm along. It is designed for a weight loading of 15-25kg/m2 dead load.

Image. 11 Living wall elevation Image. 12 Living wall system

(See annex materials)

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Growing Substrate Horticultural rock wool (80 kg/m³) with a lifetime greater than 5 years, and 100% recyclable at end-of-life.

Panel structure Invisible structure made of Aluminium 5083 (AG5)

Envelope Non-woven felt made of recycled PP and PE, created anti-UV.

Colour: dark grey

Support system Proprietary brackets, vertical and horizontal rails (wood). Fitting of the panels from the front

Irrigation System The proprietary built-in network of irrigation drippers in the support system’s rails brings to the plants the precise aount of nutrients and water. The irrigation is fully automated and remotely controlled via an irrigation station.

Plants 8 plants per panel


48

WALLFLORE®PER-e is a unique wall greening cladding system using the modern modular technology of a ventilated rain screen system.

The WALLFLORE®PER-e system has been designed to allow the greening of all types of elevations and buildings, including all types of openings, with a wide range of panel’s dimensions. The Exin version allows for an external insulation layer.

The WALLFLORE®PER-e system is made of high quality aluminium with an integrated irrigation system and plant panels using stone wool growing substrate. The system combines the modular plant panels with the coverage of hanging type plants. It is a modularity of the system allows the designer to green clad all types of facades and outdoor walls.

Plants are irrigated using a controlled release dripper system that runs to each separate module, using collected rainwater supplemented with mains water as required. Fertiliser is also delivered via the irrigation drip system. The stainless steel facia surrounding each panel guides any excess moisture to a steel drip tray at the base of the vertical garden.

Image. 13 Irrigation system living wall

The structuring panel in the living wall are designed to allow a water flow internally from module to module within each panel, and subsequently from panel to panel. It is installed a drip irrigation line to provide the easiest and most effective method of watering (drainage) possibility. This consist a drip pipe incorporated into the system. The drip pipe is connected to a water pump that provides the possibility for additional nutrients in to the water system.

Living walls produce changes in ambient conditions of the space between the green screen and the building wall. This layer of air produces an interesting insulation effect.


49

Table 3 Types of vegetation walls system

Plants chosen:

Name Picture Outdoor/inside

Philodendron scadens

Outdoor and indoor climates

Spider plant


Golden pothos


The planting plan factored in the differing levels of sun and shade across the wall surface, and the impact of plants shading one and other as they grow. Established plants were used because they are more resilient to wind and provided immediate visual impact upon installation.

In addition to aesthetic appeal, plant species have been chosen to be hardy, low maintenance and shade tolerant. Many of the species used on the wall feature coloured foliage or flowers throughout the year, contributing to the beauty of the design. All species have been selected to best offer cumulative controls of pests and disease spread, wind, light, moisture and to manage competition between species.

The green wall has been designed to minimise maintenance and enhance resilience and natural balance.


50

Benefits living wall

1. Reducing the energy budget of a building: reduction of heating and cooling costs.

2. Urban air quality: In urban canyons, at street level, green walls and facades offer the opportunity for improvement of urban air quality in narrow spaces, by increasing the area at street level that is covered by vegetation and providing more potential surfaces to trap pollutants.

3. Aesthetic improvement: create visual interest, increase property values, provides interesting freestanding structural elements and obscures unsightly features.

4. Building structure protection: Protects exterior finishes from UV radiations, the elements and temperature fluctuations that wear down materials.

5. Improved indoor air quality: Captures airborne pollutants such as dust and pollen.

6. Noise reduction: the growing media in living wall systems will contribute to a reduction of sound levels that transmit through or reflect from the living wall system.

7. LEED: green walls contribute directly to achieving credits, or contribute to earning credits when used with other sustainable building elements.

Improved energy efficiency

Living walls are an excellent solution to improving a buildings thermal insulation. Once you install a living wall, you’ll more than likely find energy reductions in both heating and cooling of the building.

The amount of energy saved varies, and of course is influenced by many different variants. Influencing factors include: climate, distance from the side of buildings and the density of the plant coverage. Other benefits include:

– Living walls create excellent wind protection during winter months

– Interior living walls help reduce the energy required for heating / cooling

– Limits movement of heat through thick vegetation mass

– The living wall structure is able to reduce the ambient temperatures by offering shading

Design and planning

Living wall design goals Considerations

Low cost and easy to install on a residential building

Consider installations, minimise the size of the system, self-contained units that recirculate water, systems that can be easily replanted

Multi storey façade greening. Maintenance Include containers at different heights, include cabling or lattice support structures for twining plants, ensure access for maintenance, provide irrigation, consider secondary protection of plants against stem damage, e.g. wind protection trellis

Long lasting wall Consider hydroponic system over soil based, remote monitoring systems, high quality components

Low cost and easy to install Use a direct attaching species of plant, grown from the ground at the base of the wall

Maximise thermal benefits Use deciduous species if heat gain is desired in winter; ensure very leafy plants, covering the entire wall for providing best shade in summer, particularly on north and west facing walls; provide a structure at least 100mm off the wall of a building for the plants to grow on, leaving an air gap between the building and green plants to maximize cooling effect.


51

Conclusions living wall

The living wall system optimizes energy performance above the baseline in the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use.

Living walls provide additional insulation and natural cooling mechanism to the building, thereby reducing its reliance on mechanical systems in the summer and winter months, a living wall is an integral part of a building’s cooling strategy.

Vertical greening systems have no negative Influence on condensation and vapour diffusion (moisture transport) through a wall. On the other hand, there can be condensation during the winter period which does not exceed the limitations.

For all condensation calculations a vapour barrier resistance is assumed for vertical greening systems.

Living wall system has a more or less airtight texture and it is protecting the facade better against sunshine and heavy rains. This means that the temperature and moisture transport cannot take place easily.

The growing media of mineral wool has a contribution to the energy savings for heating.

DETAILS SOLUTION RENOVATION BUILDING COMPONENTS

DETAIL 1. CONNECTION RENOVATION LIVING WALL-EXISTING ROOF


52

DETAIL 2. NEW WINDOW CONNECTION

DETAIL 3. CONNECTION RENOVATION WALL-EXISTING BASEMENT

DETAIL 4. LIVING WALL


53

Cost effectiveness

Green Facade:

Cost/panel (dkk)

Cost/panel (i.tax)

N panels Total (dkk)

1487.6 1859.5 165 306817.5

Re – insulation + Green Façade:

Prizes: Dkk/m2

Green facade/panel

1487.6

Insulation (120mm)

55.33

Aquapanel 45.77

Vapour barrier 25.13

126.23

*the prices are estimation because the man-hours to execute it are not taken into account.

Total energy requirement of the current building : 196,9 kwh/m² yearly

Total energy requirement of the building after the intervention: 152,2kwh/ m² yearly

Savings per year: 44,7 kwh/ m² yearly

Energy price : 2dkk/kwh (price 2007)

Area:839,7m²

Total savings per year

44,7kwh/m² x 839,7m² x 2Dkk/kwh = 75.069,18 dkk yearly

Facade Cost/m² (without tax)

Cost (i.tax)

Area (m²) Total Prize

North 126.23 157.7875 168.58 26599.8168

South 126.23 157.7875 168.58 26599.8168

West 126.23 157.7875 49.56 7819.9485

East 126.23 157.7875 49.56 314637.449

TOTAL 375657.031


54

Savings per year

(dkk)

Total investment (dkk)


(dkk)

Frist year 75.036,18 -375.657,03

Second year 75.036,18 -300.620,85

Third year 75.036,18 -225.584,67

Fourth year 75.036,18 -150.548,49

Fifth year 75.036,18 -75.512,31

Sixth year 75.036,18 -476,13

Seventh year 75.036,18 74.560,05

Eighth year 75.036,18 149.596,23

Nine year 75.036,18 224.632,41

Tenth year 75.036,18 299.668,59

eleventh year 75.036,18 374.704,77

Twelfth 75.036,18 449.740,95

Thirteenth 75.036,18 524.777,13

Fourteenth 75.036,18 599.813,31

fifteenth 75.036,18 674.849,49

sixteenth 75.036,18 749.885,67

seventeenth 75.036,18 824.921,85

As the previous building the payback of this building is seven years, wich means that the client get their inversion back in the firsts years and after that they get the investment back and save money every year.


55

3.3 BUILDING RENOVATION BLOCK C

Apart from the conditions of the building, it is important to consider the existing shafts and

installations and the distribution of the dwellings in order to make the most efficiency and profitable

solution.

The figure above, shows the plan of the building C before the retrofit.

The bathrooms did not fulfil the Danish regulations, there was not neither exiting shafts were the

installations were distributed. However there was a shaft used to throw the garbage.

Regarding to the main purpose of the retrofit, the focus points were to find the most suitable place

for the shaft and improve the dwellings from the habitable point of view.

At the beginning an extension was considered (adding one more bathroom and another room),

however the budget was a great disadvantage, therefore a second choice was taken into account.

This solution was based on doing an extension in the bathroom (just moving the wall some

centimetres and making an opened-concept kitchen, changing it from its previous situation, and

integrating it in the living room.

This modification allows having one extra room in each apartment (in spite of removing all the tiles

of the all kitchen takes time and is not cheaper, it is less expensive than doing an extension).

This new distribution keeps the wet rooms near each other, which afterwards will help with the

design of the installations.

The other important issue was the shaft. Taking the advantage of the existing garbage shaft, the new

one is placed in the same position but increasing its dimensions.

There is one shaft per block.

The final result is shown in the figure bellow


56

After these modifications, it is necessary to make an analysis about the best way to improve the energy requirement of the building. The base of the study will be the savings, not another factor like the economical one or the speed which it is executed.

Following the aim of this project, few modification of the building will be done, for example: reinsulate the walls, reinsulate the roof or the ceiling, place new windows or combinations between the previous solutions

This analysis will be based on the BE 10 program. This software follows the building regulation and it is possible to change how the energy requirements are changing.

The values introduced on the Be 10 belong to one building and the results can be applied to the other ones with the same features.

As it is possible to see on the previous graph the process was the next. First of all it was decided to remove the old windows and placed a new one with better values to reduce the losses. This change represents a savings of 20% of the energy.

After that, the study is about reinsulate the roof and the basement. Two options were studied in both cases. The first one is to insulate the ceiling, placing the insulation layer on the top of it. The other one is to insulate the roof below the trusses. In that case the best and easier solution is to reinsulate the ceiling. On the basement case it is better reinsulate the ground floor slab than the

Building/ Heat loss

Before modifications

(BR 2010)

changing windows

Changing Windows +roof

+ basement

Windows +walls

Windows +Roof+

basement +walls

C 182,4 146 115 134,4 104,3

Image. 14. Dwelling before retrofit Image. 15. Dwelling after retrofit


57

basement slab. The basement is non-heated room and it doesn’t make senses to insulate it. With this solution, but also with the new windows this changes represent 33, 70 % of the energy demand.

On the other hand, instead of reinsulated the roof and the basement, is to reinsulate the exterior walls. The first parts of the study are the comparison of placing the insulation on the exterior side of the wall or inside of it. At the end the best option was to place on the exterior part. This solution reduced the energy consumption, also with the new windows. This solution represent savings of 27, 74% of the energy consumption. This percentage is lower than the previous one that is why the previous solution is better.

Finally according with the main purpose of the project which is reducing as much as it is possible the energy consumption, the last option was combined both solutions. This option represents 44 % of energy savings.

Taking in mind the last solution and improve another factors the final percentage of energy savings is 51, 75 % which is a really good value.

To see the whole analysis see the annex BE10

First solution Building C

After the first analysis, one option is reduce the energy consumption of the building insulating the roof and the basement. This is the best solution to get the energy demands for the building, decrease. Moreover is the cheapest one, even if the economic point of view will not be a decisive factor on this project. It is the cheapest one because of the less surface to insulate on the ceiling and the ground floor slab than reinsulate all the walls surface.

First of all, there are two options to insulate the top of the building and two more from the bottom of it. For the top of the building it is possible to insulate the roof, placing insulation below the trusses. The other one is to place the insulation on the top of the ceiling. The last option it is definitely better because is easier to place it and the losses reduction is better, besides there is no sense to insulate the roof, if the attic is not going to be liveable.

On the bottom of the building there will be another two options. The first one is to remove the basement slab, place a new insulation layer and the floor on the top again. The other one is placing an insulation layer below the ground floor slab. This solution is easier to execute and cheaper than the previous one. The last option is the one chosen because of the basement is a non-heated and is not useful to invest money on the previous solution in this case because the energy improvements will not be good enough.

Ceiling

On the first analysis the new insulation material was earth wool rolls from the “KnauffInsulation” company, for the ceiling. A new layer of 270mm with a lambda value of 0,44 W/m will be placing over the existing ceiling. This solution was good and the u-value was reduced from 0,295 W/m²k to 0,128 W/m² k.


58

Existing ceiling

U-value: 0,295 W/m²k

Proposal ceiling


After a more deeply research on the possible materials and different insulation solution another solution was chosen. A new layer of 260mm (200mm+60mm) with a lambda value of 0,3 W/m²k. Even with less thickness the u-value is lower 0,121 W/m²k which is reflected in a bigger energy savings.

This material is from an “Isover” company and is called Isover Uni boards. These boards are suitable for unloaded insulations of the walls (ventilated facades under the cladding with insulation inserted into cassettes or frames), insulation of pitched roofs, ceilings, suspended ceilings, and other light sandwich constructions. The material is suitable also, for fire protection structures where a density ≥ 40 kg mᶾ is required.


59

Final proposal ceiling


Ground floor

The first analysis the new insulation material was earth wool rolls from the “KnauffInsulation” company, for the ground floor. A new layer of 165mm with a lambda value of 0,44 W/m will be placing below the existing ground floor slab and covered with a plaster board. This solution was good and the u-value was reduced from 0,466 W/m²k to 0,194 W/m² k.

Existing ground floor

U-value: 0,466 W/m² k


60

Ground floor proposal

U-value: 0,194 W/m² k

Following the same process as in the ceiling, the same decision has been taken. With the same type of insulation Isover uni the u-value is lower comparing with the other material chosen before even with less thickness. In this case the thickness is important because the height is reduced when the insulation is added. The height of the basement is 2,5m and after the intervention the height is 2,20m which is enough. A layer of 160 mm is placed reducing the U-value form 0,446 W/m² k to 0,151 W/m²k.

Final ground floor solution

U-value : 0,151 W/m² k


61

First solution investment ( ground floor and ceiling)

The “Isover” Company provide the prices for their products.

Name Thickness (mm)

Package includes

(m²)

Pack includes

(mᶾ)

Size (mm)

Price excl. VAT

(dkk/m²)

Price incl. VAT

(dkk/m²)

Isover UNI 4 40 8,64 0,35 1200x600 18,60 23,25

Isover UNI 5 50 7,2 0,36 1200x600 23,18 28,975

Isover UNI 6 60 5,76 0,35 1200x600 27,16 34,70

Isover UNI 8 80 4,32 0,35 1200x600 37,20 46,50

Isover UNI 10 100 3,6 0,36 1200x600 46,36 57,95

Isover UNI 12 120 2,88 0,35 1200x600 55,53 69,41

Isover UNI 14 140 2,16 0,30 1200x600 64,96 81,20

Isover UNI 16 160 2,16 0,35 1200x600 74,12 92,65

Isover UNI 18 180 1,44 0,26 1200x600 83,56 104,45

Isover UNI 20 200 1,44 0,29 1200x600 92,72 115,90

Ceiling

Area m² Price excl. VAT (dkk/m²) Price incl. VAT (dkk/m²)

200mm 768,05 m² 71.213,87 89.017,34

60mm 768,05 m² 20.860,32 26.651,33

total 92.074,19 115.668,67

Ground floor

Area m² Price excl. VAT (dkk) Price incl. VAT (dkk)

160 mm 768,05 56.961,22 71.201,525

Total

Area m² Price excl. VAT (dkk) Price incl. VAT (dkk)

Ceiling 92.074,19 115.668,67

Ground floor 56.961,22 71.201,525

Total 140.035,41 186.870,195

Investment study

Even if the economical factor is not a main point in this project, and study about the payback is going to take place, based on the BE10 calculation.

Total energy requirement of the current building: 182,4 kwh/m² yearly

Total energy requirement of the building after the intervention : 120,8 kwh/m² yearly

Savings per year: 61,6 kwh/m²

Energy price: 2dkk/kwh (price 2007)


62

Total savings per year: 61,6kwh/m² x 2793,8m² x 2Dkk/kwh = 344.196,16 dkk yearly

As it can be seen on the chart, the clients will save money since the first year because the cost of the investment is lower than savings per year. It is of course and estimation because the man-hours price is missing, but it will be also rentable in a few years.

Second solution Building C

In this case the solution selected has been taken from a similar project carried out in Wien. The case of study has very similar conditions to the project mentioned, around same year of construction, number of dwellings and climate conditions.

Two of the purposes of Wien project was to reduce the heating load and costs. To reach that aim the engineers chose a prefabricated Gap-solar façade. After the renovation the results obtained were pretty close to Passive house standards and the final energy results showed an energy saving of 90%.

Multifunctional façade systems are designed to be used in modular construction methods with the highest possible level of prefabrication. The main application is for new development of large-scale residential and office buildings and for a fast thermal refurbishment of the existing building stock.

They fulfil high thermal requirements and make use of the advantages of prefabrication, such as avoiding thermal bridges and reducing on site construction time. High air tightness targets are achieved easily compared to “on site” construction. Windows, ducting, cabling etc. can also be integrated and thereby prevent thermal bridges or air leaks. Furthermore, large-scale innovative renewable energy sources can be integrated.

This particular case, Gap solution façade, a stable honeycomb structure made of natural materials is the innovative component in this façade system. The rays of the winter sun penetrate deep into the honeycomb and increase their temperature. This autonomous zone reduces heat loss to almost zero and reduces thermal bridges. During summer much of the radiation is

Savings per year

(dkk)



(dkk)

First year 344.196,16 -186.870,20 157.325,97

Second year 344.196,16 501.522,13

Third year 344.196,16 845.718,29

Fourth year 344.196,16 1.189.914,45

Fifth year 344.196,16 1.534.110,61

Sixth year 344.196,16 1.878.306,77

Seventh year

344.196,16 2.222.502,93

Eighth year 344.196,16 2.566.699,09

Nine year 344.196,16 2.910.895,25

Tenth year 344.196,16 3.255.091,41

Image. 16. Honey comb insulation working principle


63

reflected due to the comb structure itself. Depending on the orientation the improvement of the U-value of the exterior wall is up to 90% or more.

Comparison and Benefits of Honeycomb VS Alternative Core Materials Materials other than honeycomb are used as core materials. These are primarily foams and wood-based products. The advantages of honeycomb compared to these alternative core materials are as follows.

Material Property Honeycomb advantages

Foam includes

- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Relatively low crush strength and stiffness

Excellent crush strength and stiffness

- Polymethacrylimide Increasing tress with increasing strain

Constant crush strength

- Polyurethane Friable Structural integrity

- Polystyrene Limited strength Exceptionally high strengths available

- Phenolic Fatigue High fatigue resistance

- Polyethersulfone (PES) Cannot be formed around curvatures

OX-core and Flex-Core cell configuration for curvatures

Wood-based includes

- Plywood Very heavy density Excellent strength-to-weight ratio

- Balsa Subject to moisture degradation Excellent moisture resistance

- Particleboard Flammable Self- extinguishing, low smoke versions available

Sub-Panel Structure Comparison

The comparison at the right shows the relative strength and weight attributes of the most common types of sandwich panels.

Relative Strength Relative Stiffness Relative weight

Honeycomb 100% 100% 3%

Foam sandwich 26% 68%

Structural extrusion 62% 99%

Sheet & Stringer 64% 86%

Plywood 3% 17% 100%


64

Thermal conductivity calculation of exterior wall

For the calculations and graphics the free programme www.u-wert.net has been used.

Exterior wall

Material

Thickness (mm)

λ (W/mK)

R (W/m2 K)

Rsi 0,13

Fin

al c

om

po

nen

t

Bef

ore

ret

rofi

t Gypsum plaster 10 0,35 0,029 Lightweight concrete bricks 108 1,3 0,083

Cover rock 40 0,036 1,111

Fill 44 0,7 0,063

Brick 108 0,96 0,113

Aft

er r

etro

fit

Insulation 60 0,036 1,667

OSB airtight 16 0,13 0,123 Mineral wool 130 0,032 4,063

MDF 4 0,13 0,031 Solar comb (sandwich panel) 50 0,074 0,676 Air gap (Slightly ventilated) 31 0,000

ESG float glass panel 10 0,1 0,000

Rse 0,04 Whole component 611 8,127

U (m2K/W) 0,123

Before retrofit

After retrofit

http://www.u-wert.net/


65

Moisture analysis

Especial attention should be paid into problems caused by moisture. They can be reason of condensation and dampness problems in the buildings. The followed guidelines could be followed to avoid these kind of problems:

DS/EN ISO 13788, 5.1: “The relative humidity at the internal surface, should not exceed 80% for several days in succession”

SBI 216, the guide for the Danish Building Regulations 2008:”the critical relative humidity on the surface of a material should be less than 75% - in that case that the critical moisture content of the material is not known in advance”.

This table has been done in order to calculate the relative humidity % The standard parameters for the relative humidity are: (Building regulation)

- External temperature: -0,4 oC - Internal temperature: 20 oC - Internal surface resistance, Rsi: 0,13W/mk - External surface resistance, Rse: 0,04 W/mk - Thickness and permeability of the material layer - Relative humidity outside: 61,11% - Relative humidity inside: 90,73%

Before renovation

Thic

knes

s o

f

mat

her

ial l

ayer

, t(m

)

Ther

mal

co

nd

uct

ivit

y,

λ (

W/m

*kº)

Ther

mal

res

ista

nce

,

R (

m2

*kº/

W)

Tem

per

atu

re, (

Cº

)

Satu

rati

on

vap

ou

r

pre

ssu

re, P

m (

Pa)

Per

mea

bili

ty,

d (

kg/m

*s*

Gp

a)

Vap

ou

r R

esis

tan

ce,

Z (G

pa*

m2

*s/K

g)

Vap

ou

r p

ress

ure

wh

ito

ut

corr

ecti

on

(P

a)

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y (%

)

20,00 2338,0

0 1428,7

5 61,11

Internal Surface Resistance 0,13 20,00 2336,6

8 0,00 1428,7

5 61,14

Gypsum plaster 10 0,35 28,57 19,58 2277,0

6 0,020 500,00 1384,5

0 60,80

Ligth weight concrete bricks 108 1,3 83,08 18,37

2111,21 0,030 3600,00

1065,88 50,49

Cover rock 40 0,036 1111,1

1 2,16 713,35 0,125 320,00 1037,5

6

145,45

Fill 44 0,7 62,86 1,24 667,93 0,180 244,44 1015,9

2

152,10

Brick 108 0,96 112,50 -0,40 592,98 0,020 5400,00 537,99 90,73


1398,2

9 10064,4

4 890,76


66

After renovation

Thic

knes

s o

f

mat

eria

l lay

er, t

(m)

Ther

mal

co

nd

uct

ivit

y,

λ (

W/m

*kº)

Ther

mal

res

ista

nce

,

R (

m2

*kº/

W)

Tem

per

atu

re, (

Cº

)

Satu

rati

on

vap

ou

r

pre

ssu

re, P

m (

Pa)

Per

mea

bili

ty,

d (

kg/m

*s*

Gp

a)

Vap

ou

r R

esis

tan

ce,

Z (G

pa*

m2

*s/K

g)

Vap

ou

r p

ress

ure

wit

ho

ut

corr

ecti

on

(P

a)

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y (%

)

21,00 2338,00 1428,75 61,11


Gypsum plaster 10 0,35 28,57 20,92 2473,92 0,020 500,00 1409,12 56,96

Ligth weight concrete bricks 108 1,3 83,08 20,70 2440,44 0,030 3600,00 1267,79 51,95

Cover rock 40 0,036 1111,1 17,74 2029,27 0,125 320,00 1255,23 61,86

Fill 44 0,7 62,86 17,57 2007,94 0,180 244,44 1245,63 62,04

Brick 108 0,96 112,50 17,27 1970,26 0,020 5400,00 1033,64 52,46

Insulation 60 0,036 1666,67 12,83 1480,19 0,150 400,00 1017,94 68,77

OSB airtight 16 0,13 123,08 12,50 1448,67 0,003 5333,33 808,56 55,81

Mineral wool 130 0,032 4062,50 1,67 688,69 0,020 6500,00 553,38 80,35

MDF 4 0,13 30,77 1,59 684,65 0,120 33,33 552,07 80,64

Solar comb sandwich panel 50 0,074 675,68 -0,22 600,97 0,180 277,78 541,17 90,05

Air gap 31 -1 -31,00 -0,13 604,60 1,000 31,00 539,95 89,31

ESG float glass panel 10 0,1 100,00 -0,40 592,96 0,200 50,00 537,99 90,73


8025,98 22689,89 890,76

The results shown the decrease of condensation level in the entire wall.

Before the retrofit, the condensation was accumulated in the fill layer (see picture above) However, after adding the new solution the reduction of relative humidity increased considerably. It was impossible to reduce it to a lower value than 70%, but the condensation disappears.

The reason of the new results is the ventilated air gap between the glass and the sandwich panel. This cavity allows the air go through the wall and avoiding the water condensation.

Ventilated facades help to considerably raise the level of comfort inside the building, enabling a savings in heating/air- conditioning costs of between 20 and 30% as opposed to other conventional siding materials.


67

On the one hand, in summer, sunlight beats down directly on the tiled surface and not on the internal wall directly in contact with the interior of the building; this heats up the air in the chamber, lessening its density and causing it to rise via convection, with cool air taking its place. This "chimney effect" avoids the accumulation of heat on the facade. Moreover, the thermal insulation protects the building from outside heat.

On the other hand, in winter, other factors come into play, since the sun's rays are no longer able to produce movements of air. In this case, the system acts as an accumulator of heat, with the thermal insulation hindering heat loss from the building.

Investment Study

Although the main aim of the project is to save as much energy as possible and focus on the sustainability, a briefly economic study has been made in order to check the feasibility of the solution.

The study is based in two main pillars, the cost of the retrofit for the façade and the energy savings accomplished after the retrofit.

FAÇADE COST INVESTMENT

An estimation per m2 of the price of the façade has been studied.

Average of insulation price (e = 60 mm): 37, 10 dkk/ m2

Curtain wall system (glass + honeycomb sandwich panel) = 1110 dkk/m2

Price/m2 new façade = 1260 dkk/m2

ENERGY SAVINGS ACCOMPLISHED AFTER THE RETROFIT

Just answering some quickly questions is possible to get an approximation of the amount of energy and cost savings:

What type of wall you have?

Brick and concrete

Image. 17. Courtain wall range of prices


68

How much insulation did you have?

45 mm (case of study 40 mm)

How much insulation do you have after?

195mm (case of study 240 mm)

What indoor temperature have you in the heating season (250 days/year)?

20 oC

What type of heating do you have?

Central

How much is the KWh? 2 dkk (price 2007)

How much square feet of exterior wall insulate you?

2391, 386 square feet (7891, 6 m2)

In this case of study

Savings per year - Energy: 301.332,85 KWh - Money: 602.655,70 Kr

Co2 emission reduction o 67, 16 t CO2

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS

Investment: 2.668.786, 776 dkk

Savings: 602.655,70 dkk

Although the investment at the begging is considerably high, 2.668.786,776 dkk, the payback is considerably short.

Savings per year

(dkk)



(dkk)

Frist year 602.655,70 -2.668.786,78

Second year 602.655,70 -2.066.131,08

Third year 602.655,70 -1.463.475,38

Fourth year 602.655,70 -860.819,68

Fifth year 602.655,70 -258.163,98

Sixth year 602.655,70 344.491,72

Seventh year 602.655,70 602.655,70

Eighth year 602.655,70 602.655,70

Nine year 602.655,70 602.655,70

Tenth year 602.655,70 602.655,70

Only considering the energy, the building façade refurbishment would be paid in less than six years.

It is necessary to have in mind that all the previous are based in big numbers.

Third solution Building C


69

As it is refer in the proposal the third option is the mix between the first and second solution. It is obviously, that is not the most advantageous economical choice. However it fulfil the main purpose of the project, reach a highest level of energy savings.

Investment for the final solution

As in the previous solution a study of the investment is going to take place, based on the BE10 calculation. The prices of the investment are calculated on the previous analysis.





Ceiling & ground floor 186.870,20dkk

walls 2.668.786,78 dkk

total 2855656,98 dkk

Total savings per year: 80,3kwh/m² x 2793, 8m² x 2Dkk/kwh = 448684,28 dkk yearly

The study shows that economically this solution is not the best because the investment would be profitable from the seventh year. The initial investment is really high and the benefits will come a little bit later so maybe this option will not be interesting for users, but as it is mentioned before the economic point of view is not the main one in this project. If it was, the best option would be the first one, the ones that only the windows and ceiling and ground floor are modified.

Even if this solution is not the best, a split study per dwelling will be made.

Savings per year

(dkk)

Total investment

(dkk)


(dkk)

Frist year 448.684,28 -2.855.656,98

Second year 448.684,28 -2.406.972,70

Third year 448.684,28 -1.958.288,42

Fourth year 448.684,28 -1.509.604,14

Fifth year 448.684,28 -1.060.919,86

Sixth year 448.684,28 -612.235,58

Seventh year 448.684,28 -163.551,30

Eighth year 448.684,28 285.132,98 285.132,98

Nine year 448.684,28 733.817,26

Tenth year 448.684,28 1.182.501,54

Eleventh year 448.684,28 1.631.185,82

Twelfth 448.684,28 2.079.870,10

Thirteenth 448.684,28 2.528.554,38

Fourteenth 448.684,28 2.977.238,66

Fifteenth 448.684,28 3.425.922,94

Sixteenth 448.684,28 3.874.607,22

Seventeenth 448.684,28 4.323.291,50

Eighteenth 448.684,28 4.771.975,78

Ninteenth 448.684,28 5.220.660,06

twentieth 448.684,28 5.669.344,34


70





250 dwellings

2793,8 m² Yearly consumption per year before modification 182,4

𝑘𝑤ℎ

𝑚2 ∗2793,8𝑚2∗2𝑑𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑤ℎ

50 𝑑𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠= 20383,56 dkk yearly/ dwelling

Yearly consumption per year before modification

102,1𝑘𝑤ℎ

𝑚2 ∗2793,8𝑚2∗2𝑑𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑤ℎ

50 𝑑𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠= 11409,87dkk yearly/ dwelling

Investment per dwelling

2855656,98 dkk

50 𝑑𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠= 57113,139 dkk/dwelling

Finally here it is how the investment and the benefits are divided between 250 dwellings which set up the building. Here it is possible to see the benefits per user.

Energy consumption per dwelling

per year (dkk)

Energy consumption per dwelling

after modification

per year (dkk)

Savings

per dwelling per year

(dkk)

Total

investment per dwelling

(dkk)

Project

profitability per

dwellings (dkk)

First year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 -48.139,45

Second year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 -39.165,76

Third year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 -30.192,07

Fourth year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 -21.218,38

Fifth year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 -12.244,69

Sixth year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 -3.271,00

Seventh year

20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 5.702,69

Eighth year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 14.676,38

Nine year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 23.650,07

Tenth year 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 32.623,76

Eleventh year

20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 41.597,45

Twelfth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 50.571,14

Thirteenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 59.544,83

Fourteenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 68.518,52

Fifteenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 77.492,21

Sixteenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 86.465,90

Seventeenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 95.439,59

Eighteenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 104.413,28

Nineteenth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 113.386,97

Twentieth 20.383,56 11409,87 8.973,69 -57.113,14 122.360,66


71

4. INSTALLATIONS

All the installations of the old building will be removed and placed new ones with better materials and systems. The pathways of all buildings will change and, also, shafts, as it was explained in the Proposal part of the project.

Special attention has been paid in this aspect of the building because it has great impact in the energy consumption calculation demand.

Energy requirement can be broken down into 60% for space heating, 20% for domestic hot water heating and 20% for appliances, lights, and other.

4.1. Ventilation

Nowadays, a ventilation system is one of the main installations of the buildings, because it can highly affects the climate indoor conditions. It is the main responsible to clean the air of the dwelling from: strong odors, dirt particles from the outside and chemicals products.

The current buildings do not have mechanical ventilation system. A new installation should be placed on each of them on the renovation due to improve the climate indoor conditions of the dwellings.

The Danish building regulation establish two different ways to dimension the installation:

The first one the Building regulation says: “In domestic buildings other than single-family houses the air changes will be no lower than 0.3 l/s per m2. The other one is about different air flows to extract on important rooms of the building: “Extraction of a flow of 20 l/s from kitchens must be possible, and a minimum flow of 15 l/s from bathrooms and rooms containing sanitary convenience. Kitchens must be provided with extractor hoods with exhaust ventilation above the cooker.”


72

The dimension of the installation should be made with the higher value of these previous calculations. Also the regulation established a list where it is possible to see the different room’s types and the ventilation system which have to have.

The last criteria that is important to keep in mind to dimensioning the system is that the same amount of air entering has to go out.

General information: plumbing installations and ventilation ducts run though the suspended ceiling of the building while heating pipes goes under last layer of the floor.

Building A (Calculations, Plans and Be10)

Calculation of air flows:

One Dwelling. Calculation of air flows: According to Danish Regulation.

Extract Air:

q

(L/S)

NUMBER

CHAPTER 6.3.1.2 (1)

q ( L/S) >0,3 L/S/M2 (Gross area)

CHAPTER

6.3.1.2 (5) q ( L/S)

q

(L/S)

q

(M3/H)

KITCHEN 20 1 20

BATHROOM 15 1 15

Gross area / dwelling

77,88 23.36 35 35 126

NUMBER OF DWELLINGS

6

SUM 422.04 210 756

According to BR10, air flow rate is: 126 m3/h

Room type Extraction Air inlet Overflow area

Main. Bedroom x

Kids Bedroom. x

Living Room x

Kitchen x

Corridor x

Bathroom x


73

PLANING AIRFLOWS

Distribution

In order to define which layout of ventilation system is going to be installed in block A, it is decided to make two different solutions which have each advantages and disadvantages.

Model 1: Individual Ventilation Unit Placed In the Roof

Room type Extraction Air inlet

Kitchen 72 m3/h

Bathroom 54 m3/h

Living Room 64 m3/h

Main Bedroom 31 m3/h

Kids Bedroom 31 m3/h

TOTAL 126 m3/h 126 m3/h

Table 4. Lindab pipe diameters


74

Exhaust air calculation

Room

No

q basic (m

3/h)

q

basic (m

3/s)

Σq

dimensioning

(m3/s)

Type

(M, B, C)

Velocity (m/s)

Duct

dimensioning (calculated)

(m)

Nominal duct dimensioning

(mm)

Final duct dimension

(+insulation 50 mm)

Bathroom 1 54 0.015 0.015 C 3 0.080 100 200

Kitchen 2 72 0.020 0.020 C 3 0.092 100 200

Main duct 3 126 0.035 0.035 M 3.5 0.113 125 224

Inlet air calculation

Room

No

q basic (m3/h)

q basic (m3/s)

Σq

dimensioning (m3/s)

Type

(M, B, C)

Velocity (m/s)

Duct


(m)


(mm)

Final duct dimension

(+insulation 50 mm)

1.Living room

1 64 0.017 0.017 B 3 0.087 100 200

2 Kids Bedroom

2 31 0.0086 0.0086 B 3 0.060 80 180

3 Main Bedroom

3 31 0.0086 0.008611 B 3 0.060 80 180

4 62 0.017 0.017 C 2.5 0.094 100

200

5 126 0.035 0.035 M 3.5 0.112 125 224

Ventilation Unit

To calculate the ventilation unit, it performance and dimensions, AHUS DUPLEX software is used, provided by the manufacturer of this ventilation units. This software gives the possibility of calculate which ventilation unit is the best for each building needs.

Input data:

This software needs the climate data of the zone, which were estimated from Danish Building Regulations (DS418 and BR10).

Data is explained below


75

Then it is necessary to choose one of the different ventilation units from the catalogue of this company. This decision has taken according to the maximum air flow that it is needed in the building and, also, takes into account that this product has a heat recovery exchanger to improve the heating consumption of the dwelling.

Then, the program needs some other features of the place where the ventilation unit is going to be placed.

Image. 18. Technical information ventilation unit ( See annex)

Thanks to this calculation, it is prove that the efficiency of the equipment is enough efficient for the case due to the graph of performance curve. Also, it is easy to know how much energy is used from the fans and the heat recovery core, useful for BE10 calculation.


76

Finally, the program gives the dimensions of the equipment, including pipes diameters and the manipulation distances.

Image. 19. Ventilation unit building A


77

2.- Common Ventilation Unit Placed in the roof/basement.

Room

No

q basic (m3/h)

q basic (m

3/s)

Σq

dimensioning (m

3/s)

Type

(M, B, C)

Velocity (m/s)

Duct


(m)


(mm)

1 126 0.035 0.035 C 2.5 0.134 140 240

2 126 0.035 0.035 C 2.5 0.134 140 240

3 252 0.07 0.07 M 3.5 0.159577 160 260

4 126 0.035 0.035 C 2.5 0.134 140 240

5 378 0.105 0.105 M 3.5 0.195441 200 300

6 126 0.035 0.035 C 2.5 0.134 140 240

7 504 0.14 0.14 M 3.5 0.225676 250 350

8 126 0.035 0.035 C 2.5 0.134 160 260

9 630 0.175 0.175 M 3.5 0.252313 280 380

10 126 0.035 0.21 C 2.5 0.134 140 240

11 756 0.21 0.315 M 3.5 0.276 280 380

Ventilation Unit:

To calculate the common ventilation unit same software is used. For that, same climate data is selected.

In this case, different ventilation unit is chosen since the air flow changes.


78

Then, specific data of the system is added to calculate the efficiency of the ventilation unit and the energy consumption:


79

Comparative Study Between both systems:

Solution Advantages Disadvantages

Individual Ventilation Unit Individual handling according to each user

needs. Less energy pipe loses Small size. Easy to fit in

the space of the dwellings.

More power needs.

Common Ventilation Unit Less power needs. A Technical room is needed.

All the users depends on the same equipment.

Conclusion:

It is decided to place a common ventilation unit in the whole building due to the main guideline to develop this project is to focus on the energy demands and requirement.

To achieve the comfort of the users, it is decided to install valves in each vertical shaft in order to give the possibility of each owner to decide the amount of air needed.


80

Be-10 data

After entering of the date from the ventilation, the software provides the results on the energy requirement. To see the complete analysis see Be10 calculation annex.

As in the other building the total energy requirement is increased due to that installation.

Ventilation plans (More detailed plans in annex)


81

Building B (Calculations, Plans and Be10)

According to BR10: It should be considered the highest value, so in that case the maximum air inlet will be 126 m3/h per dwelling. The ventilation system is going to supply all the building, for this reason the mechanical equipment has to supply an inlet of 273m³/h or more.

As building B follows a similar geometry as building A the same criteria for the ventilation system has been followed.

Air flow required

Air inlet calculation

Room type Extraction Air inlet

Kitchen 20 l/s

Bathroom 15 l/s

Living Room 10 l/s

Main Bedroom 10 l/s

Kids Bedroom 7,5 l/s

TOTAL 35 l/s 35 l/s

Image. 20. Schema air inlet ventilation building B


82

Room

No

q

basic (l/s)

q basic (m3/h)

q basic (m3/s)

Σq

dimensioning (m3/s)

Type

(M, B, C)

Velocity

(m/s)

Duct dimensioning (calculated)

(m)

Final duct

dimensioning (mm)

Bedroom 1 1--3 7,5 27 0,0075 0,0075 C 2,5 0,062 100

Bedroom 2 2--3 7,5 27 0,0075 0,0075 C 2,5 0,062 100

3--5 0,015 B 3 0,080 100

Bedroom 3 4--5 10 36 0,01 0,01 C 2,5 0,071 100

Living room 6--7 10 36 0,01 0,01 C 2,5 0,071 100

5--7 0,025 B 3 0,103 125

Dwelling 1 D1-D2 0,035 M 4 0,106 125

Dwelling 2 D2-D3 0,07 M 4 0,149 160

Dwelling 3 D3-D4 0,105 M 4 0,183 200

Dwelling 4 D4-D5 0,14 M 4 0,211 250

Dwelling 5 D5-V 0,175 M 4 0,236 250

Dwelling 6 D6-V 0,175 M 4 0,236 250

Dwelling 7 D7-D6 0,14 M 4 0,211 250

Dwelling 8 D8-D7 0,105 M 4 0,183 200

Dwelling 9 D9-D8 0,07 M 4 0,149 160

Dwelling 10 D10-D9 0,035 M 4 0,106 125

Exhaust air calculation

Room q basic (m3/h)

q basic (m3/s)

Σq dimensioning

(m3/s)

Type (M, B,

C)

Velocity (m/s)


(m)

Final duct dimensioning

(mm)

BATHROOM 54 0,015 0,015 C 2,5 0,087 100

KITCHEN 72 0,02 0,02 C 2,5 0,101 125

DWELLING 1 126 0,035 0,035 B 3 0,122 125

DWELLING 2 252 0,070 0,070 M 4 0,149 160

DWELLING 3 378 0,105 0,105 M 4 0,183 200

DWELLING 4 504 0,140 0,140 M 4 0,211 250

DWELLING 5 630 0,175 0,175 M 4 0,236 250

DWELLING 6 630 0,175 0,175 M 4 0,236 250

DWELLING 7 504 0,140 0,140 M 4 0,211 125

DWELLING 8 378 0,105 0,105 M 4 0,183 250

DWELLING 9 252 0,070 0,070 M 4 0,149 200

DWELLING 10 126 0,035 0,035 B 3 0,122 125

Image. 21. Schema exahust ventilation system


83

Ventilation unit choice

EXHAUSTO VENTILATION SYSTEM (See materials annex)

Technical data

VENTILATION PLANS (More detailed plans in ANEX)

Air flow, qv 273 m³/h

Total pressure 200 Pa Temperature efficiency 89 % Power consumption, maximum 0,6 kW 2,9 kW Dimensions HxLxD 970x1200x735 mm Insulation 50 mm mineral wool Connection Ø315 mm Weight 153 kg


84

Be10 Data

BEFORE

AFTER

The total energy frame, after the renovation walls , renovation all windows and renovation of the ventilation system, is higher than the existing building B. It could see a recreasment of 27 kWh/m² after the introduction of ventilation data. So, there is a reduction of 38.90 % about the total energy frame before any renovation.

BEFORE ANY RENOVATION AFTER INTRODUCE WALL + WINDOWS + VENITLATION SYSTEM

Changes:

- U-values of the external walls and windows

- Change the existing ventilation system for a new ventilation unit per building.

- Ventilation unit

* Nominal airflow: 273 m³/h

* Efficiency: 89 %


85

Building C (Calculations, Plans and Be10)

The entire building has 5 separated ventilation units, avoiding the oversized dimensioning of having only one. Each ventilation unit included the flats per staircase, which means ten dwellings per machine. Furthermore, in case of breaking down only some dwellings will be affected.

The calculations have been done for one block, being the same for the other ones because all of them have the same layout.

The ventilation unit will be placed on the roof above the ceiling. This situation is better because it facilitates the distribution of the pipes. Moreover the Danish regulation established that the inlet of the air to the ventilation unit should be placed one meter and a half over the ground floor, with this solution this problems is solved and there will be a reduction of the pipes. The heat exchanger is included on the ventilation unit for a better running efficiency.

Air flow calculation

Q ( L/S)

NUMBER

CHAPTER 6.3.1.2 (1)

q ( l/s) >0,3 L/S/M

2

(GROSS AREA)

CHAPTER

6.3.1.2 (5) q ( L/S)

Q (L/S)

Q (M

3/S)

Q (M

3/H)

Blo

ck 1

(10

dw

ellin

gs)

Kitchen 20

10

200

Living room

Bathroom 15 10 150

Washing room 10 1 10

Technical rom 10 1 10

Toilet basement 10 1 10

Gross area / dwelling

58,28 174,84 380

Number of dwellings

10 380 0,38 1368

Sum 582,8

So far, by the precise renovation changes in the walls, windows and ventilation system done it can be seen that heat losses are lower than before any renovation.

BEFORE ANY RENOVATION Transmission loss of 51.30 kW

AFTER RENOVATION Transmission loss of 26.70 kW


86

Airflow inlet calculation

According to BR Danish regulation the inlet air should be 174,84 l/s for the whole block, however the exhaust air is bigger (380 l/s), so for the inlet calculations the higher number will be used.

Per apartment the inlet air is 35 l/s

DUCT DIMESIONING

The ducts have been taken from “Lindub” catalogue, same criteria and ducts have been used for Building A & B.

Exhaust air

Room

q

basic (l/s)

q

basic (m

3/h)

q

basic (m

3/s)

Σq

dimensioning (m

3/s)

Type

(M, B, C)

Velocity

(m/s)

Duct

dimensioning (m)

Final duct

dimensioning (mm)

Washing 10 36 0,010 0,010 C 2,5 0,071 90

Toilet 10 36 0,010 0,010 C 2,5 0,071 90

Technical room 10 36 0,01 0,01 C 2,5 0,071 90

Basement (washing, toilet technical room)

30

108

0,03

0,03

B

3

0,113

125

Kitchen -1 20 72 0,020 0,020 C 2,5 0,101 125

Bathroom -1 15 54 0,015 0,015 C 2,5 0,087 100

1--3 35 126 0,035 0,035 B 3 0,122 125

Kitchen -2 20 72 0,020 0,020 C 2,5 0,101 125

Bathroom -2 15 54 0,015 0,015 C 2,5 0,087 100

2--3 35 126 0,035 0,035 B 3 0,122 125

Ground floor 100 360 0,100 0,100 B 3 0,206 200

1st

floor 70 252 0,070 0,070 B 3 0,172 200

q ( l/s)

q (l/s)

q (m

3/s)

q (m

3/h)

Block 1 (10

dwellings)

Room 1 8

Room 2 6

Room 3 6

Living room

15

Sum 35 35 0,035 126


87

Ground floor+1st

170 612 0,170 0,170 B 3 0,268 250

2nd

floor 70 252 0,070 0,070 B 3 0,172 200

Ground floor+1

st+2

nd

240 864 0,240 0,240 B 3 0,319 315

3rd

floor 70 252 0,070 0,070 B 3 0,172 200

Ground floor+1

st+2

nd+3

rd

310 1116 0,310 0,310 B 3 0,362 355

4th

floor 70 252 0,070 0,070 B 3 0,172 200

Ground floor+1

st+2

nd+3

rd+

4th

-Ventilation unit

380

1368

0,380

0,380

M

4

0,401

400

The calculation is made starting from the basement and ending on the ceiling, due to the situation of the ventilation unit. The first pipes collect the air flow from the basement rooms, where necessary, and the main duct will pick up the air amount from the different rooms, from the basement to the fourth floor.

Inlet air calculation

Room

q basic (l/s)

q basic

(m3/h)

q basic

(m3/s)

Σq dimensioning

(m3/s)

Type

(M, B, C)

Velocity

(m/s)


(m)

Final duct dimensioning

(mm)

Basement 30 108 0,03 0,03 C 2,5 0,12 125

Room 3-1 6 21,6 0,006 0,006 C 2,5 0,06 63

Kitchen-1 15 54 0,015 0,015 C 2,5 0,09 90

1--2 21 75,6 0,021 0,021 B 3 0,09 90

Room 1-2 8 28,8 0,008 0,008 C 2,5 0,06 90

Room 2- 3 6 21,6 0,006 0,006 C 3 0,05 63

Right dwelling

35 126 0,035 0,035 B 3 0,12 125

Ground floor

30 108 0,03 0,03 B 3 0,11 125

1st

floor 70 252 0,07 0,1 B 3 0,21 250

Ground floor + 1

st

100 360 0,1 0,1 B 3 0,21 250

2nd

floor 70 252 0,07 0,07 B 3 0,17 200

Ground floor + 1

st+2

nd

170

612

0,17

0,17

B

3

0,27

315

3rd

floor 70 252 0,07 0,07 B 3 0,17 200

Ground floor +

1st

+2nd

+3rd

240

864

0,24

0,24

B

3

0,32

355

4th floor 70 252 0,07 0,07 B 3 0,17 200

4th

+3rd

+2nd

+1

st+GF-

Ventilation unit

310

1116

0,31

0,31

M

4

0,31

400


88

Ventilation unit

There will be one ventilation unit per building, which supply to two hundred and fifty dwellings of the building. This one will be placed on the roof as is mentioned before.

To dimension this unit the “AHUS DUPLEX” software has been used. Introducing the air flow and the pressure, it is possible to select the most appropriate machine among all the possibilities than the software has.

For the building C the one chosen was “ Duplex 1400 Basic N” which is really appropriate for this case because it is possible to place it on the roof top.

Here it is the sketch about the performance of the machine and how is the air flow. This ventilation unit has a heat recovery integrated which increases the efficiency significantly.

It is possible to see also the space that the ventilation unit that the machine needs to work properly. On the roof top there will be enough space for it.

This solution, as it is mentioned before, is applied for the other buildings type C because all of them have the same energetic features.

Image. 22. Ventilation unit building C


89

Be10 data

The current building does not have mechanical ventilation, so all the system will be new. It should be according the building regulation, to fulfil the indoor environment criteria.

Those are the data for the be10. (See Attached information in materials annex)

After entering all the data on the Be10, it is possible to see that the energy consumption increase.

It is normal due to the fact that the previous analysis did not take into account any previous system.

Even if the energy consumption rise it is mandatory to install a ventilation system in the building to improve the interior comfort sensation.

VENTILATION PLANS (More detailed plans in ANNEX)


90

4.2. Domestic hot water (DHW + SOLAR PANELS)

There are many different ways to supply energy into the domestic hot water system: boilers, thermal solar panels or heat pumps.

Due to the fact that the renovation of the buildings is made in a sustainable, eco-friendly way and one of the aims of the project was to use as much renewable energies as possible, conventional boilers are more than rejected. Then, it is necessary to choose between three possible systems: biomass boilers, heat pumps or thermal solar collectors.

Biomass boilers are a very good option due to their efficiency in domestic uses. They use a boiler feed by biomass pellets and use this energy to warm up the water placed into the water tank. Also, this systems can be combined with ventilation system in order to warm the air flow up and uses as a heating system. On the other hand, burning of pellets release CO₂ into the atmosphere so, this system becomes damaging for the environment. Also, it is know that future European laws are going to limit the CO₂ emissions in coming years. For this reasons, it is decided to decline this supply option.

Solar thermal panels are one of the best solutions for domestic hot water due to the relation between the efficiency/cost of the system. Besides, this system use eco-friendly materials and no C0₂ emissions. The problem in this case resides in the fact that the amount of sunny days in Denmark. This option could not be profitable because of the weather conditions of the climate zone. Therefore, it is decided to combine the thermal solar panel system with a heat pump to claim the optimum efficiency of the system in every season regardless of the weather.

In addition, this heat pump could be used to supply the heating system of the building as it can be observe in the following diagram.


91

DOMESTIC HOT WATER

The basis for calculating the heat demand for the hot water production is the volume of hot water required per person per day. The estimated amount for residential buildings is approximately 250 litres per m2 heated floorage. The consumption is assumed uniform distributed over the year. In dwellings however a yearly consumption of hot domestic water is assumed to be at least 15 m³ per dwelling and maximal 60 m³ per dwelling, corresponding to at least one person and maximal four persons per dwelling.

Due to it is a great retrofit, the dwellings are not in use during the refurbishment, it makes sense to install a central hot water production system. The water outlets are arranged so that each apartment can be connected to a single vertical supply pipe.

Avoiding legionella growth has been another considered factor. The tanks should change the water twice per day and keep the temperature up to 55 o C.

Pump

A pump is needed to provide the enough pressure into the domestic hot water system. It is decided to choose the same pump for all the buildings. (Catalogue attached in annex)

The AUTOCIRC is the most efficient system, turning on only when the system needs to be replenished with hot water. The pump is installed under the sink farthest from the water heater where hot water takes the longest to arrive. No recirculation line is required.

A built-in temperature sensor automatically turns the pump ON when water temperature in the hot water line cools down to 30°C. Water is then pumped from the hot to cold line. The AUTOCIRC pump turns OFF automatically when water temperature reaches 35°C, ensuring instant availability of shower warm water with maximum temperature hot water only seconds behind. When the pump is OFF, a built-in auto closure device prevents any other hot-to-cold line or cold-to-hot line mix.

Tanks

Sizing of the solar tanks are made according to SBI requirements. Two tank capacity calculation were made to fulfil both requirements of the SBI in each building. Finally, a commercial solar tank was selected to prove the input data on Be-10 software.


92

Building A

1. Calculation 1: 250 l/m2/ heated floor are/year:

- Heated floor area per building: 551 m2

- Accepted DHW consumption = 551 m2 · 250 l/m2/year = 137.750 litres /year

- Daily DHW consumption 137.750 litres /year / 365 days= 377.39 litres /day - Renew the water twice a day: 377.39 litres/2 = 188.69 litres

2. Calculation 2: 15 – 60 m3/year/dwelling:

Dwellings for 4 persons: 60 m³ = 60.000 L/dwelling year - 60.000 / 365 = 164.38 L/day dwelling - 6 dwellings x 164.38L = 986.30 l/block ≈ - Renew the water twice a day: 986.30 l /2=493.15 l≈ 500 l

DEJONG WATER TANK


93

Be-10 Results:

Plumbing plans (More detailed plans in plan annex)


94


Calculation 1: 250 l/m2/ heated floor are/year - Heated floor area per dwelling: 83,97 m2 - Accepted DHW consumption = 83,97 m2 · 250 l/m2/year = 20.992,50 litres /year - Daily DHW consumption 20.992,50 litres /year / 365 days= 57,51 litres /day x 10 dwellings = 575,10L Calculation 2: 15 – 60 m3/year/dwelling - Dwellings for 4 persons: 60 m³ = 60.000 L/dwelling year - 60.000 / 365 = 164.38 L/day dwelling - 10 dwellings x 164.38L = 1643.80 L/block - Renew the water twice a day: 1643.80 /2 = 821.91 L

The building B needs to storage around 822 L. For this reason it is going to take the tank with 910 L of capacity.

Domestic hot water tank : DEJONG WATER TANK


95

Be-10 Results:



96

Building C

The building had 4 tanks of 4000 l each one (total capacity of 16.000 l) before the refurbishment. Calculation 1: 250 l/m2/ heated floor are/year - Heated floor area per dwelling: 58, 28 m2 - Accepted DHW consumption = 58, 28 m2 · 250 l/m2/year = 14.750 litres /year - Daily DHW consumption 14.750 litres /year / 365 days= 39, 90 l/day/dwelling 14,750 litres /year/dwelling ˂ 60 m3/year/dw Calculation 2: 15 – 60 m3/year/dwelling - 60 m³/year/dwelling - (60 m³ x 250 dw) /365 days = 41,1 m3/day/building - (41,1 m3/day/building)/2 = 20,55 m3 (to change the water twice per day) - 2055 l /tank = = 2.100 l Building C water tank has a capacity of 2.100 l

Domestic hot water tank: LAARS WATER TANK (Attached catalogue in annex)

Be10 results (See Be10 annex)


97


THERMAL SOLAR PANELS:

Solar panels market is plenty of different types with different features. In order to choose one product, following study was made comparing sizes and effectiveness, values that are needed to be-10 calculation:

Type

Total Collector area

Solar col. Start eff.

a1 (W/m

2K)

a2(W/m

2K)

Relation Area/Efficiency

ABO Engineering OHG (011-7S1514)

1.41 0.679 1.696 0.009 2.07

ACV España S.A. (011-7S1442) 1.988 0.785 3.671 0.010 2.85

Df100-1 1.002 0.781 1.44 0.0062 1.28

DF100-2 2.004 0.773 1.43 0.0059 2.59

HP400 2.01 0.75 1.18 0.0095 2.68

The thermal solar panel chosen has the best relation between area of the collector and the efficiency. This product is going to be used in all the buildings and be -10 calculation, deciding the amount of solar panels according to the performance in each building since it will be different depending on the individual features (orientation, slope, etc).


98

Each building situation is study in order to prove how many solar panels are profitable to instal. To carry out with this decision, it is made different models of Be-10 with the amount of solar panels needed to demonstrate the relation between amount of solar panels and the energy provide by them.

Block A Amount of solar panels

N Area (m2) Solar Heat

1 1.988 1.8

5 9.94 7

10 19.88 11

15 29.82 13.2

20 39.76 14.2

25 49.7 15.1

30 59.64 16.1

35 69.58 17.7

Be-10 Input


99

Be-10 Results

Block B

Amount of solar panels

N Area (m2) Solar Heat (kWh/m²year)

Increase

1 1,988 1,2

10 19,88 9,8 8,6

20 39,76 16 6,2

30 59,64 19,8 3,8

40 79,52 21,9 2,1

50 99,4 23,1 1,2

60 119,28 24,3 1,2

70 139,16 25,8 1,5

SOLAR COLLECTOR

- Area: 29.82 m²

- Efficiency: 0.785

- Tank volume from DHW: 500 L

SOLAR COLLECTOR PIPE

- Length solar panel-tank: 6m

- Heat loss: 0,184 W/mk

- Heat exchanger efficiency: 85 %


100

Be-10 Input

Be-10 Results

Bloc C Amount of solar panels

N Area (m2) Solar

Heat Increase

1 1.988 0.4

10 19.88 3.8 3.4

20 39.76 6.9 3.1

30 59.64 9.5 2.6

40 79.52 11.8 2.3

50 99.4 13.8 2

60 119.28 15.4 1.6

70 139.16 16.8 1.4

80 159.04 18 1.2

90 178.92 19 1

100 198.8 19.8 0.8

110 218.68 20.5 0.7

120 238.56 21 0.5

SOLAR COLLECTOR

- Area: 79.52 m²

- Efficiency: 0.785



- Length solar panel-tank: 8m




101

Be-10 Input

Be 10 Results

SOLAR COLLECTOR

- Area: 99,4 m²

- Efficiency: 0.785



- Length solar panel-tank: 17,2m




102

4.3. Heating. (Heat pump)

Two options were considered for the new heating system. Radiators and floor heating.

In spite of heat loss of floor heating is smaller and has a lower heat demand, radiators were chosen. As all installation will be new, the heat load will be reduced by radiators with a better heat capacity, and heat loss will be reduced during the building upgrade by adding insulation to the building exterior.

Furthermore, using surface heating systems, the extent to which alterations to the interior layout or usage can be accommodated is limited. Radiators, on the other hand, can adapt better to changes, either by being replaced or relocated, or by resetting the water temperature accordingly.

Therefore each building will have radiators, heat pump and borehole system as part of their heating system.

The same pipes will be used for all the project, varying the dimensions depending on the system.

For the dimensioning of the heat pump, the highest peak load demand obtained in Be10 for heating is selected. Then, the heat pumps will be used for both domestic hot water and heating. Input data varies in each case. (More detailed information in material annex))


103

Building A (Calculations, Plans and Be10)

Input data BE10 calculation

HEATING CAPACITY

Heat requirement in January month obtained in Be10: 9.1 MWh

9.1 𝑀𝑊ℎ

30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∗ 24ℎ= 0.01269 𝑀𝑊

0.01269 MW 12.69kW

The heat capacity required in the worst situation (peak load) is 12.69 ≈13 kW for one building (6 dwellings)

Heat pump: Danfoss DHP-H Opti Pro+ (see annex be10 caculation)


Input data BE10 calculation

HEATING CAPACITY

Heat requirement in January month obtained in Be10: 14.3 MWh

14.3 𝑀𝑊ℎ

30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∗ 24ℎ= 0.01986 𝑀𝑊

0.01986 MW 19.86 kW

For Building B heating system needs a heat pump with a heating capacity of 20 kW for each building (10 dwellings). For this reason, it has been chosen Heat pump DHP-R Eco 22. (See annex be10 calculation)


104

Building C (Calculations, Plans and Be10)

Input data Be10 calculation

HEATING CAPACITY

Heat requirement in January month obtained in Be10: 28,62 MWh

28,62 𝑀𝑊ℎ

30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 ∗ 24ℎ= 0,03976 𝑀𝑊

0,03976 MW 39,76 kW

The heating capacity required is 39,76 kW, for one building (50 dwellings).

Heat pump: Danfoss DHP/S Eco (see annex materials installations)


105

4.4. Re using-water system

The most common natural green energy sources used to obtain energy are wind and sun, taking for granted the water.

With an average of 237 m3 indoor water consumption per dwelling per year (m3/dw/year) and a mean capita consumption equivalent to 221 litres per person per day (l/p/d), indoor water consuming and domestic hot water end-uses are as shown the graphics bellow.


106

Tones of this liquid are wasted during the year by toilet flushing. The easiest and fastest solution is replacing the fixtures. Old toilets use between 11 and 19 litres per flush while new toilets use less than 5. The same principle can be applied to the rest of fixtures.

Average of consumption each time the appliance it is used

In this context, Denmark has a high rate of rainfall a year, and in particular Odense has a total annual precipitation average of 592 mm2 (23.3 inches) which is equivalent to 592 Litres/m². Odense has a marine west coast climate that is mild with no dry season, warm summers. Heavy precipitation occurs during mild winters which are dominated by mid-latitude cyclones. Seasonality is moderate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Cfb).

2 Data from: http://www.odense.climatemps.com/

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Toilet Faucet Shower/Bath

Applicances water demand consumption

Old applicances New applicances

http://www.odense.climatemps.com/precipitation.php

http://www.odense.climatemps.com/temperatures.php

http://www.odense.climatemps.com/precipitation.php

http://www.odense.climatemps.com/temperatures.php


107

In this project the rain water is going to be used to feed the demand of toilet flushes.

For carrying out this idea it is necessary to now the exactly amount of water saved and the new demand for our sewer system. The new sewer system will be split up in two, one for the toilets (rain water using) and another for the rest of fixtures, having the first one a backup in case of lack of precipitations. The rain water will be collected from the roof of the building and storage in a tank in the basement.

SYSTEM WORKING PRINCIPLE

The aim of the system is to collect the rain water through the gutters in the roof and storage the water harvested in an underground water storage tank.

The toilet flushing is feed by tank when it has enough water, in case a lack of supply, the system switch automatically to the common water supply system. It will work as a backup of the system.

The water is pump to a pump place in the basement.

Toilet flushing data

Before renovation

After renovation

o Domestic water demand

273 m3/ dwelling/year

o Toilet flushing water percentage

15,8 % = 37,446 m3/dwelling/year

o Water per flushing 15 l Double flushing 6 l /Single flushing 3 l

o Water consumption per flushing/day

0,102 m3/dwelling/day 0,025 m3/dwelling/day

o Water consumption per day

102 l/dwelling 25,2 l/dwelling

o 5 buildings of 50 dwelling each o Water consumption

per month (30 days and 5 buildings)

o

765.000 l

189.000 l


108

Rain water harvesting

Water harvested

o Roof area 783,622 m2

o Water harvested per month (one building) 35.388,37 l/month

o Water consumption before renovation per month (one building)

153.000 l/month

o Water consumption after renovation per month (one building)

- Water demand for toilet flushing after renovation per month (one building)

37.800 l/month

- Water savings 35.388,37 l/month

2.411,63 l/month

Final water saving after refurbishment 150.588,37 l/month

Water tank dimensioning

15, 8% domestic water

0,025 m3/dwelling/day

Water harvested per month (one building): 35.388,37 l/month

Water harvested in 15 days: 17.694,185 l/month

The size of the running of the system, a deposit of 18.000 l has been establish. That is the estimation of the harvested water each 15 days.

The system will need some time until it will work 100%, it depends on the rain. In case of hard storms the water will be redirected through an emergency overflow drain.

Rain water average 49,3 mm/month

Average l/m2 45,6 l/m2

Driest month (March) 30 l/m2

Wettest month (August) 80 l/s


109

Electric pump

Flow required = 25,2 l /dwelling /day

25,2 lx 50 dwellings x 24 h = 30240 l/h

30240 l/h = 504 l/min = 30,24 m3 /h = = 31 m3/h

Economic investment

Price Quantity per building (50 dwelling)

Water (2012 price) 0,06 dkk/l

New toilets 2210,42 dkk / unit 55

Underground water tank 24.998,4 dkk 1

Pump, electric composition/day 27,04 dkk/ day PEX Pipes 4,5 dkk/m 642 m

Cooper pipes 40 dkk/m 305,84 m

Price Quantity Savings per month

Expenses per month

Initial investment

Harvested water

35.388,37

Water consumption

before refurbishment

153.000 l

Water demand after refurbishment

(2012 price)

0,06 dkk 2.411,63

144,6978

Water saving after

refurbishment

0,06 dkk/l

150.588,37 l

9035,3022

9035,3022

New toilets 2210,42 dkk/unit

55 121573,1

Underground water tank

24.998,40 dkk/ unit

1 24998,4

PEX Pipes 4,5 dkk/m 642 m 2889

Cooper pipes 40 dkk/m 305,84 m 12233,6

Pump, electric consumption

27,04

dkk/day

30 days

811,2

Total 9035,3022 955,8978 161694,1


110

Year Savings /year (dkk)

Expenses/year (dkk)

Initial investment (dkk)

Economic situation (dkk)

1st year 108423,6264 11470,7736 161694,1 -64.741,2

2nd year 108423,6264 11470,7736 32.211,61

3rd year 108423,6264 11470,7736 129.164,5

4th year 108423,6264 11470,7736 226.117,3

5th year 108423,6264 11470,7736 323.070,2

6th year 108423,6264 11470,7736 420.023


111

4.5. Boreholes

ENERGY SYSTEM:

The system is divided in three circuits, one for each type of dwelling, A, B and C.

The working principle and components are the same for all of them, however the size and number vary depending on the requirements of each case.

Main components of the systems:

Domestic Hot Water tank

Mid Term Storage Tank

Heat Pump

Borehole system Working principle

The domestic hot water demand is covered by the solar panel system. It feeds the tanks, in case of lack of energy; the heat pump would work as a backup, supplying the heat required.

The heating system, in this case, receives the energy from the ground through a heat pump that takes the energy from a borehole system. The energy is stored in a mid-term tank storage in case of low demand periods or sent directly to the heating system in case of peak load demand. If the energy demand is higher than the energy supplied by the borehole system, the district heating would start running.


112

BOREHOLES

Working Principle

Boreholes consist on drilling into the ground and introducing pipes into it. Those pipes have a liquid which carries thermal energy. This energy is transferred into the ground. Since ground can keep it temperature very stable, it can keep the energy supply for a long time.

There are five kinds of boreholes depending on their pipes distribution:

Single U-pipe

Heated liquid is supplied for one side (downward pipe) and return by the other side (outward pipe). Those pipes are isolated.

Double U-pipe

There are two single U-pipes. It works in the same way, but more energy can liquid and energy circulating. All conducts are isolated from one to another.

Coaxial pipes

There is one pipe inside the other connected in the end. Liquid came into the downward pipe, which is the smaller one and gets back from the outside pipe. The whole system is insulated from outsider, but pipes are in contact between one and another.

Terra 6 pipes, Terra 12 pipes

There are one downward pipe insulated and six or twelve outward ones, also insulated


113

Design:

When designing boreholes some factors must to be considered:

Depth: is usually selected by the amount of energy required for storage. Since this case will need more than one borehole, its depth will be determinate by the EDD software.

Distances between boreholes: If boreholes are near one to another, the energy bulbs would meet. If that happens, in case of cooling storage, recovering the original temperature would take a long time. In case of heating, the system would decrease its efficiency. So that, the distance between boreholes has to be the more the best. Danish Regulation established this distance at least 20 m.

Ground layer composition: soil features affect the performance of the system. Depending on the soil composition, the heat capacity modify the results of dimensioning and storage of the system. If there is cohesive soil the energy amount to storage will be better than a non-cohesive soil.

Inspiration: Drake Landing Solar Community.

The Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) is a master planned neighbourhood in the Town of Okotoks, Alberta, Canada that has successfully integrated Canadian energy efficient technologies with a renewable, unlimited energy source - the sun.

The first of its kind in North America, DLSC is heated by a district system designed to store abundant solar energy underground during the summer months and distribute the energy to each home for space heating needs during winter months.

The system is unprecedented in the World, fulfilling ninety percent of each home’s space heating requirements from solar energy and resulting in less dependency on limited fossil fuels.

This project was the base of the project developed and it was taken as a guideline to study how can be work in Odense with the current buildings. Besides climate conditions and soil differences between Canada and Denmark, there is another factor to take in mind: number of dwellings in the system. Canada project provides energy to 52 family houses and Odense 314.


114

Odense Project:

The purpose of the project is to connect all the buildings into a boreholes grid to provide energy during cold seasons. Firstly, the idea was storage the energy from solar panels placed on the buildings during the summertime and use them for heating and domestic hot water when it will be necessary.

First model: all buildings system.

It is decided to connect the all buildings into the same grid of boreholes. Following the Canadian example, it will be need midterm storage tank. Using EED software, boreholes have been sized according to ground properties and energy demands as it is explained below:

Ground properties:

According to data find in “Jupiter: De Nationale Geologiske Undersøgelser for Danmark og Grønland”, soil conditions were calculated to estimate the heat capacity of the current ground. The data found to do this calculation was the following:

Using the values and thermal conductivity of each ground layer provides by EDD software, following calculation was carried out to be aware of the total heat capacity of the soil.

Thermal conductivity:

Λ total = 2.1 W/m²K

Volume Heat

Capacity:

V total= 2.17 MJ/m³K


115

Ground surface temperature and Geothermal heat flux are values that the EDD software provides depending of the climate zone. In this case, it is assumed this values from Cophenague area.

Borehole and Heat Exchanger:

Type of borehole: It is decided to use double U pipes because, as it was explained above, there are more liquid circulating in the hole and the transfer of energy is better.

Dimensions of the borehole: it is decided to size the borehole as depth of maximum 150 m as a recommended standard value. Also, the diameter of 150 mm is a guideline of boreholes manufacturers. The distance between them is 20 m according to Danish Regulation “Geothermal Executive Order – Notice of geothermal heating system”.

Flow rate: this flow has to be enough to make turbulent flow, which is necessary for a correct energy distribution along the ground through the pipes. This parameter depends of the Reynolds number, that has to be higher than 2300 according to EDD3 Guide. For this reason, flow rate is calculated as 1 l/s.

The materials of the pipes are established according to thermal conductivity performance. In this way, it is selected polyethylene pipes due to its good thermal quality.

Base load: energy consumption that all the buildings needs split into the months degrees. To calculate the demand of energy that the boreholes are going to provide during the winter time, it is decided to use the heating requirement value of Be-10 calculation to know how much energy per month do the buildings needed and adding into the EED software.

Block A:

Block B:

Block C:

Final project Course 2014/2015 Group …..

Number of dwellings

Building A Number of dwellings

Building b Number of dwellings

Building c Total A Total B Total C Total MW

January 4 9,18 4 13,8 5 26,2 36,72 55,2 131 222,92

February 4 9,839 4 12,5 5 22,38 39,356 50 111,9 201,256

March 4 7,54 4 10,84 5 15,61 30,16 43,36 78,05 151,57

April 4 4,79 4 6,91 5 4,92 19,16 27,64 24,6 71,4

May 4 1,71 4 2,47 5 0 6,84 9,88 0 16,72

June 4 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

July 4 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

August 4 0 4 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

September 4 1,63 4 1,71 5 0,02 6,52 6,84 0,1 13,46

October 4 3,83 4 4,79 5 4,69 15,32 19,16 23,45 57,93

November 4 6,12 4 8,82 5 15,03 24,48 35,28 75,15 134,91

December 4 8,15 4 12,12 5 22,77 32,6 48,48 113,85 194,93

Total 52,789 73,96 111,62 211,156 295,84 558,1 1065,096

Final project Course 2014/2015 Group ….. Peak Load: this is the high performance value that the boreholes have to be working. To achieve this value, heat pumps peak load was taken and adding into the software.

Results:

As it can be observed in the graphics, doing the total energy requirement, the temperatures of the ground are going to decrease until -65 degrees. This phenomenon is because of the boreholes are going to extract all the energy from the ground along the years reaching the soil freeze.

The solution of this problem could be charging the soil with external energy resources, for example solar panels. Due to the fact that this solution is expensive and not effective in Denmark because of

Block

Consumption

(KWh/m2 year)

Number

of building

s

Total energy requirement (Kw/m2 year)

Area/

building (m2)

Total area (m2)

Required power for heat pump

(kw)

A 117,6 4 470,4 551 2204 52

B 117,4 4 469,6 839,7 3358,8 88

C 100,8 5 504 2793,8 13969 414

Total 1444 4184,5 19531,8

554


118

the climate conditions, it is decided to attempt to design a system that do not need this energy supplement.

Therefore, it is determinate to split the whole system: one per each building typology.

Second model: Divided system.

All the systems are going to use same borehole type, heat exchanger and ground properties.

Energy data (base load and peak load) from each buiding is introduced in the software in order to size the boreholes system per each building:

Block A:

Base load:

January 36,72

February 39,356 March 30,16 April 19,16 May 6,84 June 0 July 0 August 0 September 6,52 October 15,32 November 24,48 December 32,6

Peak load: 52Kw

Results:


119

Number of boreholes 12

Configuration 3x4 rectangle Distance between 20 m Diameter 150 mm Depth 147m Total Area 2400 m²

Block B:

Base Load:

January 55,2

February 50 March 43,36 April 27,64 May 9,88 June 0 July 0 August 0 September 6,84 October 19,16 November 35,28 December 48,48

Peak Load: 88 kW

Results:


120


Configuration 3x11 rectangle Distance between 20 m Diameter 150 mm Depth 147 m Total Area 8000 m²

Block C:

Base load:

January 131

February 111,9 March 78,05 April 24,6 May 0 June 0 July 0 August 0 September 0,1 October 23,45 November 75,15 December 113,85

Peak load: 414 kW


121


Configuration 3x17 rectangle Distance between 20 m Diameter 150 mm Depth 147 m Total Area 12800 m²

Energy Centre

To provide energy to the buildings through the borehole system it is necessary to add other components that make the installation works properly. This elements are pumps, pipes, heat exchangers or tanks and they have to be placed in a separated construction. For that purpose there will be three different building, one per each system, located as much near as possible to the buildings and boreholes. In this way, it is decided to place them in the empty green area next to the buildings. The boreholes are buried, so they are not affecting the surrounded area.

For the dimension of the energy centre, tanks are going to be sized and taking them as a reference for the calculation. The purpose of having midterm tank is to make a connection between instant consumption and long term energy storage.

Midterm tanks:

According to needs of each system, following calculation of tanks capacity was made:

Tank Capacity (l) Standard Capacity (l) Dimension lxwxh (m)

Block A 110.880 113.562 11x9.75x1.2 Block B 184.800 189.271 12.8x13.1x1.2 Block C (x2) 577.500 567.812 23.77x17.7x1.8

Following the Canada’s example, the energy center will be dimensioned as a 70 % og the tanks volume and 30% for installation.

Energy Center 70 % Tank (m²) 30 % Installations(m²) Total area (m²)

Block A 107.25 45.96 153.2 Block B 167.68 71.86 239.54 Block C 841.45 360.628 1202.08


122

Situation Plan

Conclusion

Fluid temperature chart: as it can be observed in the graphs above, peak heat load is always below of the liquid temperature which means that it is possible to provide heating to the buildings only with borehole installation.

Maximum and minimum temperatures: those graphs explain the system performance over the years. In the three first years, the temperature of the ground decrease more than the rest. This means that at the beginning of the life period of the borehole system it is necessary to optimize it in order to stabilize the ground energy absorption. After these years, to make the installation profitable, the temperature curves shape should tend to an asymptote which is the case of this study.

Finally, it is demonstrate that the split system is energetically better than the first model: the ground is not frozen so it is not necessary to add energy supplements. This systems become more efficiency and sustainable.


123

5. CONCLUSION

The goal of the project was to develop an energy renovation of the Odense’s buildings. To carry out this aim, different systems and solutions have been studied and calculating. Architectural and engineering resources can achieve great results in building energy renovation: extension, re-insulation, innovative envelope solutions, renewable and storage energy systems in proper combination could be the future of the construction field. It was demonstrate that it is possible to reduce, at least, 40 % of the energy consumption of residential buildings using passive, sustainable and renewable strategies. In this project was illustrated how to become old buildings in energy efficient dwellings, reaching the future of the building sector: set up real sustainable construction.


124

6. TABLE OF FIGURES Image. 1 Situation plan ........................................................................................................................... 5

Image. 2 Block C ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Image. 3 Block B ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Image. 4 Block A ...................................................................................................................................... 5

Image. 5 Dayligth analysis existing building A ...................................................................................... 20

Image. 6 Daylight new building A ......................................................................................................... 24

Image. 7 Moisture study ....................................................................................................................... 27

Image. 8 Facade ventilated ................................................................................................................... 27

Image. 9 Cladding ventilated facade ..................................................................................................... 29

Image. 10 Structure ventilated facade.................................................................................................. 29

Image. 11 Living wall elevation Image. 12 Living wall system .......................................................... 47

Image. 13 Irrigation system living wall ................................................................................................. 48

Image. 14. Dwelling before retrofit ...................................................................................................... 56

Image. 15. Dwelling after retrofit ......................................................................................................... 56

Image. 16. Honey comb insulation working principle .......................................................................... 62

Image. 17. Courtain wall range of prices .............................................................................................. 67

Image. 18. Technical information ventilation unit ( See annex) ........................................................... 75

Image. 19. Ventilation unit building A .................................................................................................. 76

Image. 20. Schema air inlet ventilation building B ............................................................................... 81

Image. 21. Schema exahust ventilation system .................................................................................... 82

Image. 22. Ventilation unit building C .................................................................................................. 88