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ART + SCIENCE
RESEARCHERS IN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
HEALTHCARE DESIGN 2012
INTRODUCTION
• IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH IN PRACTICE
• FIRM CULTURE AND STRUCTURE• RESEARCH TEAMS
• SURVEY RESULTS
IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH IN PRACTICE
Factors
Firm Culture and Structure
Research Team
Shepley, Heath Facility Evaluation for Design Practitioners
Inclusiveness
Communication
Objectivity
Long-term goals
Governing organization
Ethnic composition
Typology
Staff
Research commitment
Short-term goals
Location
Services offered
Firm age
Financial status
Firm size
FIRM CULTUREFIRM STRUCTURE
FIRM CULTURE AND STRUCTURE
FIRM STRUCTURE
Examples
Large firms with sufficient discretionary budgets may be more
likely to engage in research.
New firms that emphasize innovation may be more likely to engage in research.
Shepley, Heath Facility Evaluation for Design Practitioners
Inclusiveness
Communication
Objectivity
How publicly the firm wishes to disseminate the information.
Allowing individuals outside the design process to participate and focus POE on original objectives.
Degree to which firm encourages participation of differing subject types.
FIRM CULTURE
Shepley, Heath Facility Evaluation for Design Practitioners
Inclusiveness
Communication
Objectivity
Not at all Very much so
How would you rate your firm?
FIRM CULTURE
• Team will decide issues, develop methods, and execute study
• Previously handled by academics
• Future firms will have in-house researchers
• Ideal team:
RESEARCH TEAM
designers clients academics
Shepley, Heath Facility Evaluation for Design Practitioners
Designers Owners Academics
DESIGN RESEARCH
Objectives Parameters Measures
RESEARCH TEAM
Shepley, Heath Facility Evaluation for Design Practitioners
Designers Owners Academics
•Provide records of objectives via program and minutes.
•Document goals to set focus and structure for the evaluation.
RESEARCH TEAM
•Set budget parameters.
•Provide access, encourage participation, facilitate IRB.
•Staff implement findings.
•Understand methods and analysis of results.
•May involve statisticians and specialists.
•More aware of publishing venues.
PRACTICAL POINTERS:
1. Number and type of consultants depends on research objectives. e.g., research on a hospital garden, would include landscape and architecture firms.
2. Facility representative should facilitate access and encourage participation. Might be CEO, or director of nursing.
Djc.com; Legacy Good Samaritan
RESEARCH TEAM
Contracted Research Consultants
Partnerships with Academics
Partnerships with Vendors
Academic Advisory Councils
In-House Research
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Contracted Research Consultants
Partnerships with Academics
Partnerships with Vendors
Academic Advisory Councils
In-House Research
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Consultants hired for sole purpose of providing a particular service: • gathering data, • RING papers, • CEU presentations.
Example:
1. Design firm interested in determining whether a conflict existed between evidence-based design (EBD) and design features that promote eco-effective design (EED).
2. Obtained a grant and contacted an academic who would serve as a consultant regarding the research methods.
EBD
EED
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Results : While there are occasional conflicts between sustainable measures and EBD measures in general the two approaches were compatible.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
patient centered
family supportive
staff support-
ive
access to nature
art, en-tertn, music
social in-teraction
privacy choice control infection reduction
acoustics & lighting
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Impact of EBD issues on sustainability in EBD facilitiesSupportive No impact Problematic
Contracted Research Consultants
Partnerships with Academics
Partnerships with Vendors
Academic Advisory Councils
In-House Research
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
• Collaboration would support research on a particular project.
• Firm staff and academic researchers might develop and disseminate a project together.
• Student would play a role in analyzing and summarizing the data.
Example:
1. Firm was interested in conducting a pre- and post-occupancy evaluation of a free clinic.
2. PIC contacted an academic and asked if this study could be conducted while working with students.
3. Client interested in playing a significant role in the research project.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Plans courtesy of Perkins+Will
Method:
• Pre- and post-survey distributed to staff, patients and families.
• Survey questions linked to original design objectives.
• Staff distributed survey in old facility, and again several months later after relocation.
Med-ical; 48%Admin;
20%
other32%
Staff Position
Pa-tients95%
Family5%
Client Role
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Results:
• New facility more highly rated than old facility regarding objectives.
• A few objectives were not effective, e.g., comfort.
• Newness of the furnishings may have made some patients concerned about damage.
entra
nce
rece
ption
waiting
room
work
stat
ions
exam
room
s1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
3.87
4.52 4.45 4.384.51
Patient and Family Response to Size vs. Supporting Needs
Contracted Research Consultants
Partnerships with Academics
Partnerships with Vendors
Academic Advisory Councils
In-House Research
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Occasionally a manufacturer will request input from a firm, or collaborate with an academic institution to explore the effectiveness of a specific product.
Example:
1. Neonatologist and manufacturer of medical equipment interested in developing a new design for an incubator.
2. Neonatologist contacted academic to conduct a literature review and generate design options.
3. Academic recruited faculty member in industrial engineering.
4. Faculty members involved their students in process.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Method:
• Began with analysis of literature on design of NICUs and incubators.
• Architects focused on needs of infants and families; engineers focused on staff ergonomics.
• Researchers made behavioral observations.
• Architecture and engineering students generated and shared proposals.
Task analysis
• Where do breakdowns occur?
• What are common task steps?
• Where are divergent strategies?
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Results:
Team generated recommendations:
• broader interface between the infant and the family
• more effective ergonometric design for the staff.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Contracted Research Consultants
Partnerships with Academics
Partnerships with Vendors
Academic Advisory Councils
In-House Research
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Practitioners may participate as members of an advisory group in support of an academic research organization.
Example:
1. Some universities have formal affiliations with industry.
2. Members of council contribute to organization that includes faculty fellows and students.
3. Member activities:
• annual meeting• presentations in classes • studio crits, • access to faculty re:
research questions.
38%
19%3%
8%
8%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3% 8%
Composition of CHSD Faculty Fellows
ARCH
LAUP
Nursing
COSC
Health Science
ED PSYCH
ENGING
Heth/Kin
SRPH
PLAN
AGRI
Off Campus
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Method:
• Industry firm interested in studies on behavioral health/emergency departments.
• Researchers conducted literature search comparing health environments to patient and operational outcomes.
• Consulted approximately 20 databases, and considered more than 500 articles for inclusion.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Contracted Research Consultants
Partnerships with Academics
Partnerships with Vendors
Academic Advisory Councils
In-House Research
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Research conducted within a firm, perhaps in collaboration with a client.
Example:
1. Design firm completed an ICU. Primary design objectives were:
increase access to light
increase views to nature.
2. In-house research staff, professional staff and client examined outcomes of the new facility relative to its predecessor.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Plan courtesy of Shepley Bulfinch
Method:
• Regarding environmental variables, client gathered data on light levels in new and old facility.
• Regarding outcomes, the research team gathered data on patient pain and other medical statistics.
• Client provided staff attrition and absenteeism data.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Plan courtesy of Shepley Bulfinch
Results:
• Patient outcomes support the hypothesized trends, but not statistically significant.
• Improvements in retention and absenteeism were found.
RESEARCH/PRACTICE MODELS
Photo courtesy of Shepley Bulfinch
RESEARCH IN PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
In-House Research Model – RIPP
What is RIPP?
• Researchers in Professional Practice
• Founded in 2008
• Listserv
• Gathering at Annual Conference
• Biennial survey (2010 and 2012)
• Respondents in 2012 (n=15)• Email distribution with follow up• Subject source: participation in Health Design Summit, RIPP
RIPP SURVEY
1. What type of firm do you work for?
2. What is your firm size?
3. What is your office size?
4. How many staff involved with research?
5. Staff member dedicated to research?
6. Major research roles?
7. Other activities?
8. Do your researchers publish?
9. Are researchers involved with design?
10. How are researchers involved with clients?
11. Roles of staff who work with researchers?
12. Roles of people outside firm who work with researchers?
13. Researcher educational background?
14. Sources of funding?
15. Market sectors?
16. Research topics?
ABOUT RESEARCH IN YOUR PRACTICE …
POINTS TO CONSIDER
QUALITY Is the conducted research substantive?
PRACTICALITY Is the research well-integrated into the design process?
COMMUNICATION Are the research findings communicated effectively?
SUPPORT Is a business model in place that supports research activities?
NOTES FROM RIPP STUDY IN 2010
TOP BARRIERS TO RESEARCH
RESEARCHERS 1. Labor Hours2. Additional Time3. Billing Precedent4. Relevant Evidence5. Client Support & Contradictory Research
PRACTITIONERS 1. Relevant Evidence2. Identify Flawed Research3. Billing Precedent4. Contradictory Research5. Additional Time
BUSINESS
RESEARCH
2012 RESEARCH IN PRACTICE FOLLOW-UP
QUESTIONS
QUALITY What is the research staff level of expertise?Who are the outside collaborators?
PRACTICALITY Are the researchers involved in the design process?Are the research findings incorporated into design?
COMMUNICATION Are the research findings published and shared through appropriate outlets?
SUPPORT How are the research activities funded?How are the research activities supporting the business?
TYPE AND SIZE OF OFFICES
Archite
cture
Interio
r Desig
n
Furnitu
re/ A
rt/Furn
ishing
Design Rese
arch
Engineering
Healthca
re
Structu
ral
Landsca
pe02468
10121416
1_49 50_149 150_299 300 and over0
4
8
12
16
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES STAFFING
Yes
No, But w
e pla
n to h
ave in th
e futu
re
No, But w
e used to
have in
the p
astNo
0
4
8
12
16
1 Person 2-4 People
Over 5 People
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Does your office have a research staff member dedicated to research for more than 50% of their time?
How many people in your office are involved with research?
RESEARCH STAFF ACTIVITIES
Conduct Inte
rnet S
earches
Identify an
d Review Sc
holary P
ublicati
ons
Conduct Post
Occupan
cy Ev
aluati
ons
Conduct Stu
dies with
Outsi
de Researc
hers
Writ
e Researc
h Proposa
ls
Mark
eting
Client R
elations
Continuing Educati
on
Researc
h Inform
ed Desig
n
Document R
eview
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
RESEARCH AREAS OF FOCUS
Sustainabilit
y
Building Tech
nology
Health
Operational Efficie
ncy
User S
atisfacti
on
User P
erform
ance0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
No Public
ations
Blogs
White
Papers
Magazi
ne Arti
cles
Mark
eting B
ooklets
Peer Revie
wed J
ournals
Confere
nce Papers
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
RESEARCH STAFF BACKGROUND
B.A B.Arch/BED M.A. M.Sc M.Arch PhD0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
4 or more2 or 3Only 1
INVOLVEMENT WITH DESIGN
Strate
gic Planning
Schematic D
esign
Design Development
Coordinate
POEs with
Project
Managers
Inform Desig
n Team about EBD
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
How is the research staff involved with the Design Process?
INVOLVEMENT WITH DESIGN
Not Involv
ed
In S
upport of F
irm M
arketin
g
To Dis
cuss Desig
n Decis
ions
To Dis
cuss PO
Es
As Pro
ject L
eaders0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16How is the research staff involved with clients?
INTERNAL RESEARCH COLLABORATORS
Archite
cts and Desig
ners
Support Staff
Marketing Staff
Project
Managers
Office M
anagers/Dire
ctors
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
EXTERNAL RESEARCH COLLABORATORS
Educators Researchers Facility Managers
Clinicians Vendors Peers0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
SOURCES OF FUNDING
Client Funded Projects
External Funding Opportunities
Firm Overhead Firm Research and Development
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
MARKET SECTORS SUPPORT
Healthca
re
Higher Educa
tion
K-12 Education
Corporate
/Commerci
al
Federal Practi
ce
Sport/Recre
ation
Science
/Tech
nology
Planning/Stra
tegies
Prese
rvation/Reuse
Urban Desig
n0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Very little supportLittle supportStrong supportVery strong support
SURVEY SUMMARYFINDINGS
QUALITY A wide range of activities, level of expertise, and time and budget dedication can be observed across firms, which is due to each firms needs and resources. However, this can demonstrate need for introducing a bench mark for research in Practice.
PRACTICALITY While researchers are involved with design process, their strongest presence is in marketing and research- indicating that research is mostly used for business development rather than informing design decisions
COMMUNICATION Most firms use a wide variety of outlets to communicate their research findings.
SUPPORT Need for establishing a sustainable business model for research in practice is evident. Most firms are reliant on firm overhead for funding their research efforts.
FEEDBACK