CHAPTER #10

Paradigms

Universidad Técnica de Ambato

Facultad Ciencias Humanas y la educación.

Carrera de Inglés

Phonology II

Johanna Cando

Christopher Torres

Andres Ortíz

PARADIGMS

What is a paradigm?

Is an example of a conjugation or declension, showing a word in all its different forms of inflection. In grammar, for example;

is a paradigm because it displays the pattern to be used in conjugating a large number of other Latin words, eg., in prodicing ‘laudo, laudas, laudat’.

sometimes we were forced to posit underlying forms that were

modified by fusion.

Çocuğum my child

each small form recurred in other large forms that are partly similar

in meaning. E.g.

sail- sailing, sailed

-um köyüm

Turkish Possessive Adjective Reference

Suffixed to Consonants Meaning Suffixed to Vowels

-ım -im -um -üm my -m

-ın -in -un -ün your -n

-ı -i -u -ü his/her/its -sı -si -su- -sü

-ımız -imiz -umuz -ümüz our -mız- miz -muz -müz

-ınız -iniz -unuz -ünüz your -nız -niz -nuz -nüz

-ları -leri their -ları -leri

A grammarian the had ideally, two

tasks.

For example: flos – floris “flower”. Formally -s is replaced by -ris; on

the plane of meaning. Nominative changes to Genitive.

Another examples:

Custos – custodis “guardian” –”guardian”

Dos – Dotis “dowry” - “dote”

The most familiar way of bringing out such patterns is

by the use of what we may call exemplary

paradigms.

One can then take inflections od dominous “master” as a pattern

for those servus to form the Genitive Singular, so servus – servi

Examples:

Nom. Sing. Gen. Sg.

Master dominus domini

Slave servus _______

Place locus _______

Pyre rogus _______

Morphological transformations

Masculine in

-os

Nominative Singular

X+s

Genetive

X+ris

Priscian gives rules for other Noun

inflections, among them the Nominative

Plural.

Third Declension

3rd Declension

Genitive Singular

X + is

Nominative Plural

X + es

Present

Infinitive

Active

X

First Singular

Imperfect

Subjunctive

X + m

We can borrow insights from the classical tradition. However, their attractions are different.

The most general insight is that one inflection tends to predict another.

NOUNS IN LATIN

The Genitive Singular of the noun

DOMINUS “ Lord, master ”

Ends in long –[ i : ] ( dominī )

The Dative Singular

Has a long –[ o : ] ( dominō )

The Genitive Singular of the noun

FLOS “ flower ”

Ends in –[ i s ] ( flōris )

The Dative Singular

Has a long –[ i : ] ( flōrī )

There is a rule:

Everywhere

there is an

alteration:

Genetive Singular

- [ i : ]

Alternates with

- [ i s ]

Genetive Plural

- [ rum ]

Alternates with

- [ um ]

- [ ium ]

The verb COMPRAR – “ to buy “

Indicative Subjunctive

I Compro Compre

Thou Compras Compres

He Compra Compre

We Compramos Compremos

You Compráis Compréis

They Compran Compren

The regular patterns we can find in Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Southern Romance in general.

This is a process of vowel reversal

If the infinitive is an open vowel like ( comprar ) the stem of the subjunctive has the vowel - e

If it is itself a front vowel ( e or i ) the stem of the subjunctive has the open vowel

The ancient account the word is an unanalysed

whole, and parts of words like in the Spanish

Subjunctive are referred to one word is

derived as a whole, from another.

In the moment we start talking in terms of stems and

formatives, when we split