International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

January | February 2012

Feature title: On-farm feed management practices for three Indian major carp species - in Andhra Pradesh, India

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

by R Ramakrishna Senior Scientist, Fisheries Research Station, SV Veterinary University Undi, Andhra Pradesh, India

Global aquaculture production is estimated at 66.7 million tonnes. Asian fed aquaculture contributed for 54 percent of

the total aquaculture production. The esti-mated fish production from Asia contributed 88.5 percent of fish in terms of quantity and 71 percent in terms of value to total world fed aquaculture production (FAO, 2006).

Global food fish production projected by the year 2020 is 130 million tonnes, out of which the production from aquaculture is expected to be 53.6 million tonnes. The estimated production form carps, barbs and other cyprinids from India was 10.74 million tonnes (Brugere and Ridler, 2004).

India is a carp country from aquaculture point of view. There has been a phenomenal expansion of commercial carp culture in con-structed earthen ponds in certain Indian states such as Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana.

In several other states (Orissa, Karnataka and Tamilnadu) commercial carp culture is gaining momentum. Reservoirs and other freshwater bodies are also the important sources of Indian major carp production in India.

The recent freshwater fish production in India is 3.7 million tonnes of which about 80 percent (2.96 million tonnes) is from the production of the three Indian major carps namely Labeo rohita Hamilton (rohu), Catla catla Hamilton (catla), and Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton (mrigal) from Asia. There produc-tion is: rohu, 1,332,000; catla, 1,331,000 and mrigal, 360,000 tonnes (2008a). About 90 percent of the production of the three Indian major carps is expected to be contributed from India.

Widely cultivatedIndian major carps are widely cultured in

Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan also. Both rohu and catla were introduced in to nine non-native countries and mrigal in to seven such countries (Welcome, 1988).

Until the 19th Century carp culture was confined to backyard ponds in Eastern Indian states west Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. The source of seed for this type culture was natural seed from reverine resources. The advent of successful induced breeding through hypophysation in 1957, carp seed production technology provided an impetus for a new era of carp culture in the country.

The demonstration of successful com-posite culture of Indian- and Chinese major carps by the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute in West Bengal state during the peri-od 1963 through 1984 (Jhingran, 1991), and massive demonstration of this culture tech-nology through Fish Farmers Development Agencies located through out the country inspired private farmers to take up seed pro-duction and pond culture of major carps on a commercial scale.

In Andhra Pradesh, pond culture of Indian major carps was initiated in the Kolleru Lake region in 1976, with the construction of 133 fish ponds by the State Government, covering an area of 2040ha.

Success achieved by a few private farmers during the initial years of culture encouraged people belonging to a cross section of the society in Krishna and West Godavari districts to take up commercial fish culture in and around Kolleru Lake on a large scale.

Other factors, which contributed to the rapid development of fish culture in this region, include, frequent inundation of agricul-tural cropland due to floods, increased cost of labour, and low return from paddy crops.

By the year 1981 several fish farms ranging from 2 to 100ha were constructed in this region (Gopal Rao, 1987). Fish culture area

continued to expand beyond 1981 result-ing in the conversion of about 5000ha of flood-prone fallow land and even agricultural fields. Most of the carp culture area in Andhra Pradesh is located in and around the Kolleru Lake (Nandeesha and Gopal Rao, 1989).

By 1985, fish culture expanded on a large scale to other irrigated areas in Krishna and Godavari districts and on a smaller scale to Nellore, Guntur, Prakasam and East Godavari districts. shows the estimated culture area of Indian major carps in the Kolleru and surround-ing areas in the West Godavari and Krishna districts during 1981 to 2010.

The culture area of Indian major carps reached a peak of 80,000ha. With the gradual expansion of pangus culture, 10,000ha, of area originally belonged to the culture of Indian major carps has been converted for mono or mixed culture of Pangasianodon hypoph-thalmus, Sauvage, (pangus), introduced in to Andhra Pradesh in 1994 to 1995 from Bangladesh via West Bengal State, India.

Thus, the culture area of Indian major carps reduced to the presently estimated 70,000ha. Presently the total pangus area in the state is estimated to be 20,000ha. The field observations indicate that the culture area of both Indian major carps and pangus is still expanding in West Godavari, Krishna, East Godavari and Nellore districts.

The Kolleru Lake and surrounding areas in the West Godavari and Krishna districts is the present cradle of Indian major carps and pangus culture. In East Godavari and Nellore districts estimated the culture area is 4000ha each.

Capture fisheriesTraditionally, Kolleru Lake has been a rich

wild fisheries resource. Capture fisheries pro-duction was 7000 tonnes in 1974. During the years of normal environmental conditions the

On-farm feed management practices for three Indian major carp species

in Andhra Pradesh, India

14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012

FEATURE

January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15

IAF12.01.indd 14 10/01/2012 15:55

production contributed by fish other than carps was about 50 percent, and prawns and carps was 30 percent and 10 percent respectively (Venkateswara Rao et al., 2003).

Source water for fish culture In West Godavari, Krishna and East

Godavari districts the fish farmers are allowed to draw water only from the agricultural drains, for which they pay Rs. 500/- as a revenue charge. In Nellore district water for fish culture is drawn from irrigation canals, drains. In this district sub soil water (drawn out mechanically for bore wells) is also a major sources for fish culture. The ponds or farms of a fish farmer are registered by the state government on the insistence that the farmer uses only drain water for the culture.

Organic manures and inorganic fertilizers

Manures and fertilizers play a key role in the Indian major carp culture in producing phytoplankton and zooplankton. The two most widely used organic manures poultry manure followed by cattle manure are abun-dantly available in the state and in the fish culture areas also since Andhra Pradesh is basically an agrarian state, with rich population of cattle, and stands number one in the coun-try in poultry farming. The poultry manure is a waste at poultry farms and is to be disposed off. Poultry manure is supplied to farmers through dealers, who maintain contacts with the owners of big poultry farms located across the state.

The mode of transport is by 10 to17 tonnes capacity lorries. The transport cost, which comes to Rs250 to 300 per tonne (Rs100=US$1.89) is included in the price paid by the farmer. The dealer gets a commission of Rs200 to 300 per 10 tonnes of poultry manure delivered. Cattle dung is usually procured from the production points in the near by

areas not by dealers, but by the trac-tor owners in the local

areas. They deal with the owners

of the production points and transport the manure up to a distance of five to 20km; each tractor can transport two to three tonnes of cattle dung. Besides the transport charge, the owners obtain a commis-sion of Rs75 to 100 (Rs100=US$1.89) per each tonne cat-tle dung delivered.

Among the chemical fertilisers, single super phos-phate, di-ammonium phosphate and urea is the widely used fertilisers, through potash and complex fertilisers are also used. These fertilis-ers are commonly used in the rice agri-culture and other crops grown in the same districts.

Both the groups of farmers, of agri-culture and fish cul-ture, purchase the chemical fertilisers from the state gov-ernment - author-ized local dealers, or local agricultural cooperatives stores.

All these are under the control and regulation of the district Agricultural

was about 50 percent, and prawns and carps

of the production points and transport

production contributed by fish other than carps was about 50

areas not by dealers, but by the trac-tor owners in the local

areas. They deal with the owners

of the production

in Andhra Pradesh, India

14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15

FEATURE

Corporate OfficeP.O. Box 8 • 100 Airport Road

Sabetha, KS 66534, USAPhone: 785-284-2153

Fax: 785-284-3143extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com

www.extru-techinc.com

®

In the competitive aquafeed industry, you only get one shot to put the perfect product in the bag. That’s why so many leading aquafeed manufacturers in the industry count on Extru-Tech to engineer the perfect aquafeed production solution.

Is your aquafeed production system on target? Could you use a cost effective improvement in performance and finished product quality? Contact one of the Aquafeed Consultants at Extru-Tech today at 785-284-2153.

One ShOt At AquAfeed PerfectiOn

ET-210B.indd 1 12/17/10 10:27 AM

IAF12.01.indd 15 10/01/2012 15:55

Aquativ, par t of Diana Group and specialist of Functional Hydrolysates

for the aqua feed industr y, opened a representative office in Ho Chi Minh City in November 2011.

Nguyen Anh Ngoc, chief rep-resentative of the new develop-ment, is proud of this important step. Mr Ngoc has been part of the pioneer team since the begin-ning of the Aquativ adventure in 2007.

“I’m very happy that we are now opening this office in Ho Chi Minh. I spent a significant time in our research center based in

France to learn the fundamental of our product and a few years between Vietnam, France and Thailand to start and develop our sales network in the country.

“The opening of our produc-tion facility in Thailand with our partner TC Union Agrotech in 2010 helped us to offer a very good range of functional hydro-lysates for the fish and shrimp feed industry. As we planned, sales have been taken off very well in Vietnam where we supply both shrimp feed and fish feed manufacturers,” he said.

Aquativ offers two product r anges in the V ietnamese

aqua- feed market. On is the Nutr ipal© range of qual ity mar ine raw mater ials (Tuna soluble extract, Tuna crude oil, Tuna liver powder) essen-tially used for its high nutr i-tional value in the formulations (protein, omega 3, DHA).

The Actipal© range, its new gen-eration of Functional Hydrolysates designed to improve the feed performance and ultimately the farming productivity.

Performance is due to the high concentration of low molec-ular weights compounds such as peptides, free amino acids and nucleotides generated by the hydrolysis bioprocess.

“This new office in addition with our factory in Thailand demon-strates our commitment to serve even more our Vietnamese cus-tomers and is aligned with our company tagline ‘the closer-the-better’. We are proud the

industry has been rewarding us beyond the product perform-ance by considering our capability to deliver consistent, reliable and fully traceable products.

“This result has been achieved thanks to our industrial standards such as GMP, HACCP as well as our strict supply chain control. This industry is driven by the high standards imposed by the overseas markets like EU and US and our product full traceability has been a major asset for our customers exporting to these markets.

“That makes us unique and very confident on the development of our sales in the South East Asia region,” says Vincent Percier, General Manager of Aquativ Thailand.

More inforMation

Nguyen Anh NgocChief Representative Email: nanhngoc@diana-aqua.comWebsite: www.aquativ-diana.com

Aquativ is growing ...... in Vietnam

4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 5

Aqua News

A brand of NIREUS groupwww.nireus.comTel. +30 210 66 24 280

Top Quality Fish Feed

AD_Nireus_90x90mm.indd 1 03/01/2012 14:59

AD

VER

TIS

E

AQ

UA

FEED

INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS

With circulation of the printed magazine to key

industry decision makers and heavy promotion at

key industry events, working alongside our online

distribution strategies - International Aquafeed is the

ideal place to promote your products aimed at the

global aquaculture industry.

Call the team today to hear how we can

help you achieve your marketing goals

France to learn the fundamental of our product and a few years between Vietnam, France and Thailand to start and develop our sales network in the country.

“The opening of our produc-tion facility in Thailand with our partner TC Union Agrotech in 2010 helped us to offer a very good range of functional hydro-

IAF12.01.indd 4 10/01/2012 15:54

At the final wrap up and closing session of the Aquaculture Europe ,

2011 event organised by the European Aquaculture Society (EAS) in Rhodes, Greece, Dr. Pascal Divanach, Director of

the Institute of Aquaculture and member of the Board of Directors of the Hellenic Center for Marine Research (HCMR), was presented with an Honorary Life Membership of EAS.

The Honorary Life Membership is the highest EAS award and is given to those persons that have had a marked impact on the development of European aqua-culture. Since 1981, EAS has bestowed this award on only 9

persons, including G. Ravagnan (Italy, since 1981), Dr. E. Monten (Sweden, since 1987 †), Dr. Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis (France, since 1989), Dr. Eric Edwards (UK, since 1991), Peter

Hjul (UK, since 1993 †), Prof. Trygve Gjedrem (Norway, since 1995), Mr. J. Bally (Mar tinique, since 1997), Dr. Colin Nash (USA, since 2000) and Mr. Cour tney Hough (Belgium, since 2010).

The EAS 2010-2012 President Y ve s H a r a c h e , w h o expressed his own personal pleasure in the nomination that had been approved by the EAS Board of Directors during AE2011, and fittingly presented to Dr. Divanach on his ‘home soil’, presented the award. His HCMR col-l e ague and a s soc i a te researcher at the Institute of Aquaculture, Dr. Nikos Papandroulakis, introduced the awardee...

“When the EAS president asked me to speak about this person, I thought it was easy until I actually started thinking what to say. Then I realized how difficult is to speak about a person that has done many things and actually marked Greek and I would dare to say European aquaculture.

This person has been working in the academia for his entire career but was/

is always speaking about com-mercial production. When he produced the first million juvenile sea bass, he used wild plankton and since then many millions have been produced.

The migration of this person through the Mediter ranean region can be associated with the “movement” of the aqua-culture production from West to East. A characteristic of this per son is his dedication to understand the logic behind the biology and the technology that led him to develop rearing methods that match per-fectly the physiological needs of the fish as for example the mesocosm larval rearing tech-nique and self-feeders.

Most probably you have already understood to whom I am refer-ring. Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my great honour and pleasure to present you the Director of the Institute of Aquaculture of the Hellenic Center for Mar ine Research, Dr Pascal Divanach”.

Yves Harache added his own personal appreciation of Pascal’s work and the way in which is set the standard to larval rearing of Mediterranean species. He there-fore found it fitting to present “Pascal the tenth” with a signed copy of a previous HLM award, Dr. Colin Nash’s book “The History of Aquaculture”. He added that a more formal commemora-tive plaque is being prepared for Pascal. Judging from the appre-ciation showed by the audience, Pascal Divanach was a deserving and popular awardee.

Pascal Divanach recognised by highest EAS Award

New EAS Honorary Life Member Pascal Divanach (left), being congratulated by EAS 2010-2012 President Yves Harache, with a signed copy of “The History of Aquaculture”.

8 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 9

Aqua News

Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish FeedExtruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed

AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg, Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100

info@amandus-kahl-group.de, www.akahl.de

Please visit us at:

VICTAM ASIA

Stand C 095

IAF12.01.indd 9 10/01/2012 15:55

6 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012 January-February 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 7

Process technology, machinery, and complete plants for the animal feed industry

ANDRITZ FEED & BIOFUELEurope, Asia, and South America: andritz-fb@andritz.comUSA and Canada: andritz-fb.us@andritz.com www.andritz.com

Lifland, Iceland. A complete pro­cess ing line for animal feed pro-duction. With this greenfield plant (capacity 50,000 t/a), Lifland will cover nearly 60% of total animal feed production in Iceland. The turnkey feed plant star ted pro-ducing in October 2010.

Together, we make it work!

■ New process lines and plants ■ Process equipment upgrades and replacements ■ Spare and wear parts ■ Service and maintenance programs ■ Optimization and support■ Leading technologies ■ Global presence ■ Local service

Naturally ahead

AquaStar®

Fast growth in clean water!

AquaStar® product line

• Probiotic strains to support gut health

• Biodegrading strains to stabilize water quality and pond bottom

aquastar.biomin.net

• Improved gut health and performance• Improved water

quality• Control of pathogenic bacteria

Biomin_Anzeige_AquaStar_01.indd 1 31.10.11 11:17

IAF12.01.indd 7 10/01/2012 15:55

Innovations for a better world.

Bühler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96

fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com

Fatten up your bottom line. Bühler high-performance animal and aqua feed production

systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they

can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A

service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating

costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com

Visit us at Victam Asia 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand, booth A071 (15 - 17 February 2012)

Aqua_Feed-Jan_2012.indd 1 23.12.2011 14:28:03IAF12.01.indd 50 10/01/2012 15:59

Officers. During the periods of shortage, the agricultural officers ensure that the chemical fertilisers are sold to agriculture farmers only. Fish farmers have to wait till the free avail-ability of the fertilisers restores or they have to purchase them through rice agriculturists usually at a little higher price.

Electricity Fish farmers are allowed to use electricity

for fish culture management. The electricity is usually supplied for seven hours, but often intermittently due to shortage of power supply. Farmers represent that they need a continuous supply of electricity or at least uninterrupted power supply during 9pm to 8am, during which period the dissolved oxygen in the ponds often fall to critical levels and hence aeration of ponds with the help of engines becomes a necessary and often the most crucial remedial measure to save the crop.

Sources of finance The main sources of finance for fish farm-

ers in the state are the nationalised banks and the district co-operative central banks with their branches in the fish culture areas, and private financiers.

Nationalised banks The nationalised banks have an almost

uniform policy of granting loans to fish farmers in the state. The banks sanction an amount of Rs100,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) for construction and Rs400,000/ha for crop loan at 18 percent annual interest rate of against mortogation of the documents of the land of the farmer. The loan sanctioned for pond construction is called tern loan, and this loan may be repaid with in three to seven years, as opted by the farmer. The crop loan is to be paid after harvest of each crop.

A farmer is eligible to obtain crop loan for his next crop, even with in one year, if he repays

the current crop loan. If a lessee has a valid agreement signed by the owner of a pond or farm, for a period of five consecutive years, the lesser is also eligible to obtain crop loans from the nationalized and local co-operative banks.

Co-operative banks At the present the co-operative banks are

granting a working capital to meet the cost of culture for one year or less than on year culture period (not for pond digging or other costs of construction). The scale of finance for each ha water spread area is Rs275,000 to 300,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) for the culture of Indian major carps and Rs550,000 for pangus culture.

Private financiers In the interior Kolleru Lake the villages

from in to co-operative societies, not by reg-istration, but by mutual understanding. Each of these co-operative bodies, locally called ‘Bantas’ comprise 40 to 50 members and col-lectively culture ponds of 15 to 20ha.

The executive committee of the ‘Banta’ used to obtain loan required for one-year culture period from the private financers at 36 percent annual interest rate. Private financers usually don’t insist for any collateral security, the loans are given mainly based on the repay-ment capacity and personal creditability of the farmer. All the members share the net profit equally.

One variation of Banta management in the recent years is that the member’s lease out their ponds to a group of four to five villagers, who raise the capital required for culture and the lease amount, is shared by the members.

Of all the Indian major carp culture areas in Andhra Pradesh the lease amount is the highest in these Banta villages. As the Indian major carp culture established in the Kolleru area a rich class of farmers developed in these villages and presently, the Banta farmers bor-row money from these farmers at an annual

interest rate of 18 percent instead of from the private financiers elsewhere at higher rate of interest.

National Fisheries Development Board

The National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) was established in July 2006, in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. NFDB is an autonomous organization under the administrative control of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, of (the Government of India). The overall objective of the board is to empower all Indian states and union territories through implementing various activities related to almost all spheres of fisheries and aqua-culture in the country and also through providing financial support mainly through subsidies.

NFDB provides financial assistance to the eligible candidates for the establishment of feed mills of large scale (installed capacity five tonnes/ha), medium scale (two tonnes/ha), and small scale (1.2 tonnes/ha) units. For the first two categories a loan up to 40 percent of the cost of machinery equipment and building is sanctioned at an annual inter-est rate of five percent.

For the small scale unit a subsidy of 20 percent of the total unit cost (which is Rs750,000 (Rs100=US$1.89) in this case with a limit of Rs15,000 per unit) will be provided.

For freshwater fish culture NFDB sanc-tions Rs300,000/ha for construction of a new fishpond for culturing existing species or new species, (for example pangus), with 20 percent subsidy, but with a ceiling of Rs60,000/ha. For special category of farmers belonging to scheduled castes and schedule tribes the subsidy is 25 percent, with a ceil-ing of Rs75,000 / ha.

For cost of inputs, including feed, NFDB sanctions Rs50,000/ha (with 20 percent sub-sidy) for one crop period for Indian major carps, and all other existing species, (for example Chinese major carps which have been cultured in the state for many years).

For pangus culture, the input cost pro-vided is Rs500,000/ha with 40 percent subsidy for an initial period of two years and there after 20 percent for all farmers, and 25 percent for the special category farmers mentioned. NFDB also provides financial assistance for renovation of aged aquaculture ponds, fish seed farms, estab-lishment of fish hatcheries, prawn and shrimp hatcheries.

Besides, NFDB provide grants to the government fishery institutes, and the other eligible agencies for conducting training programs, demonstrations for the benefit of aquaculturists. ■

16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012

FEATURE

IAF12.01.indd 16 10/01/2012 15:55

16 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2012

IAF12.01.indd 17 10/01/2012 15:55

www.aquafeed.co.uk

LINKS• Seethefullissue• VisittheInternationalAquafeedwebsite

• ContacttheInternationalAquafeedTeam

• SubscribetoInternationalAquafeed

Volume 15 I s sue 1 2 012

the international magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

The effects of dissolved oxygen on fish growth in aquaculture

On-farm feed management practices– for three Indian major carp species in Andhra Pradesh, India

Oxygenation in aquaculture

Developing a plant-based diet- for Cobia Rachycentron canadum

Thisdigitalre-printispartoftheJanuary|February2012editionofInternationalAquafeedmagazine.Contentfromthemagazineisavailabletoviewfree-of-charge,bothasafullonlinemagazineonourwebsite,andasanarchiveofindividualfeaturesonthedocstocwebsite.Pleaseclickheretoviewourotherpublicationsonwww.docstoc.com.

Topurchaseapapercopyofthemagazine,ortosubscribetothepapereditionpleasecontactourCirculationandSubscriptionsManageronthelinkabove.

INFORMATIONFORADVERTISERS-CLICKHERE