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Made By:Ankit Verma 107Gaurav 108Pooja 109Parana 110Saumya 112
PLANNING
CONTENT
• About Planning• Purpose of Planning• Elements of Planning• Strategies and Tactics• Types of Strategies• Seven S Model• Planning tools and Techniques• Advantages and Limitation of
Planning• Decision Making Process Model
What is Planning??
Thinking
Organizing
Desired
Goals
Planning is the Process of:
It involves creation and maintenance of plan.
Purpose of Planning
Provides Direction
Reduces Uncertainty
Minimizes waste and
redundancy
Sets the Standards
for Controlling
• GOALS: are the End results to be achieved. They give direction to activities and require creative thinking and foresight.
• PLANS: Written account of intended future course of action aimed at achieving specific goal or objective within a specific timeframe. It explains in detail what needs to be done, when, how, and by whom, and often includes best case, expected case, and worst case scenarios.
Elements of Planning
Types of Goals
Financial
Goals
Strategic
Goals
GOALS
Stated Goals versus Real Goals
Types of Plans
StrategicPlans
Operational Plans
Tactical
Plans
The Hierarchy of Organizational Plans
Mission Statement
•Broad Organizational Goals
•Based on Planning premises, which justifies an organization’s existence
Strategi
c Plan
s
•Plans designed to meet an organization’s broad goals.
Operational
Plans
•Plans that contain details for carrying out, or implementing, those strategic plans in day-to-day activities.
Strategies • Aimed at counteracting the actions of the opponents.
Tactics• Immediate decisions based on the executive’s judgement and experience whilst facing an actual situation
Strategies and Tactics
Types of Strategy
Corporate Level
Business Unit
Functional Level
SKILLS
STAFF
Subordinate
Goals
STRATEGY
STRUCTURE
STYLE
SYSTEMS
The Seven-S model
Planning Tools and Techniques
Scanning
Forecasting
Bench MarkingAllocating Resources
Accessing the Environment:
Contemporary Planning Techniques :
Project and Project
ManagementScenario and
Scenario Planning
Contingency Planning
Advantages of PlanningIncreases the organization’s ability to adopt future eventualities.
Helps crystallize objectives.
Ensures a relatedness among decision.
Reduces mistakes and oversights/ unnecessary pressures of immediacy.
Ensures a more productive use of resources.
Increases effectiveness of a manager.
Makes control easier.
Helps the company remain more competitive in its industry .
Limitations of Planning
Effectiveness depends upon correctness of assumptions
Planning is expensive
Planning delays actions
Encourages a false sense of security
Proper Climate
Participation
Communication
Coordination
How to make Planning Effective..?
The Rational Model of Decision MakingInvestigating the
situation
• Defining the problem
• Diagnosing the causes
• Identifying the decision objective
Evaluate alternatives & select the best
one
• Evaluate• Select the best
alternative
Implement & monitor
• Plan implementatio
n• Make
necessary adjustments
Developing an alternative
• Seek creative alternative
• Evaluation at the next stage
Continuum of decision making
In making a decision , managers must weigh alternatives involving future events that are difficult to predict .
Therefore , decision making is categorized on a continuum ranging from :
Uncertainty
RiskCertainty
•Objective is known.
•Complete information about each alternative is known.
Certainty
•Unpredictable outcome of an alternative.
•But enough information to predict the probability that desired state is achieved.
Risk
•High unpredictability about the alternative and the outcome.
•Due to External conditions and unavailability of key information.
Uncertainty
PLANNING & CONTROLLING: UNENDING PHENOMENON
Controlling:Corrective
Measures & Follow Up
Results
Planning
Case Study: Planning For A Miracle On 34th Street
Shifted focus from glizty goods to moderated priced goods.
Installed new satellite network to connect suppliers with sales people. Launched their own 24*7 Cable channel to advertise & sell their goods.
“Developing the plan is actually laying out the sequence of events
that have to occur for you to achieve your goal.”
― George L.Morrisey