Upload
european-copper-institute
View
3.985
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PK ENERGY ®
Requirements, Chances and Know-how
EnergyEfficiency –A future Market for Electrical Engineers and Contractors
PK ENERGY ®
Introduction
Peter Kadel (Dipl.-Ing.)Electrical Engineering
PK ENERGY Energy ConsultancyEngineering ServicesEducation
The Book: (Gebäude-Energieberatung)„Building-EnergyConsultancy“
IdeaIntentionProspective BuyersIncorporated Rules and Regulations
PK ENERGY ®
Topics
Introduction
Present Market Situation
Energy Situation Worldwide
Basic Calculation Rules
Calculation Symbols for Energy Flows
Requriements of Energy Consultancy
Examples of Energy Effiency System Solutions
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC)
Summary
PRESENT MARKET SITUATION
PK ENERGY ®
Present Market Situation I/III
Enevironmental desasters
More information about environmental disasters in multimedia.
Energyprices
Prices for oil and gas raised up by 2100 % within the last 48 years, i.e. 6,5 % p.a. The rate since 2000 is 20 % p.a.!!!
PK ENERGY ®
Present Market Situation II/III
Environ-mental
Situation
Environ-mental
Situation
Energy-Costs
Energy-Costs
End-user
Governmental Regualtions:Law‘s and regulation and
incentive programs
Governmental Regualtions:Law‘s and regulation and
incentive programs
PK ENERGY ®
Present Market Situation III/III
The end-user is concerned aboutEnvironmental situation,Steadyly rising energy prices, governmental law’s and regulations .But on the other hand he gets governmental support by incentive programs for green investments.
Impact on EnergyConsultanciesEnergy efficient system solutions becoming more sophisticated and complex.Therefore end-users need support in finding out the best solution for their own building.
Specialists are needed which concentrate not only on efficient products or subsystems but consider the complete
energy (building) system.
ENERGY SITUATION WORLDWIDE
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Situaition Worldwide I/II
Pic. 3.3 Worldwide Consumption, extraction, reserves and resources of non-renewable energies
0,1070,108
10,414
46,256Non-Renewable Energies Worldwide
Consumption Extraction Reserves Ressources
Notes:Year 2004Peta = 1015
Exa = 1018
All values in EWh
If we compare the reserves withthe consumption we will see thatthe non-renewable energies willcover the consumption at about100 years.
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Situaition Worldwide II/II
Fig. 3.4 Energyconsumption and –reserves, divided by regions
Non-Renewable Energies 2004
CIS Africa MiddleEast
Austral-Asia
North-America
Latin-Amerika
Europe
3,6
20,7
6,4
18,422,8 22,8
5,210,0
20,0
30,0%
19,2
9,63,4 4,9
32,227,1
3,7
Reserves
Consumption
BASIC CALCULATION RULES
PK ENERGY ®
Basic Calculation Rules I/V
Calculation in values with quatities and units.System is characterized by
the interior andthe exterior conditions andthe system boundary.
If the interior and exterior conditions are different energy will flow through the system boundary.Each energy (E) form can be defined as product of power (P) and time (t).
E = P ⋅ t (2.1)
PK ENERGY ®
Basic Calculation Rules II/V
We have different energy forms like:2.3.1.1 Heat (Q)2.3.1.2 Mechanical energy (W)2.3.1.3 Electrical energy (Wel)2.3.1.4 Radiant energy (WS)
Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ (2.2)Wmech = F ⋅ s (2.3)Wel = Uel ⋅ Iel ⋅ t (2.14)WS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A ⋅ t (2.16)
PK ENERGY ®
Basic Calculation Rules III/V
Depending on the different energies the power can be defined:
2.3.2.1 Heatpower (Q‘)2.3.2.2 Mechanical power (Pmech)2.3.2.3 Electrical power (Pel)2.3.2.4 Radiant power (PS)
Depending on the start of the calculation either the energy flow or the power is available.The energy value you can get by integration of the Power or you transfer the Energy to Power by differentiation.
P = E / t = E‘ (2.18)
PK ENERGY ®
Basic Calculation Rules IV/V
How to calculate the energy flow of a system?Define the object you want to calculate the energy flow.Define the interior conditions.Define the exterior conditions.
Transfer to physical values calcualte by introduced equations.
Designation Energy PowerHeat Q = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ Q‘ = m ⋅ c ⋅ ϑ / t
Mechanical Energy
Wmech = F ⋅ s Pmech = F ⋅ v
Electrical Energy Wel = Uel ⋅ Iel ⋅ t Pel = Uel ⋅ Iel
Radiant Energy WS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A ⋅ t PS = σ ⋅ T4 ⋅ A
Table 2.2 Energy (Work) and Power of different energy forms
PK ENERGY ®
Basic Calculation Rules V/V
Interior ConditionsWater: m = 1 kg, ϑ = 20 °C, c = 1,163 ⋅ 10-3 kWh/(kg ⋅ K)
Exterior ConditionsElectric kettle: P = 2 kW, η = 0,95
Boundary conditions ϑ = 80 K
Question 1: Q ?Q = 1 kg ⋅ 1,163 ⋅ 10-3 kWh/(kg ⋅ K) ⋅ 80 KQ = 0,093 kWh
Question 2: t ?t = 0,093 kWh/(2 kW ⋅ 0,95) = 0,05 h = 3 min
Boundary
Fig. 2.1 Example of a system –electric kettle
Example
CALCULATION SYMBOLS FOR ENERGY FLOWS
PK ENERGY ®
Calculation Symbols I/V
Based on (2.1) we are able to describe each systemwith the values Energy, Power and time.Idea: Visualize the energy systemIntroduction of three symbols:
Pt
E
Energytransformer
E
Energysource
E
Sink Source
Timedifference
t
PK ENERGY ®
Calculation Symbols II/V
Combination of symbols
Pt1
E
t0
Pt2
E
t1
t0
t0 = t1 + t2
E0
E1 E2 E3
E0 = E1 - E2 - E3
PK ENERGY ®
Calculation Symbols III/V
Example
Pt1
E
t0
Boundary t0 = 0,05 h
With these symbols we are able to designEquivalent Circuit Diagrams (ECD).The process in the example is isochronous.
PK ENERGY ®
Calculation Symbols IV/V
Example
The process in the example isnon-isochronous.E.g.
t1 = non-productive timet2 = productive time
t0
Boundary t0 = 1 h
Pt2
E
t1
PK ENERGY ®
Calculation Symbols V/V
Energy flow of a building
P = U⋅ A ⋅ ϑϑ = 20 K
PROt1
ERO
t0 PEW
EEW
PC
EC
PW
PW
EtH
REQUIREMENTS ON ENERGY CONSULTANCY
Requirements in Energy Consultancy I/III
Energy-System e.g.
building
Discipline 1(e.g. Heating)
Discipline 2(e.g. skeleton
and insulation)
Discipline 3(e.g. architectural
design)
Discipline 4(e.g. Window and glacing)
Discipline n(e.g. Carpentry)
...
PK ENERGY ®
Requirements in Energy Consultancy II/III
PK ENERGY ®
Requirements in Energy Consultancy III/III
Task of Energy Consultancy:Investigate existing and new energy systems andfind out economical solutions for the end-user in saving energy costs.Furthermore the solution has to be climate protective.
RequirementsMathematical and natural scientific based knowledge.Process and material know-how.Knowledge about international and national laws and regulations.Knowledge in capital budgeting and economic calculations.Knowledge about pollutant emissions and environment compatibility .Interdisciplinary Thinking .
EXAMPLES OF ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEM SOLUTIONS
Examples of energy efficient system solutions I/V
Energy Actual in kWhAfter Revision in
kWhSavings in kWh Savings in %
Qh in kWh 31.704 18.940 12.764 40%
QE in kWh 39.117 24.500 14.617 37%
QP in kWh 120.951 8.500 112.451 93%
Examples of energy efficient system solutions II/V
Energy Actual in kWhAfter Revision in
kWhSavings in kWh Savings in %
Qh in kWh 44.558 22.784 21.774 49%
QE in kWh 77.896 39.104 38.792 50%
QP in kWh 89.286 46.614 42.672 48%
Examples of energy efficient system solutions III/V
Energy Actual in kWhAfter Revision in
kWhSavings in kWh Savings in %
Qh in kWh 99.360 29.863 69.497 70%
QE in kWh 182.869 41.776 141.093 77%
QP in kWh 257.680 48.029 209.651 81%
PK ENERGY ®
Examples of energy efficient system solutions IV/V
Useage of a local energy controller in complete consumers installations
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez
Ener
gy-c
onsu
mpt
ion
in k
Wh
2004 2005
EE = 300 000 kWh/aEE = 270 000 kWh/aReduction:
E = 30 000 kWh/amCO2 = 20 000 kg/a
PK ENERGY ®
Examples of energy efficient system solutions V/V
With energy efficient building retrofits energy savings can be reached up to 90 %.You can use renewable energies.CO2-Emissions can be reduced.Furthermore
In a lot of retrofit projects not only the thermal protection and the HVACR is relevant but also the electrical installation system.Customers want comfortable solutions!
With the energy efficient retrofit of buildings we have furthermore the chance to introduce new an modern technical solutions.
ENERGY CONSULTANCY CONCEPTS (ARC)
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) I/V
The energy consultancy is a new discipline which has to be systemized to raise up the efficiency. Each energy system is a prototype butthe approach in each system is the same.
Conception I – Approach of energyflow calculation
Conception II– Solutions and alternatives to existing system
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) II/V
Conception ICalculation scheme for each energy system in 6 steps.
Pt2
E
t1
t0
t0 = t1 + t2
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) III/V
Conception IIScheme to find out economical energy saving solutions.
If all questens were anwered with YES you could thinkabout a redesign or use of efficient products.
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) IV/V
EF basically needed?
AVOIDNO
EF totally needed?
YES
REDUCENO
COMBINENOEF needed
incl. Losses
YES
YES
Redesign
In existing buildings or processes some sub-processes can very often be completleyavoided.
Reduction of energy consumption can be realized easily and via different solutions.
The losses of one system can often be used as the energy source of a succeeding process.
Higher investment: Redesign of compl. process or use of efficient equipment.
PK ENERGY ®
Energy Consultancy Concepts (ARC) V/V
All energy systems are prototypes.The approach can be systemized
Calculation of energy flowARC-Concept.
Most efficient solutions can be find by calculate the complete energy balance.By using ARC concept more economical solutions can be identified.The result of the energy consultancy is the schedule for future retrofits.Try to find always open solutions so that future solutions can be integrated in the system.
PK ENERGY ®
Summary
Energy calculation must consider the complete energy flow of a system.Interdisciplinary know-how is needed.With systemizations interdisciplinary know-how can easily be used.Electrical energy: 8 % End energy but 20 % Primary energyRaise up the energy efficiency means: understand the customers needs. In most retrofit projects the complete electrical system is to be redesigned.If we as el. Engineers and Contractors do not have the entrance to this market other designers will tell us what to do.
PK ENERGY ®
More Information
More Information you‘ll find:http://www.amazon.de/gp/reader/3810102784/ref=sib_dp_pt#reader-linkwww.PK-ENERGY.com
Out of the content• Calculation Basics• Energy systems (buildings, technical systems)• Thermal Protection, systems engineering• Requirements• Methods and Tools• Economical calculations• Law‘s and Regulations• CD included
Presently only in German language available.
PK ENERGY ®
Many Thanks For Your Attention And Have A Nice Time With EnergyEfficiency!Peter Kadelwww.PK-ENERGY.com
EnergyEfficiency –A future Market for Electrical Engineers and Contractors