EMPOWERMENT AND

PARTICIPATION

What is Empowerment ?

Empowerment is any process that provides greater autonomy.

Broad Approaches of Empowerment

Job mastery

Control and Accountability

Role models

Broad Approaches of Empowerment

Social reinforcement and persuasionEmotional Support

THE NATURE OF EMPOWERMENT AND PARTICIPATION

Figure 8-1 The process of empowerment

Behavioral Tools to attack powerlessness problem:

Mutual Goal Settings

Job Feedback

Modeling 

Behavioral Tools to attack powerlessness problem:

Contingent Reward System Participative Management

The Process of Empowerment

What is Participation?

Mental and Emotional involvement of people in group situations that encourages them to contribute to group goals and share responsibility for them.

PARTICIPATION IS …

Involvement (ego )

Contribution (creativity )

Responsibility ( build teamwork )

Improved Performance

Higher Job Satisfaction

Spirit

Participation leads to …

Desire

Expectation

Ethical Imperatives

Participation leads to …

Higher Output

Better Quality

Creativity

Benefits of Participation

Innovation

Higher Motivation

Reduced turn –over and absences

Better communication

The Participative Process

The Impact of Managerial Power

1. Leader – Member Exchange

Reciprocal relationship develops

High Quality relationship results in greater decision influence.

The Impact of Managerial Power

Participative managers retain final authority

2. TWO VIEWS OF POWER

Pre –requisite of Participation

Adequate time to Participate

Potential benefits greater than costs.

Relevance to Employee interests

Pre –requisite of Participation

Adequate employee abilities

to deal with the subject

Mutual ability to communicate

Pre –requisite of Participation

No feeling of threat to either party

Restriction to the area of job freedom

Contingency Factors

1. Emotional Intelligence

2. Differing employee needs for participation

1. Under Participation

2. Over Participation

3. Responsibilities of employees and manager

Responsibilities of Employees and Manager

1. All employees should agree to:

1.1 Be responsible for their actions

1.2 Operates within the relevant

organizational policies

Responsibilities of Employees and Manager

1.3 Be contributing team members

1.4 Respects and seek to use the perspective of others

1.5 Be dependable and ethical in their empowered actions.

Responsibilities of Employees and Manager

1.6 Demonstrate responsible self – leadership

2. Responsibilities of Managers:

2.1 Identify the issues to be addressed

2.2 Specifying the level of involvement desired.

Responsibilities of Employees and Manager

2.3 Providing relevant information and training.

2.4 Allocating fair rewards

PROGRAMS FOR PARTICIPATION

Programs for Participation

Suggestion Programs

Quality Emphasis

Quality Circles

Programs for Participation

Total Quality Management

Self - Managing Team

Employee Ownership Plans

Limitation of Participation

Theory X beliefs and assumptions

Lack of support from higher levels

Manager Fear of Lost (Power , Status ,Control )

Limitation of Participation

Lack of adequate training

1. Manager

2. Employees

Problems encountered in early stages

Limitation of Participation

Substantial efforts needed to implement

What is Servant Leadership?

Servant Leadership

Placing the needs of others above one’s own self - interest.

Key Behavior of Servant Leadership

Listen actively and empathetically

Engage in introspection to understand better one’s own attitudes and feelings.

Treat others with respect as equals.

Key Behavior of Servant Leadership

Engage in dialogue and paraphrasing to ensure understandings.

Affirm the worth and contributions of others.

Key Behavior of Servant Leadership

Admit mistakes and ask for help.

Build trust by articulating values and acting consistently with them.

"Power can be taken, but not given. The process of the taking is empowerment in itself."  

 ~ Gloria Steinem ~

Questions