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Poverty & Income Inequality
o What is the difference between absolute & relative poverty?o What does a Lorenz curve measure?o Draw a Lorenz curve illustrating perfect equalityo What does the gini coefficient measure?o How is this calculated?o What factors can cause poverty?o What are some of the disadvantages/limitations of using the Lorenz curve
and gini coefficient to measure income inequality?o Draw and explain the Kuznets curve
Measuring Economic Development
o What is the difference between first, second, and third world countries?o What is GDP and GNP?o What does 'per capita'mean?o What is purchasing power parity?o Briefly describe the Human Development Indexo Briefly describe the Human Poverty Index
Millennium Development Goals
o What are the eight Millennium Development Goals?o For each one, briefly describe how it is measuredo For each one, research how progress is going towards reaching ito Web resources available at: httn://delicious.com/sidcuneconomics
Limits to Growth & Development
Construct a table (see example below) listing all the limits to growth anddevelopment we have discussed in lessons, For each one, consider WHY it is alimit, note down any relevant real-world examples, and then EVALUATE why itmight not be that much of a problem really
Strategies to Promote Growth & Development
Do the same as above, only focusing on what can be done to assist developingcountries
[N.8. if you're struggling to remember the limits/strategies listed above, see thespecification on Fusion)
Looking for examples for each of the above, you have been provided withmany in the lessons, but many more can be found on the internet-especially at www.economist.com, and in particular in the'Africa'section.
Theories of Economic Development
For each of the theories below, make the following notes:1,. What is it's main argument? [draw diagrams if appropriate)2. What are the limitations with this theory?3. Can you relate this to any real-world examples?
o Harrod-Domar Modelo Rostow's Stages of Devlopment. DependencyTheoryo Lewis Model
L
Limits Explanation ofwhy it's a limit
Real-worldexamples
Evaluation- is thisreally holdingdevelopingcountries back?
Development*Economics:*Linking*Case*Studies*to*Exam*Answers**
It#will#really#help#you#in#the#Unit#4#exam#if#you#can#bring#in#some#case#studies#to#back#up#your#argument.#To#help#you#with#this,#I#have#produced#this#sheet#which#includes#a#selection#of#useful#examples#you#can#use#in#exam#questions#focused#on#both#the#limits#to#growth#&#development#and#the#strategies#governments#can#use#to#promote#it.#Please#take#some#time#to#revise#these#in#preparation#for#your#exams,#and#then#use#them#in#your#answers.##Limits#to#growth#and#development##Poor*infrastructure:*#In#terms#of#transport,#this#generally#means#a#lack#of#paved#roads,#limited#or#no#railway#system,#limited#port/airport#facilities#making#trade#more#expensive/difficult.#This#also#relates#to#communication#systemsD#e.g.#telephone,#internet,#mobile#phones,#etc.##Explanation#case#studies:#
D The#World#Bank#says#that#the#lack#of#inadequate#logistics#adds#15%#to#34%#to#the#cost#of#exports#for#Latin#American#businesses,#compared#with#about#10%#in#other#middleDincome#countries#(BBC#News,#2005)#
D Investors#in#Kenya#are#reluctant#to#build#new#offices#etc.#which#rely#on#electricity#due#to#the#country’s#‘patchy’#electricity#service,#which#means#their#costs#increase#significantly#due#to#the#need#for#backup#generators#(Economist,#March#2010)#
D China’s#latest#fiveDyear#plan,#which#started#in#April#2012,#includes#$1trn#of#infrastructure#spending.#China#are#also#rapidly#expanding#their#highDspeed#rail#network,#aiming#for#19,000#miles#of#track#in#total#(Economist,#Nov#2011)#
D Later#on#in#2012#Brazil’s#Acu#Superport#will#be#opened,#improving#efficiency#of#exports#of#key#commodities#to#ChinaD#the#port#has#been#dubbed#the#‘highway#to#China’#(Economist,#Nov#2011)#
Evaluation#case#studies:##D Many#developing#countries#have#done#a#lot#to#overcome#the#problem#of#poor#
telecommunications#infrastructure#by#skipping#‘old’#technologies#like#fixedDline#phone#networks#and#gone#straight#for#mobile#phones#and#fibreDoptic#cables.#In#Kenya,#three#fibreDoptic#cables#have#arrived#at#the#start#of#2010.#Jeffrey#Sachs#has#described#mobiles#phones#as#‘the#single#most#transformative#tool#for#development’.#In#a#muchDcited#study#in#2005,#for#example,#Leonard#Waverman#of#the#London#Business#School#found#that#an#extra#ten#mobile#phones#per#100#people#in#a#typical#developing#country#added#0.6#percentage#points#of#growth#in#GDP#per#person.#
D Angola#is#also#following#this#strategy#of#skipping#towards#the#latest#communication#infrastructure#as#it#launches#a#4G#network#this#year,#way#before#much#of#Europe#(BBC,#May#2012)#
D Governments#rarely#know#what’s#best#for#their#economiesD#they#tend#to#pick#‘prestige’#projects#rather#than#those#which#would#generate#the#most#econonmic#benefit#for#the#country.#For#example,#China#invests#over#50%#of#its#GDP#and#provides#very#generous#loan#terms#for#‘pet’#government#projects#such#as#the#highDspeed#rail#network.#In#particular,#the#Shanghai#maglev#shuttle#to#the#airport#is#more#popular#as#a#tourist#attraction#than#as#a#method#of#public#transport#due#to#its#high#prices#and#failure#to#link#directly#to#‘downtown’#(Economist,#Sep#2011)#
######
Human*Capital*inadequacies:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D In#South#Africa,#despite#significant#levels#of#investment,#black#children#still#lag#significantly#behind#their#white#counterparts#in#terms#of#educational#attainment.#There#are#a#number#of#reasons#behind#this,#including#poorer#quality#teaching#and#lack#of#facilities,#but#it#leads#on#to#problems#for#these#children#in#the#future.#
D In#the#OECD’s#worldwide#tests#of#pupils’#abilities#in#reading,#maths#and#science,#Brazil#is#near#the#bottom#of#the#class.#In#schools#run#by#state#governments,#13%#of#all#school#days#were#lost#owing#to#absent#teachers#in#2006.#On#a#bad#day#in#bad#schools#in#bad#states,#teachers’#absenteeism#can#reach#30%.#
D There#are#still#approx.#72m#children#around#the#world#not#in#education,#half#of#them#in#subDSaharan#Africa.#The#UN#reckons#it#would#cost#$16bn#a#year#to#get#all#these#children#into#school.#
Evaluation#case#studies:#D Despite#investments#in#improving#education#and#training#in#the#Caribbean,#the#
country#is#still#desperately#short#of#the#skilled#medical#staff#it#desperately#needs#as#many#of#them#are#attracted#overseas#almost#as#soon#as#they#finish#their#training,#due#to#much#higher#pay#and#better#working#conditions.#
D Mandating#free#education#for#all#children#in#a#country#won’t#necessarily#solve#this#problem,#as#there#are#many#other#issues#surrounding#education.#For#example,#in#India#parentsD#even#those#on#very#low#incomesD#will#scrimp#and#save#to#get#their#children#into#feeDpaying#schools#because#standards#have#been#gradually#slipping#in#state#schools#as#their#numbers#have#grown#(Economist,#March#2012).#
#**Primary*Product*Dependency:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D Angola#is#highly#dependent#on#the#oil#industry,#and#as#such#in#both#2006#and#2007#real#GDP#had#surged#by#around#20%,#and#doubleDdigit#growth#rates#were#widely#predicted#for#at#least#the#next#five#years.#Then#oil#prices#crashed#with#the#global#recession.#Last#year#the#economy#is#estimated#to#have#grown,#at#best,#by#1.5%#(Economist,#Jan#2010)#
D Sierra#Leone#is#heavily#reliant#on#the#diamond#trade,#with#this#being#one#of#its#main#exports.#For#years#these#diamonds#fuelled#violent#conflict#within#the#country#and#many#children#were#forced#to#work#in#the#mines.#Despite#the#wealth#these#resources#should#be#generating,#70.2%#of#the#country’s#population#live#below#the#poverty#line#(as#of#2004)#
Evaluation#case#studies:#D Such#resources#can#be#developed#for#the#good#of#a#country,#e.g.#in#Angola#oil#has#
helped#to#bring#peace#&#prosperity:#the#port#is#being#modernised,#new#roads#&#railways#are#being#built,#The#government#plans#to#build#1m#homes#for#shackDdwellers#by#2012,#waterDpurification#plants#are#being#installed,#and#electricity#being#brought#to#villages#and#urban#slums#
D In#the#end,#having#some#sort#of#resource#is#clearly#better#than#nothingD#the#government#just#needs#to#manage#it#carefullyD#look#at#most#MiddleDEastern#countries#and#what#they#have#done#with#their#oil#wealth.#
D Botswana#has#managed#to#create#a#highly#successful#and#profitable#50D50#joint#venture#with#De#Beers,#the#world’s#leading#diamond#firm.#This#has#ensured#the#country#and#the#government#benefit#from#the#industry,#including#keeping#the#jobs#of#sorting,#refining,#etc.#within#Botswana#rather#than#in#developed#countries#like#the#UK#(Economist,#Feb#2012)#
#
Poor*governance/civil*war:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D Angola:#A#14Dyear#war#of#independence#against#its#former#Portuguese#masters#until#1975#had#been#followed#by#nearly#three#decades#of#fighting#between#the#communist#and#proDWestern#groups#that#ended#in#2002.#Out#of#a#population#of#7m#in#1980,#some#1.5m#were#killed#and#more#than#4m#forced#to#flee#their#homes.#A#whole#generation#had#missed#their#education.#Infrastructure,#political#institutions#and#social#services#had#to#be#rebuilt,#often#from#scratch.#
D Sierra#Leone#and#the#fighting#over#blood#diamonds#led#to#a#very#long#civil#war#which#left#the#country#in#a#ruined#state.#More#than#2#million#people#(over#a#third#of#the#population)#were#displaced#by#the#conflict#and#there#was#essentially#no#government#control.#
D Somalia:#declared#by#the#Economist#to#be#the#worst#country#on#the#planet,#Somalia#completely#lacks#a#functioning#government#of#any#sort#and#is#simply#governed#by#a#collection#of#pirates#and#tribal#warlords#who#control#their#own#small#territory.##
D Syria#is#obviously#the#latest#country#to#experience#the#‘Arab#Spring’,#but#what#looks#increasingly#like#a#civil#war#is#clearly#costing#the#economy#greatly.#Many#have#died#in#the#fighting,#others#have#taken#up#arms#against#the#governmentD#clearly#not#much#economic#activity#is#going#to#be#taking#place,#and#no#foreign#firm#in#their#right#mind#would#invest#in#Syria#at#the#moment.#
Evaluation#case#studies:#D Despite#the#major#problems,#some#services#in#Somalia#are#still#flourishingD#a#number#
of#companies#have#introduced#mobile#phone#networks#to#the#country#and#their#subscriber#numbers#are#increasing#rapidly#
D Depends#on#severity#of#war#or#if#it#affects#a#whole#country,#or#only#part#of#one.#D Potential#for#a#‘better’#situation#once#conflict#has#been#resolved#in#the#long#run.#E.g.#
potentially,#with#a#democratic#government,#Egypt#will#be#free#to#prosper#and#enjoy#increasing#economic#growth#at#faster#rates#than#would#have#been#possible#under#the#corrupt#regime#of#Mubarak.#
###Corruption:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D Zimbabwe#is#probably#the#best#example#here.#Robert#Mugabe#essentially#ruined#what#was#once#one#of#Africa’s#richest#countries.#Whilst#land#redistribution#is#a#good#policy#in#itself,#the#skilled#and#knowledgeable#white#farmers#were#simply#thrown#off#their#land#with#no#compensation#and#the#land#was#then#parcelled#up#and#given#to#supporters#of#Mugabe’s#ZanuDPF#party#who#had#little#or#no#knowledge#of#how#to#farm#the#land,#leading#to#a#drastic#loss#of#agricultural#output#in#the#country.#Mugabe#also#began#printing#money#when#the#government’s#coffers#ran#out,#which#led#to#hyperinflation,#with#people’s#life#savings#suddenly#becoming#worthless.#
D Rwanda’s#government#has#been#working#very#hard#to#overcome#corruption,#including#jailing#government#ministers.#According#to#Transparency#International#it#is#now#‘less#graftDridden#that#Italy#or#Greece’.#This#has#led#to#much#more#business#activity#in#the#country,#both#local#and#foreign#firmsD#for#example#Visa#are#now#helping#Rwandan#firms#to#link#into#its#global#payments#network.#(Economist,#Feb#2012)##
####
Evaluation#case#studies:#D Corruption#present#in#many#governments,#but#that#doesn’t#necessarily#mean#that#it’s#
a#problemD#many#fairly#successful#countries#have#very#corrupt#systems#in#place,#e.g.#in#India#it#is#generally#accepted#that#bribes#are#needed#to#smooth#many#daily#transactions#with#state#officialsD#e.g.#student#loans,#electricity#suppliers,#border#officials.#This#does#not#stop#India#enjoying#rapid#economic#growth#and#its#firms#expanding#abroad#in#a#number#of#significant#industries,#the#most#famous#example#being#TATA#(owners#of#Corus,#a#European#steel#company,#and#JaguarDLand#Rover#among#many#others).#
##Strategies#to#promote#growth#&#development##Aid:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D Haiti#earthquake:#this#is#an#example#of#‘emergency’#aid#or#‘disasterDrelief’,#and#is#generally#seen#as#a#good#response#to#events#such#as#natural#disasters#which#countries,#particularly#developing#ones,#will#struggle#to#cope#with.#
D Aid#agencies#around#the#world#are#currently#campaigning#hard#for#funds#to#prevent#what#many#experts#predict#will#be#a#major#humanitarian#disaster#across#West#and#Central#Africa#in#the#summer#of#2012.#According#to#Oxfam#(Feb#2012),#across#the#Sahel#region#13#million#people#are#at#severe#risk#of#a#food#crisis#caused#by#drought,#erratic#rains,#high#food#prices,#and#regional#conflicts.#Oxfam#are#seeking#to#raise#£23m#through#its#emergency#appeal.#
D Malaria#nets#campaign#has#been#running#for#several#years#now,#designed#to#reduce/wipe#out#malaria#across#Africa,#mainly#by#providing#free#malaria#nets#to#those#in#need.#This#is#a#very#cheap#yet#highly#effective#way#to#attempt#to#‘solve’#the#problem#of#Malaria#in#many#developing#countries.##
Evaluation#case#studies:#D Large#amounts#of#aid#money#is#given#to#Israel,#much#more#than#they#would#seem#to#
deserve,#given#the#fact#that#they#are#not#really#a#poor#countryD#suggesting#that#politics#often#gets#in#the#way#of#aid#transactions#
D Compare#the#earthquake#in#Haiti#to#that#in#Chile,#where#very#few#people#died#and#the#government#was#able#to#quickly#respond#to#the#problems#that#it#did#causeD#in#sharp#contrast#to#Haiti#where#the#government#was#completely#unable#to#react#
D A#problem#with#the#malaria#nets#campaign#was#that#these#nets#were#all#imported#from#abroad#to#be#distributed#in#many#African#countries,#but#this#then#led#to#the#loss#of#local#manufacturers#of#nets#and#so#damaged#economic#growth.#It#also#meant#there#was#noDone#available#locally#to#repair#the#imported#nets#when#they#became#damaged.#
D The#key#issue#with#shortDterm#‘emergency’#aid#is#it#does#little#to#solve#the#longDterm#issues#in#many#countries.#The#Sahel#region#of#Africa#was#in#a#very#similar#position#last#Summer,#needing#massive#support#from#international#organisations#such#as#Oxfam#and#the#UN’s#world#food#programme.#This#situation#is#likely#to#continue#unless#a#more#longDterm#strategy#can#be#brought#in.#
D Over#the#last#few#decades#around#$1#trillion#has#been#given#to#African#countries#in#aid#from#developed#countries,#yet#many#countries#on#the#continent#still#suffer#hugely#from#absolute#povertyD#much#of#this#money#clearly#hasn’t#been#well#spent,#and#has#in#many#ways#created#a#culture#of#dependency#and#thus#simply#exacerbated#the#problem.#
####
Debt*Relief:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D Uganda#was#the#first#country#to#go#through#the#Heavily#Indebted#Poor#Countries#(HIPC)#initiative.#The#money#saved#thanks#to#debt#relief#can#now#be#spent#on#improved#education#and#healthcare,#including#paying#for#a#programme#about#HIV#and#AIDS,#with#the#result#that#the#number#of#people#infected#with#the#disease#is#falling.##
#Evaluation#case#studies:#
D The#basic#problem#with#offering#a#country#debt#relief#is#moral#hazardD#the#idea#that#it#could#then#simply#encourage#them#to#get#into#debt#again,#believing#that#once#more#they#will#simply#be#bailed#out.#This#can#be#applied#to#any#country#that#has#benefited#from#debt#relief.#
D The#Heavily#Indebted#Poor#Countries#Initiative#has#also#been#heavily#criticised#for#enforcing#a#freeDmarket#agenda#on#countries#in#exchange#for#receiving#debt#relief.#
#Developing*human*capital:##Explanation#case#studies:#
D One#Laptop#per#Child#initiative#in#Rwanda:#By#2012,#Rwanda#wants#every#child#in#the#country#between#the#ages#of#nine#and#12,#1.3m#children#in#all,#to#have#a#laptop,#each#with#an#internet#or#intranet#connection#to#download#free#educational#software#and#electronic#books.#By#2012#the#Rwandans#want#to#be#supplied#with#more#advanced#laptops#that#OlpC#is#developing.#These#will#be#made#from#a#single#piece#of#plastic.#They#will#be#waterproof,#harder#to#break,#have#colour#screens,#yet#could#cost#as#little#as#$75#each.#With#prices#that#low,#say#the#Rwandans,#children#might#be#able#to#keep#one#laptop#through#their#entire#school#career.#Schoolwork,#textbooks#and#a#library#of#other#books#and#applications#would#be#stored#in#them,#with#screens#designed#to#be#readable#in#bright#sunshine#and#to#use#minimal#power#in#huts#without#electricity#at#night.#
D ‘Hole#in#the#Wall’#initiativeD#illustrates#that#highDquality#teaching#and#resources#are#not#essential#to#improving#students’#learningD#and#that#providing#them#with#computer#access#may#be#the#most#effective#method#to#improve#the#human#capital#of#a#country#
D It#is#possible#to#compare#the#development#path#of#both#Singapore#and#Jamaica.#They#are#both#former#British#colonies#that#once#had#fairly#equal#levels#of#development.#However,#Singapore#decided#to#focus#on#the#education#of#its#workforce#whereas#Jamaica#focused#on#the#mining,#agricultural,#and#tourist#industries.#Singapore’s#GDP#is#now#roughly#seven#times#that#of#Jamaica#(Financial#Times)#
Evaluation#case#studies:#D South#Africa#example#from#earlier,#where#large#sums#of#money#have#been#invested#in#
schooling#for#black#children,#but#it’s#done#little#to#solve#the#problems#these#children#face#as#the#root#causesD#poorly#trained#teachers#and#lack#of#facilitiesD#still#haven’t#been#addressed.#
D Improving#education#isn’t#enough#on#its#own:#infrastructure#is#also#needed#if#these#highly#skilled#workers#are#to#have#jobs#(e.g.#reliable#electricity#supply#essential#for#many#industriesD#such#as#the#call#centre#companies#Kenya#is#trying#to#attract)#
D Creating#a#highly#skilled#workforce#might#not#be#enoughD#e.g.#in#the#Caribbean#many#nurses#are#being#trained,#but#they#are#simply#leaving#for#better#jobs#in#the#developed#world#as#soon#as#possible#
D In#Peru#the#one#laptop#per#child#scheme#has#been#operating#for#around#a#year#now,#and#the#schools#involved#in#the#scheme#have#seen#little#or#no#improvement#in#the#students’#grades.#This#is#partly#down#to#lack#of#teacher#training#in#how#to#make#the#best#use#of#the#new#technologyD#with#in#many#cases#the#laptops#simply#being#used#as#‘highDtech#notebooks’#(Economist,#April#2012)#
#Fairtrade*schemes:##Explanation#case#studies:##
D In#Ghana#the#Volta#River#Estates#plantation#is#situated#in#an#area#of#the#country#with#high#unemployment,#offering#wages#60%#above#the#national#minimum#wage#and#providing#healthcare#for#all#workers#
Evaluation#case#studies:#D Can#encourage#farmers#to#overproduce,#e.g.#coffee#is#a#commodity#grown#in#many#
developing#countries#and#which#has#in#the#past#been#massively#overDproduced,#causing#significant#price#falls.#
D What#about#all#the#farmers#who,#for#whatever#reason,#aren’t#involved#in#the#Fairtrade#scheme?#
D In#some#cases,#the#ability#to#sell#Fairtrade#crops#is#restricted#to#farmers#in#coDoperatives,#again#limiting#access#for#farmers#who#aren’t#in#this#position#
Levels Essav Marking Criteria
For the 'essay' half of your exam you must answer two essay questions, one 20marks and one 30 marks. They are both marked according to a levels system, asdetailed below. Remember that you should be writing one paragraph per point,whether explanation or evaluation. Also, within your explanation points youmust demonstrate the exam skills or knowledge, application, and analysis. Thismeans you MUST relate what you are talking about to economic theory, explain itstep-by-step, and illustrate your arguments with relevant case studies. AlwaysAIM for level 5 and make sure there's some clear, detailed evaluation within bothanswers- otherwise you're severely limiting your potential grade.
Criteria for 20-mark essays
Level 14arkLevel 1 1-7 ldentification of poinis onlvLevel 2 8-10 Consideration of one factor with one evalualive point or 2 pclnts with no
evaIua:ionLevel 3 11-14 Consideration of 2 factors with one evatuative point or 3 points with no
evaluai.ionLevel 4 .15-16 Consideration of trading blocs and 2 ather factors with one evaluative
oointLevel 5 17-20 ConsidEration of trading blocr and 2 other fqctorr with at least trvo
evaluative points
Criteria for 30-mark essalrs
Take special care here- without evaluation your highest mark will be 11/301.
1
LevelLevel 1
Mark1-11
Descriptorldentification of points only
Level 2 12-15 2 factors with two evaluative points or 3 factors and 1 evaluative commentLevel 3 l5-21 3 factors with two evaluative points
Level 4 z7-25 4 faciors with two Evatuative pointr
Level 3 26-30 4 factors with at teast three evatuative points
Potential)Essay)Questions))
These%questions%come%from%a%variety%of%sources3%some%from%the%exam%board,%some%from%textbooks,%and%quite%a%few%you%might%recognise%from%the%lessons.%They’re%all%the%‘style’%of%essay%question%you%could%be%asked%in%the%exam%and%all%relate%to%the%exam%board%specification,%and%so%are%on%the%topics%you%could%be%asked%about%in%the%exam.%Have%a%go%at%planning%or%writing%out%answers%to%them3%I’m%happy%to%mark%anything%you’ve%done.%%N.B.%I%haven’t%put%marks%by%most%of%these,%as%generally%the%questions%can%be%considered%as%either%20%or%30%mark%ones3%the%style%of%response%you%should%give%is%pretty%much%the%same,%just%in%a%bit%more%detail%for%the%30%mark%ones.%%Remember%to%ensure%you%are%following%the%criteria%set%out%in%the%levels%guide%when%answering%essay%questions.%%The%questions%below%highlighted%in%bold%are%particularly%good%examples%of%essay%questions%because%they%are%more%vague%and%open3ended%than%some%of%the%other%questions,%and%so%I%would%encourage%you%to%focus%on%these%in%particular.%%%
3%3%3%%
a. To)what)extent)is)economic)growth)compatible)with)sustainable)development?)(20)marks))
b. Evaluate)four)major)barriers)to)growth)and)development)experienced)by)LEDCs)(30)marks))
%3%%
Discuss)two)factors)that)are)likely)to)influence)the)levels)of)economic)growth)in)developing)countries)%
3%%Assess)the)causes)of)absolute)poverty)in)a)developing)country)of)your)choice)
)I))
To)what)extent)is)reducing)the)number)of)people)living)in)absolute)poverty)sufficient)to)achieve)economic)development?)
%%
3%%
Evaluate)three)key)policies)to)help)promote)economic)development)in)LEDCs)%
3%%
What,%in%your%opinion,%are%the%three%key%things%a%developing%country%government%should%do%to%help%to%increase%its%economic%growth%rate?%
%3%
%‘a%lack%of%access%to%financial%services%is%the%biggest%hindrance%on%economic%development%in%LEDCs’.%Discuss%this%statement.%%
3%%‘South%Africa’s%Education%Inequality%can%only%be%solved%by%massive%public%investment%in%schools%and%teachers%in%rural%black%townships’.%Discuss.%%%
3%%Why%is%human%capital%considered%crucial%to%economic%development%in%LEDCs?%%
3%%How%might%a%developing%country%government%encourage%greater%investment%in%capital%accumulation?%What%problems%might%it%face%in%attempting%to%do%this?%Why%is%a%‘savings%gap’%a%major%problem%for%LEDCs?%%
3%%
Using%the%example%of%Guinea,%assess%the%significance%of%political%instability%in%hampering%a%country’s%economic%development%%(for%this%you’ll%need%to%look%in%the%‘poor%governance’%folder%for%some%information%on%Guinea3%or%do%some%research%to%find%out%the%latest%situation%in%this%very%volatile%country)%%
3%%
Why%does%a%lack%of%infrastructure%limit%a%country’s%development?%%
3%%Are%high%population%growth%rates%a%blessing%or%a%burden%for%developing%countries?%%
3%
%
Why%is%it%a%problem%for%countries%to%rely%on%exports%of%a%few%primary%
products?%
%
3%
%
What%can%developing%country%governments%do,%focusing%specifically%on%the%
agricultural%sector,%to%promote%growth%&%development?%
%
3%
%
Analyse%the%effectiveness%of%international%organisations%such%as%the%IMF%
and%World%Trade%Organisation%in%helping%to%promote%economic%
development%
%
3%
%
Do%fairtrade%schemes%help%to%support%workers%in%developing%countries,%or%
do%they%simply%distort%free%trade%and,%overall,%do%more%harm%than%good?%
%
3%
%
Should%development%aid%be%provided%to%countries%most%in%need%or%those%
best%equipped%to%make%good%use%of%the%funding?%
%
3%
%
Should%the%debts%of%all%LEDC%governments%be%wiped%clean%to%enable%them%
to%invest%further%in%developing%their%economies%and%lifting%their%citizens%
out%of%poverty?%
%
3%
%
How%can%tourism%benefit%developing%countries?%
%
What%are%some%of%the%drawback%of%tourism%for%developing%countries?%
%
3%
%
‘The%UN’s%Millennium%Development%Goals%do%more%harm%than%good’%Do%you%
agree%with%this%statement?%
%
3%
%
‘The%global%targets%the%world%set%for%itself%five%years%ago%did%not%emerge%
from%the%bottom%up,%as%the%sum%of%what%might%be%feasible%in%each%poor%
country.%They%were%instead%imposed%from%the%top%down.%Their%fit%is%thus%
often%rather%awkward.’%
Discuss%whether%this%means%that%global%targets%such%as%the%Millennium%Development%Goals%do%more%harm%than%good.%%
3%%
Income%distribution%in%Namibia%is%much%more%unequal%than%in%the%United%States.%What%might%be%the%reasons%for%this?%%
3%
