Circulatory System Revision Pack

7/25/2019 Circulatory System Revision Pack

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Year 12 Topic 1

Revision Booklet

Lifestyle, health andrisk

Fill in how well you know each part of the specication using //

Specication link BeforeRevision

AfterRevision

Explain the importance of water as a solvent intransport, incluing its ipole nature!


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"istinguish #etween monosaccharies,isaccharies an polysaccharies $glycogenan starch % amylose an amylopectin& anrelate their structures to their roles in proviingan storing energy $'(glucose an cellulose arenot re)uire in this topic&!"escri#e how monosaccharies *oin to formisaccharies $sucrose, lactose an maltose&

an polysaccharies $glycogen an amylose&through conensation reactions formingglycosiic #ons, an how these can #e splitthrough hyrolysis reactions!"escri#e the synthesis of a triglycerie #y theformation of ester #ons uring conensationreactions #etween glycerol an three fattyacis an recognise i+erences #etweensaturate an unsaturate lipis!Explain why many animals have a heart ancirculation $mass transport to overcomelimitations of i+usion in meeting the

re)uirements of organisms&!"escri#e the cariac cycle $atrial systole,ventricular systole an iastole& an relate thestructure an operation of the mammalianheart to its function, incluing the ma*or #loovessels!Explain how the structures of #loo vessels$capillaries, arteries an veins& relate to theirfunctions!"escri#e how the e+ect of ca+eine on heartrate

in Daphnia can #e investigate practically, aniscuss whether there are ethical issues in theuse of inverte#rates!"escri#e the #loo clotting process$throm#oplastin release, conversion ofprothrom#in to throm#in an #rinogen to#rin& an its role in cariovascular isease$-"&!Explain the course of events that leas toatherosclerosis $enothelial amage,in.ammatory response, pla)ue formation,raise #loo pressure&!

"escri#e the factors that increase the risk of-" $genetic, iet, age, gener, high #loopressure, smoking an inactivity&!"escri#e the #enets an risks of treatmentsfor -" $antihypertensives, plant statins,anticoagulants an platelet inhi#itory rugs&!Analyse an interpret ata on the possi#lesignicance for health of #loo cholesterollevels an levels of high(ensitylipoproteins $"0s& an low(ensity lipoproteins$0"0s&!

"escri#e the evience for a causal relationship#etween #loo cholesterol levels $totalcholesterol an 0"0 cholesterol& an-"!"iscuss how people use scientic knowlege


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a#out the e+ects of iet $incluing o#esityinicators&, exercise an smoking to reucetheir risk of coronary heart isease!"escri#e how to investigate the vitamin content of foo an rink!Analyse ata on energy #ugets an iet so asto #e a#le to iscuss the conse)uences ofenergy im#alance, incluing weight loss,

weight gain, an evelopment of o#esity!Analyse an interpret )uantitative ata onillness an mortality rates to etermine healthrisks $incluing istinguishing #etweencorrelation an causation an recognisingcon.icting evience&!Evaluate esign of stuies use to eterminehealth risk factors $incluing sample selectionan sample si1e use to collect ata that is#oth vali an relia#le&!Explain why people2s perceptions of risks areoften i+erent from the actual risks $incluingunerestimating an overestimating the risksue to iet an other lifestyle factors in theevelopment of heart isease&!

3hat topics o you nee to work on the most4 3rite yourself 5 6782s

678 9:

678 ;:

678 5:


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irculatory systems

6n small unicellular organisms, su#stances move aroun slowly #y _____________!

Surface area to volume ratio is:


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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!>8otal ;marks?

scale:

@!@ mm

A B C

surface area /mm

; @!;C 5!9 ;5

volume /

mm5 @!@; @!D 99!5

surface areato

volume ratio9:9

:9;:9

;& 7one of the organisms A, Bor Chas a transport system!

Explain why organisms larger than organism Cnee to have transportsystems!

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>5 marks?

. 8he iagram #elow shows a mammal an a unicellular organism! 8he transportsystem in mammals is a ou#le circulatory system riven #y a pump $the heart&,whilst unicellular organisms have no nee for special transport systems!


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m a m m a l ( c a t )

X 0 . 0 7 5

u n i c e l l u l a r o r g a n i s m

X 3 0 0

$i& Explain what is meant #y a double circulatory system!

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$ii& Explain t!o reasons why mammals nee a circulatory system whilstunicellular organisms, such as that shown in the iagram, o not!

rst reason !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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secon reason!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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>8otal marks?


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Bloo vessels

Arteries an veins contain ___________________: a tough, #rous protein to make them toughan ura#le!

8he artery wall ___________as #loo is pumpe in an then _____________as the heart relaxes!Bloo .ow is continual an there is a pulse!

ontracting ______________an low______________ in the chest when #reathing in assist #loo.ow in veins! _______________ prevent #ack.ow! 8here is no pulse an pressure is low!

omplete the ta#le with the properties of each #loo vessel

Arteries -eins apillaries


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"abel the pictures as an arter#, vein or capillar#

b a s e m e n t m e m b r a n e( c o l l a g e n )

e n d o t h e l i u m c e l l

r e d b l o o d c e l l

8 m

c o l l a g e n &

c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e

s m o o t h m u s c l e& e l a s t i c t i s s u e

l u m e n ( b l o o d )

0 . 1 - 1 0 m m

c o l l a g e n &c o n n e c t i v e t i s s u e

s m o o t h m u s c l e& e l a s t i c t i s s u e

l u m e n ( b l o o d )

s e m i l u n a r v a l v e

0 . 1 - 0 m m


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Bloo pressure is a measure of the _________________of the #loo on the walls of a #loovessel!

6t is higher in arteries an capillaries than in veins!

_______________#loo pressure is highest an occurs when the ventricles contract!

Gressure is at its lowest in the arteries when the ventricles relax: ____________#loo pressure!

Both are measure, using a __________________________,in mmg eg 9;@/C@!

Any factor which causes arteries or arterioles to constrict will lea to high #loo pressure orh#pertension!

8hese inclue:

loss of elasticity with age atherosclerosis arenaline high salt iet!

igh #loo pressure cause #y atherosclerosis leas to a worsening of the conition

Exam questions:

1. 8he ta#le #elow shows features of arteries, veins an capillaries!

6f the statement is correct, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox an if thestatement is incorrect place a cross $X& in the appropriate #ox!

Feature Arteries -eins apillaries

3alls permea#le

ollagen #res present inwalls

Enothelium present

Series of valves present

$%otal & mar's(


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ariac cycle)igure 1.* on page + of the textboo': ma'e sure #ou 'no! the structure of theheart.

8he cham#ers of the heart $_________an ______________& ll with #loo when they relax$_____________& an pump #loo out when they contract $_____________&!

8he cariac muscle making up the atria an ventricles is supplie with #loo #y the________________________________.

omplete the ta#le #y explaining each stage of the cariac cycle:

Atrial systole

-entricularsystole

"iastole


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Exam questions:

1. 8he iagram #elow shows a section of a human heart at a specic stage in the cariaccycle!

(a) 7ame the stage of the cariac cycle shown in the iagram an give tworeasonsfor your choice!

Stage!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Reason 9!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Reason ;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$5&

$#& Hive onefunction of each of the parts A an B!

P a r t

A

B

F u n c t i o n

$;&$8otal marks&

.$a& ariac muscle contracts myogenically! Explain what is meant #y thetermm#ogenic!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII $;&


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8he graphs #elow show the changes in pressure in the aorta an in the left an rightventricles of the heart, uring the cariac cycle! 8ime @ inicates the start of atrialcontraction!

$#& ompare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the rightventricle, giving reasons for the i+erences!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$&

$c& ompare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the left ventricle,giving reasons for the i+erences!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$5&

$& Jn the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta an left ventricle, show #y meansof an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes! $9&

$8otal 9@&

. Explain what is meant #y each of the following terms!$a& 8he cariac cycle

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$#& oronary circulation!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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$8otal marks&

Atheroma an #loo clotting

9& omplete the ta#le of key terms

Biological%erm

-enition

"isease process that leas to coronary heart iseasean strokes

Bloo clot

eart attack

"eposit resulting from com#ination of white #loo cellsan cholesterol

ar swelling on inner wall of artery resulting from#uil up of calcium salts an #rous tissue

8ype of #loo cell without a nucleus involve withclotting

Solu#le plasma protein at start of clotting process

An en1yme that catalyses conversion of a solu#leplasma protein into an insolu#le protein

0ong insolu#le strans of protein

A tangle mesh of protein strans with trappe #loocells


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Solu#le plasma protein converte into #rin

Atherosclerosis: a isease process where fatty eposits #lock an artery or increase itschances of #eing #locke #y a #loo clot $thrombosis&

ow atherosclerosis $Kharening2 of the arteries& occurs:

Fill in the #lank #oxes!

6n the arteries supplying the heart, this causes a heart attack $m#ocardial infarction&!

6n the arteries supplying the #rain, it causes a stro'e!

An infarctionis when tissue ies ue to a lack of oxygen!

8his is usually the result of a lack of #loo L ischaemia!

lottingBloo clots when it .ows very slowly, or when #loo vessel walls are amage!

A #loo clot consists of cells trappe in a mesh of insolu#le __________protein!

3hen platelets come into contact with the vessel wall, they #ecome


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Glatelets stick to amage tissue! 3hen this happens they release __________________!8hrom#oplastin reacts with


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"ata an Risk

_____________is the pro#a#ility of occurrence of some unwante event or outcome!

A time perio is always )uote e!g! chilren in a class having a 9 in $@!; or ;@O& risk ofcatching hea lice in a year!

7ot all iniviuals are at risk to the same egree!


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0is' factorsincrease the chance of the harmful outcome!

Factors that contri#ute to health risks inclue:

hereity

physical environment

social environment

lifestyle an #ehaviour choices

8wo factors are __________________if an increase in one is accompanie #y an increase in theother e!g! the num#er of people su+ering sun#urn an the amount of ice cream sol!

A positive correlation oes not necessarily mean that the two are_____________________________P

Geople2s #ehaviour is a+ecte #y the ________________of risk!

8hey


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$a& 8here coul #e a causal link or correlation #etween high #loo pressure an the

other varia#les shown in the ta#le! "istinguish #etween the terms causationan

correlation!

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$#&$i& sing the information in the ta#le a#ove, escri#e the relationship #etween ethnic

group, cholesterol levels an the percentage of the population with high #loo

pressure!

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$ii& Suggest onereason why the ata on the American 6nian an Alaskan 7ative

population are escri#e as statistically unrelia#le!

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$c& A stuent conclue from the results for gener, shown in the ta#le #elow, that

higher cholesterol levels cause lower #loo pressure!

Adult

population

$gender(

ean cholesterol

level

2 mg dm3

/ercentage of

population !ith

high

blood pressure $4(

Female ;@ ;

Qale ;@ 5@


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sing the information in #oth ta#les, explain why this is not a vali conclusion!

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$8otal C marks&

Risks of -"


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omplete the ta#le to show how the following risks may lea to -"!

Risk factor ow this may contri#ute to -"Henetics

Age

Hener

"iet

Bloo pressure

Smoking

0ack ofexercise

Stress

Alcohol

Exam questions:

1. oronary heart isease $"& is a ma*or cause of eath in evelope countries, an

accounts for over 9@ @@@ eaths each year in the nite Mingom! Jne of the


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main causes of " is atherosclerosis, a conition in which lipis an connective

tissue #uil up on the insie wall of #loo vessels!

$a& State t!o conse)uences of atherosclerosis which may lea to the evelopment of "

in an iniviual!

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$;&

$#& 8he ta#le shows eaths from coronary heart isease as a percentage of all eaths

in the nite Mingom in 9DC5!

Gercentage of all eaths

Age / years Qales Females

@L9 5

9L; 9@

;L5 9 9

5L 5 9C

L 5 ;

L 5 5L 5 @

an over 9

$i& 3hich t!o risk factors associate with the evelopment of " are inicate in the

ta#le4

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$ii& 3ith reference to the ata in the ta#le, compare the percentage of eaths from

" in males an females!

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$8otal marks&

. 8he chart #elow shows the num#er of eaths from cariovascular isease per 9@@

@@@ population for men an women in four countries!

N u m b e r

o f

d e a t h s

p e r

1 0 0 0 0 0

p o p u l a t i o n

1 0 0 0

8 0 0

6 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

0

F r a n c e S p a i n E n l a n d

a n d ! a l e s

" u s s i a

! o m e n

# e n

$a& "escri#e the i+erences in the eath rates shown in the chart a#ove!

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$#& Jne possi#le reason for the i+erences in the eath rates ue to cariovascular

isease #etween the i+erent countries is the )uantity of fruit an vegeta#les

eaten!

3rite a suita#le null hypothesis that coul #e teste #y an epiemiologist

investigating the e+ect of fruit an vegeta#le consumption on eaths from

cariovascular isease!

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$9&


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$c& Suggest an explain two other reasons for the i+erences in the eath rates

#etween the countries ue to cariovascular isease!

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$;&

$8otal C marks&

. Several risk factors in.uence the onset of coronary heart isease $"&, incluing

high #loo cholesterol level, high #loo pressure an smoking!

8he chart shows the e+ect of com#ining these three factors on the incience of "!

$ 0 0

6 0 0

% 0 0

4 0 0

& 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 0

0

' n c i d e n c e

o f ) * +

p e r

1 0 0 0 0 0

p e o p l e

0 1 2 &N u m b e r o f r i s , f a c t o r s

$a& "escri#e the e+ect on the incience of " of increasing the num#er of risk factors!

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$5&

#& Explain how each of these risk factors can in.uence the onset of "!

igh #loo cholesterol !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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igh #loo pressure !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Smoking !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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$&

$8otal D marks&

&. 8he graph #elow shows the mortality rate $num#er of eaths per 9@@ @@@& from

coronary heart isease in people age #etween an in Scotlan #etween

9DD an ;@@9!


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$a& ompare the mortality rate from coronary heart isease in males with that of

females, #etween 9DD an ;@@9!

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$5&

$#& 8he graph shows a change in the num#er of eaths from coronary heart isease

#etween 9DD an ;@@9! Suggest threereasons for this change!

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$5&

$c& Jne cause of coronary heart isease is atherosclerosis! "escri#e how atherosclerosis

evelops!

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$&

$8otal 9@ marks&

8reatment/prevention of -"

omplete the ta#le #y explaining how the proceure/rug helps treat -"

8reatment ow it reuces the risk or treats -" Sie e+ects

0ifestylechanges

"rugs tocontrol #loopressure

Anticoagulants


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Glateletinhi#itory

rugs

Statins

3ater

3ater is a


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3aterTs latent h

most #iochemical reactions take place in a)ueous solution! 3ater also has a high

IIIIIIIIIIIII!!, which means that its temperature remains relatively

sta#le espite large changes in the temperature of the surrouning environment!$%otal 6 mar's(

. Rea through the following account of compouns use for energy storage in cells, then

write on the otte lines the most appropriate wor or wors to complete the account!


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3ater is the universal IIIIIIIIIII!! in living organisms! Qolecules which issolve

easily in

water can prouce osmotic e+ects! A high concentration of small, solu#le molecules within a

cell can

cause water !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!IIII!! the cell! 8his e+ect is reuce if the molecules use forstorage

in a cell are IIIIIIIIIII!! ! 8herefore energy storage compouns are usually either

polysaccharies or IIIIIIIIIII!! ! Examples of storage polysaccharies inclue

starch an

IIIIIIIIIII!! Starch is foun mainly in IIIIIIIIIII!! cells!

$8otal marks&

. 8he ta#le #elow refers to the formula an structure of some #iological molecules!

omplete the ta#le #y writing in the name, the formula or the structure of themolecule where appropriate in the empty #oxes!

7ame Formula Structure

3ater ;J

Fatty aci * ) ) ) ) ) )

**

**

* * *

* * *

-

- *


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)

)

) * - *

) )

)

-

- *

*

*

**

*

- *

- ** -

2

$%otal & mar's(

ar#ohyrates

ar#ohyrates are a large family of compouns with the general formula:


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galactose

$all the a#ove are hexosesugars: 89;J&

disacchariesmaltose$;

glucosemolecules&

sucrose$glucoseanfructose&

lactose$glucoseangalactose&

pol#saccharies$polymers&

starch

glycogen

ellulose

a'e sure #ou can recognise the structural formulae for glucose, maltose, fructoseand galactose molecules 3 see pages and .

3hen monosaccharies *oin together, they are linke #y a __________________.

8his is forme #y a


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Exam questions:

1. 8he statements in the ta#le #elow refer to three polysaccharie molecules! 6f the

statement is correct, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox an if the statement is

incorrect, place a cross $x& in the appropriate #ox!

P o l . m e r o f l u c o s e

/ l . c o s i d i c b o n d s p r e s e n t

n b r a n c h e d c h a i n s o n l .

E n e r . s t o r e i n a n i m a l c e l l s

S t a r c h / l . c o e n ) e l l u l o s eS t a t e m e n t

$8otal marks&

. 8he ta#le #elow refers to twoorganic molecules!

6f the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox!

6f it is incorrect, place a cross $X& in the appropriate #ox!


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S t a t e m e n t 1 r i l . c e r i d e / l . c o e n

) o n t a i n s o n l . c a r b o nh . d r o e n a n d o 2 . e n


S o l u b l e i n 3 a t e r

P r o 4 i d e s s t o r a e o f e n e r .

- c c u r s i n f l o 3 e r i n p l a n t sa n d a n i m a l s

$8otal marks&

. 8he iagram #elow shows a car#ohyrate molecule forme from two glucose

molecules!

-

-

-

) * - * ) * - *2 2

*

- *

B o n d 5

$a& 7ame the molecule shown in the iagram!

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!$9&

$#& 3hat type of car#ohyrate is this4


$c& 7ame the type of #on la#elle V on the iagram, that links the two glucose molecules!


$& Qany glucose molecules can #e linke together to form cellulose!

$i& State onefunction of cellulose in living organisms!

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!$9&

$ii& Explain how the structure of cellulose is relate to its functions!


36/59




IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!!IIIII!$;&

$8otal marks&

&. 8he ta#le #elow refers to some isaccharies, their constituent monomers an their

roles in living organisms!omplete the ta#le #y writing in the appropriate wor or

wors in the empty #oxes!

"isaccharie onstituent

monomers

9ne role in living

organisms

0actose ar#ohyrate source

in

mammalian milk

Hlucose glucose

Form in which

sugars

are transporte in

plants

$8otal marks&

6. 8he ta#le #elow refers to two isaccharies, sucrose an maltose! 6f the statement

is correct, place a tick $ & in the appropriate #ox an if the statement is incorrect,

place a cross $ & in the appropriate #ox!

Statement Sucrose Qaltose

ontains glucose

6s a reucing sugar

ontains glycosiic

#ons

6s transporte in the

phloem of .owering

plants

$8otal marks&


37/59

8.$a& A stuent was given two car#ohyrate solutions, la#elle A an B,

an was tol to perform two tests on each solution!

8est 9: A Beneict2s solution an heat!

8est ;: A hyrochloric aci an #oil!

7eutralise with alkali!

A Beneict2s solution an heat!

8he ta#le #elow shows the colour of each solution after testing!

Solution olour after 8est 9 olour after 8est ;

A Re

B Blue Re

$i& omplete the ta#le to show what colour solution A woul #e following 8est ;!$9&$ii& Explain why these results inicate that solution B containe a non(reucing sugar!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&

$#& "escri#e how you woul use #iuretreagent to compare the concentration of proteinsin two solutions!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$5&

$8otal marks&


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0ipis

0ipis contain the elements car#on, hyrogen an oxygen! 8hey are insolu#le in water!

8hey provie twice as much energy as car#ohyrates an supply the #oy with essentialfatt# acids! -itamins are often foun issolve in lipis!

8he most common type are ________________: mae up of 5 fatty acis *oine to 9 glycerol:

3hen the molecules *oin together,a _________________reaction takes place!

_____________#ons are forme!


39/59

. 8he iagram #elow shows the structure of a lipi molecule!

*

)

)

)

*

-

-

-

)

)

)

*

*

*

-

-

-

A B

$a& $i& 7ame the parts la#elle A an B!A !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

B !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&

$ii& 7ame this type of lipi!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

$9&$iii& 7ame the chemical reaction use to form the #ons #etween A an B!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$9&

$#& $i& State onefunction of this type of lipi in living organisms!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$9&

$ii& State onefeature of the molecules of this type of lipi which makes them suita#le forthe function you have given!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$9&$8otal marks&


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. 8he ta#le #elow refers to twoorganic molecules!6f the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox!6f it is incorrect, place a cross $X& in the appropriate #ox!

S t a t e m e n t 1 r i l . c e r i d e / l . c o e n

) o n t a i n s o n l . c a r b o n

h . d r o e n a n d o 2 . e n


S o l u b l e i n 3 a t e r

P r o 4 i d e s s t o r a e o f e n e r .

- c c u r s i n f l o 3 e r i n p l a n t sa n d a n i m a l s

$8otal marks&

&. 8he iagram #elow shows the general structure of a phospholipi!

O r g a n i cg r o u p

P

P

) *

* ) - )

* ) - )

-

-

*

2

A B

P h o s p h a t e r o u p

$a& $i& 7ame the parts la#elle A an B!

A !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

B !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&

$ii& 7ame the type of reaction #y which the #ons #etween parts A an B may

#e #roken!

!!!IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$9&

$8otal 5&

Energy #ugets an o#esity


41/59

Boy mass inex $B& is a metho of classifying #oy weight relative to height!

3hat is the formula for calculating BQ64

7ormal range is aroun ;@! 0ess than this is unerweight an over 5@, obese!

;@O of the population are o#ese L excess dietar# fatan inactivit#are the likely causes!

J#esity increases the risk of cariovascular isease an 8ype 66 ia#etes!

3hy might BQ6 not #e the #est inicator of o#esity4


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BQ6 U2

meters7in8heihts

s,ilorammeinmass

Answer !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&

$ii& sing the information in the ta#le, interpret this man2s BQ6!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&

$#& 8he graph #elow shows one analysis of relative mortality compare with BQ6, for men

an women!

ompare the e+ect of BQ6 on relative mortality for men an women!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

$5&


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$c&$i& A relative mortality of 9!; or less inicates a low risk of ying! sing the information

given, iscuss whether or not a woman with a BQ6 of 5;! shoul #e concerne

a#out her risk of ying!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$;&

$ii& ariovascular isease $-"& is responsi#le for many eaths!

"escri#e two changes that this woman may #e a#le to make to her lifestyle, to

reuce her risk of ying from -"! Explain how each change woul reuce the risk!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!$&

$8otal 95 marks&


44/59

ar' scheme for exam questions

irculatory system

1. large / active, organisms have high$er&, eman for oxygen / neeto remove J;W

small$er&, surface area to volume ratio / SA:- / surface area:volumeWsurface area too small / istance too large / i+usion takes too long

$to supply nees&WACCEPT ORAthroughoutIGNOREref to nutrients

ACCEPTdiusion too slowlook for reason why diusion not good enough

>;?

.

i+usion not ae)uate / A3 / oraWas not enough area $relative to volume&W ora

istance too great / cells eep in #oy / A3W ora, 0large un)ualiemass .ow system neeeWtransport / #loo $vascular&, systems, link, the parts of the #oy /name partsWe!g! of su#stance neeing to #e transporteW 0Kgases2 / Kwaste2 / Kfoo2ref to activity / high meta#olic rate, of mammalsW 5 max

. $i& $#loo .ows& twice through the heart / A3Wfor one circuit / cycle $of the whole #oy& / A3W A for one heart #eatref pulmonary andsystemic systems / to lungs andto $rest of& #oyW0systematic ; max

$ii& read whole answer and look for any two linked ideas fromX sizeX activityX SA:V ratioora if answered in terms ofGaramecium

size$mammals& larger / A3Wcells eep in the #oyWregions re)uiring materials separate #y a istance / nee to getmaterials to all parts / A3W

i+usion too slow / A3W

activity$mammals& more $meta#olically& active / A3Wnee more materials / more rapi supply / more removal of wastesW

SA:V ratio$mammals& surface area:volume ratio reuce / A3Wi+usion alone not e+ective / A3W must be linked to SA:V max

Bloo vessels

1. 8he ta#le #elow shows features of arteries, veins an capillaries!

6f the statement is correct, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox an if the


45/59

statement is incorrect place a cross $;& in the appropriate #ox!

Feature Arteries

-eins apillaries

3alls permea#le ; ;

ollagen #respresent in walls

;

Enothelium present Series of valvespresent

; ;


46/59

$a& ompare the changes in pressure in the left ventricle with those in the rightventricle, giving reasons for the i+erences!

both rise and fall bac' to ? '/a in ?.6 seconds 2 eq.>

greater change in pressure in left ventricle 2 smaller changes inright ventricle>

credit correct ref. to gures 2 range 2 di@erence 2 eq.>

left ventricle contracts more strongl# 2 eq. 2 right ventricle

contracts less strongl# eq.>left ventricle has more cardiac muscle in !all 2 right ventricle hasless>

to pump blood around the bod# 2 less distance to lungs 2 leftventricle pumps blood further>

so that pressure in the lungs is less>

$& mar's(

$#& ompare the changes in the pressure in the aorta with those in the leftventricle, giving reasons for the i+erences!

steep 2 rapid rise in both>

pressure in aorta rises later than in ventricle 2 starts higher inthe aorta>

greater rise in left ventricle 2 converse 2 use of gures>

slight time dela# in blood passing out of ventricle into aorta>

steeper fall in left ventricle 2 converse>

gradual fall bet!een ?.& and ?.+ 2 ?.* sec 2 from 1& 2 16 to 1? 2 11'/a is aorta>

caused b# elastic recoil of aorta !all>

closure of semilunar 2 aortic value>$ mar's(

$c& Jn the graph of changes in pressure in the aorta an left ventricle, show #ymeans of an arrow when the aortic semilunar valve closes!


47/59

arro! placed top of left ventricle curve 2 cross over point of aortacurve and ventricle curve>

$1 mar'(

$& ariac muscle is escri#e as myogenic! Explain how the cariac cycle iscoorinate within the heart!initiated b# sino5atrial node 2 eq.>

!ave of electrical excitation 2 eq. spreads across atria>

stimulates contraction of $cardiac muscle of( atria>

passes to ventricles via atrio5ventricular node 2 A7>

non5conductive tissue 2 eq. else!here bet!een atria andventricles>

some reference to time dela# at A7>

thus atrial s#stole occurs before ventricular s#stole>excitation 2 eq. passes do!n pur'ine tissue 2 bundle of is>

ventricles contract from base 2 apex>

$& mar's(


48/59


49/59

"ata an risk

6. $a& Causation:when a change in one varia#le is responsi#le for a change in

another varia#le / e)W

Correlation:.$relationship #etween two varia#les such that& a change in oneof the varia#les is re.ecte #y a change in the other varia#le / e)W;

$#& $i& 9! Yno relationship / little i+erenceZ #etween ethnic group ancholesterol level / e)W

;! Ymore / higher percentage ofZ #lack an African Americanshave Yhighest / higherZ #loo pressure than #oth 3hite anQexican Americans / e)W ;

$iii& not enough people surveye / e)W 9

$c& 9! iea that Yother varia#les present / other varia#les nee consiering /no information availa#le a#out other varia#lesZ $for a causalrelationship&W

;! name varia#le $e!g! genetics, ethnic group, mass of iniviuals, ageof iniviuals, iet, smoking, exercise&W

5! iea that cholesterol level of ;@ mg mL5may not #e signicantlylower than ;@ mg m

L5W

! iea that Y5@O may not #e signicantly i+erent from ;O / twovalues are not very i+erentZW


50/59

! no information on how many teste / survey not repeate elsewhereW5max


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$& $c&>Gaire points ( marks for reasons must #e linke to apotential i+erence?

Gotential i+erence Reason

9! "i+erent levels of healthcareW

Better treatment / iagnosis / rugavaila#ility / e)W

;! SmokingW Smoking can cause atherosclerosis /

car#on monoxie reuces oxygentransport / nicotine increase #loopressure / e)W

5! YSaturate fat / re meat/ e)Z intake / converseW

Raises #loo cholesterol level /"0 : 0"0 ratio / e)W

! 0ack of exerciseW Exercise strengthens heart / e)W

! J#esity levelsWigher Yfat / cholesterolZ levels /e)W

! 0evels of stressW Arenaline / high #loo pressure /fast heart rate / e)W

! ealth awarenessW Mnowlege of risk factors aispreventative action / e)W

C! Goverty / poor livingconitionsW

A+ects Yiet / health / e)ZW

D! Alcohol intakeW igh levels increase #loopressure / Ylow levels may reucerisk of " / re wine antioxiantsZW

9@! Age prole of countryW " increases with ageW

99! Henetic i+erencesW Henes may a+ect health of heart,

e!g! hypercholesteraemia $gene /allele&W

9;! Salt intakeW igh #loo pressureW

95! Any vali pointW Any vali linke reasonW

$e(


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$l&

$#& igh #loo cholesterol:

9! Fatty eposition in artery walls / pla)ue formationW

;! Atheroma formeW

5! 6ncrease #loo pressureW! 0umen of $coronary& arteries narrowe / reuce elasticity of

artery wall / e)W

! orrect reference to 0"0sW

High blood pressure:

! "amage to $lining of& arteriesW

! Risk of aneurysm / amage lining $of arteries& rupturingW

C! 6ncrease risk of #loo clot #locking coronary arteriesW

D! orrect reference to in.ammatory responseW

Smoking:

9@! 6ncreases #loo pressureW

99! 6ncreases risk of aneurysmW

9;! 0ess antioxiants / more free raicalsW

95! 6ncreases Ynum#er / activationZ of plateletsW

9! $0eaing to& increase risk of #loo clot #lockingcoronary arteriesW

eneral points>allow in any section?:

9! Reuce #loo supply to heart muscleW

9! Angina / increase risk of heart attackW

9! Reference to interactions #etween factors to increase riskW

9C! orrect reference to atherosclerosisW !"a#imum $ marks for each risk factor%


53/59

$#& 9! Ypeople more aware of the angers / #etter health eucationZ /appropriate name example /e)W

;! less stress /e)W

5! Y#etter / moreZ screening / e)W

! #etter treatments / e)W

! [more exercise #eing taken / e)W

! change iet / less o#esity / e)W

! less alcohol intake / e)W

C! ecrease in smokingW

D! change in population genetics / e)W 5 max

$c& 9! amage to Yenothelial cells / epithelial cells /cells lining artery $wall&ZW

;! reference to in.ammatory responseW

5! reference to $accumulation of& white #loo cells in $amage area&W

! Y#uil up / e)Z of cholesterol $in amage area&W

! reference to #uil up of Ycalcium salts / #rous tissue / #rin / plateletsZW

! reference to formation of Yatheroma / pla)ueZW

! reference to Yloss of elasticity $of artery& / narrowing of lumenZ / e)W

C! iea that this process is selfLperpetuatingW max


54/59

atheroma / e)ZW

99! iea that iet shoul have reuce saltW

9;! high salt associate with high #loo pressureW

95! iea of moerate alcohol intakeW

9! high alcohol associate with high #loo pressureW max


55/59

P o l . m e r o f l u c o s e


n b r a n c h e d c h a i n s o n l .

E n e r . s t o r e i n a n i m a l c e l l s

S t a r c h / l . c o e n ) e l l u l o s eS t a t e m e n t

;

;

;

;

>8otal marks?

. 8he ta#le #elow refers to twoorganic molecules!6f the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick $& in the appropriate #ox! 6f it

is incorrect, place a cross $&& in the appropriate #ox!

Statement 1ril.ceride /l.coen

)ontains onl. carbon

h.droen and o2.en

/l.cosidic bonds present

Soluble in 3ater

Pro4ides storae of ener.

;

;

;

;

;

;-ccurs in flo3erin plants

and animals

>8otal marks?

. $a& Qaltose W 9$#& "isaccharie / reucing sugar W 9$c& Hlycosiic $ignore )ualications, e!g! 9( & W 9$& $i& Formplantcell walls / structural support inplantsW 9$ii& Second mark depends on 'rst( cannot get second marunless linked to a structural point)

correct structural point * link to relevant function *

9! large molecules / many glucoses

linke / polymer W

insolu#le W

;! $forms& straight / un#ranchechains W

high $tensile& strength /]strong^forms micro#rils / forms#res W

5! cross links / $hyrogen& #ons,betweenmolecules W

high $tensile& strength /forms micro#rils / forms#res W

! forms micro#rils W high strength / forms #resW

! $9(& glucose links W i=cult to igest W! many glucoses linke W cellulose can #e

hyrolyse an $glucose&use in respiration W

max ;>?


56/59

&."isaccharie onstituent

Qonomers9ne role in livingorganisms

Hlucose an

galactoseQaltose Energy / foo

sourcein$germinating&sees

Sucrose Hlucose anfructose

>?

6.Statement Sucrose Qaltoseontains glucose6s a reucing sugarontains glycosiic#ons6s transporte in thephloem of .oweringplantsEncircle JRRE8 answers

Any 83J correct responses U 9 markBlanks an am#iguous ticks are incorrectGut correct num#ers of ticks to correspon with total mark

>?

8.Statement Starch Hlycogen elluloseGolymer of aglucoseHlycosiic #onspresentn#ranche chainsonlyEnergy store inanimal cells

>?

F. $a& $i& Re W 9$ii& 8est 9 shows no reucing sugar $in solution B& W6n test ; sugar is hyrolyse / e) W6n test ; solution $B& was positive W ;$#& 9! A e)ual volumes of each solution W;! 8o e)ual volumes of #iuret reagent W5! YGurple / lilacZ colour prouce W! ompare intensity of colour / use a colorimeter W! After same perio of time W 5>?

0ipis


57/59

1. 8he iagram #elow shows the structure of a lipi molecule!

*

)

)

)

*

-

-

-

)

)

)

*

*

*

-

-

-

A B

$a& $i& 7ame the parts la#elle A an B!A gl#cerol 2 propan31, ,.3triol>

B fatt# acid$s( 2 fatt# acid chain>

$ mar's($ii& 7ame this type of lipi!

trigl#ceride>

$1 mar'(

$iii& 7ame the chemical reaction use to form the #ons #etween A an B!condensation 2 esterication>

$1 mar'(

$#& $i& State onefunction of this type of lipi in living organisms!energ# store 2 energ# source 2 insulation 2 !aterproong 2

production of metabolic !ater 2 buo#anc# 2 protection>$1 mar'(

$ii& State onefeature of the molecules of this type of lipi which makes themsuita#le for the function you have given!

insoluble 2 non5polar 2 high energ# value 2 poor heat conductor 2lo! densit# 2 less dense than !ater>


58/59

Statement 1ril.ceride /l.coen

)ontains onl. carbon

h.droen and o2.en

/l.cosidic bonds present

Soluble in 3ater

Pro4ides storae of ener.

;

;

;

;

;

;-ccurs in flo3erin plants

and animals


59/59

$ii& 9! calculate value is ;! which is Ygreater than ;!@ / in range;!@ to ;D!DZW

;! $therefore& man is overweightW

5! #ut only *ust $overweight&W ; max

$#& 9! relative mortality ecreases as BQ6 increases from 9D to Y;@ to ;5Zin $#oth men an women& / e)W

;! little change in relative mortality within the range Y;@ / ;9 to ;/ ;Z / e)W

5! as BQ6 increases from a#ove Y;; to ;Z risk increases $in #othmen an women& / e)W

! iea that from a#ove Y;@ to ;Z the risk for men is greater thanthat for women / risk the same #etween 9D an Y;@ to ;ZW5 max

$c& $i& 9! $relative mortality is& Y9!; to 9!;ZW;! iea that risk is low / no nee to #e concerneW

5! ref to nee to Yreuce / #e concerneZ a#out YBQ6 /weight / o#esityZW ; max

Documents

Circulatory System Revision Pack