Appendix for USHMM

EXPANDED FINDINGS

Between June 30th - July 10th, PSB conducted 1,000 telephone interviews among U.S. General Population

METHODOLOGY

2

Audience Sample Size Margin of Error

All - U.S. General Population 1,000 +/- 3.10%

Age

Young – 18 to 34 226 +/- 6.52%

Middle – 35 to 54 389 +/- 4.97%

Older – 55+ 385 +/- 4.99%

GenderMale 474 +/- 4.50%

Female 526 +/- 4.27%

Region

Northeast 180 +/- 7.30%

Midwest 204 +/- 6.86%

South 390 +/- 4.96%

West 226 +/- 6.52%

EducationNon-college graduates 539 +/- 4.22%

College graduates 441 +/- 4.67%

Party

Democrat 385 +/- 4.99%

Independent 260 +/- 6.08%

Republican 219 +/-6.62%

METHODOLOGY

This poll is based on telephone interviews conducted from June 30th through July 10th with 1,000 U.S

general population (age 18+). The margin of error for this poll was 3.1%. Below is a description of

PSB’s sampling approach:

PSB’s sampling approach utilizes industry best-practices – reaching a high-quality, random, and

demographically-representative sample of the U.S. general population, acquired by contacting

both landline and cellphone telephone numbers.

The landline telephone sample for this poll was selected using the Genesys system, which produces

random digit dialing (RDD) numbers. This system uses various geographic and demographic

criteria* to determine area codes and exchanges, and then randomizes the final 4 digits to form a

complete telephone number. This process ensures that both listed and unlisted numbers are

included in the sample.

To enhance coverage and to account for the growing number of cellphone-only households, the

landline telephone sample was supplemented with cellular phone numbers, reached through the

random dialing of cellphone numbers – allowing for a proper ratio of landline-only, cellphone-

only and dual phone users For this poll, 75% of the interviews were conducted by landline and

25% were conducted by cell phone.

All numbers were checked against known inaccurate or business numbers to improve accuracy.

*Note that the geographic or demographic criteria utilized by this system were based on U.S. Census

data and PRIZM cluster categorization, updated quarterly along with geographic exchange

information.

3

In your opinion, what are the 2-3 most important U.S. foreign policy, global issues today? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED (UP TO 3)

All Young Mid. Older Male Fem. NE MW S WNon-Coll.

Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

War in Afghanistan 24 23 21 27 19 28 22 27 23 23 25 22 27 25 19

European economy 23 20 24 23 28 18 29 26 19 21 17 29 23 25 21

Human rights 22 25 21 22 18 26 18 23 22 26 24 20 28 25 10

Counterterrorism 19 16 18 21 19 19 17 21 19 17 19 18 16 18 26

Middle East 19 17 22 16 21 17 17 17 21 19 14 24 15 18 27

China 19 20 22 16 24 15 16 18 22 18 17 22 17 21 22

Iran 16 18 15 17 22 11 16 15 16 19 15 18 12 17 25

Nuclear arms control 16 18 18 14 15 17 19 12 16 18 18 15 19 15 11

Prevention of mass atrocities and genocide

13 14 14 12 9 17 17 13 11 14 14 12 14 14 11

Free trade 11 9 13 10 12 10 13 18 9 7 10 12 10 10 11

Syrian uprising 10 8 8 12 9 10 9 11 7 12 9 11 12 8 11

North Korea 10 9 13 7 10 9 8 9 9 12 10 10 10 11 10

Russia 4 3 4 5 5 4 3 3 5 4 5 3 3 5 7

Other foreign policy issues 8 7 7 11 9 8 11 3 11 7 7 10 8 8 7

GENOCIDE AND SYRIA ARE NOT TOP

CONCERNS

4

5

TOP OF MIND ASSOCIATION

What’s the first word that comes to mind when thinking of genocide?

Showing All – No wordsexcluded

Under 35 Over 55

DEATH, MASS-KILLING, MURDER AND THE

HOLOCAUST ARE TOP OF MIND

ASSOCIATIONS WITH GENOCIDE

Which of the following best describes genocide?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Destruction of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group

46 55 48 39 48 44 42 46 44 53 40 55 45 50 43

Mass killing of civilians 33 27 32 37 35 31 38 29 34 29 35 30 33 30 37

Widespread human rights abuses 8 5 7 11 5 11 7 9 8 8 8 7 7 8 10

Large scale war crimes 5 7 6 4 7 4 6 6 6 4 7 4 6 5 4

Other 5 3 5 5 3 6 6 7 4 3 5 3 5 4 2

6

NEARLY 1 IN 2 ARE ABLE TO

CORRECTLY DEFINE GENOCIDE

Which of the following kinds of groups are most likely to be victims of genocide or mass atrocities in any part of the world? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED (UP TO 3)


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Religious groups 59 60 61 57 62 57 56 56 62 58 57 62 55 58 68

Ethnic groups 53 50 54 53 54 52 56 56 47 57 45 62 52 58 58

Racial groups 45 48 46 41 41 48 47 45 44 43 44 46 49 42 43

Political groups 23 19 21 27 24 22 18 21 26 22 23 22 24 20 24

Gay/homosexual groups 21 27 19 20 16 26 19 20 23 22 26 15 26 22 12

Economic classes 19 17 23 17 19 20 21 24 16 20 20 18 18 21 16

Physically or mentally disabled groups

11 10 11 11 7 14 9 12 9 12 12 9 12 9 7

7

RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC GROUPS SEEN AS

MOST LIKELY VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE

[If Concerned] Which of the following are reasons why you become concerned when you hear about genocide or mass atrocities? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED

AllN=862

YoungN=187

Mid.N=335

OlderN=340

MaleN=405

Fem.N=457

NEN=157

MWN=178

SN=327

WN=200

Non-Coll.

N=456

Coll.-Educ.N=393

Dem.N=345

Ind.N=221

Rep.N=188

Moral principles 75 75 78 73 76 75 75 74 75 78 71 81 72 80 75

Sympathy for victims 70 67 72 69 65 74 72 76 67 68 70 70 68 75 66

Risk of conflict spreading 50 51 52 48 47 53 52 44 49 56 54 46 48 56 45

National security 39 39 37 40 35 41 34 36 43 36 45 32 39 40 40

Victims are of the same ethnicity, background, or religion as me

37 40 35 37 34 40 34 35 40 36 43 31 40 33 35

Economic implications 33 29 33 36 30 37 29 35 34 34 37 30 35 31 32

When you hear about genocide or mass atrocities, how much does it concern you personally?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

TOTAL CONCERNED 86 83 86 88 86 87 87 87 84 89 85 89 90 85 86

TOTAL NOT CONCERNED 13 15 13 11 14 12 12 13 14 10 13 10 9 14 13

Don’t know 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 1

8

MAJORITY CONCERNED ABOUT GENOCIDE

BECAUSE OF MORAL PRINCIPLES AND

SYMPATHY FOR VICTIMS

How familiar are you with the following cases of mass atrocities? Showing Total Familiar


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Holocaust (1933-1945) 91 91 92 90 93 91 90 95 91 91 89 95 88 96 95

Syria (2011 – Present) 73 61 75 80 78 69 73 72 72 76 69 79 74 75 75

Rwanda (1994) 70 63 75 70 73 68 73 74 67 71 62 80 71 73 69

Bosnia (1995) 69 48 78 74 76 63 73 73 66 69 62 79 64 77 72

Libya (2011) 67 59 66 74 74 61 68 65 66 71 63 73 68 70 69

Darfur, Sudan (2003-2010) 65 58 67 68 67 64 67 70 63 65 58 74 67 69 63

Cambodia (1975-1979) 62 42 59 77 64 60 63 65 61 60 56 68 62 69 58

Armenia (1915-1923) 29 25 28 33 35 25 33 27 25 36 23 36 31 30 27

9

MAJORITY FAMILIAR WITH 7 OF 8

GENOCIDES – ARMENIA THE EXCEPTION

When there is a risk of genocide or mass atrocities, who do you think is most responsible for preventing or stopping them?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

International bodies (e.g. United Nations, NATO, EU, African Union, etc)

43 33 44 46 42 43 49 37 42 44 40 45 49 46 33

Countries directly involved in the conflict

31 35 34 25 31 31 30 38 31 25 30 32 27 34 35

Neighboring countries to where the conflict is taking place

10 12 7 11 10 9 6 9 11 11 11 9 10 9 11

United States 8 11 5 8 8 7 5 6 8 10 8 7 7 4 11

Non-governmental organizations (e.g. Red Cross, Oxfam)

1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1

10

INTERNATIONAL BODIES SEEN AS MOST

RESPONSIBLE FOR PREVENTING OR

STOPPING GENOCIDE

Are you familiar with the “Responsibility to Protect” initiative?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Yes 21 21 18 23 23 18 24 15 20 24 23 18 23 20 20

No 77 79 79 73 73 80 73 84 78 72 74 79 75 78 76

Don’t know 2 0 3 4 3 2 3 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 4

11

Given this statement, how effective do you think the international community is at protecting civilians from genocide or mass atrocities?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

TOTAL EFFECTIVE 43 59 39 39 40 46 45 40 47 39 47 39 52 38 33

TOTAL NOT EFFECTIVE 55 39 58 60 58 51 53 60 51 57 49 60 46 62 65

Don’t know 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 0 3 4 3 1 2 1 2

ONLY 1 IN 5 ARE FAMILIAR WITH

“RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT”

In your opinion, what methods or efforts would be most effective in preventing and/or stopping genocide or mass atrocities? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED (UP TO 2)


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Military intervention 33 32 40 28 40 28 30 34 35 32 33 34 31 33 41

Education of populace in tolerance 31 42 29 28 24 38 33 32 30 32 31 32 30 35 28

Arresting perpetrators 30 26 36 28 31 30 35 32 30 25 33 27 27 30 34

Diplomatic negotiations 21 18 19 24 17 25 21 20 21 21 22 20 25 22 19

Economic sanctions 21 18 20 25 25 18 21 20 21 24 18 26 22 20 23

Humanitarian relief 14 14 12 15 9 18 14 15 11 17 12 15 16 12 12

Development assistance 11 15 9 10 10 11 13 13 8 12 9 12 13 11 8

None of the above 3 2 2 4 3 3 1 2 5 2 3 2 3 3 1

12

1 in 3 also say education would be effective in preventing genocide

1 IN 3 SAY MILITARY INTERVENTION WOULD

BE EFFECTIVE IN STOPPING GENOCIDE

13

Do you think that genocide is preventable?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Yes 66 69 69 63 68 65 63 64 65 73 68 65 74 62 61

No 29 27 29 29 30 28 32 32 30 21 27 30 21 33 34

Don’t know 5 4 2 8 2 7 5 3 5 6 4 5 4 5 5

2 IN 3 FEEL GENOCIDE IS PREVENTABLE

AND EDUCATION CAN HELP

Thinking generally about various acts against civilians, when should the U.S. engage in conflict?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

When there are large scale human rights abuses

28 31 29 26 26 30 27 29 28 29 26 32 31 27 26

When a government itself is responsible for mass civilians deaths

25 25 26 25 27 23 23 27 26 23 28 22 25 25 26

When there are large numbers of members of a group killed

16 18 17 12 14 17 16 17 14 17 17 14 16 15 16

When there is a reasonable chance of success

11 11 8 13 10 11 13 10 11 9 11 11 10 10 12

Other 16 13 16 16 18 13 18 13 17 14 14 17 14 17 14

14

25% SAY THE U.S. SHOULD ENGAGE IF A

GOVERNMENT ITSELF IS RESPONSIBLE

FOR CIVILIAN DEATHS

Do you think the U.S. should prevent or stop genocide or mass atrocities from occurring in another part of the world?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Yes 69 73 71 64 73 65 71 71 65 72 69 69 72 67 67

No 25 21 24 28 21 28 24 21 28 23 25 24 23 27 23

Don’t know 6 6 5 8 6 7 6 9 6 5 6 7 5 7 10

15

MAJORITY SAYS THE U.S. SHOULD

PREVENT OR STOP MASS ATROCITIES IN

OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD

Are there any cases in which the U.S. should absolutely engage in the various ways mentioned earlier in the survey?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Mass killings 14 18 13 11 12 15 11 17 14 12 15 12 12 12 18

Genocide 11 13 13 8 14 8 13 9 11 10 8 15 12 12 10

Crimes against humanity 11 9 10 13 9 12 13 10 10 12 11 11 12 14 6

Severe and widespread human rights abuses

10 9 11 10 9 11 9 9 11 10 10 10 13 8 7

Mass atrocities 9 9 10 9 10 9 9 10 8 10 9 9 10 10 10

Ethnic cleansing 7 5 9 6 8 6 7 9 8 5 6 8 5 9 9

Dictatorship 6 6 5 6 6 5 3 7 5 7 8 3 7 4 5

War Crimes 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 5

Other 16 12 15 18 16 16 17 15 16 16 17 15 14 17 16

None of the above 7 9 5 9 7 7 7 4 8 8 7 7 6 7 7

16

AMERICANS ARE UNCERTAIN IN WHICH

CASES U.S. SHOULD ABSOLUTELY ENGAGE

Of those who support, less than a third would reconsider if U.S. soldiers died in military action

17

Do you support or oppose the U.S. taking military action to stop genocide or mass atrocities?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

TOTAL SUPPORT 78 79 80 76 80 76 70 81 79 80 80 77 77 75 85

TOTAL OPPOSE 18 19 17 20 17 20 26 17 17 17 18 20 20 21 12

Don’t know 4 3 3 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 4

[If support] Would your answer change if you knew that at least 100 U.S. soldiers would die in military action?

AllN=776

YoungN=178

Mid.N=309

OlderN=289

MaleN=375

Fem.N=401

NEN=125

MWN=164

SN=307

WN=180

Non-Coll.

N=428

Coll.-Educ.N=336

Dem.N=299

Ind.N=196

Rep.N=185

Yes 31 31 30 34 26 36 30 31 32 31 34 28 32 35 24

No 62 62 65 58 67 56 60 61 62 63 59 65 62 58 69

Don’t know 7 7 5 9 6 7 10 8 6 6 7 6 7 7 6

OVER 3 IN 4 SUPPORT U.S. TAKING

MILITARY ACTION TO STOP GENOCIDES

18

In your opinion, which military strategies are most effective in stopping genocide or mass atrocities?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Multilateral action – U.S. and several other countries combining efforts

53 56 53 51 51 54 53 54 53 50 52 54 51 50 58

Military action facilitated entirely by international bodies like the United Nations

27 26 28 27 27 27 27 28 25 30 25 30 31 31 20

Unilateral action – U.S. taking charge alone, even if it is not supported by international bodies like the United Nations

10 10 10 10 14 6 8 8 12 10 11 9 8 11 13

None of the above 5 4 5 7 4 6 6 4 6 5 6 4 5 5 4

Other 3 2 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3

MORE THAN HALF SAY A MULTILATERAL

APPROACH IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE MILITARY

STRATEGY IN STOPPING GENOCIDE

OVER HALF ARE CONVINCED THAT U.S.

SHOULD HAVE OR SHOULD TAKE ACTION

IN SPECIFIC INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS

19

Thinking about past and more recent international conflicts, how convinced are you that the U.S. should have taken military action in the following cases? Showing Convinced


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Bosnia (1995) 63 51 70 65 71 57 61 65 63 64 58 69 62 67 63

Rwanda (1994) 62 64 68 56 66 59 61 68 60 63 59 67 64 63 62

Darfur, Sudan (2003-2010) 60 64 62 55 63 57 58 65 58 60 61 59 59 63 62

Libya (2011) 59 64 58 59 61 58 58 62 57 63 59 60 64 56 60

Syria (2011 – Present) 55 56 59 52 57 54 54 55 54 61 59 52 57 53 58

Which of the following actions by the U.S. government would you support to stop atrocities in Syria? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Helping refugees to flee the violence 63 61 65 61 62 63 62 64 62 64 62 64 64 65 58

Freezing trade except for food and medicine for the victims

59 51 64 59 59 60 57 57 59 63 55 65 59 60 62

Sending U.S. ground forces but only as part of an international force

55 49 60 54 52 59 52 59 53 59 55 57 59 60 52

Air strikes on government and military targets

44 39 50 41 50 39 37 49 45 43 47 41 37 48 51

Sending U.S. ground forces to protect civilians

38 48 38 32 36 40 34 35 40 40 46 29 42 38 33

Providing arms for rebels to defend themselves

32 26 33 35 35 29 34 31 28 40 31 34 33 34 29

No action 6 6 6 7 7 6 7 5 7 6 6 7 4 7 8

20

THERE IS SUPPORT FOR U.S.

ACTIONS IN SYRIA

Which of the following actions by the U.S. government would you support to stop atrocities in Sudan? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED

All Young Mid. Old. Male Fem. NE MW S WNon-Coll.

Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Helping refugees to flee the violence 61 58 64 59 60 62 57 65 60 62 59 64 62 64 58

Freezing trade except for food and medicine for the victims

57 49 62 57 57 57 52 57 57 61 55 61 57 59 57

Sending U.S. ground forces but only as part of an international force

56 48 63 54 55 57 56 59 54 57 55 59 58 62 54

Air strikes on government and military targets

40 33 48 36 47 34 34 46 39 41 41 39 36 43 45

Sending U.S. ground forces to protect civilians

38 49 38 30 35 40 35 35 38 41 43 32 38 37 37

Providing arms for rebels to defend themselves

27 19 30 29 30 25 29 28 23 32 27 28 26 30 26

No action 6 6 6 8 7 6 6 5 8 5 6 7 4 8 5

21

THERE IS SUPPORT FOR U.S.

ACTIONS IN SUDAN

In your opinion, what causes genocide? MULTIPLE RESPONSES PERMITTED

AllN=684

YoungN=171

Mid.N=282

OlderN=231

MaleN=338

Fem.N=346

NEN=135

MWN=146

SN=275

WN=128

Non-Coll.

N=365

Coll.-Educ.N=308

Dem.N=259

Ind.N=176

Rep.N=148

Power and politics 52 54 55 47 55 50 48 55 51 55 51 54 52 52 52

Ignorance 50 51 50 49 44 55 53 48 51 48 51 49 51 51 43

Religious and/or ethnic differences 45 39 47 46 44 45 39 51 43 48 48 41 44 43 49

Intolerance 36 37 39 31 33 39 39 42 31 35 33 40 36 39 36

Other 12 12 11 11 10 13 13 14 9 11 10 13 12 9 13

22

POWER AND POLITICS ARE CONSIDERED

MOST SIGNIFICANT CAUSE OF GENOCIDE

Which of the following is closer to your view?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Genocide is still very much a concern and could occur today

94 93 95 94 94 94 94 96 94 93 92 97 94 95 94

Genocide is a thing of the past; it is unlikely to happen in current times

4 5 4 4 5 4 4 2 5 6 6 2 5 4 4

Don't know 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2


AllN=522

YoungN=129

Mid.N=233

OlderN=160

MaleN=263

Fem.N=259

NEN=98

MWN=131

SN=233

WN=60

Non-Coll.

N=285

Coll.-Educ.N=229

Dem.N=190

Ind.N=140

Rep.N=118

Genocides are more likely to occur during tough economic times

57 64 57 50 56 58 59 58 55 57 54 61 61 63 47

Genocides are equally likely to occur during tough economic times and when the economy is doing well

38 32 38 43 38 37 32 38 40 38 40 34 34 34 47

Don’t know 6 5 5 7 6 5 9 4 5 5 6 5 5 4 6

23

GENOCIDE IS A CURRENT CONCERN AND IS

SEEN AS MORE LIKELY IN TOUGH

ECONOMIC TIMES



Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Nations have a moral obligation to prevent and take action during large-scale atrocities, even if this means violating a country’s national sovereignty

73 72 77 70 78 69 69 82 70 75 71 78 74 78 74

The international community should respect a country’s national sovereignty at all times and not intervene, even during large-scale atrocities

22 24 19 25 18 26 27 17 25 19 24 19 22 20 21

Don’t know 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 1 5 6 5 3 4 3 5



Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Genocide occurs mainly because political or military leaders order or encourage people to kill

63 58 69 60 65 61 59 69 59 67 57 71 64 64 63

Genocide occurs mainly because ordinary people from different groups hate each other so much that they decide to kill each other

31 37 26 33 29 33 34 26 35 27 37 25 31 32 29

Don’t know 6 5 5 6 6 6 7 5 5 6 6 4 5 3 7

WE HAVE A MORAL OBLIGATION TO

STOP AND PREVENT

24

MAJORITY BELIEVES IT IS IN U.S.’ NATIONAL SECURITY

INTEREST TO PREVENT OR RESPOND IN THE EVENT

OF GENOCIDE OR MASS ATROCITIES

25

Do you think it is in the U.S.’ national security interest to prevent or respond in the event of genocide or mass atrocity?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Yes 71 77 70 69 68 75 66 78 69 74 77 65 74 64 76

No 23 18 25 24 27 19 27 17 26 20 18 29 21 32 18

Don’t know 6 5 5 6 5 7 7 5 5 6 5 6 5 5 6

26

Do you think that education about the history of genocide can help prevent future atrocities?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Yes 76 83 76 72 73 79 75 76 76 77 78 75 84 73 70

No 21 15 22 24 26 17 22 22 21 19 19 22 14 23 27

Don’t know 3 2 2 4 2 4 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 3 3

76% BELIEVE EDUCATION CAN HELP

PREVENT FUTURE ATROCITIES

27

Do you think the President of the United States needs Congress’s approval to take military action in the event of genocide or mass atrocities?

AllN=765

YoungN=180

Mid.N=311

OlderN=265

MaleN=372

Fem.N=384

NEN=146

MWN=165

SN=290

WN=155

Non-Coll.

N=408

Coll.-Educ.N=334

Dem.N=334

Ind.N=284

Rep.N=197

Yes 69 73 69 64 71 66 65 72 70 65 65 73 56 76 82

No 28 24 28 31 26 30 29 27 27 30 31 25 40 22 17

Don’t know 3 2 3 5 3 4 6 1 3 5 4 2 4 3 1

MAJORITY SAYS THE PRESIDENT NEEDS

CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL TO TAKE MILITARY

ACTION IN THE EVENT OF GENOCIDE

MAJORITY IS UNCERTAIN IF ICC IS

EFFECTIVE

28

Based on what you know about the ICC, do you think that having a court like the ICC is effective at preventing genocide?


Coll.-Educ.

Dem. Ind. Rep.

Yes 34 46 30 33 37 33 36 32 36 33 37 32 41 31 29

No 50 44 54 49 53 48 47 56 48 50 47 54 44 54 56

Don’t know 16 10 16 18 11 20 17 11 16 17 16 14 14 15 15

Business

Appendix for USHMM