Wireless sensor networks routing protocols

GUIDE

Dr. Aloknath De

Ashish Joshi

Vipin Kumar Garg

ENERGY AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOLS

Routing protocol classification:

Data Centric : helps in removing the redundant

transmissions

Hierarchical : clustering of nodes

Location Based: use location based information to relay the

date to a node rather than the whole network

Network flow & QoS awareness

Classical approaches: Flooding & Gossiping

Flooding:

A node simply sends the copy of data to all its neighbors ,except

from the one it has just received the data.

Gossiping:

Forward data to one randomly selected node to conserve energy.

Distribute information slowly

Dissipate energy at a slower rate.

Deficiencies of classical routing:1. Implosion

2.Overlap

3.Resource Blindness

SPIN(Sensor Protocol Information via Negotiation )

Key innovations:

Negotiations : metadata

Resource adaptation

Metadata:

Completely describes collected data

Application specific

SPIN Messages:

ADV : meta-data

REQ: meta-data

DATA: Actual data + meta-data

SPIN-PP

ADV

REQ

DATA

Directed Diffusion

Directed Diffusion is defined by four elements

Interest : it is a query which specifies what user wants.

Data Message : It is collected or processed information of a

physical phenomena.

Gradient : It is direction state in each node that receive an

interest

Reinforcement :This defines the one or small no. of paths

from multiple gradient paths from source to originator of

interest.

NamingPattern of a interest

Type = wheeled vehicle

Interval = 20ms

Duration = 10s

Rect = [-100,100,200,400]

Pattern of a data message

Type = wheeled vehicle

Location = [125,250]

Intensity = 0.6

Timestamp = 01:20:40

Directed diffusion

(a) Propagate interest (b) Set up gradients

(c) Send data and path reinforcemennt

SourceSource

Source

BSBS

BS

Interest and Gradient An interest is usually injected into the network at some

node(sink) in the network.

Interest propagation :

Every node maintain an interest cache, each item in cache corresponds to a distinct interest.

When a node receives an interest it checks it in the cache.

Gradient Establishment:

Every pair of neighboring nodes establish a gradient towards each other.

A gradient specifies both data rate and direction in which to send events.

Data Propagation

When a sensor node detects a target searches its cache for

matching interest entry.

It computes the highest requested event rate among all its

outgoing gradient.

When a node receive a data message, it also search in cache

to find matching interest entry.

If no entry matched or has it has sent it to others already than

data message silently dropped.

Reinforcement

Path establishment using positive reinforcement : to reinforce

the neighbor, the sink resend original interest message with

higher data rate.

Local repair for failed paths : A intermediate node also can

apply reinforcement rules.

Path truncation using negative reinforcement : it is possible that

more than one path reinforced, if one path is consistently

better, we have a mechanism to negative reinforce the second

path.

Wireless

sensor

network

simulator

v1.1

REFRENCES

Akaya K. , Younis M. , “A Survey on Routing Protocols for

Wireless Sensor Networks” , Elsevier Ad Hoc Network

Journal, Vol. 3 (2005)

Kulik, Heinzelman , Balakrishnan,MIT “Negotiation based

protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor

networks”

Chalermek Intanagonwiwat, Ramesh Govindan, “Directed

Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking”, IEEE transaction

on networking,Vol.11,No.1,Feb.2003

Thank you