Plant morphology

Dr. EDEN V. EVANGELISTA

Philippine Normal University

Plants

Seedless

Non vascular

MossLiverwort

Hornwort

Vascular

With seeds

Ferns

Lycopods

Psilophytes

SphenopsidaW/O Flowers W/ Flowers

Cycads Ginkgo

Conifers Gnetum

Monocots Dicots

Plant Kingdom

Monocot

and

Dicot Plant

Monocot Plant

Dicot Plant

Apical Meristem of Coleus

Types of Roots

Tap Root

Fibrous Root

Adventitious Root

Root (Longitudinal section)

Root hairs

Monocot Root

(X section)

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Dicot Root (x section)

Dicot Root

Sweet Potato

Adventitious

Roots

Adventitious Roots

of Philodendron

Pneumatophores

Prop Roots

(Corn)

Aerial Roots of Orchids

Monocot Vascular Bundle

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Monocot Stem

Dicot Stem

Vascular Bundle

Phloem Xylem

Occurrence: Roots, stems and leaves Roots, stems and leaves

Additional Functions:Forms vascular bundles with xylem

Forms vascular bundles with phloem and givesmechanical strength to plant due to presence of lignified cells.

Elements:Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, bast fibers, intermediary cells

Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem parenchyma, xylem sclerenchyma

Nature of tissue: Living tissue Non living tissue at maturity

Movement: Bidirectional Unidirectional (upward)

Function:

Transportation of food and nutrients from leaves tostorage organs and growing parts of plant.

Water and mineral transport from roots to aerial parts of the plant.

Structure: Tubular with soft walled cells Tubular with hard walled cells

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Image:Xylem-and-Phloem.jpg

Phloem is made of living sieve-tube elements that lack a nucleus, ribosomes, or vacuoles; their metabolic functions are provided by companion cells.

The end walls between cells (sieve plates) have pores for transport of sugars.

T.S. Tilia sp. secondary growth outer layer

Dicot Stem

Secondary Growth of

Stem

Cypress stump said to be 2000 yrs old and around 100 ft high when cut

Tubers are actually swollen portions of underground stems (stolons) and, have nodes, and buds.

Rhizomes

Corms are unlike stolons and rhizomes because they usually grow vertically, instead of lying horizontally. They're unlike tubers in that tubers are typically attached to the main plant by a slender rootlike part of the stem, a sort of umbilical cord, while corms constitute the below-ground "heart" of the plant, the part from which aboveground stems and leaves directly sprout.

Gladiolus

Tendril: Modified Coiled Stem That Twines Around A Support

Stolons are slender stem-branches running horizontally away from the main plant, either above or below ground.

Water - Storing Stems specializing in storing water for the plant's use between rains

Monocot and Dicot Venations

Phyllotaxy

( leaf arrangement)

Opposite Alternate Irregular Whorled

Simple Leaf

Netted Venation

Simple Leaf

Parallel Venation

Palmate Leaf Palmate Leaf - Trifoliate

Pinnately Compound Pinnately Compound

Bipinnate

Monocot Leaf

Bulliform Cells

Dicot Leaf

Stomatal impression of corn

Modified leaf – for storage

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Bulbs

Bulbs can be considered to be very short stems encased in thickened, fleshy bulb scales (which are modified leaves). As the drawing below shows, the two basic bulb types are layered and scaly:

LAYERED BULBS are composed of a series of fleshy scales that form concentric rings when the

bulb is cut in cross-section.

SCALY BULBS, such as the lily bulb have fleshy bulb scales, which are modified leaves loosely clustered around the stem base.

Poinsettia

Bougainvillea

Mussaenda sp.

Aloe

Venus Fly Trap

Pitcher Plant

- Nepenthes -

Tendrils

Kalanchoe

Gumamela Flower – Hibiscus rosasinensis

Cauliflower

Dicot Flower Monocot Flower

Rosa sp.

Stargazer

JadeVine

Stongylodon elmeri

LEGUMINOSAE

Rafflesia arnoldii measuring up to 150 cm (42 inches)weighing up to 10kg

Leafless when flowering

Amorphophallus sp.

Allium

Amorphophallus

Anthurium

AnthuriumShows an open heart and hospitality

Male flowers

Female flowers

Dendrobium

Caesalpinia

Mimosa pudica

Amherstia nobilis

Queen of the flowering plants

Dicot Flower

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Rice

Types of Inflorescence

Raceme PanicleSpike

Umbel

Corymb

Types of Inflorescence

Solitary

Head or Capitulum

Cyme

Sunflower

Heliathus annuus

These flowers can be classified into :Regular or Disc Florets-All petals have same size-They form the central disk of the capitulum in typical daisies-Usually surrounded by an outer ring of ray florets

Disc floret, typical for flowers of the Family AsteraceaeA. ovaryB. pappusC. thecaD. liguleE. style with stamen

●Irregular or Ray Florets-Usually pistillate or sterile, and have three or fewer teeth on the extended portion of the corolla

Ray floret, typical for flowers of the Family AsteraceaeA. ovaryB. pappusC. thecaD. liguleE. style with stamen

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Ray-floret.svg

Puya raimondii Bolivian bromeliad

longest inflorescence

Hypanthodium

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Fruits