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Unit 2:Nationalism and Revolutions
We will be studying five revolutions.
1. English Civil War 1642
2. American Revolution 1776
3. French Revolution 1789
4. Russian Revolution 1917
5. Chinese Civil War 1911
Create a timeline with these revolutions.
General Concepts
What is a nation-state?
What is the difference between personal identity and national identity?
What is a revolution?
Unit 2. Part1: English Civil War
Where is England?
England
The English Civil War & the The English Civil War & the Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution
PreviewPreview:
–Examine the image on the next slide. What do you think is going on?
–What do you think led to the actions in this slide?
Reasons for the English Civil WarIn 1603, Queen
Elizabeth died. She never married, so there were no heirs.
James I (still royal blood) became the King of England.
3 stages to the English Civil War
1 English Civil War
2 Restoration
3 Glorious Revolution
Reasons for the English Civil War
Queen Elizabeth recognized the importance of working with Parliament
James I did not.He believed in Divine RightDivine Right (God
chooses royal families to rule)
James I did not listen to Parliament.
What is Parliament?
A group representing the citizens of a country.
A group that meets to discuss laws and other public issues.
Reasons for the English Civil War
Major problems between Parliament & King over issues of–Authority–Money–Religion
Problems between the King and Parliament
Authority—James I believed in divine right and absolutism; Parliament felt king should be limited by Parliament
Money—James I has to ask Parliament for money to finance government and life style
Vocabulary Quiz:What is divine right?
A. King has power to rule from people.B. King has the power to rule from Congress.C. King has power to rule from Parliament.D. King has power to rule from God.
Problems between the King and Parliament
Religion—The church of England was the Anglican Church. Many English wanted all Catholic rituals removed;
James I arranged a marriage of his son (Charles) to a a Catholic princess.
Problems between the King and Parliament
Why might the English be afraid of the Catholic religion?
What might happen if the next king is Catholic?
Reasons for the English Civil WarWhen James I died in 1625, his son
Charles ICharles I became kingCharles was “worse” than
James:
–Charles believed in divine right & absolute monarchy; refused to discuss ideas with Parliament—only called Parliament when he needed money
Reasons for the English Civil WarParliament got fed up with Charles I &
refused to give him money unless signed Petition of RightsPetition of Rights in 1628:–King could not jail people
without a good reason–King could not make taxes
without Parliament's approval–King could not keep his soldiers in
peoples’ homes & could not use army to maintain order during peacetime
Civil WarCharles I was really mad at
Parliament & refused to call another Parliament for 11 years until he needed money to end revolts in Ireland & Scotland
Conflict between supporters of King (Royalists) & Parliament grew so bad that a civil war was inevitable
Civil WarWar between Royalists vs
RoundheadsRoundheads (supporters of Parliament) lasted for 5 years
The leader of the Roundheads was Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell. Roundheads won & beheaded the king (1st public execution of a king)
Opinion Poll:Do you think the Charles I should have been executed?A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree
Why?
After the Civil War
England had a government with no king & ruled by Parliament
Oliver Cromwell led England, but not by democracy—
He became a dictator!
Cromwell’s New CommonwealthCromwell forced strict religious rules
on people of England:–Illegal to wear makeup–Illegal to go see sports–“merrymaking” was illegal
Citizens hated living this way & began to want to bring back a king again
Oliver Cromwell
Died in 1658 Suffered from Malaria
I despise kings and mosquitoes!
After the Civil War
Cromwell ruled 1653-1658 1660 began The Restoration
The Restoration (1660)
After Cromwell died, there was no one to replace him.
This is always a challenge for governments.
Who will rule?
How will we decide?
The Restoration (1660)
Restoration means to put back in place.
England removed the monarchy in 1649.
England restored the monarchy in 1660.
RestorationPeople wanted a king again, so1660, Charles II became King Called the “Called the “Merry MonarchMerry Monarch””
because he brought back theatres, sporting events and dancing
AND he got along with AND he got along with Parliament!! Parliament!!
What do you think Charles II did to get along with Parliament?
Restoration Government
What Charles II did:
1.Charles II did not try to rule by Divine Right & did not threaten Parliament’s authority.
Habeas Corpus*
2. Passed Habeas Corpus. Habeas Corpus. Everyone guaranteed a trial; can’t be held in jail forever
*Habeas Corpus: produce the body (of evidence)
No Theocracy
3. Anglicanism was official religion, but treated other religions equally.
Restoration Improvements
Parliament created a Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy based on two documents:–the Magna Carta limited the power
of the King.–the Petition of Right guaranteed
rights of the people
Restoration Problems:Money
Charles II needed more money than Parliament was willing to give.
He made an agreement with Louis XIV of France to convert to Catholicism in exchange for money
Restoration Problems:Who will be the next king?
Charles II had no children1685 he diedHis Catholic brother will be king.
Why is Parliament afraid of a Catholic king?
This is Charles II’s brother, James II.
A Catholic!
Glorious RevolutionReasons for the revolution: James II ignored Parliament’s religious laws,
and appointed Catholics to government positions.
Parliament encouraged William of Orange (ruler of the Netherlands) to invade and take over.
Where are the Netherlands?
Glorious Revolution (Cont)
James II fled to France when he realized he had little support from England.
This peaceful transfer of power was called the Glorious Revolution.
Why was it considered peaceful?
William and Mary
William and Mary swore an oath that they would govern the people of England.
Parliament passed the Bill of Rights of 1689.– This made it clear that Parliament was in
control.
What is a constitutional monarchy?
A. Form of government in which monarch’s power is limited by the constitution.
B. Form of government in which monarch’s power is unlimited by the constitution.
C. Form of government where Parliament is in control.
D. Form of government where Parliament is not in control.
What is habeas corpus?
A. People have to be tried.
B. People cannot be held in prison w/o just cause or w/o a trial.
C. People need to be read their Miranda rights.
D. People have to have an attorney present at trial.
Story Map
Create a story map for the English Civil War.
Include major dates, characters and events.
Where is France?
Unit 2. Part 3: French Revolution
Louis XVI
King of France– 1774 -1791
King of the French – 1791 -1792
Citizen Louis Capet– 1793
Marie Antoinette Austrian, not
French! married Louis
XVI– Queen of France
1775- 1793
Estates-General
Estates-General
Estates– 1st: Clergy– 2nd: Nobility– 3rd: Everyone Else
• Peasants• Workers• Bourgeoisie
Estates Populations
1st Estate– 1% of pop.– Most power!
2nd Estate– 2% of pop.– Power
3rd Estate– 97% of pop.– powerless
Causes of the French Revolution
poor economy and national debt– Why?
– Because of unfair system of taxation
– massive spending of Louis XVI
– wars of 18th century
resentment of royal absolutism; aspiration for liberty and republicanism; A resentment of manorialism by peasants,
Causes of the French Revolution
rise of Enlightenment ideals; Food scarcity High unemployment and high bread prices resentment of noble privilege resentment of religious intolerance
The failure of Louis XVI to deal effectively with these problems.
National Assembly
National Assembly
Estates-General always favored the clergy and nobles.
The Third Estate proposed equal votes per person. This would better represent more people. The proposal was denied by the King.
The Third Estate created the National Assembly on its own.
National Assembly
Radicals– Change a lot. More freedom for the people.
Moderates– Change a little. More freedom, but not too
much. Conservatives
– What was wrong with the monarchy? Let’s not change things.
Tennis Court Oath
Tennis Court Oath
Remain until constitution was written. signed by 577 people
Why is it important? Assertion that sovereignty of the people
did not reside in the King, but in the people themselves and their representatives.
Great Fear
Rumors spread
Peasants feared nobles
Peasants became outlaws
What is Bastille Day?
What is Bastille Day? July 14 holiday observed in France What was the Bastille? Why was it stormed? Why do we care?
Look at page 220
National Assembly Reforms
A State Controlled ChurchNational Assembly seizes
church lands, turns clergy into public officials
This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics
Population Movement
Louis Tries to Escape
Louis XVI, worried about his future, attempts to escape France
Revolutionaries catch the royal family near Netherlands border
émigré
Emigrant– Someone who travels out of a country
Immigrant– Someone who travels into a country
Émigré– Someone who traveled out of France to
escape the French Revolution.– Who would do this? Why?
sans-culotte
Sans– Means “without”
culottes– Means knee-length shorts
A skirt is not culottes.A skirt is not culottes.
sans-culotte
Sans– Means “without”
culottes– Means knee-
length shorts
These are culottes.These are culottes.
sans-culotte Sans-culottes
– These were the members of the 3rd Estate
Divisions and Disagreement
Major problems, including debt, food shortages remain
National Assembly splits into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives
Division and Disagreement
Émigrés-nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power
Sans-culottes-lower class who want more change from the Revolution
Declaration of Pillnitz 1791
Austrian and Prussians want Louis XVI back in charge of France
Declaration of Pillnitz, by Austria and Prussia
Why?
Declaration of Pillnitz 1791 Called on other countries to step in and
protect the monarchy of Louis XVI. Austria and Prussia do not want a
strong France, but they also do not want a revolutionary fever to spread through Europe.
It was a threat to preserve the system of monarchy, but NOT a declaration of war on France.
Austrian and Prussians want Louis XVI back in charge of France
Why?
France felt threatened.
France declared war on Austria and Prussia.
France at WarPrussia starts to win the warFrench mob jails Louis XVI
France At War continued
Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king and then dissolves
National Convention takes office in September, forming French Republic
France beheads Louis XVI
1793 No longer
king. Called him
just Citizen Louis Capet
France still at war
1793, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain join Austria and Prussia in war against France.
Jacobins begin military draft
Who were the Jacobins?
Jacobin member of a
radical society revolutionaries
that promoted Reign of Terror
Jacobins the Jacobin
Club launched the Reign of Terror in 1793, beheading royalists and counter-revolutionaries by the tens of thousands.
Guillotine
French Republican calendar
1793-1805 An effort to change everything
– Work, worship– Ten-day week– New month names– New years, starting from 1– Tuesday, November 30, of year 2010 =
• Decadi, Frimaire 10, of year 219
French Republican calendar Thermidor is the new name for
a month in the summer.
Robespierre Assumes Control
Maximilien Robespierre rules France for a year
Becomes leader a dictator
Does this sound familiar? How?
Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror- Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents
Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies
85% of those who die during the terror are middle or lower class
Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror
Louvre Museum
•Opened 1793•Confiscated church and royal property•Art is now available to the people!
Thermidorean Reaction:End of the Terror
In Thermidor (July) 1794, Robespierre was arrested and executed by guillotine.
The Reign of Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals
Execution of Maximilien Robespierre on July 27, 1794.
End of the Terror continued
ModerateModerate
Change NOTHING!
Change NOTHING!
Change EVERYTHING!
Change EVERYTHING!
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
1. Born in Corsica
2. Military School
3. Joins Army
4. 1795 Stunning Victories
5. 1799 Coup d’Etat
6. Napoleonic Code
7. 1804 Crowns himself emperor
The Emperor
Napoleon
Bonaparte
after his
coronation.
Napoleon’s Fall from Power
1. Loss of St. Domingue (Haiti) (1801)
2. Loss of the Louisiana Territory (1803)
3. Continental System (1806)
4. Peninsular War (1808)
5. Invasion of Russia (1812)
6. Defeated, exiled to Elba (1814)
7. Defeated at Waterloo (1815)
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna – series of meeting that reshape Europe
Klemens von Metternich – foreign minister of Austria, influential at Congress
Klemens Von Metternich
Balance of Power – a chief Metternich goal, with no one country a threat
Klemens Von MetternichTrying to balance power in Europe so no more war. #CongressofVienna
Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna unites European powers
Fair deals are worked out so more war does not break out
European nations agree to preserve peace–40 years of peace!
Conservative Europe
Russia, Prussia, Austria pledge to fight revolution.
European nations pledge to to help fight revolutions
Revolutions in Russia
Write these notes on a separate sheet of paper.
The notetaking guide does not match up.
1917 Bolsheviks October Revolution
Time Line
1900 1939
Russian Revolutions, 1900–1939
1905 Bloody Sunday: workers protest, asking for better conditions.
1917 Workers March Revolution
1937 Stalin’s Great Purge
1929 Stalin becomes dictator
1918 Russian civil war begins
Achievements of the Russian Revolutions of 1917
Key Idea
Revolutions in Russia 1HOME
•End to Tsarist rule•First communist government•Lenin takes power•Major reforms
Quick Vocabulary
Write a quick description of these words. Use your textbook, use your phone, ask your neighbor.
Revolutions in Russia 1
KulaksKarl MarxProletariat
BolsheviksTotalitarianGreat Purge
Joseph StalinVladimir Lenin
Communist PartyCommand economy
TERMS & NAMES
What Russia revolted against.
a. Revolt against Tsar
b. Revolt against Bolsheviks
c. Revolt against capitalism
Russian Revolutions
Russia revolted against several things.
Revolt against the Tsar
Russian Revolutions
Your goal:Understand what led Russian citizens to revolution.
Revolt against the Tsar
1881 Alexander III
•Strict censorship, including private letters•Teachers report on students•Prisoners went to gulags in Siberia•Only Russian culture and language allowed
Nicholas II continues autocracy
This is how the Tsar ruled!
This isn’t fair!
What the tsar was doing:
War with Japan Keeping all power to himself World War I Corruption in government
Lenin
Vladimir Lenin was bringing the
Socialist revolution to Russia.
Socialism was coming.
The idea of socialism meant that workers would rule the country.
Workers would have equal benefit from their labor.
Lenin leads Bolsheviks
Revolutionary group protesting tsar
Lenin is almost arrested, so he left the country.
Then he waited.
World War I(1914-1919)
Germany WANTS revolution in Russia to weaken Russia, so they put Lenin on a train into Russia.
Germany WANTS Lenin to take Russia out of World War I, so they don’t have to fight Russia anymore.
Tsar Nicholas II steps down.
Provisional government fails Lenin and Bolsheviks set up another
government.– Divide all land equally– Stop war with Germany– Give factories to the workers
Sounds good doesn’t it?
Revolt against the Bolsheviks
Russian Revolutions
Your goal:Understand why the transfer of power was unsuccessful.
Bolsheviks in Power
– No more Tsar– Everyone gets some land– No more war with Germany– All workers own part of their factory
Not everyone agrees with them.
Who might disagree with these changes?
Russian Civil War(1918-1920)
Red Army– Bolsheviks– Lenin
Russian Civil War(1918-1920)
White Army– Multiple white armies– Anyone anti-Lenin– Disorganized– US and Europe
helped them.
Russian Civil War(1918-1920)
14 million people die Causes of death
– Battle– Famine– Influenza (worldwide)
Red Army wins– Bolsheviks stay in power
Revolt against capitalism
Russian Revolutions
Your goal:Understand why capitalism was opposed in Russia.
Capitalism CREATES social classes based on wealth.
Lenin hates capitalism.
If people are going to be truly equal, the gov’t needs to make sure no one gets rich and no one gets poor.
Lenin wants a socialist society Lenin wants a state-controlled economy
This is not what Karl Marx wanted.
The WORKERS were supposed to
be in charge. What’s this
Communist Party doing running everything?
Angry face
Joseph Stalin and State Control
Totalitarianism
Your goal:Understand what a totalitarian government is.
Collective Farming
Totalitarianism
State controls everything– What you see– What you hear– What you think– What you say– What you buy– What you sell
State controls everything– What you see– “ hear– “ think– “ say– “ buy– “ sell
Totalitarianism
Josef Stalin wantschange for Russia.
Waiting for everyone to agree takes too long
Russia is already too far behind the West
It will be quicker if everyone just does what Stalin says.
How is Russia behind?
The West has Colonies Factories Cars Trains Modern weapons
I want Russia to have that!
First Step
Everyone must start sharing property.
This is called Collectivization.– (collecting farms together)
More Collective Farming
Command Economy
Government will control all economic decisions.– What to make– When to make it– How much money to sell it for– How much money to buy it for– How to make it
This will take some work.
Russia had about 200 years of civilization to catch up with.– Still Feudalism!
Stalin REALLY wants to make Russia a superpower. (and quickly)
How is this Nationalism?
Five-Year Plans(1928-1937)
Stalin creates 5-Year Plans with VERY high goals for improvements in Russia.– Industry– Power
Why did coal production see the biggest growth?
Human Cost
The human cost of rapid industrialization.– Great Purge (anyone who disagreed)– Self-sacrifice by everyone
• Less food• Less clothing• Less housing
Collective Farming Posters
More Collective Farming Art
Posters celebrated Russia’s new
progress
Posters encouraged Russians to join in.
five years plan
five year plan
5E Five Year Plan
Rodchenko
Constructivist Art
Russian Propaganda Art
Young Communists
Communist
Hammer and Sickle
Kulak Kulaks were Ukranians who
had already done well but now stood to
lose their gains.
Would you give up your property
to help your country?
Stalin killed Kulaks
Kulaks did not want to give up their property to the collectives.– Attacked officials– Destroyed their property
Stalin decided to eliminate the Kulaks– Took all property– Killed or imprisoned them– 6 million people died
Great Purge
Stalin killed 20 million of his own people.
This was how he used fear to maintain power.
ChineseCivil War
Ancient China
Part 1:
What kinds of thingsunify a country?What makes China
Chinese?
Religion Language Law Money Government Tradition Food
The Unification of China The Qin dynasty
– The first emperor was Qin Shihuangdi
– (221 B.C.E.) – Qin China
The Unification of ChinaThe Qin dynasty
– Established central rule– Large public projects like the Great
Wall– No opposition! He buried 460
scholars alive because of their criticism against the Qin
– Burned all books except some with utilitarian value
China is now Unified
The Qin dynasty– Policies of centralization
• Standard laws, currencies, weights, measures
• Printing press developed in 800 AD
How would these things help unify a country?
Chinese Trade Routes
What does this have to do with the Chinese economy?
China’s Isolationism
China wanted to stay isolated.
China was willing to sell things to the rest of the world, but didn’t want anything from them.
China had so many people it didn’t NEED to find more markets.
Modern China1842-2011
Part 2:
Opium War
Europe wanted to trade with China.
By 1835: 12 million opium addicts in China.
1839 Britain fought to sell the drug in China - and won.
Why did China not want to trade with Britain?
Goal for Today
By the end of the class today, you will be able to write a detailed, six sentence paragraph about Sun Yixian and his role in Chinese history.
Timeline of Modern China
1842 Opium War 1895 Sun Yixian attempts coup to
overthrow the Manchu Dynasty- fails 1898 Boxer Rebellion: anti-foreigner 1912 Sun Yixian is successful, and
founds the Chinese Republic Manchu (Qing) Dynasty (1644-1912 AD)
Sun Yixian
the “Father of Modern China” Started the underground
“Revive China Society” to change the way China was ruled.
His first attempt at revolution failed, so he went into exile.
World tour in exile 1895-1911 raising money for revolution
Sun Yixian
Chinese citizens worldwide donated money.
Some tried to assassinate him.
Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall, Sacramento
The Xinhai Revolution辛亥革命
1912 successful overthrow of imperial government
New government: Republic of China
Removed the last emperor from the throne.
Hsian-T'ung
Last emperor of China
Became Emperor at age 3.
Overthrown at age 7. (1912)
What did Ido wrong?
Three Principles of the People1. Nationalism -- End foreign control!
2. People’s Rights --- Democracy.
3. People’s Livelihood --- Economic security for all Chinese.
The Chinese people do not have a national spirit, but they need one.
These are the ideas that the newgovernment is being built on.
Republic of China
First: President Sun Yixian
Then: General Yuan Shikai, who was not very democratic.
He made himself Emperor!
People revolted against Shikai.
Then: civil war 1916
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty ended World War I.
Treaty written by Western powers– Italy– England– France– USA
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty did not help China get back lost territory.
Territory that Germany had taken was given to JAPAN!
Why is this significant?
One more reason not to trust the West.
Why is this significant?
One more reason not to trust the West.
May Fourth Movement
1919 World War I ends
Treaty of Versailles does not reward China
3000 students marched in protest of Japanese imperialism and Western support of it.
Workers, shopkeepers and professionals protest
Why is this significant?
China wanted a strong, modern, independent nation, preferably not influenced by the West.
Why is this significant?
China wanted a strong, modern, independent nation, preferably not influenced by the West.
That was a vocabulary term. Did you get it?
What was theMay Fourth Movement?
2 Sides to Civil War
Nationalist Sun Yixian: leader Kuomintang: The
Nationalist Party Western influence
Communist Mao Zedong: leader The Chinese
Communist Party Anti-western
influence
That was a vocabulary term. Did you get it?
What was theKuomintang?
China needs change.Can the two groupscooperate to get it done? Sun Yixian tried to unite both
revolutionary groups. Vladimir Lenin supported this,
and helped the Nationalists. Sounds good, right?
Good leaders arehard to find.
First: Dr. Sun Yixian led Kuomintang 1912, but did not have the authority or military support.
Second: General Yuan Shikai led Kuomintang next, but did not stay very democratic. (Emperor??)
Third: Jiang Jieshi took over the Kuomintang 1925.
How does this transfer of power compare to other revolutions?
England France Russia USA
Jiang Jieshi
Kuomintang leader Promised
democracy and political rights for all Chinese
But his government became less democratic and more corrupt.
Jiang Jieshi
When his government became corrupt, people turned to the alternative:
The Chinese Communist Party
Lenin only wanted the Nationalists and Communists to cooperate for a little while.
“get rid of the warlords”
Then he was going to eliminate the Nationalists.
“Workers of the world unite.”Communism is international.
Look at where the Communists and Nationalists had power.
Who is communism for?
The workers
But if the country is not industrialized, has no factories, who are your workers?
answer: the farmer peasants
Compare
Jiang Jieshi & Nationalists
Some Western influence is ok
For the capitalists Capitalists live in
cities
Mao Zedong & Communists
No Western influence
For the workers peasants
Peasants make up 90% of the population
Peasants do not live in cities
Where do you think their strength will be?
Who will help them?
Foreign countries
Chinese in the country
Chinese in the city
Where do you think their strength will be?
KMT CCP
The White TerrorApril 1927
Massacre in Shanghai, Nanking, Hangchow, Foochow, Canton and other large cities.
Nationalist troops, gangs and secret agents shot suspects, raided communist groups and eliminated workers unions.
5,000 communists were shot and killed, and many more left the party.
The White Terror ofApril 1927
April 1927Nationalist forces
slaughtered Communists.
The Chinese Communist Party was almost entirely eliminated.
Just a few remained.
They fled to the countryside.
Communists are out of the way.
Nationalists (Kuomintang) have control of China.
Jiang Jieshi becomes president of the Republic of China.
Western powers such as US and Britain formally recognize.
You better recognize! Yeah, yeah. We recognize.Yeah, yeah. We recognize.
You killed my communists!I DON’T recognize.
Russia wasn’t so happy.
Mao Zedong In order for the Communist Party to survive, he needed the support of the farmer peasants in the country.
In order to get their support, he promised to give them something they didn’t have:
Land
Land
Land was taken away from landowners and given to peasants.
This is called Land Reform.
Journal Entry
Why do you think this Land Reform would get the Communist Party the support it needed?
Change Takes Time
Capitalist change does not take place overnight.
Shock therapy? Are people patient
when they are hungry?
Communist change is immediate.
Suddenly you have your own piece of land!
Thank you,Mao!
The Long MarchThe Long MarchWhat was it?
A 6000 mile journey taken by Communists escaping the Nationalist army from 1934-1936.
Why was it significant?
Along the way, the Communists shared their ideas and gave hope to desperate peasants. This is how the Communists gained popular support.
The Cold War 1949-1990The Cold War 1949-1990The Soviet Union wanted the world to be communist.
The United States wanted the world to be capitalist.
These nations did not fight each other directly.
Instead, they tried to influence other natons.
These nations did not fight each other directly.
Instead, they tried to influence other natons.
The Cold WarThe Cold War
How do you think the Cold War affected the Chinese civil war?
The Cold WarThe Cold War
The Soviet Union supported the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
The United States supported the Nationalist party (KMT).
The Nationalists had the advantage.The Nationalists had the advantage.Nationalists outnumbered the communist Red Army 3 to 1.
The United States gave money to the Nationalists: nearly $2 billion.
The Communists were on the run, retreating across 6000 miles of territory.
But China today is Communist.
What happened to the Nationalists?
The Nationalists lost the people… and therefore, the war.
The Nationalists lost the people… and therefore, the war.
The Nationalistslet us down, but
Mao gave us________ and
Mao gave us________.
1946-1950
Communist Red Army takes over China. (see animation)
The Chinese Communists win the Civil War.
Taiwan
Nationalists (Kuomintang) escaped to the island of Taiwan.
The United Nations continued to recognize the Kuomintang as the legitimate government of all China.
Communist China was not recognized.
Taiwan
Taiwan
This is about how Taiwan compares to California in size.
You’re in control now, Mao.What do you want to do?
•Nationalize businesses.•Increase industry. •Collectivize farms.
AndmakeChinaa modern,industrialized,powerful nation!
Nationalize businesses!
Private businesses were gradually taken over by the government.
The Chinese Communist Party then made all decisions for each business.
All control is from the government. All profit is for the government.
Increase industry!
1953, Mao launched a five-year plan that set high production goals for industry.
China boosted its output of coal, cement, steel, machines and electricity.
Thousands of new industrial projects were created.
Now let’s talk about changing the farms.
How can we make them more productive?
1950
Mao continued land reform.
1952
Mao wanted to increase productivity everywhere, including the farms.
Collectivize farms!
Remember this?
Stalin collectivized farms for greater productivity.
So did Mao Zedong.
Remember this?
Stalin collectivized farms for greater productivity.
So did Mao Zedong.
1952
Chinese farmers were told to share their animals, equipment and labor with other farmers.
Sounds good.
We like to share.
Land Reform
There were four stages to land reform.
Four Stages of Land Reform
Don’t take notes yet.
Just watch and listen.
I will sum up the four stages at the end.
1930’s
Chinese farmers often owned no land.They lived and worked for a landlord.
Life was hard.
1940’s Farmers own an equal share of land.
Mao Zedong said it was unfair for someone to have lots of land, when other people had none.
He split up each piece of land so everyone owned about 1/2 acre of land.
They could farm it however they liked.
1952 Farmers share equipment.
Mao Zedong wanted more agricultural productivity.
Each farmer now had to share his tools, equipment and labor with 10 other farmers nearby.
This was a Mutual Aid Team. It worked really well.
Productivity increased.
1953 Farmers share everything.
If small teams work well, don’t you think big teams would work better?
Agricultural Producer Cooperatives
More farms are joined together.Farmers still have some differences in income based on land and equipment.
What about super-sized teams?What about super-sized teams?
Collective Farms
•All private ownership ends.
•Everyone gets paid the same.
Collective Farms
•All private ownership ends.
•Everyone gets paid the same.
1954 Farmers own nothing.1954 Farmers own nothing.
Communes were groups of Collective Farms.
•20,000 people•60 villages together•Military style checkpoints•Orchards•Cotton fields•Television station•Oil refinery•Marketing department
Communes were groups of Collective Farms.
•20,000 people•60 villages together•Military style checkpoints•Orchards•Cotton fields•Television station•Oil refinery•Marketing department
Imagine living and working at a high school THIRTY times the sizeof San Juan!
Imagine living and working at a high school THIRTY times the sizeof San Juan!
How do youlike me now?
Dazhai Commune
ReviewFour Stages of Land Reform
1. Farmers own an equal share of land.
2. Farmers must share tools.
3. Farmers must share everything.
4. Farmers own nothing.
Journal entry
The commune system did not provide the increased productivity that Mao Zedong anticipated.A few farmers cooperating together increased production, but thousands of farmers together did not.
Why do you think this happened?
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