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What is What is BIOREMEDIATIONBIOREMEDIATION
The technology used to speed up the natural processes of waste degradation and recycling
Use of naturally occurring microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast to degrade pollutants or hazardous substances in soil, water and air into non-toxic or less toxic substances in order to return the environment to its original natural condition
BIODEGRADATION ?
?BIODEGRADATION ?
?
RELATED TOPICS
BIOREMIDIATION
ENVIRONMENTS
POLLUTANS
PHYTOREMIDIATION
CELLS IMMOBILIZATION
BIOREMIDIATION
TECHNIQUE
ENZYMES SEPARATION
AND IDENTIFICATIO
N
INORGANICORGANIC
TRIPLE CORNERS TRIPLE CORNERS PROSESSPROSESS
ENVIRONMENENVIRONMENTT
MICROORGANISMSOIL
WATERAIR Confining
Unit
Water table
Saline Water
Lateralintrusion of saline water
Ocean
Municipalwater well
Abandonedoil well
DeepAquifer
pond
Infiltration ofpesticides andfertilizers from
farmlands
Brine leakage from ruptured well casing
septic tank leakage
Fresh water
Accidental fuel spill
Municipal landfill
Leakage from hazardous waste site
Contaminated shallow
well
Leakingpetroleum
tank
ConfiningUnit
POLLUTANS
PENCEMAR
senyawa- senyawa yang secara alami ditemukan di alam tetapi jumlahnya (konsentrasinya)
sangat tinggi tidak alami
Contoh : Minyak mentah, fosfat, Logam berat
SENYAWA XENOBIOTIK
senyawa kimia hasil rekayasa manusia yang sebelumnya
tidak pernah ditemukan di alam Contoh : Pestisida, Herbisida, Plastik, Serat Sintetis
POLLUTANTS Bio-degradable
petroleum products (gas, diesel, fuel oil) •crude oil compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene) •some pesticides (malathion) •some industrial solvents •coal compounds (phenols, cyanide in coal tars and coke waste)
Partially degradable / Persistent
TCE (trichlorethylene) threat to ground water •PCE (perchlorethlene) dry cleaning solvent •PCB’s (have been degraded in labs, but not in field work) •Arsenic, Chromium, Selenium
Not degradable / Recalcitrant
Uranium •Mercury •DDT
MICROORGANISM
1 -Isolation of the microorganism 1 -Isolation of the microorganism
5 - Determination of the biodegradationefficiency
5 -Determination of the biodegradation efficiency
4 - Optimization of the biodegradationconditions
4 -Optimization of the biodegradation conditions
3 -Identification of the microbial isolate 3 -Identification of the microbial isolate
2 -Purification of the obtained isolates 2 -Purification of the obtained isolates
6 -Identification of the biodegradation products. 6 -Identification of the biodegradation products.
7 -Cell or enzyme immobilization. 7 -Cell or enzyme immobilization.
8 -Enzyme identification. 8 -Enzyme identification.
A) Soil bioremediation:
(1) In-situ (without excavation).
(2) Ex-situ (with excavation).
Bioremediation techniques
TYPES TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
– Natural attenuation • Example: phytoremediation
(hyperaccumulators) store heavy metals in vacuoles
– Sebertia acuminata 20% dry weight is nickel.
– Plants on side of freeways are taking up lead from gas exhaust
– Bio-stimulation• Add nutrients (nitrate/sulfate) that
cause blooms of naturally occurring microbial bioremediators.
– Example: bacteria that metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or polychlorinated biphenyls
Bioaugmentation Definition: The addition of
microorganisms to the reaction chamber whether in situ or above ground
Considerations before bioaugmenting: Ability to survive
Ability to function
Assurances that they are nonpathogenic to higher life forms
–Alter organisms to manufacture proteins for desired metabolism
»Yellow poplar tree given enzyme mercuric reductase thrives in mercury soil, cadmium, TCE»Bacteria gene breaks down TNT is linked to jellyfish gene that glows. Bacteria spread on soil glows green near explosives»Chakrabarty first patented oil eater bacterium. Combined 4 plasmids in one bacterial cell gave it the ability to degrade four components of crude oil.
TECHNOLOGY-OTHER OPTIONS
Bioventing treating soil by drawing oxygen though it to
stimulate microbe growth
Composting contaminated soils mixed with a bulking agent
and exposed to air
Landfarming adaptation of traditional farming techniques
(aerating, ploughing) to contaminated areas to increase microbes activity
SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING)
BIOVENTING
Pemompaan udara dan Nutrisi
AIR SPARGING
Pememompaan udara untuk
meningkatkan aktifitas degradasi oleh mikroba
SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING)
INJEKSI HIDROGEN PEROXIDA
menggunakan sprinkler atau pemipaan
SUMUR EKSTRAKSI
mengeluarkan air tanah yang kemudian ditambah nutrisi dan oksigen dan dimasukkan kembalike tanah melalui sumur injeksi
SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)
Tanah terkontaminasi diangkat ke dan diperlakukan di permukaan
SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)
COMPOSTINGLimbah dicampur dengan jerami atau bahan lain
untuk mempermudah masuknya air, udara dan nutrisi
Tiga tipe Pengomposan :
1. Dalam Vessel
2. Mechanically Agigated in-vessel
3. Tumpukan
SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING) BIOPILE
Tanah yang tercemar tidak dipindahkan namun diangkat ke permukaan, ditumpuk dan diberi perlakuan penambahan air, udara dan nutrisi
SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)
LAND FARMING
Tanah terkontaminasi dipindahkan dan disebar di permukaan lapangan kemudian diperlakukan dengan penambahan bakteri, air, udara dan nutrisi
1- High density poly ethylene (HDPE)2- Sump pump to collect leachate 3- Layer of pea gravel 4- Layer of polluted soil to be treated 5- Chopped alfalfa hay to retain moisture 6- Wheels on sprinkler piping system 7- Piping frame, aluminum or PVC pipes with
frequent holes, sufficient to allow water, nutrients and bacteria to treat the land farm plot
8- Flexible leachate collection hose
9- Bypass valve that allows leachate to be circulated directly to water distribution tank, 10- Recirculation hose 11- Alken-Murray Bioactivator 2000, bioreactor unit 12- Fresh water supply hoses 13- Pumps for fresh water 14- Treated water hose 15- Water distribution tank 16- Pump for distribution tank
PHYTOREMEDIATION Phytoremediation is use of plants
(HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT) for accumulation, removal or conversion of pollutants.
TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN
TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN
PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR
PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR
(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO
(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO
TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN TERURAI TDK
BERBAHAYA
TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN TERURAI TDK
BERBAHAYA
PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN
PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN
HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT
Can adsorb more than 10.000 ppm for Mn, Zn, Ni
> 1.000 ppm for Cu and Se
> 100 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb and Co
METAL CONTAMNANTS IN THE SOIL
are ABSORBED by the roots (UPTAKE)
move in to shoot (TRANSLOCATION)
are STORED in the shoot (ACCUMULATION)
FITOREMIDIATION BENEFIT
LOW COST OPERATIONAL DESCRESE CONTAMINANT
POLLUTANS NATURALLY CONTAMINATED PLANT CAN USED AS
FUEL
MYCOREMEDIATIONMYCOREMEDIATION
USE FUNGGI AS DECONTAMINATION AREAL
USED FUNGAL MYCELIA EX: DIESEL OIL CONTAMINATED AREA
INOCULATE WITH OYSTER FUNGI. CAN CHANGE PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) CO2 + H2O
Sebuah perusahaan POM BENSIN terbesar di Las Vegas, USA sedang menhadapi masalah serius. Tangki yang ditanam dalam tanah sedalam 10 meter mengalami kebocoran.
Jika Anda sebagai Konsultan, diminta untuk menyelesaikan masalah perusahaan POM BENSIN, Las Vegas, USA tersebut. Apa yang akan anda lakukan ?
GMO APPLICATION FOR BIOREMIDIATION
Deinococcus radiodurans
organisme paling radioresistant dimodifikasi untuk dapat mencerna
toluene dan ionic mercury dari limbah dg kandunga radioactive nuclear yang tinggi
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR BIOREMEDIATION
Aerobic – where oxygen in some form is added to the treatment environment
Anaerobic – where nitrate, iron, or other electron acceptor is added to the treatment environment
Combinations - where a combination of the above is used, often in pulses
What Biological Technologies Are Available? In situ Bioremediation (ISB) or
Enhanced Bioremediation Natural Bioremediation
(Biostimulastion) Biopiles Bioreactors Bioventing/ Biosparging Engineered Treatment Cells
WATER AND GAS BIOREMIDIATION
Biofiltration is a process, in which, microorganisms supported on inert materials are used to degrade organic pollutants for air, gas and water bioremediation.
Types of biofilters:
1- Bioscrubbers.
2- Biotrickling filters.
3- Slow sand or carbon filters.
Slow sand or carbon filtersSlow sand or carbon filters work through the
formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm layer) on the top few millimetres of the fine sand or carbon layer.
This layer contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae (i.e. rotifers).
Metals bioremediation mechanisms
Solubilization)Bioleaching(
Complexation
(Bioaccomulation)
(Biosorption)
Metal immobilizatio
n
Precipitation
- H2S producing bacteria- Siderophores.- Metal reduction.
- Exopolysaccharide.- Lipoproteins.
- Organic acids.- Siderophores.- Root exudates.
pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)
SEM images of selenium-siderophore complex formed in P. stutzeri culture
filtrate.
Chemical structure of some siderophores
COMPARISON OF BIOREMEDIATION AND OTHER TECHNIQUES
Soil Gas Extraction: A process by which petroleum vapors are removed from the soil using wells and vacuum pumps. Volatile compounds are extracted from the area between soil particles by applying negative pressure to screened wells in the vadose zone.
Low Temperature Thermal Stripping: A process by which soil is excavated and fed into a mobile unit designed to heat the soil and drive off contaminates.
Excavation: A process which involves the digging up of contaminated soils and hauling them away.
Treatment Options for Contaminated Soilsfrom Natusch, 1997.
Remediation MethodExcavation-landfillContainment on-siteLandfarming/BioCo-burningStabilisationThermal desorptionSoil washingVapour extractionDechlorination
% Use in Australia
60-90
10-30
15-20
<5
5-10
<5
<5
<5
<1
Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes Compared With Other Remediation Technologies
(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substances instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another;
(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than excavation-based processes; and
(3) the cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation technologies can be considerably lower than that for conventional treatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or moving the material .
Limitations to Bioremediation
Timescale Residual Contaminants Levels Inconsistency Recalcitrant Pollutants eg DDT, PAHs
Bioavailability
Degrading microorganisms
Aqueous solubility
Toxicity
CHALLENGES OF INNOVATION
Technology Quality / Success Available Market Investment Capital Competent Management Regulatory Acknowledgment Right Timing Good Public Perception Good Information Dissemination
Kasus tumpahnya minyak dari Supertanker milik Exxon di lepas pantai Alaska pada 23 Maret 1989 telah menjadi perhatian pemerhati lingkungan. Sampai saat ini, tumpahnya minyak ke laut yang dilakukan oleh Kapal Exxon itu adalah yang terbesar: lebih dari 12 juta gallon minyak mentah. Hal ini dianggap sebagai salah satu bencana lingkungan paling dahsyat yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Peristiwa Exxon Valdez adalah yang terbesar yang pernah di perairan AS. Daerah ini merupakan habitat salmon,berang-berang laut, anjing laut dan burung laut.Berbagai tuntutan telah dialamatkan ke Exxon, terutama oleh para pihak yang menggantungkan hidupnya dari laut Prince Willian Sound, Alaska. Exxon sendiri telah menghabiskan dana lebih dari $ 2,1 miliar untuk membersihkan lingkungan laut dari tumpahan minyak. Ia juga harus berhadapan dengan pemerintah Amerika dan Alaska yang mengejar Exxon terlibat dalam perbuatan pidana yang bertentangan dengan Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, dan Migratory Bird Treaty Act.Exxon mengaku bersalah dan membayar denda $ 150juta.
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