SANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAHSANITASI DAN PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH

BIOREMIDIATIOBIOREMIDIATIONN

What is What is BIOREMEDIATIONBIOREMEDIATION

The technology used to speed up the natural processes of waste degradation and recycling

Use of naturally occurring microorganism such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast to degrade pollutants or hazardous substances in soil, water and air into non-toxic or less toxic substances in order to return the environment to its original natural condition

BIODEGRADATION ?

?BIODEGRADATION ?

?

RELATED TOPICS

BIOREMIDIATION

ENVIRONMENTS

POLLUTANS

PHYTOREMIDIATION

CELLS IMMOBILIZATION

BIOREMIDIATION

TECHNIQUE

ENZYMES SEPARATION

AND IDENTIFICATIO

N

INORGANICORGANIC

TRIPLE CORNERS TRIPLE CORNERS PROSESSPROSESS

ENVIRONMENENVIRONMENTT

MICROORGANISMSOIL

WATERAIR Confining

Unit

Water table

Saline Water

Lateralintrusion of saline water

Ocean

Municipalwater well

Abandonedoil well

DeepAquifer

pond

Infiltration ofpesticides andfertilizers from

farmlands

Brine leakage from ruptured well casing

septic tank leakage

Fresh water

Accidental fuel spill

Municipal landfill

Leakage from hazardous waste site

Contaminated shallow

well

Leakingpetroleum

tank

ConfiningUnit

POLLUTANS

PENCEMAR

senyawa- senyawa yang secara alami ditemukan di alam tetapi jumlahnya (konsentrasinya)

sangat tinggi tidak alami

Contoh : Minyak mentah, fosfat, Logam berat

SENYAWA XENOBIOTIK

senyawa kimia hasil rekayasa manusia yang sebelumnya

tidak pernah ditemukan di alam Contoh : Pestisida, Herbisida, Plastik, Serat Sintetis

POLLUTANTS Bio-degradable

petroleum products (gas, diesel, fuel oil) •crude oil compounds (benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene) •some pesticides (malathion) •some industrial solvents •coal compounds (phenols, cyanide in coal tars and coke waste)

Partially degradable / Persistent

TCE (trichlorethylene) threat to ground water •PCE (perchlorethlene) dry cleaning solvent •PCB’s (have been degraded in labs, but not in field work) •Arsenic, Chromium, Selenium

Not degradable / Recalcitrant

Uranium •Mercury •DDT

TYPE & KIND ORGANISMS

Fungi

Plants (Phytoremediation)

Bacteria

Natural Community

Bioaugmentation

MICROORGANISM

1 -Isolation of the microorganism 1 -Isolation of the microorganism

5 - Determination of the biodegradationefficiency

5 -Determination of the biodegradation efficiency

4 - Optimization of the biodegradationconditions

4 -Optimization of the biodegradation conditions

3 -Identification of the microbial isolate 3 -Identification of the microbial isolate

2 -Purification of the obtained isolates 2 -Purification of the obtained isolates

6 -Identification of the biodegradation products. 6 -Identification of the biodegradation products.

7 -Cell or enzyme immobilization. 7 -Cell or enzyme immobilization.

8 -Enzyme identification. 8 -Enzyme identification.

A) Soil bioremediation:

(1) In-situ (without excavation).

(2) Ex-situ (with excavation).

Bioremediation techniques

Source Zone Treatment vs. Plume Treatment

TYPES TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

– Natural attenuation • Example: phytoremediation

(hyperaccumulators) store heavy metals in vacuoles

– Sebertia acuminata 20% dry weight is nickel.

– Plants on side of freeways are taking up lead from gas exhaust

– Bio-stimulation• Add nutrients (nitrate/sulfate) that

cause blooms of naturally occurring microbial bioremediators.

– Example: bacteria that metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or polychlorinated biphenyls

Bioaugmentation Definition: The addition of

microorganisms to the reaction chamber whether in situ or above ground

Considerations before bioaugmenting: Ability to survive

Ability to function

Assurances that they are nonpathogenic to higher life forms

–Alter organisms to manufacture proteins for desired metabolism

»Yellow poplar tree given enzyme mercuric reductase thrives in mercury soil, cadmium, TCE»Bacteria gene breaks down TNT is linked to jellyfish gene that glows. Bacteria spread on soil glows green near explosives»Chakrabarty first patented oil eater bacterium. Combined 4 plasmids in one bacterial cell gave it the ability to degrade four components of crude oil.

TECHNOLOGY-OTHER OPTIONS

Bioventing treating soil by drawing oxygen though it to

stimulate microbe growth

Composting contaminated soils mixed with a bulking agent

and exposed to air

Landfarming adaptation of traditional farming techniques

(aerating, ploughing) to contaminated areas to increase microbes activity

IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING)

BIOVENTING

Pemompaan udara dan Nutrisi

AIR SPARGING

Pememompaan udara untuk

meningkatkan aktifitas degradasi oleh mikroba

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (IN SITU PROCESSING)

INJEKSI HIDROGEN PEROXIDA

menggunakan sprinkler atau pemipaan

SUMUR EKSTRAKSI

mengeluarkan air tanah yang kemudian ditambah nutrisi dan oksigen dan dimasukkan kembalike tanah melalui sumur injeksi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

Tanah terkontaminasi diangkat ke dan diperlakukan di permukaan

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

SLURRY PHASE

menggunakan bioreaktor

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

COMPOSTINGLimbah dicampur dengan jerami atau bahan lain

untuk mempermudah masuknya air, udara dan nutrisi

Tiga tipe Pengomposan :

1. Dalam Vessel

2. Mechanically Agigated in-vessel

3. Tumpukan

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING) BIOPILE

Tanah yang tercemar tidak dipindahkan namun diangkat ke permukaan, ditumpuk dan diberi perlakuan penambahan air, udara dan nutrisi

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (EX-SITU PROCESSING)

LAND FARMING

Tanah terkontaminasi dipindahkan dan disebar di permukaan lapangan kemudian diperlakukan dengan penambahan bakteri, air, udara dan nutrisi

1- High density poly ethylene (HDPE)2- Sump pump to collect leachate 3- Layer of pea gravel 4- Layer of polluted soil to be treated 5- Chopped alfalfa hay to retain moisture 6- Wheels on sprinkler piping system 7- Piping frame, aluminum or PVC pipes with

frequent holes, sufficient to allow water, nutrients and bacteria to treat the land farm plot

8- Flexible leachate collection hose

9- Bypass valve that allows leachate to be circulated directly to water distribution tank, 10- Recirculation hose 11- Alken-Murray Bioactivator 2000, bioreactor unit 12- Fresh water supply hoses 13- Pumps for fresh water 14- Treated water hose 15- Water distribution tank 16- Pump for distribution tank

SOIL BIOREMIDIATION (COMBINATION IN SITU & EX-SITU PROCESSING)

PHYTOREMEDIATION Phytoremediation is use of plants

(HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT) for accumulation, removal or conversion of pollutants.

TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN

TUMBUHAN MENARIK ZAT KONTAMINAN, BERAKUMULASI DI DAUN

PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR

PENEMPELAN ZAT KONTAMINAN PADA AKAR

(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO

(Rhyzodegradation)PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN OLEH AKTIVITAS MO

TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN TERURAI TDK

BERBAHAYA

TRANSPIRASI ZAT KONTAMINAN DLM BENTUK MENJADI LARUTAN TERURAI TDK

BERBAHAYA

PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN

PENGURAIAN ZAT KONTAMINAN

HYPERACCUMULATOR PLANT

Can adsorb more than 10.000 ppm for Mn, Zn, Ni

> 1.000 ppm for Cu and Se

> 100 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb and Co

METAL CONTAMNANTS IN THE SOIL

are ABSORBED by the roots (UPTAKE)

move in to shoot (TRANSLOCATION)

are STORED in the shoot (ACCUMULATION)

Alyssum murale

Nicotina tabbacumNicotina tabbacum

Thiaspi caerulescens

Berkheya spBerkheya sp

FITOREMIDIATION BENEFIT

LOW COST OPERATIONAL DESCRESE CONTAMINANT

POLLUTANS NATURALLY CONTAMINATED PLANT CAN USED AS

FUEL

MYCOREMEDIATIONMYCOREMEDIATION

USE FUNGGI AS DECONTAMINATION AREAL

USED FUNGAL MYCELIA EX: DIESEL OIL CONTAMINATED AREA

INOCULATE WITH OYSTER FUNGI. CAN CHANGE PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) CO2 + H2O

TERIMA KASIH

Case Study

Sebuah perusahaan POM BENSIN terbesar di Las Vegas, USA sedang menhadapi masalah serius. Tangki yang ditanam dalam tanah sedalam 10 meter mengalami kebocoran.

Jika Anda sebagai Konsultan, diminta untuk menyelesaikan masalah perusahaan POM BENSIN, Las Vegas, USA tersebut. Apa yang akan anda lakukan ?

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

GMO APPLICATION FOR BIOREMIDIATION

Deinococcus radiodurans

organisme paling radioresistant dimodifikasi untuk dapat mencerna

toluene dan ionic mercury dari limbah dg kandunga radioactive nuclear yang tinggi

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR BIOREMEDIATION

Aerobic – where oxygen in some form is added to the treatment environment

Anaerobic – where nitrate, iron, or other electron acceptor is added to the treatment environment

Combinations - where a combination of the above is used, often in pulses

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

What Biological Technologies Are Available? In situ Bioremediation (ISB) or

Enhanced Bioremediation Natural Bioremediation

(Biostimulastion) Biopiles Bioreactors Bioventing/ Biosparging Engineered Treatment Cells

WATER AND GAS BIOREMIDIATION

Biofiltration is a process, in which, microorganisms supported on inert materials are used to degrade organic pollutants for air, gas and water bioremediation.

Types of biofilters:

1- Bioscrubbers.

2- Biotrickling filters.

3- Slow sand or carbon filters.

Bioscrubber filtersBioscrubber filters

Slow sand or carbon filtersSlow sand or carbon filters work through the

formation of a gelatinous layer (or biofilm layer) on the top few millimetres of the fine sand or carbon layer.

This layer contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae (i.e. rotifers).

Metals bioremediation mechanisms

Solubilization)Bioleaching(

Complexation

(Bioaccomulation)

(Biosorption)

Metal immobilizatio

n

Precipitation

- H2S producing bacteria- Siderophores.- Metal reduction.

- Exopolysaccharide.- Lipoproteins.

- Organic acids.- Siderophores.- Root exudates.

pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylic acid)

SEM images of selenium-siderophore complex formed in P. stutzeri culture

filtrate.

Chemical structure of some siderophores

COMPARISON OF BIOREMEDIATION AND OTHER TECHNIQUES

Soil Gas Extraction: A process by which petroleum vapors are removed from the soil using wells and vacuum pumps. Volatile compounds are extracted from the area between soil particles by applying negative pressure to screened wells in the vadose zone.

Low Temperature Thermal Stripping: A process by which soil is excavated and fed into a mobile unit designed to heat the soil and drive off contaminates.

Excavation: A process which involves the digging up of contaminated soils and hauling them away.

Treatment Options for Contaminated Soilsfrom Natusch, 1997.

Remediation MethodExcavation-landfillContainment on-siteLandfarming/BioCo-burningStabilisationThermal desorptionSoil washingVapour extractionDechlorination

% Use in Australia

60-90

10-30

15-20

<5

5-10

<5

<5

<5

<1

Advantages of Using Bioremediation Processes Compared With Other Remediation Technologies

(1) biologically-based remediation detoxifies hazardous substances instead of transferring contaminants from one environmental medium to another;

(2) bioremediation is generally less disruptive to the environment than excavation-based processes; and

(3) the cost of treating a hazardous waste site using bioremediation technologies can be considerably lower than that for conventional treatment methods: vacuuming, absorbing, burning, dispersing, or moving the material .

Limitations to Bioremediation

Timescale Residual Contaminants Levels Inconsistency Recalcitrant Pollutants eg DDT, PAHs

Bioavailability

Degrading microorganisms

Aqueous solubility

Toxicity

CHALLENGES OF INNOVATION

Technology Quality / Success Available Market Investment Capital Competent Management Regulatory Acknowledgment Right Timing Good Public Perception Good Information Dissemination

DEFINITION

PHYTOREMEDIATION

BIOREMEDIATION TECHNIQUE

CASE STUDY

Case study 2:THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL

Kasus tumpahnya minyak dari Supertanker milik Exxon di lepas pantai Alaska pada 23 Maret 1989 telah menjadi perhatian pemerhati lingkungan. Sampai saat ini, tumpahnya minyak ke laut yang dilakukan oleh Kapal Exxon itu adalah yang terbesar: lebih dari 12 juta gallon minyak mentah. Hal ini dianggap sebagai salah satu bencana lingkungan paling dahsyat yang disebabkan oleh manusia. Peristiwa Exxon Valdez adalah yang terbesar yang pernah di perairan AS. Daerah ini merupakan habitat salmon,berang-berang laut, anjing laut dan burung laut.Berbagai tuntutan telah dialamatkan ke Exxon, terutama oleh para pihak yang menggantungkan hidupnya dari laut Prince Willian Sound, Alaska. Exxon sendiri telah menghabiskan dana lebih dari $ 2,1 miliar untuk membersihkan lingkungan laut dari tumpahan minyak. Ia juga harus berhadapan dengan pemerintah Amerika dan Alaska yang mengejar Exxon terlibat dalam perbuatan pidana yang bertentangan dengan Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, dan Migratory Bird Treaty Act.Exxon mengaku bersalah dan membayar denda $ 150juta. 

Jika Anda sebagai utusan konsultan lingkungan diminta membantu permasalahan PT. Exxon Valdez tersebut. Apa solusi yang akan anda tawarkan pada perusahaan tersebut ?•Identifikasi faktor permasalahan (polutan, lingkungan, mikroorganisme)•Solusi penanggulangan