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Terrorism Its Type,Nature and Prevention
Avinash RajputCriminology 1st Semester
Lok Nayak Jayprakesh Narayana National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science
Ministry of Home Affairs
Definitions of Terrorism
“Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against person or Property to intimidate or coerce o government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”
- F.B.I Definition
"calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies ... [to attain] political, religious, or ideological goals."
- U.S. Army Manual
“Terrorism is the use or threatened use of force designed to bring about political change.”
- Brian Jenkins
“Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent people are targeted.”
- Walter Laqueur
National Terrorism
National Terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government without foreign involvement. Oklahoma City is a primary example.
International Terrorism
International terrorism involves groups whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States. Sept. 11 is an example of International Terrorism.
Other Types of Terrorism
• State Terrorism• Bio Terrorism• Cyber Terrorism• Eco Terrorism• NuclearTerrorism• Narco Terrorism
State Terrorism
State terrorism may refer to acts of terrorism conducted by a state against a foreign state or people.
State terrorism refer to acts of violence by a state against its own people.
State terrorism is a system of political domination based on the spreading of terror in society.
Bio Terrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins.
Bioterrorism is the term used for terrorist activities in which biological substances are used to cause harm to other people.
Example: They can be contaminated water, food, air and packages to create infection.
Cyber Terrorism
In this Terrorist use Information Technology to attack civilians.
In this Terrorist use Computer System and Telecommunications as a tool to attack.
Example: The internet worms and viruses that are designed to take down some of the systems that the government uses.
Eco Terrorism
Eco terrorism is a recently coined term describing violence in the interests of environmentalism.
Nuclear Terrorism
"Nuclear terrorism" refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be exploited as a terrorist tactic.
Nuclear terrorism is any different way that nuclear weapons might be used for terrorism.
Example: Use of Radioactive materials through explosion. Use of nuclear reactor method.
Narco Terrorism
In Narco terrorism, terrorists making, transporting, and selling illegal drugs to fund terrorists activities.
Narco terrorism has denoted violence used by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent government efforts to stop the drug trade.
Example: Making, transporting, and selling illegal drugs to fund terrorists activities.
Characteristics of Terrorism
It is exercised by organized groupsIt is inspired by Political MotiveUse of Violence is intended to arouse
fright or alarmThere is systematic and indiscriminate use
of violence and breach of Law
Psychological Impact of Terrorism
Strong motivation to terminate terrorEvokes classic ego defense mechanisms
and displacementOften produces
frustration-aggression reactiongeneral increase in mental illnessAcute Stress Disorder (ASD)Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Causes Of Terrorism
InjusticePoliticiansPoverty and IlliteracyMedia ( Controlled By Politicians)Religious causes
Methods of Terrorism
FirearmsExplosive and Incendiary DevicesChemical AgentsBiological AgentsNuclear Weapon
HOW TERRORISTS OPERATE
ASSAULTS & MURDERSKIDNAPPING & SKYJACKINGSARSON & BOMBINGSWEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
Purpose of Terrorism
FearPanicDisruptionDemoralizationIntimidationEmbarrass GovernmentMedia Attention
Similarities Between Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups
Hierarchy structureOperate secretlyUnderground networkControl over the individual is strongfront organizations (Businesses or
Charities)Similar tactics
Differences Between Terrorist and Organized Crime Groups
Terrorist ideologically or politically
motivated seek media attention
Victimization is generally less discriminate
wish to compete with governments for legitimacy
Organized Crime profit-oriented
Do not seek media attention
Victimization is generally less discriminate
Do not do this
Different Acts for Terrorism
Terrorism Act 2000Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001Intelligence Reform and Terrorism
Prevention Act of 2004ANIMAL ENTERPRISE TERRORISM ACT
Primary Prevention
Education!!!Understand the differences in cultures,
religions, beliefs and human behaviorsThink of the peace, freedom and
equality of all human beings, not just “my group of people”
Eliminate the root of terrorism
Secondary Prevention
Establish surveillance and monitoring system on terrorism attack
Improve protective system for citizens
Tertiary Prevention
Early detection of the sourcesPrevent the extension of impairmentsRescue the survivorsConsole the rest of the population
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