BIODIVERSITY

PRESENTED BY:

Akhil Madankarasmadankar@gmail.com

BIODIVERSITY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY or BIODIVERSITY is part of

nature which include the differences in genes among the individual of a species ; the variety & richness of all the plant & animal species at different scales in space –locally ,in a region ,in country & the world ;& the types of ecosystem, both terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined area.

In short, BIODIVERSITY deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere.

EVOLUTION & HISTORY Biodiversity is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution. The origin of life has not been definitely established by science,

however some evidence suggests that life may already have been well-established only a few hundred million years after the formation of the Earth.

The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared.

The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history.

Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural selection.

EVOLUTION & HISTORY

#Apparent marine fossil diversity during the Phanerozoic#

EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth,

life on land shows an exponential rise in diversity. Changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the

hyperbolic model than with exponential and logistic models. New species are regularly discovered (on average between 5–

10,000 new species each year, most of them insects) and many, though discovered, are not yet classified (estimates are that nearly 90% of all arthropods are not yet classified).

Most of the terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and in general, land has more species than the ocean; some 8.7 million species may exists . on Earth, of which some 2.1 million live in the ocean.

TYPES BIODIVERSITY TAXONOMIC/SPECIES DIVERSITY (usually measured

at the species diversity level). ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY often viewed from the

perspective of ecosystem diversity. morphological diversity which stems from

GENETIC DIVERSITY.

SPECIES DIVERSITY The number of species of plants and animals that’s are

present in a region constitutes its species diversity. This diversity is seen both in nature ecosystem & in

agriculture ecosystem. For example monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties etc. are all

different species. At present, conservation scientists have been able to identity

& categorize about 1.8 million species on earth. Area that are rich in species diversity are called ‘hotspots’ of

diversity; INDIA is among the world’s 15 nations that are exceptionally rich in species diversity.

SPECIES DIVERSITY According to Mora and colleagues, the total number of terrestrial species

is estimated to be around 8.7 million while the number of oceanic species is much lower, estimated at 2.2 million.

220,000 vascular plants, estimated using the species-area relation method.

0.7-1 million marine species. 10–30 million insects; (of some 0.9 million we know today) 5–10 million bacteria; 1.5-3 million fungi, estimates based on data from the tropics, long-term

non-tropical sites, and molecular studies that have revealed cryptic speciation.

Some 0.075 million species of fungi had been documented by 2001. 1 million mites.

#Discovered and predicted total number of species on land and in the oceans#

www.wikipedia.com

GENETIC DIVERSITY Each member of any animal or plant species differ widely from

other individual in its genetics makeup, owing to the large number of combinations possible in genes that give every individual specific its characteristics.

For example ,each human being is very different from all others.

The diversity in wild species forms the ‘gene pool’. Today, the variety of more productive, disease-resistant crops

& to breed superior domestic animals . Modern biotechnology also manipulates genes to develop

better types of medicines and a variety of industrial products.

GENETIC DIVERSITY E.g.,Chihuahuas, Beagles, and Rottweilers are all the same species But they are not the same because there is variety in their genes.

Chihuahua Beagle

Rottweiler

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY Ecosystem diversity can be described for specific geographical

region ,or a political entity such as country ,a state or a taluka. An ecosystem is referred to ass ‘natural’ when it is relatively by

human activities or ‘modified’ when it is changed to other types of uses ,such as farmland or urban areas.

Life was probably initiated as a product of organics reactions in the Earth’s primordial seas. Alternative possibilities such as life beginning in muddy ooze, or of life having been seeded from outer space have also been suggested.

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY Types of

Ecosystem:1. Forest ecosystem.

2. Grassland ecosystem.

3. Desert ecosystem.

4. Aquatic ecosystem.

VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY Consumptive use value Productive use value Social value Ethical & moral Values Aesthetic Value Option value

BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY NEW FOOD SOURCES PLANTS AND ANIMALS

BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY

MEDICINES

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Habitat destruction. Introduced and invasive species. Genetic pollution. Overexploitation. Hybridization and food security. Climate change. Human overpopulation.

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Habitat destruction:

Introduced and invasive species:

Habitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions ,especially related to tropical forest destruction.

Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon Rainforest are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity.

Barriers such as large rivers, seas, oceans, mountains and deserts encourage diversity by enabling independent evolution on either side of the barrier, via the process of allopatric speciation.

The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.

Male Lophura nycthemera

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Genetic pollution :

Overexploitation:

Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced species.

Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion.

The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its gene pool.

Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and genotype constellations can be preserved.

Overexploitation occurs when a resource is consumed at an unsustainable rate.

The overkill hypothesis, a pattern of large animal extinctions connected with human migration patterns, can be used explain why mega faunal extinctions can occur within a relatively short time period.

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Hybridization and food security:

Climate change:

In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield.

Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization. Genetic erosion coupled with genetic pollution may be destroying

unique genotypes, thereby creating a hidden crisis which could result in a severe threat to our food security.

Global warming is also considered to be a major potential threat to global biodiversity in the future.

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but the major impacts that have been predicted are still just potential impacts.

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Human overpopulation:

More responsible threat among all other. From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7

billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century.

According to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund, the global human population already exceeds planet’s biocapacity - it would take the equivalent of 1.5 Earths of biocapacity to meet our current demands.

The report further points that if everyone on the planet had the Footprint of the average resident of Qatar, we would need 4.8 Earths, and if we lived the lifestyle of a typical resident of the USA, we would need 3.9 Earths.

www.wikipedia.com

#A schematic image illustrating the relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem services, human well-being, and poverty.

CONSERVATION : PROTECTION AND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES

Biodiversity banking places a monetary value on biodiversity. One example is the Australian Native Vegetation Management Framework.

Gene banks are collections of specimens and genetic material. Some banks intend to reintroduce banked species to the ecosystem (e.g., via tree nurseries).

Reduction of and better targeting of pesticides allows more species to survive in agricultural and urbanized areas.

Location-specific approaches may be less useful for protecting migratory species. One approach is to create wildlife corridors that correspond to the animals’ movements. National and other boundaries can complicate corridor creation.

Focusing on limited areas of higher potential biodiversity promises greater immediate return on investment than spreading resources evenly or focusing on areas of little diversity but greater interest in biodiversity.

LEGAL STATUS International level:

United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) and Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety;

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES);

Ramsar Convention (Wetlands); Bonn Convention on Migratory Species; World Heritage Convention (indirectly by

protecting biodiversity habitats) Regional Conventions such as the Apia

Convention Bilateral agreements such as the Japan-Australia

Migratory Bird Agreement.

LEGAL STATUS National level:

The relationship between law and ecosystems is very ancient and has consequences for biodiversity. It is related to private and public property rights. It can define protection for threatened ecosystems, but also some rights and duties (for example, fishing and hunting rights).

Law regarding species is more recent. It defines species that must be protected because they may be threatened by extinction. The U.S. Endangered Species Act is an example of an attempt to address the “law and species” issue.

Laws regarding gene pools are only about a century old. Domestication and plant breeding methods are not new, but advances in genetic engineering have led to tighter laws covering distribution of genetically modified organisms, gene patents and process patents. Governments struggle to decide whether to focus on for example, genes, genomes, or organisms and species.

References:http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.stopextinction.org/http://www.audubon.org/campaign/esa/esa.html

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