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Carlos Reeve, 6th Sp.2H
Grammar Book [2]
3. Imperfect4. Trigger Words5-8. Preterite
- Regular, Car/Gar/Zar- Snake/Snakey- Cucaracha- Spock
9. Modal Verbs10. Adverbs11. Irregular Adverbs12. Progressive
- Present- Past
13. Future- Regular- Irregular
14. Superlatives15. Formal Commands16. Prepositions17. Conditional18. Demonstratives
Table of Contents
Uses: Ongoing action [Was/Were] Repeated action [Used to] No definite beginning or end Time/Date/Age/Feelings/Description Interrupted Activity [Cuando]
Imperfect
Trigger words are used to show the beginning of an imperfect sentence.
Generalmente = GenerallyFrecuentement = FrequentlySiempre = AlwaysA veces = SometimesA menudo = OftenMientras = AsDe vez en cuando = Occasionally Muchas veces = OftenLos Lunes = On MondaysCada día = DailyTodos los días = Everyday
Trigger Words
Preterite indicates past.ArEr/Ir É í Aste iste Ó ió Amos imos Aron ieron
Preterite of verbs ending in –car, -gar, and –zar (Only changes in “yo” form)
Ex: Sacar = Yo saqué Pagar = Yo Pagué Empezar = Yo empecé
Preterite (Regular and Car, Gar, Zar)
Car yo qu
éGar yo gu
éZar yo cé
Snake SnakeyStem Changers Y Changers
Dormir: Leer:Dormí LeíDormimos LeimosDormiste LeisteDurmió LeyóDumieron Leyeron
Changes in 3rd Person for Snakey*.To write 3rd person preterite of er/ir verbs with stems
ending in vowel, change “I” to “Y”.All of these preterite forms require an accent except for
ustedes/ellos/ellas forms.
Preterite (Snake/Snakey)
Andar Anduv-EstarEstuv-Poder Pud-Poner Pus-Quere Quis-Saber Sup-Tener Tuv-VenirVin-
Conducir Conduj-Producir Produj-Traducir Traduj-
DecirDij-Traer Traj-
Preterite (Cucaracha)E
Iste
O
Imos
Isteis
Ieron
Take off the “I”
This is the preterite irregulars for dar, ver, ir, ser, and hacer.
Preterite (Spock)
Conjugate and pair the modal verbs with an infinitive to get a new meaning.
Ir + a + infinitive [Going to do something]Poder + infinitive [Are able to do something]Querer + infinitive [Want to do something]Deber + infinitive [Should do something]Tener que + infitive [To have to do something]Soler + infinitive [To be accustomed to]Necesitar + infinitive [Need to do something]
Modal Verbs
Add “mente” to the end of the adjective, change to feminine form.
Adjective Feminine Form AdverbClaro Clara
ClaramenteDificil Dificil
DificilmentePerfecto Perfecta
Perfectamente
Los Adverbios
Mucho [A lot]Mal [Bad]Ya [Already]Siempre [Always]Peor [Worse]Poco [Little]Bastante [Quite/Enough]Muy [Very]Tan [So]
Irregular Adverbios
Present PastAr = Ando Just change
“estar”Er/Ir = Iendo - EstabaYendo - Estabas
- EstabaEx: - EstabamosHablando - EstabanComiendoLeyendo
Progressive Tense
Will do something.These are irregulars:For non-irregulars, use endings on right:
Decir dir- - áHacer har-Ponerpondr- - ásSalir saldr-Tenertendr- Infinitive + - áValer vendr-Poderpodr- - émosQuerer querr-Sabersabr- - án
Future
Used when saying something has the “most” or least” of something, such as an adjective.
Más + Adjective[The most]
Menos + Adjective[The least…]
Ex: Carlos es el más alto. = Carlos is the tallest.Tito es la menos alto. = Tito is the shortest.
Superlatives
Put in the “yo” form and change to the opposite vowel.Same for regular and negative.
Ar = EEr/Ir = A
TengaVengaDé, DigaVayaSeaHagaEstéSaga
Formal Commands
Abajo = DownArriba = TopDebajo de = BelowDentro de = WithinEncima de = On top ofFuere de = Outside Izquierda = LeftDerecha = RightDelante = In front ofDetras = BehindEntre = BetweenCerca = NearLejos = Far
Prepositions
Conditional is used to show future actions that were spoken about in the past.
Would, should, or could have.
Ía Ías Ía Íamos Íais Ían
Ex: Yo siempre dije que yo ayudaría mis amigos.I always said that I would help my friends.
Conditional
If the first “e” in any demonstrative has an accent mark, then it is a pronoun.
All demonstratives agree in gender and number of the noun being modified.
If it ends in “E” it is neuter.
Demonstratives
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