B E N I C I O K L I N G L E R

ESPAÑOL 4 LIBRO DE GRAMATICA

TABLA DE CONTENIDOS

• 1) presento• 2) ser y estar• 3) gustar y otros verbos como gustar• 4) nouns / articles / adjectivos• 5) preterito vs. imperfecto• 6) Subjunctivo en sustantivos• 7) Subjunctivo en adjetivos• 8) Mandatos• 9) object pronouns• 10) possesive adjectives and pronouns• 11) Demonstrative adjectives / pronouns• 12) Reflexives• 13) Por y Para• 14) To become: hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser

1) PRESENT TENSE

AR Verbs

Yo: -o Nosotros:- amos

Tu: -as Vosotros: -áis

Él/Ella : -a

Ellos/as:-an

ER Verbs

Yo: -o Nosotros:-emos

Tu: -es Vosotros:-éis

Él/ella:-e

Ellos/as:-en

IR Verbs

Yo: -o Nosotros:-Imos

Tu: -es Vosotros: -ís

Él/Ellas:-e

Ellos/as:-en

• Ex: Ella habla con su amiga. • Ex: Nosotros comemos a un restaurante cada viernes.

PRESENT TENSE STEM CHANGERS

• Some verbs in Spanish are referred to as stem changers because upon being conjugated the “stem” will change.

• The three most common types of stem changes in the present tense include E -> ie , e -> I, o -> ue.

• Examples of e to I stem changing verbs; competir, concebir, medir, pedir, vestir, etc.

• Conjugation of pedir: Yo pido, tú pides, él pide, nosotros, pedimos, vosotros piden.

• Examples of e to ie: advertir, atender, calentar, cerrar, etc.• Conjugation of cerrar: yo cierro, tú cierras, él cierra, nosotros/as

cerramos, ellos cierran• Examples of o to ue; acordar, acostar, aprobar, colgar, etc.• Conjugation of contar: yo cuento, tú cuentas, el cuenta,

nosotros contamos, ellos cuentan

BOOT MEMORY TOOL

• To remember which forms of the verb change when it is stem changing, remember the boot.

IRREGULAR PRESENT TENSE

• Algunos de los verbos que son irregular incluyen ir y ser. Sin embargo, la mayoría de verbos en español son irregular en el yo form.

IR (to go)

Yo voy Nosotros vamos

Tú vas Vosotros vaís

Él / ella va

Ellos/ ellas van

SER

Yo soy Nosotros somos

tú eres Vosotros sois

Él / ella es

Ellos / ellas son

Verbos que son Irregular en el yo form incluyen:Dar – Yo doyEstar- Yo estoyHacer – Yo hagoPoner – Yo pongoValer- Yo valgoSalir- Yo salgoCaer- Yo cairgoTraer- Yo traigo

2) SER & ESTAR

• Dos verbos en español que significan “to be”

Ser en el presente

soy somos

Eres sois

es son

Estar en el presente

estoy estamos

estás estáis

está están

Estar is Loco

LocationCondition

Ser es por un condición que es permanente y la naturaleza de una persona.

No soy listo (I’m not a quick thinker)No estoy listo (I’m not ready)

3) VERBOS COMO GUSTAR

• En Español hay verbos como gustar que son differente de muchas de los verbos en español. • Los verbos como gustar incluyen faltar, caer,

quedar, doler, importar, interestar, molestar, etc.• Verbs like gustar use indirect object pronouns to

show what is occurring in the sentence.

• Nos importa que seas feliz.• La política me interesa mucho.• A este abrigo le falta un botón.

VERBOS COMO GUSTAR QUE SON COMÚN

4) NOUNS AND ARTICLES

• Los sustantivos en español son masculino o feminino • La mayoría de los sustantivos en español terminan en un –o

o –a. Los sustantivos que son masculino terminan en un o y los sustantivos que son feminino terminan en un a.

• artículos definidos por los palabras masculino son el y los, y los artículos definidos por las palabras feminina son la y las.

• Tambíen los artículos indefinidos por las palabras masculino osn un y unos. Y por las palabras feminino son una y unas.

• Los sustantivos en español concuerdan en número tambíen.• Ejemplos:• El libro, La mesa, un libro, una mesa• Los libros, las mesas, unos libros, unas mesas.

ADJECTIVES

• El género y el número de un adjectivo en español depende en que el sustantivo que modifica.• Un libro nuevo• Dos libros nuevos• La mayoría de los adjectivos en español terminan

en o o a, pero hay adjectivos que terminan en otras formas• EX: Un libro español.• Dos libros españoles

PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT

• In Spanish there are two different verb tenses that are used to express a definite event that has happened in the past.

• The preterite is used when you know that an event has been completed in the past at a certain time and is not ongoing.

• The Imperfect tense is used to express a past action or state that is being viewed as being in progress. It is also used to describe things that have happened in the past, or what a person was like.

• Mi madre era muy baja, tenía 40 años.• Preterite vs. imperfect is one of the hardest concepts for

non-native speakers since in English the past tense is only in one form.

PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT ENDINGS

AR Verbs endings

Preterite

É Amos

Aste Asteis

Ó Aron

ER / IR endings

Preterite

Í Imos

Iste Isteis

Ió ieron

Ar Endings Imperfect

Aba Ábamos

Abas Abais

Aba Aban

ER / Ir endings

Imperfect

Ía Íamos

Ías Íais

Ía ían

DIFFERENCES IN CONJUGATION & USAGE

6) SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES

• In Spanish, the subjunctive is used in a noun clause when the main verb expresses influence, emotion, doubt, or denial.• The Subjunctive is not just a different tense and

conjugation but a different “mood”.• The conjugation of the subjunctive is the same as

the conjugation of the command tense.• Ex: Espero que vayas. ( I expect you to go)• Espero que vengas a la fiesta (I hope that your

coming to the party).

SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES ENDINGS

Ar verbs

e emos

es éis

e en

Er / ir Verbs

a amos

as áis

a an

7) SUBJUNCTIVE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

• The Subjunctive is used with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find information that they do not know.• When the antecedent is not known, the

subjunctive is used.• Ex: Hay algo aquí que te guste?• Quiero leer un libro que explique todo eso.

8) MANDATOS AFFIRMATIVOS

Formal: Change the Yo forom to oppositve vowel.TVDISHES

Familiar (tu)Put into the tu form and drop the s.TVDISHES

Nosotros: For affirmative and negative, add emos and amosKnown as monos verbs

MANDATOS CONT.

- Formal (negative)

- Put into the yo form and switch to opposite vowel

Familiar- Put into the first person and change to the opposite vowel, then add s.

MONOS VERBS

• Let’s sit down• Sentemosnos becomes sentémonos.• Monos verbs are found in the nosotros form of

commands and would be the equivalent of lets do something in english• Vayan – Vayamos –> Vamanos

9) OBJECT PRONOUNS

• Object Pronouns include indirect object pronouns, direct object pronouns, and double object pronouns.

• Indirect object pronouns: Goes before the verb and shows to whom.

• IOP’s include Me, Te, Le, Nos, Os, Les• Direct Object go before the verb but can sometimes

be attached to an infinitve. DOP’s include me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las

• A Double object pronoun is when there is an IOP that goes in front fo a DOP in the same sentence.

• Le and les will change to se when used with lo, las, los and las.

10) POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

• In Spanish there are a few different possessive adjectives. • Mi , tu , nuestro , and vuestro.• Possesive adjectives will agree with the nouns that they

modify in number and therefore can have both a singular or a plural form.

• Mi, tu, and su do not have to be changed based upon gender because they do not carry either a masculine or feminine form.

• However, nuestro and vuestro must also agree in gender as well as number.

• Ex: mi perro, sus flores, nuestro niño.• Possesive adjectives are some of the most common

adjectives seen in the spanish language.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

• Possessive pronouns are the equivalent of mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, and its in english.

• Mío, mía, míos, mías all translate to mine depending on number and gender.

• No me gustan coches rojos. El mío es rojo.• Tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas are all yours• Suyo, suyas, suyos, and suyas all translate to his,

hers, yours, its, and theirs.• Nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras – ours.• Vuestros, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras – yours plural.• Note that suyo can sometimes be ambiguous.

11) DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

Este Ese Aquel

Estos Esos Aquellos

Esta Esa Aquella

Estas Esas aquellas

- Demonstrative adjectives

- Estos (these), esos (those) and aquellos (those) are all plural masculine pronouns.

-- Esta (this), esa (that), and aquella (that) are all singular feminine. Estas (those), esas (those) and aquellas (those) are all plural feminine.

- Me gusta este perro.- Prefiero estas computadoras.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

• Demonstrative pronouns are very similar to demonstrative adjectives except that they take the place of a noun instead of just modifying it.

Singular masculine

Plural Masculine

Singular feminine

Plural Feminine

Éste (this) Éstos (these)

Ésta (this) Éstas (these)

Ése (that) Ésos (those)

Ésa (that) Ésas (those)

Aquél (that)

Aquéllos (those)

Aquélla (that)

Aquéllas (those)

12) REFLEXIVES

• A verb in spanish is reflexive when the subject of the verb is also its object.

• In reflexive verbs, the verb’s subject is acting upon itself. • Juan se lava. (Juan is washing himself).• ?Qué te compraste? (What did you buy yourself)• A lot of verbs change in meaning once they become

reflexive verbs. For example, abrir originally means to open but abrirse means to open up. Acusar means to accuse and acusarse means to confess.

• Reflexive verbs can also be used to show a passive action, or one that was not performed by a specific subject.

• Se cerraron las puertas. ( the doors were closed)• Se habla español aquí. (Spanish is spoken here)

13) POR Y PARA

Por Para

Expressing movement For the purpose of

Time or duration of an action In order to

Cause of an action For the benefit of or directed to

Means of transportation In the direction when referring to a specific place

Agent of an action By or for when referring to a specific time

Supporting or in favor of

Per: dos por ciento (two percent)

14) TO BECOME: HACERSE, PONERSE, VOLVERSE, LLEGAR A SER

• The verbs hacerse, ponerse, volverse, and llegar a ser all mean to become.

Hacerse Ponerse volverse

Me hago Me pongo Me vuelvo

Se hacen Se ponen Te vuelves