Early cognitive views of personality

EARLY COGNITIVE VIEWS OF

PERSONALITY

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGITS

Interpretation of

interpersonal events

Responses Personality

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGISTS

• PHI PHENOMENON

• ISOMORPHISM

• OPTICAL ILLUSIONS

• LAWS OF SENSORY ORGANIZATION

LAW OF PROXIMITY

Law of Similarity

Law of Continuation

Law of Closure

LAW OF PRAGNANZ (GOOD FORM)

LAW OF FIGURE/ GROUND

KURT LEWIN

• FIELD THEORY

SOLOMON ASCH

• SCHEMAS

• CONFORMITY STUDY

GEORGE KELLY

• PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY:

• OBSERVE EVENTS

• INTERPRET THEM IN OUR OWN WAY

• CONSTRUCT SYSTEMS

•CONSTRUCT SYSTEMS – HYPOTHESIS OR PATTERNS WE CREATE TO

MAKE SENSE OF OUR WORLD

PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY

•CONSTRUCT ALTERNATIVISM

THE 11 COROLLARIES

• COROLLARIES ARE PROPOSITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL POSTULATE

11 COROLLARIES

•INDIVIDUALITY

•CONSTRUCTION

•ORGANIZATION

•DICHOTOMY

•CHOICE

•RANGE

•FRAGMENTATION

•EXPERIENCE

•COMMONALITY

•MODULATION

•SOCIABILITY

REP TEST

•ROLE CONSTRUCT REPERTORY TEST : MEASURE CONSTRUCT

SYSTEMS OF INDIVIDUALS; CONSTRUCTS WE APPLY TO IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN OUR LIVES

THERAPY

• * FIXED-ROLE THERAPY

GORDON ALLPORT

• SOCIAL DIMENSION OF PERSONALITY

• SOCIAL INTERACTION REQUIRED FOR FULL EXPRESSION OF OUR PERSONALITY\

• NEUROPSYCHIC

DISPOSITIONS

• CARDINAL

• CENTRAL

• SECONDARY

FUNCTIONAL AUTONOMY

THE PROPRIUMPropr ium

componentsSense of bodily Self

Sense of continuing self-identity

Self-esteem

Self-extension

Self-image

The self as a rational coper

Propriate striving

Self as knowerPropriate striving

JULIAN ROTTER

• MOTIVATION

• FOUR MAJOR SOCIAL LEARNING CONCEPTS

• BEHAVIOR POTENTIAL

• EXPECTANCY (PROPERTY OF SMTHING)

• REINFORCEMENT VALUE (IMPORTANCE;PREFERENCE)

• PSYCHOLOGICAL SITUATION

BH

Value of that

reinforcer

Expectation of

receiving a

reinforcer

The chance of the

behavior to occur in

any specific situation

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT

• EXPECTANCY THAT OUR BEHAVIOR WILL LEAD TO:

• SUCCESS (HIGH FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT)

• FAILURE (LOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT)

•MINIMAL GOAL

• BOTH CONCEPTS CAN BE COMBINED TO MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT BEHAVIOR

• ROTTER’S LOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT IS SIMILAR TO ADLER'S FEELINGS OF INFERIORITY

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

• PARENT INFLUENTIAL EARLY IN LIFE

• STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

INTERNAL –EXTERNAL CONTROL SCALE• FORCED-CHOICE 23 ITEM TEST

• LOCUS OF CONTROL OF REINFORCEMENT: PEOPLE’S BELIEFS ABOUT THE LOCATION (INTERNAL/EXTERNAL) OF CONTROLLING FORCES IN THEIR LIVES

• HIGHER SCORE = GREATER ETERNALLY ORIENTED

• LOWER SCORE= GREATER INTERNALLY ORIENTED

DEVELOPING LOCUS OF CONTROL IN CHILDHOOD

Internal

• Supportive parents

• Consistent in discipline

• Encourage success

• Accept blame for failure and credit for successes

External

• Overprotective and controlling parents

• Inconsistent in discipline

• Maintain emotional distance

• Family conflict

JR THERAPY•PSYCHOTHERAPY IS A LEARNING PROCESS ITSELF

•MALADJUSTED PEOPLE:

•LOW FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND HIGH NEED VALUE;

• AVOID OR DEFEND THEMSELVES AGAINST ACTUAL OR ANTICIPATED FAILURE

•PROJECTION AND RATIONALIZATION

•FAIL TO LEARN NEW BEHAVIORS

•LACK NECESSARY COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND SOCIAL SKILLS

ALBERT BANDURA, SOCIAL-COGNITIVE APPROACH

• INNER PROCESSES + ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES= BEHAVIOR

• ASSUMPTIONS:

•1. TRIADIC RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

• 2. WE REPRESENT EXTERNAL EVENTS SYMBOLICALLY

• VERBAL REPR-N

• IMAGINAL REPR-N

• MUCH OF BEHAVIOR IS CONTROLLED BY ANTICIPATED OUTCOMES & MODELING

Environment

Cognition

Behavior

Past experienc

e

Desired outcome

Negative consequenc

e

No significant

Effect

BANDURA. MODELING THEORY• BASIS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING. OBSERVE & REPEAT

• BOBO DOLL STUDIES

• VERBAL MODELING CAN INDUCE BEH-S

• DISINHIBITION (RIOTS OR HATEFUL MESSAGES)

• WHETHER OR NOT WILL IMITATE DEPENDS ON THE MODEL, THE OBSERVER, AND THE REWARDS ASSOCIATED

PROCESS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

• FOUR FACTORS:

1.ATTENTION

2.RETENTION

3.MOTOR REPRODUCTION

4.MOTIVATION

•SELF-REINFORCEMENT

•SELF-EFFICACY. SOURCES OF INFO ABOUT IT:

• PERFORMANCE ATTAINMENT (PRIOR WINS)

• VERBAL PERSUASION (BEING REMINDED)

• VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES (SEEING OTHERS DO IT)

• PHYSIOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL AROUSAL

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

• HARDER TO LEARN WHEN MODELS PERFORM CONFLICTING BEHAVIOR

• CONCERNING IN MEDIA VIOLENCE: OBSERVERS MUCH LIKELY TO REPEAT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR WHEN NO PUNISHMENT SHOWN; OBS-S BEHAVE MORE AGGRESSIVELY WHEN IDENTIFY WITH AGGR. MODEL, DEHUMANIZE THE VICTIM, WHEN INJURIES BY VICTIM ARE MINIMIZED OR SANITIZED

BANDURA. THERAPY• GOAL: ELIMINATE FEARS BY RAISING EFFICACY EXPECTATIONS

• MODELING TO ELIMINATE, MODIFY BEHAVIORS, TEACH NEW ONES, ALSO FOR FEARS AND PHOBIAS, AND ANXIETY

• TECHNIQUES:

• GUIDED PARTICIPATION MODELING

• SELF-MODELING

• COVERT MODELING

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS

•AARON BECK & ALBERT ELLIS

AARON BECK

• SCHEMAS AND AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS

• FAULTY INFORMATION PROCESSING - PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS

• COGNITIVE TRIAD

Cognitive triad of

depression

Negative views of

ourselves

Poor view of life

situationDire

forecasts for the future

TYPICAL COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS•ARBITRARY

INFERENCE

•SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION

•OVERGENERALIZATION

•MAGNIFICATION

•MINIMIZATION

•PERSONALIZATION

•ABSOLUTISTIC DICHOTOMOUS THINKING