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The study of public administration in the United States, Canada and
Australia. George Candler
Indiana University South Bend
Oz, Brazil and Canada(and US influences in public administration theory)
• Anglo-Canada: alternating between American and British influences
• Québec: a ‘distinct’ French society within English North America
• Australia: stronger British influences, with later American influences, but conscious efforts at developing an Australian way
• Brazil:– Deep Iberian roots– Followed by broader European (especially French)
influences– American influences from the 1950s– Conscious awareness of the need for ‘a redução
sociológica’
Fun with numbers --Public administration research in
Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the USData from:GG Candler "Epistemic community or Tower of Babel?
Theoretical diffusion in public administration." Forthcoming in Australian Journal of Public Administration.
GG Candler "The comparative evolution of public administration in Australia, Brazil and Canada." Canadian Public Administration 49(3).
Ken Oldfield, GG Candler and Richard Johnson, "Social class, sexual orientation, and toward proactive social equity scholarship." American Review of Public Administration, 36(2), 2006.
Author institutions
1970s 1980s 1990-2002
Australia n = 248 n = 233 n = 620
% Top program 12.6 9.6 8.5
% Top three programs 22.0 23.2 16.7
Top program ANU ANU ANU
Brazil n = 237 n = 264 n = 571
% Top program 19.7 25.8 17.6
% Top three programs 25.5 36.1 27.4
Top program FGV/EBAP FGV/EBAP FGV/EBAP
Canada n = 272 n = 275 n = 308
% Top program 4.9 5.9 8.2
% Top three programs 13.1 15.5 19.0
Top program Carleton Victoria U.Toronto
Author institutions: academic discipline
1970s 1980s 1990-2002
Australia n = 116 n = 127 n = 330
Public admin/mgmt/policy 6.0 11.8 13.7
Management/administration 14.7 18.9 17.0
Political science/govt 43.9 36.2 18.2
Brazil n = 109 n = 152 n = 336
Public admin/mgmt/policy 42.2 49.3 31.5
Management/administration 4.6 11.2 14.3
Political science/govt 6.4 2.6 3.0
Canada n = 142 n = 165 n = 212
Public admin/mgmt/policy 17.6 29.7 23.6
Management/administration 4.2 9.1 7.4
Political science/govt 43.7 32.1 37.7
Level of analysis
1970s 1980s 1990-2002
Australia n = 248 n = 233 n = 620
Federal 31.5 23.6 28.5
Provincial/state 14.9 18.5 18.5
Local 12.9 5.6 5.8
Nonprofits 0.8 0.9 0.5
State owned firms 1.6 8.6 1.8
Brazil n = 237 n = 264 n = 571
Federal 17.7 24.2 12.8
Provincial/state 1.3 1.5 5.4
Local 8.9 7.6 14.7
Nonprofits 0.4 2.3 1.6
State owned firms 3.8 8.3 2.8
Canada n = 272 n = 275 n = 308
Federal 29.4 22.5 17.5
Provincial/state 12.9 17.1 24.7
Local 8.1 5.1 12.0
Nonprofits 0.7 1.5 3.6
State owned firms 1.5 2.2 0.6
Focus of research
1970s 1980s 1990-2002
Australia n = 248 n = 233 n = 620
Bureaucratic processes 25.0 18.0 15.5
Market-based processes 0.8 5.2 20.8
Social outcomes 10.9 9.9 13.4
Diversity 0.8 4.7 5.2
Brazil n = 237 n = 264 n = 571
Bureaucratic processes 24.1 17.4 18.6
Market-based processes 0 2.7 7.0
Social outcomes 15.6 24.6 38.2
Diversity 0 1.5 1.6
Canada n = 272 n = 275 n = 308
Bureaucratic processes 17.3 23.3 14.9
Market-based processes 1.5 4.4 9.7
Social outcomes 12.5 8.0 17.2
Diversity 1.1 5.8 10.1
Paradigmatic influences(% of articles published)
1970 1980 1990 2000
Australia Menzies Post-Menzies Fraser Hawke/Keating Howard
Admin science 27.4 34.2 24.3 15.8 13.7
Critical 0 0 0 1.0 0
Network 0 0 0 0.2 0.8
NPM 0.4 0 1.9 14.1 27.0
Public policy 4.9 1.5 2.9 5.6 5.6
Brazil Coup Linha dura Abertura Consolidation Cardoso
Admin science 52.2 33.5 24.1 20.6 24.0
Critical 0 0.7 4.7 11.8 5.3
Network 0 0.7 4.7 11.8 5.3
NPM 0.5 0 2.9 2.9 7.1
Public policy 0 0.7 1.2 2.6 3.2
Canada Dief Pearson/Trudeau Trudeau II Mulroney Chrétien
Admin science 33.5 32.9 27.3 21.2 12.7
Critical 0 0.3 0 0.4 0.5
Network 0 0 0 0.4 1.5
NPM 0.6 1.0 0.4 6.3 12.7
Public policy 3.8 4.2 6.4 4.7 5.1
New Public Administration (social policy) research loci(% of articles published)
1970 1980 1990 2000
Australia Menzies Post-Menzies Fraser Hawke/Keating Howard
Social equity 0 0.5 1.4 4.4 4.8
Health 3.1 1.5 2.4 2.7 3.2
Environment 1.3 3.1 1.4 2.9 2.8
Brazil Coup Linha dura Abertura Consolidation Cardoso
Social equity 0 0 1.2 2.3 1.1
Health 0 3.6 17.6 14.1 17.9
Environment 0.5 0.7 0.6 12.1 6.9
Canada Dief Pearson/Trudeau Trudeau II Mulroney Chrétien
Social equity 2.5 0.3 0.7 7.1 9.6
Health 1.9 1.3 2.2 1.9 6.1
Environment 2.5 1.6 1.5 4.3 8.1
Social equity in US academic public administration
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Gender 0 1 1 18 15 10
Race/ethnicity 1 2 5 30 11 11
Indigenous 0 0 0 0 0 0
Class 1 2 5 8 1 2
Orientation 0 0 0 0 0 2
n = 249 243 307 627 535 520
Social equity in Brazilian academic public administration
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Gender -- -- 0 0 0 2
Race/ethnicity -- -- 0 0 0 0
Indigenous -- -- 0 0 0 1
Class -- -- 0 0 4 3
Orientation -- -- 0 0 0 0
n = 0 0 242 237 264 440
Social equity in Canadian academic public administration
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Gender -- 0 0 2 6 11
Race/ethnicity -- 0 0 0 4 7
Indigenous -- 0 3 1 6 8
Class -- 0 1 0 0 1
Orientation -- 0 0 0 0 0
n = 0 26 302 271 275 258
Social equity in Australian academic public administration
1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
Gender 2 0 0 1 2 6
Race/ethnicity 0 0 0 0 3 3
Indigenous 0 0 0 0 5 9
Class 0 0 1 1 1 5
Orientation 0 0 0 0 0 2
n = 103 181 251 248 233 490
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