The study of public administration in the United States, Canada and

Australia. George Candler

Indiana University South Bend

Oz, Brazil and Canada(and US influences in public administration theory)

• Anglo-Canada: alternating between American and British influences

• Québec: a ‘distinct’ French society within English North America

• Australia: stronger British influences, with later American influences, but conscious efforts at developing an Australian way

• Brazil:– Deep Iberian roots– Followed by broader European (especially French)

influences– American influences from the 1950s– Conscious awareness of the need for ‘a redução

sociológica’

Fun with numbers --Public administration research in

Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the USData from:GG Candler "Epistemic community or Tower of Babel? 

Theoretical diffusion in public administration."  Forthcoming in Australian Journal of Public Administration.

GG Candler "The comparative evolution of public administration in Australia, Brazil and Canada."  Canadian Public Administration 49(3).

Ken Oldfield, GG Candler and Richard Johnson, "Social class, sexual orientation, and toward proactive social equity scholarship."  American Review of Public Administration, 36(2), 2006.

Author institutions

1970s 1980s 1990-2002

Australia n = 248 n = 233 n = 620

% Top program 12.6 9.6 8.5

% Top three programs 22.0 23.2 16.7

Top program ANU ANU ANU

Brazil n = 237 n = 264 n = 571

% Top program 19.7 25.8 17.6

% Top three programs 25.5 36.1 27.4

Top program FGV/EBAP FGV/EBAP FGV/EBAP

Canada n = 272 n = 275 n = 308

% Top program 4.9 5.9 8.2

% Top three programs 13.1 15.5 19.0

Top program Carleton Victoria U.Toronto

Author institutions: academic discipline

1970s 1980s 1990-2002

Australia n = 116 n = 127 n = 330

Public admin/mgmt/policy 6.0 11.8 13.7

Management/administration 14.7 18.9 17.0

Political science/govt 43.9 36.2 18.2

Brazil n = 109 n = 152 n = 336

Public admin/mgmt/policy 42.2 49.3 31.5

Management/administration 4.6 11.2 14.3

Political science/govt 6.4 2.6 3.0

Canada n = 142 n = 165 n = 212

Public admin/mgmt/policy 17.6 29.7 23.6

Management/administration 4.2 9.1 7.4

Political science/govt 43.7 32.1 37.7

Level of analysis

1970s 1980s 1990-2002

Australia n = 248 n = 233 n = 620

Federal 31.5 23.6 28.5

Provincial/state 14.9 18.5 18.5

Local 12.9 5.6 5.8

Nonprofits 0.8 0.9 0.5

State owned firms 1.6 8.6 1.8

Brazil n = 237 n = 264 n = 571

Federal 17.7 24.2 12.8

Provincial/state 1.3 1.5 5.4

Local 8.9 7.6 14.7

Nonprofits 0.4 2.3 1.6

State owned firms 3.8 8.3 2.8

Canada n = 272 n = 275 n = 308

Federal 29.4 22.5 17.5

Provincial/state 12.9 17.1 24.7

Local 8.1 5.1 12.0

Nonprofits 0.7 1.5 3.6

State owned firms 1.5 2.2 0.6

Focus of research

1970s 1980s 1990-2002

Australia n = 248 n = 233 n = 620

Bureaucratic processes 25.0 18.0 15.5

Market-based processes 0.8 5.2 20.8

Social outcomes 10.9 9.9 13.4

Diversity 0.8 4.7 5.2

Brazil n = 237 n = 264 n = 571

Bureaucratic processes 24.1 17.4 18.6

Market-based processes 0 2.7 7.0

Social outcomes 15.6 24.6 38.2

Diversity 0 1.5 1.6

Canada n = 272 n = 275 n = 308

Bureaucratic processes 17.3 23.3 14.9

Market-based processes 1.5 4.4 9.7

Social outcomes 12.5 8.0 17.2

Diversity 1.1 5.8 10.1

Paradigmatic influences(% of articles published)

1970 1980 1990 2000

Australia Menzies Post-Menzies Fraser Hawke/Keating Howard

Admin science 27.4 34.2 24.3 15.8 13.7

Critical 0 0 0 1.0 0

Network 0 0 0 0.2 0.8

NPM 0.4 0 1.9 14.1 27.0

Public policy 4.9 1.5 2.9 5.6 5.6

Brazil Coup Linha dura Abertura Consolidation Cardoso

Admin science 52.2 33.5 24.1 20.6 24.0

Critical 0 0.7 4.7 11.8 5.3

Network 0 0.7 4.7 11.8 5.3

NPM 0.5 0 2.9 2.9 7.1

Public policy 0 0.7 1.2 2.6 3.2

Canada Dief Pearson/Trudeau Trudeau II Mulroney Chrétien

Admin science 33.5 32.9 27.3 21.2 12.7

Critical 0 0.3 0 0.4 0.5

Network 0 0 0 0.4 1.5

NPM 0.6 1.0 0.4 6.3 12.7

Public policy 3.8 4.2 6.4 4.7 5.1

New Public Administration (social policy) research loci(% of articles published)

1970 1980 1990 2000

Australia Menzies Post-Menzies Fraser Hawke/Keating Howard

Social equity 0 0.5 1.4 4.4 4.8

Health 3.1 1.5 2.4 2.7 3.2

Environment 1.3 3.1 1.4 2.9 2.8

Brazil Coup Linha dura Abertura Consolidation Cardoso

Social equity 0 0 1.2 2.3 1.1

Health 0 3.6 17.6 14.1 17.9

Environment 0.5 0.7 0.6 12.1 6.9

Canada Dief Pearson/Trudeau Trudeau II Mulroney Chrétien

Social equity 2.5 0.3 0.7 7.1 9.6

Health 1.9 1.3 2.2 1.9 6.1

Environment 2.5 1.6 1.5 4.3 8.1

Social equity in US academic public administration

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Gender 0 1 1 18 15 10

Race/ethnicity 1 2 5 30 11 11

Indigenous 0 0 0 0 0 0

Class 1 2 5 8 1 2

Orientation 0 0 0 0 0 2

n = 249 243 307 627 535 520

Social equity in Brazilian academic public administration

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Gender -- -- 0 0 0 2

Race/ethnicity -- -- 0 0 0 0

Indigenous -- -- 0 0 0 1

Class -- -- 0 0 4 3

Orientation -- -- 0 0 0 0

n = 0 0 242 237 264 440

Social equity in Canadian academic public administration

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Gender -- 0 0 2 6 11

Race/ethnicity -- 0 0 0 4 7

Indigenous -- 0 3 1 6 8

Class -- 0 1 0 0 1

Orientation -- 0 0 0 0 0

n = 0 26 302 271 275 258

Social equity in Australian academic public administration

1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Gender 2 0 0 1 2 6

Race/ethnicity 0 0 0 0 3 3

Indigenous 0 0 0 0 5 9

Class 0 0 1 1 1 5

Orientation 0 0 0 0 0 2

n = 103 181 251 248 233 490