20th Century Art Part 1

20th Century

Imitation vs. Interpretation

• INTERPRETATION - media and technique used to express the artist’s personal interpretation of their idea(s)

• line, shape, form, texture, color and technique are now equal or more important than the image/subject matter. This is the new attitude DURING the MODERN ERA

• IMITATION - media and technique used for MIMETIC purposes: the pursuit of realism

• line, shape, form, texture, color and technique support the image. The image/subject matter is first and foremost. This is the prevailing attitude BEFORE the MODERN ERA

a•vänte-gärde´, n. [Fr., lit., advance guard.] the leaders in new or unconventional movements, esp. in the arts; vanguard

avante-garde

abstractab´stract, v.t.; abstracted, pt., pp.; abstracting, ppr. [L. abstractus, dragged away, pp. of abstrahere, to draw from or separate.]

1. To draw from, or to separate; as, to abstract a criticism from one’s own bias.

2. To separate (ideas) by the operation of the mind; to think of (a quality) apart from any particular instance or material object that has it.

By the end of the 1800’s... • Petroleum

replaces coal

• steel replaces iron

• gasoline powered internal combustion engines

• gas powered automobiles

• gas powered - heavier than air flying machines

• the assembly line

By the end of the 1800’s...

the wonders of electricity

• Edison’s light bulb

• Tesla’s electrical transmission system (alternating current)

• Bell’s telephone

• Marconi’s wireless(radio)

Edweard MUYBRIDGE

PhotographicStudies of Movement

Palo Alto 1878-79

Étienne-Jules MAREY Photographic

Studies of Movement

late 1880’s

The rise of the

AVANTE GARDE• INDUSTRIALIZATION and CAPITALISM fuel the growth of urban populations

• TREMENDOUS GROWTH of the MIDDLE CLASS

THE RISE OF:

• MASS PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION

• MASS MEDIA (NEWSPAPERS / MAGAZINES)

• “COMMERCIAL” ART:

(GRAPHIC ARTS - PRINT & PUBLICATION)

• POPULAR ART - POSTERS, POSTCARDS, etc…

• ADVERTISING ART

The rise of the

AVANTE GARDE• INDUSTRIALIZATION and CAPITALISM fuel the growth of urban populations

• TREMENDOUS GROWTH of the MIDDLE CLASS

• in PARIS, a growing market for art outstrips the ACADEMY’S ability to supply the demand

THE RISE OF:

• INDEPENDENT ART DEALERS / GALLERIES

• ARTIST ORGANIZED EXHIBITIONS

• THE ART CRITIC

IMPRESSIONISM sought to describe the way the eye perceives light

1860’s - 80’s

THE BEGINNINGS of MODERNISM

DEGAS

MONET

RENOIR

POST IMPRESSIONISTS (1880’s - early 1900’s)

sought to use color and line to describe their emotional responses to the scene before them

VAN GOGH 1853-1890

CEZANNE 1839-1906

GAUGUIN 1848-1903

THE FOUNDATIONS OF 20th CENTURY PAINTINGBetween 1901-06, several comprehensive van Gogh, Gauguin & Cezanne exhibitions held in Paris and Germany

Henri

ROUSSEAU

Sleeping Gypsy 1897

• self taught painter, admired by PICASSOTHE TURN OF THE CENTURY

• a preview of the coming century

THE 20th CENTURY

Edvard MUNCH

The Scream

1893

fin de siecle

LES FAUVES“THE WILD BEASTS”

1905 PARIS

The beginning of 20th Century EXPRESSIONISM

LES FAUVES

Henri MATISSE

THE WILD BEASTS

20th CENTURY EXPRESSIONISM

• leader of this loosely knit group

• experimentation and exploration

Andre DERAIN

LES FAUVES - FAUVISM

THE WILD BEASTS

20th CENTURY EXPRESSIONISM

• wild “VIOLENT” colors

• distortion of forms and perspective

LES FAUVES - FAUVISM THE WILD

BEASTS

VLAMNICK

20th CENTURY EXPRESSIONISM

EXPRESSIONISM• emotional

• unrestrained color

• bold distortions

• takes root in GERMANY

Wassily KANDINSKY

Ernst Ludwig KIRCHNER

• URBAN ANGST

• PURE PAINTING

CUBISM

ABSTRACTION

THE 20TH CENTURY

Pablo

PICASSO

ABSTRACTION

CUBISM

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

1906

• deconstruction of the notion of beauty

• fractured & redefined pictorial space

• redefined painting: rejects the idea of BEAUTY as the goal of art

THE 20TH CENTURY

Pablo PICASSO

Georges BRAQUE

MORE CONCEPTUAL THAN PERCEPTUAL

ANALYTIC CUBISM

• a cerebral interpretation of nature

• an analytical abstraction

ABSTRACTIONTHE 20TH CENTURY

Synthetic Cubism

Collage of elements

Picasso

Braque

THE 20TH CENTURY

• abstraction through synthesis of disparate elements

ABSTRACTION

CUBISM…an evolution

of a style

Juan GRISRobert DELAUNAY

Sonya DELAUNAY

THE 20TH CENTURY

• widespread influence of CUBISM

• evolves into many variations

• introduction of strong color

ABSTRACTION

FUTURISM

ABSTRACTION

THE 20TH CENTURY

Marcel DUCHAMPNude Descending a

Staircase

Futurism

- Movement

- Speed

Futurist Manifesto 1909

- Anarchy, Violence

THE 20TH CENTURY ABSTRACTION

FUTURISM

Umberto BOCCIONI

• frenzied, frenetic, fractured

• celebrates industrialized urban life

THE 20TH CENTURY ABSTRACTION

• revels in the promise of industry & technology

• incorporates CUBISM

Futurism

Ferdinand LEGER

• the new urban WORLD

• industrial UTOPIA

THE 20TH CENTURY

• optimism and faith in a better future through technology

ABSTRACTION

FUTURISM glorifies and celebrates:

These Questions will appear on the November 2nd quiz

The Synthetic Cubist artwork expressed abstraction through a combination of different materials and elements. What form or technique was a result of this?

Which one of these elements was not a concern to the Futurist?

What does Les Fauves mean?

WORLD WAR I1914 - 1917

THE MACHINE GUNTHE 20TH CENTURY

WORLD WAR I • THE GREAT WAR

“The war to end all wars”

…the dreams & promises of an

industrialized UTOPIA are

shattered

…a glimpse of the future

THE 20TH CENTURY

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

FRANCE (PARIS), ITALY - DADA, SURREALISM

GERMANY (BERLIN) - GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

RUSSIA - SUPREMATISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM

HOLLAND - DE STIJL (The STYLE)

GERMANY - the BAUHAUS

da

daDA

DA

da

AFTER THE GREAT WAR…

• DA: YES in RUMANIAN

• the French word for “HOBBY HORSE”

• a child’s first few words

DADA20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

dada

Hugo BALL

Dada Poem

1917

MAN RAY

Cadeau (the Gift)

1958 (replica of 1921 original)

Francis Picabia

Portrait of Cezanne

1920

• a subversive movement:

ANTI -EVERYTHING

• attacked the notions held by BOURGEOIS society

• celebrates & elevates absurdity

DADA

Raoul HAUSMANN

The Art Critic

1919-20

COLLAGE• favorite of the DADAISTS

• cut outs from mass media: newspapers & magazines

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

Marcel DUCHAMP

The Fountain

1917

(aka: R. Mutt)

dada

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

“READYMADES”

...SHOCK, PUZZLE & TEASE

dada

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

DUCHAMP’S “READYMADES”

Bicycle wheel 1913

In Advance

of a Broken

Arm 1915

challenges every artistic notion of the value of artistic skill

L.H.O.O.Q. 1919

SURREALISM

FANTASY

THE 20TH CENTURY

SURREALISM

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

• DADA falls apart

• an outgrowth of DADA

• fantastic landscapes and environments of the mind

Giorgio de CHIRICO

Sigmund

FREUD• father of

PSYCHOANALYSIS

• investigations into the SUBCONSCIOUS MIND

Rene MAGRITTE

SURREALISM20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

• new visions of the “INTERNAL WORLD”

• dream - like images

• explorations into the UNCONSCIOUS MIND

SURREALISM

Salvador DALI20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I• nightmarish

visions

• consummate technician

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

EXPRESSIONISM

THE 20TH CENTURY

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

Ernst Ludwig KIRCHNER

URBAN ANGST

• GERMANY: 1920’s -30’s (between WWI & WWII)

• GERMANY in turmoil

• bankrupt economy

• chaos & anarchy

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

Max

BECKMAN20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

• an angry, cruel world

GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM

Max BECKMAN

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

• bold colors, crude, angular strokes

• content is pessimistic, chaotic, angry

• crowded, jumbled, confused

The Dadaist were famous for what type of art form?

What group explored the unconscious mind?

What art group reacted the the urban angst?

What elements were not a concern to the Futurist?

the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

1917

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

1917

“BREAD, PEACE and LAND”

The FALL of the LAST MAJOR AUTOCRATIC MONARCHY in EUROPE

THE RISE OF SOCIALISM

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

SOCIALISMso cial•ism, n. 1. The theory or system of the ownership and operation of the means of production and distribution by the society or community rather than by private individuals, with all the members of the society or community sharing the work and the products

COMMUNISM

com mu•nism, n. (Fr. communisme, from L. communis, common)

1. An economic theory or system of the ownership of all the property by the community of society sharing in the work and the products

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

Vladimir Illyich

LENIN

U.S.S.R.

United

Soviet

Socialist

Republic

1917

Kasimir MALEVICH

…BEFORE the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

• influenced by CUBISM & FUTURISM

SUPREMATISM

ABSTRACTION

THE 20TH CENTURY

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

SUPREMATISM

…a new art for the new WORKER’S UTOPIA

• LINE, SHAPE and COLOR distilled to its PURE essence

Kasimir MALEVICH

• rejects all the “OLD” / creation of a NEW AESTHETIC

SUPREMATISMMALEVICH

1915

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

RUSSIA

CONSTRUCTIVISM

ABSTRACTION

THE 20TH CENTURY

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

CONSTRUCTIVISM

• incorporates MALEVICH’S ideas - PROMOTION of SOCIALLIST VALUES

• visual foundation of today’s GRAPHIC DESIGN AESTHETICS

Lazar Markovich LISSITZKY

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

Alexander

RODCHENKO

Novyi Lef

(Left Front of the Arts) Poster of LENIN:

BREAD, PEACE , LAND

CONSTRUCTIVISM

DE STIJL

(the Style)

ABSTRACTION

THE 20TH CENTURY

DE STIJLPiet MONDRIAN (The STYLE)

…after WORLD WAR I

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

DE STIJL(The STYLE)

Theo van DOESBURG

Piet

MONDRIAN

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

BAUHAUSBAUHAUS

1919-193320TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

The ART SCHOOL of MODERNIST RENDS

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

THE BAUHAUS

20TH CENTURY …after WORLD WAR I

into WORLD WAR II

1938

WORLD WAR II

Guernica, Picasso 1937