With your host…Ms. Turner! Proteins, Protein Synthesis, Mutations, & Biotechnology Test Review

With your host…Ms. Turner!

Proteins, Protein Synthesis, Mutations,

& BiotechnologyTest Review

Proteins

Central Dogma

Mutations

Biotechnology

DNA Fingerprintin

g

10 10 10 10 10

20 20 20 20 20

30 30 30 30 30

40 40 40 40 40

50 50 50 50 50

Proteins : 10

What are proteins made out of?

(aka What are the “building blocks” of proteins?)

ANSWER

Proteins : 10 - Answer

Amino Acids

Proteins : 20

Where do amino acids come from?

ANSWER

Proteins : 20 - Answer

Some amino acids humans can make for themselves.

Others have to be obtained through consumption

(eating).

Proteins : 30

What are the three main types of proteins?

ANSWER

Proteins : 30 - Answer

StructuralSignaling

Enzymatic

Can you name an example of each?

Proteins : 40

How many different amino acids are there?

What is the name of the bond that holds them together in a chain?

ANSWER

Proteins : 40 - Answer

20 different types of amino acids.

Peptide Bonds hold amino acids together in a chain.

(Does it make sense that a chain of two or more amino acids can be called a

polypeptide?)

Proteins : 50

Enzymes are an important category of proteins.

What in general do enzymes do and why are they so

important?

ANSWER

Proteins : 50 - Answer

In general, enzymes build molecules up and break molecules down (they

“initiate synthesis or lysis/cleavage chemical reactions”).

Enzymes lower activation energy and promote rapid reactions to occur.

Without enzymes, organisms would have to heat to a lethal (deadly) temperature or else life sustaining reactions would

occur too slowly.

Central Dogma : 10

What three processes make up the “Central Dogma” of

Biology?

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 10 - Answer

Extra questions What enzymes are involved in these

processes? How is each process different from the

next?

Central Dogma : 20

Name at least 3 SPECIFIC differences between

DNA and RNA.(could be structural or other)

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 20 - Answer

DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G.

DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.

DNA is replicated entirely, RNA is only transcribed for genes.

DNA replication happens once for a cell, RNA transcription happens many

times.

Central Dogma : 30

Draw a quick sketch of the following and label which processes are occurring

where.

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 30 - Answer

DNA Replication and Transcription both happen in the nucleus. Translation happens in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.

Can you name all of the

structures?

Central Dogma : 40Using the following sequence of DNA,

what would the polypeptid

e be?

ANSWERA T G G G G A C C A A

T

Central Dogma : 40 - Answer

A T G G G G A C C A A T

U A C C C C U G G U U A

Tyr – Pro – Trp - Leu

Central Dogma : 50

Diagram how translation occurs. Be sure to use the

following correctly: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome,

codon, amino acid, peptide bond

ANSWER

Central Dogma : 50 - Answer

mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read one codon at a time. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule matches the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid.

Amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds.

(How does the ribosome know when to start making the protein and then to

stop?)

Mutations : 10

Define mutation.

ANSWER

Mutations : 10 - Answer

A mutation is a change in the

genetic code (DNA) of an organism.

Mutations : 20

What can cause mutations?

ANSWER

Mutations : 20 - Answer

Mutations can occur naturally if a base is incorrectly copiedMutations can be induced by environmental factors such as

radiation (UV, X-ray), chemicals (asbestos),

biological (viral infections).

Mutations : 30

Name the three kinds of point mutations and explain how they are

different.

ANSWER

Mutations : 30 - Answer

(all point mutations is a change in one base on the DNA molecule)

1.Silent: the base change doesn’t change the amino acid coded for by the codon (protein unaffected)

2.Missense: the base change does change the amino acid – could result in a functional or nonfunctional protein depending on where in the protein the amino acid was (and how important it was to the protein’s function)

3.Nonsense: the base change results in a stop codon instead of an amino acid thus stunting the formation of the protein (most likely causing it not to work)

Mutations : 40

How is a body cell mutation different from

a sex cell mutation? (why is this important?)

ANSWER

Mutations : 40 - Answer

Body Cell MutationsIf the mutation occurs in somatic cells, it will be restricted to the tissues of a single organism, not passing it to the next

generationSex Cell Mutations

If the mutation occur in the reproductive cells (gametes), they may be transmitted

by gametes to the next generation

Mutations : 50

Draw an example of a frameshift mutation.

ANSWER

Mutations : 50 - Answer

Can show any sort of insertion or deletion of one or more bases which

then changes the reading frame of the

codons.

Biotechnology : 10

What units do micropipettes measure in?

ANSWER

Biotechnology : 10 - Answer

MicrolitersɥL

Biotechnology : 20

Which direction would DNA move in a gel

electrophoresis box? How do you know?

ANSWER

Biotechnology : 20 - Answer

DNA would move toward the positive end (the anode) because it is

negatively charged.(Which part of DNA is

negative??)

Biotechnology : 30

Name three properties that affect the rate of

movement of molecules through agarose gel.

ANSWER

Biotechnology : 30 - Answer

Size*Charge*Shape

Molecular Weight

*Most important for our purposes

Biotechnology : 40

What property of the agarose gel makes it useful to sort molecules by properties such as size and shape?

ANSWER

Biotechnology : 40 - Answer

Agarose gels contain microscopic pores that act as sieves (they sort

the molecules because it’s easier for some molecules to work their way through

the pores).

Biotechnology : 50

What TWO purposes does the buffer used in gel electrophoresis serve?

ANSWER

Biotechnology : 50 - Answer

The buffer serves to make the water a better

conductor of electricity and to control the pH.

DNA Fingerprinting : 10

Which fragment could you state is the smallest out of all of the

fragments on this DNA fingerprint? (Could be from any

lane)

ANSWER

1 2 3 4 5

DNA Fingerprinting : 10 - Answer

The band that is farthest from the wells is the

smallest.1 2 3 4 5

DNA Fingerprinting : 20

What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?

ANSWER

DNA Fingerprinting : 20 - Answer

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific

sequences. (Thus making different sized fragments

of DNA that will make different bands on the gel)

DNA Fingerprinting : 30

Who committed the crime? How do you know?

ANSWER

DNA Fingerprinting : 30 - Answer

The banding pattern on the DNA fingerprint is an exact

match to Suspect 1.

DNA Fingerprinting : 40

Which Male is the father of this child? EXPLAIN how this is different from DNA fingerprint use in with solving

crimes.

ANSWER

DNA Fingerprinting : 40 - Answer

Half of the child’s DNA bands would match the mother’s and the other half would match the Man’s. In crime solving, you

typically look for an EXACT match.

DNA Fingerprinting : 50

Why do we use the control DNA (in lane 2) to help us determine if Valerie has

the mutation characteristic of Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

ANSWER

DNA Fingerprinting : 50 - Answer

The control test tube is used to compare if she has any normal p53 tumor suppressor genes.

In her blood and normal breast tissue she is heterozygous

meaning she has one normal gene and one mutated.