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With your host…Ms. Turner!
Proteins, Protein Synthesis, Mutations,
& BiotechnologyTest Review
Proteins
Central Dogma
Mutations
Biotechnology
DNA Fingerprintin
g
10 10 10 10 10
20 20 20 20 20
30 30 30 30 30
40 40 40 40 40
50 50 50 50 50
Proteins : 10
What are proteins made out of?
(aka What are the “building blocks” of proteins?)
ANSWER
Proteins : 10 - Answer
Amino Acids
Proteins : 20
Where do amino acids come from?
ANSWER
Proteins : 20 - Answer
Some amino acids humans can make for themselves.
Others have to be obtained through consumption
(eating).
Proteins : 30
What are the three main types of proteins?
ANSWER
Proteins : 30 - Answer
StructuralSignaling
Enzymatic
Can you name an example of each?
Proteins : 40
How many different amino acids are there?
What is the name of the bond that holds them together in a chain?
ANSWER
Proteins : 40 - Answer
20 different types of amino acids.
Peptide Bonds hold amino acids together in a chain.
(Does it make sense that a chain of two or more amino acids can be called a
polypeptide?)
Proteins : 50
Enzymes are an important category of proteins.
What in general do enzymes do and why are they so
important?
ANSWER
Proteins : 50 - Answer
In general, enzymes build molecules up and break molecules down (they
“initiate synthesis or lysis/cleavage chemical reactions”).
Enzymes lower activation energy and promote rapid reactions to occur.
Without enzymes, organisms would have to heat to a lethal (deadly) temperature or else life sustaining reactions would
occur too slowly.
Central Dogma : 10
What three processes make up the “Central Dogma” of
Biology?
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 10 - Answer
Extra questions What enzymes are involved in these
processes? How is each process different from the
next?
Central Dogma : 20
Name at least 3 SPECIFIC differences between
DNA and RNA.(could be structural or other)
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 20 - Answer
DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose.DNA has A,T,C,G while RNA has A,U,C,G.
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded.
DNA is replicated entirely, RNA is only transcribed for genes.
DNA replication happens once for a cell, RNA transcription happens many
times.
Central Dogma : 30
Draw a quick sketch of the following and label which processes are occurring
where.
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 30 - Answer
DNA Replication and Transcription both happen in the nucleus. Translation happens in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.
Can you name all of the
structures?
Central Dogma : 40Using the following sequence of DNA,
what would the polypeptid
e be?
ANSWERA T G G G G A C C A A
T
Central Dogma : 40 - Answer
A T G G G G A C C A A T
U A C C C C U G G U U A
Tyr – Pro – Trp - Leu
Central Dogma : 50
Diagram how translation occurs. Be sure to use the
following correctly: mRNA, tRNA, ribosome,
codon, amino acid, peptide bond
ANSWER
Central Dogma : 50 - Answer
mRNA docks on the ribosome. It is read one codon at a time. The anticodon on a tRNA molecule matches the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid.
Amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds.
(How does the ribosome know when to start making the protein and then to
stop?)
Mutations : 10
Define mutation.
ANSWER
Mutations : 10 - Answer
A mutation is a change in the
genetic code (DNA) of an organism.
Mutations : 20
What can cause mutations?
ANSWER
Mutations : 20 - Answer
Mutations can occur naturally if a base is incorrectly copiedMutations can be induced by environmental factors such as
radiation (UV, X-ray), chemicals (asbestos),
biological (viral infections).
Mutations : 30
Name the three kinds of point mutations and explain how they are
different.
ANSWER
Mutations : 30 - Answer
(all point mutations is a change in one base on the DNA molecule)
1.Silent: the base change doesn’t change the amino acid coded for by the codon (protein unaffected)
2.Missense: the base change does change the amino acid – could result in a functional or nonfunctional protein depending on where in the protein the amino acid was (and how important it was to the protein’s function)
3.Nonsense: the base change results in a stop codon instead of an amino acid thus stunting the formation of the protein (most likely causing it not to work)
Mutations : 40
How is a body cell mutation different from
a sex cell mutation? (why is this important?)
ANSWER
Mutations : 40 - Answer
Body Cell MutationsIf the mutation occurs in somatic cells, it will be restricted to the tissues of a single organism, not passing it to the next
generationSex Cell Mutations
If the mutation occur in the reproductive cells (gametes), they may be transmitted
by gametes to the next generation
Mutations : 50
Draw an example of a frameshift mutation.
ANSWER
Mutations : 50 - Answer
Can show any sort of insertion or deletion of one or more bases which
then changes the reading frame of the
codons.
Biotechnology : 10
What units do micropipettes measure in?
ANSWER
Biotechnology : 10 - Answer
MicrolitersɥL
Biotechnology : 20
Which direction would DNA move in a gel
electrophoresis box? How do you know?
ANSWER
Biotechnology : 20 - Answer
DNA would move toward the positive end (the anode) because it is
negatively charged.(Which part of DNA is
negative??)
Biotechnology : 30
Name three properties that affect the rate of
movement of molecules through agarose gel.
ANSWER
Biotechnology : 30 - Answer
Size*Charge*Shape
Molecular Weight
*Most important for our purposes
Biotechnology : 40
What property of the agarose gel makes it useful to sort molecules by properties such as size and shape?
ANSWER
Biotechnology : 40 - Answer
Agarose gels contain microscopic pores that act as sieves (they sort
the molecules because it’s easier for some molecules to work their way through
the pores).
Biotechnology : 50
What TWO purposes does the buffer used in gel electrophoresis serve?
ANSWER
Biotechnology : 50 - Answer
The buffer serves to make the water a better
conductor of electricity and to control the pH.
DNA Fingerprinting : 10
Which fragment could you state is the smallest out of all of the
fragments on this DNA fingerprint? (Could be from any
lane)
ANSWER
1 2 3 4 5
DNA Fingerprinting : 10 - Answer
The band that is farthest from the wells is the
smallest.1 2 3 4 5
DNA Fingerprinting : 20
What is the purpose of restriction enzymes?
ANSWER
DNA Fingerprinting : 20 - Answer
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific
sequences. (Thus making different sized fragments
of DNA that will make different bands on the gel)
DNA Fingerprinting : 30
Who committed the crime? How do you know?
ANSWER
DNA Fingerprinting : 30 - Answer
The banding pattern on the DNA fingerprint is an exact
match to Suspect 1.
DNA Fingerprinting : 40
Which Male is the father of this child? EXPLAIN how this is different from DNA fingerprint use in with solving
crimes.
ANSWER
DNA Fingerprinting : 40 - Answer
Half of the child’s DNA bands would match the mother’s and the other half would match the Man’s. In crime solving, you
typically look for an EXACT match.
DNA Fingerprinting : 50
Why do we use the control DNA (in lane 2) to help us determine if Valerie has
the mutation characteristic of Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
ANSWER
DNA Fingerprinting : 50 - Answer
The control test tube is used to compare if she has any normal p53 tumor suppressor genes.
In her blood and normal breast tissue she is heterozygous
meaning she has one normal gene and one mutated.
