Welcome Back! Bell ringer… Bell ringer… Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion...

Welcome Back!

Bell ringer…

Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students with define the Renaissance and identify differences between the Renaissance and M.A.

Review…Why the “Dark Ages?”(Six Causes)

FRIDAY’S QUIZ: Review “Prelude to the Modern World.” article

Review…Why the “Dark Ages?”(Six Causes)

(1) Great Famine (1315-1322)

From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine.

Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.

(2) Black Death (1348)

Boccaccio in The Decameron:

The victims ate lunch with their friends and

dinner with their ancestors.

(3) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453)

Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles.

ENGLAND VS. FRANCE

(4) Church in Decline

(5) Fur collar crime

Nobles attack rich and poor to raise money

(6) Peasant Revolts

Jacquerie (1358) Causes:

Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation

Result: Crushed by nobility

English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes:

Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages)

Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males

Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550

Society

Life went on even in the face of calamity.

What did 14th c. society look like?

Marriage & Family

Arranged Based on economics (vs.

♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s,

women <20 Children = objects of

affection No divorce (annulments in

rare cases)

Prostitution

Legal & regulated

Not respected Urban

Life in the Parish

Work Rural: farming Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open

post-plague) Women “inferior” limited opportunities

Religion Central to life lay control over parish affairs

Recreation Aristocracy: tournaments Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions

Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers

Migration of peoples to frontier regions “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language,

customs, laws (vs. blood) Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws

& newcomers subject to laws of former homeland

As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent

Vernacular Literature Dante, Divine

Commedy (Italy) Chaucer, Canterbury

Tales (England) Villon, Lais & Grand

Testament (France) Christine de Pisan,

The City of Ladies, etc. (France)

lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t.

Dante

Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

14th – 16th Century

(1350-1600)

OBJECTIVES

1. What does the term Renaissance mean?

2. Why did it begin in Italy?

3. How was the Renaissance manifested in politics, government, and social organization

4. What were the intellectual and artistic hallmarks of the Renaissance?

5. Did the Renaissance involve shifts in religious attitudes?

6. What developments occurred in the evolution of the Nation-State?

First things first

What do you think the term Renaissance means?

Departure from the Middle Ages

“rebirth” – revival of classical learning, character, and life

Beginning of the Modern Era

Changes in Art, Architecture, Literature, Science, Technology, Politics, Religion

TWO FLAVORS – ITALIAN, NORTHERN

THEMES

The Birth of the Modern World

what events mark the birth of the Modern World

1. the Renaissance2. the rise of the nation state3. discovery of the New World4. widespread use of the printing

press5. the Reformation6. the Scientific Revolution

these are the topics we’ll deal with over the next month

Vitruvian Mandrawn by Leonardo

in 1487it has become an

iconic symbolwhat does it

represent?

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Define the Renaissance. What are some events that marked the birth of the Modern World?

Agenda and Objective: Through notes and class discussion, students will identify characteristics of the Italian Renaissance, why it started in Italy, and how Florence became the most influence city during the Italian Renaissance.

DEFINITION

French “rebirth”

Intellectual and cultural transformation of Europe

Giorgio Visari (1511-1574) – Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painter, Sculptors (1550) – rinascita – Italian “rebirth”

Jacob Burckhardt The Civilization of the Renaissance of Italy (1860)

Italy, France, Spain, Low Countries, central Europe

RENAISSANCE

Geographically – Florence “birthplace” Italy

Emphasis on the individual

New World View

Moral and personal gradual shift from religion

Italian Renaissance Basics

The Italian Peninsula: location at geographic center of the Mediterranean•allowed for contact with advanced Arab civilization •allowed easy access to & inspiration from classical civilizations (Ancient Greece & Rome)•ideal for trade between Eastern Mediterranean & Western Europe

Renaissance wealth •trade (ex. silk, spices, glass, jewelry) •Politics (oligarchy)•banking (ex. the Medici family) •allowed nobles and merchants to enjoy secular lives: comfortable palaces, grand banquets, patrons of the arts (sculpture, painting, architecture)

When did the MIDDLE AGES end and the Renaissance

begin?

MIDDLE AGES

500-1500 C.E.

Battle of Hastings (1066), Magna Carta (1215)

Charlemagne (r. 768-814)

Guilds, Universities

The Black Death (1347)

The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

Middle Ages – Dominated by Agriculture and The Church

Dance of Death (1493)

THE CHURCH

During the Middle Ages or so-called “Dark Ages” only civilizing agent remained

The Roman Catholic Church

Latin predominant language – literate mostly clergy

Most people saw themselves as part of a larger community

Little “self-awareness”

Largely spiritual

WHY ITALY?

Northern Italy – market economy – banking, wool trade

Crusades (1095-?) new wealth and ideas

Enlarged merchant class, literate and with leisure

No single controlling authority in Italy

“Economic growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renaissance” - McKay

Glory of the rich and powerful (CHURCH?)

Patronize the Arts

ECONOMIC FACTORS

Geographical position – crossroads of trade

Commercial competition b/w city-states

Venice, Genoa, Milan

Powerful merchants controlled politics

Medici Family

Politically unstable

Review!

List two characteristics that defined a break between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

List two reasons was Italy became the center of the Renaissance

Politics of the Renaissance(Pages 409-412,415)

Politics and the Rise of the City States

Competition among city-states meant that Italy did not unify politically

In effect, an early balance-of-power pattern emerged where weaker states would ally with other states to prevent a single state from dominating the peninsula

The political disunity of the Italian city-states led to their downfall in the late-15th and early 16th centuries when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy.

Condottieri: mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Review for Quiz!

Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion, students will identify the causes for the rise and fall of the Italian city states during the Renaissance.

POLITICAL FACTORS

Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities

Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?)

*Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies

Signori – one man ruled

Rise of the Italian City-States

Northern Italian cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan

Signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) controlled much of Italy by 1300

Commenda: Contract between merchant and merchant-adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds

As a result, Italy became more urban: more towns and cities with significant populations than anywhere else in Europe at this

FLORENCE

Capital of TuscanyRepublicGuilds – Goldsmiths, Lawyers, Merchants (wool & silk), PoetsIl Dumo100 years dome remained unfinished

The City States

Republic of Florence (included Republic of Genoa)

Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries.

Dominated by the Medici family

Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464): allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic

Most powerful of the Medici rulers

Lorenzo de’ Medici (the “Magnificent”) (1449- 92): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo)

THE MEDICI FAMILY

Status and power – not thru warfare, marriage, or inheritance

COMMERCE – Wool Industry, “God’s Banker” – Papal Banking

Giovanni de Medici (1360-1429) – Founder

Cosimo de Medici (r. 1434-1464) – “The Elder”

Lorenzo de Medici ( r. 1469-1492) – “The Magnificent”

Pope Leo X (1513-1521), Pope Clement VII (1523-1534)

a refresher…

Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities

Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?)

Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies

Signori – one man ruled

Bell Ringer Review!

What was the most powerful city state in Italy? Give one example of how these city states were run

(type of government) Who was considered the most powerful family

during the Renaissance?

Objective…

How did the MEDICI FAMILY influence the

Renaissance?

What was the legacy of Renaissance Politics?

PATRONAGE

ARCHITECTUREBrunelleschi’s DuomoUffizi GalleryPalazzo Medici ARTDonatello’s DavidMichelangelo's David, The Last Judgment Botticelli’s Birth of Venus

MEDICI CHAPEL

Basilica of San Lorenzo

“Chapel of Princes”Medici Tomb

Michelangelo“New Sacristy” (1520)

Duchy of Milan

ruled by Sforza family after 1450

was a major enemy of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454) created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy

The peace was, in part, a response to concerns over the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a year earlier.

Created a stable balance of power for a time

The Rest…

Rome, the Papal States: popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy

Venice, Venetian Republic - Longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800s)

Greatest maritime power in Italy and one of the world‘s great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries.

Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Included southern Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily

Only Italian city-state to officially have a king

Controlled by France between 1266-1435

Controlled by Spain after 1435

Philosophy of The Renaissance(Pages 412-421)

Today’s Objective:To understand the components of Humanism and its impact on the politics of the Renaissance

Activity!

identify positions that call for leadership—from leader of a service organization to leader of a country

what are skills that leaders should have?

What skills, traits, or powers that a leader should have to get ahead or get things done?

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer… Compare your answers and Venn Diagram with your neighbor regarding The Prince

Agenda and Objective: 1. By reviewing the Prince, students will identify Machiavelli’s qualities of a good leader.

2. Through notes and Art discussion, students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic artists.

Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)

The Prince (1513) The quintessential

political treatise of the 16th century

Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control

Stated that politically, ―the ends justifies the means

Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless

Sack of Rome in 1527 by armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy

The Prince

Create a Venn diagram that shows the following:

In the overlapping area, what both you and Machiavelli think of as essential traits, skills, or powers of a leader of a nation

On the left, what you look for in a leader of a nation but Machiavelli doesn't

On the right, what Machiavelli wants in a leader of a nation but you don’t.

The Prince!

Chapter 17

Should a leader be loved or feared in ruling over the people?

Which type would be more successful? Why? 

Chapter 18

What makes a good leader? 

Is being honest a good policy in the realm of politics? Why/why not?

“The princely court afforded the despot or

oligarch the opportunity to display and assert his wealth and power. He flaunted his patronage

and learning and the arts by munificent gifts to

writers, philosophers, and artists.” - McKay

Decline of City States

French invasions began in 1494 (―First Italian War)

This was the beginning of foreign invasions throughout the Italian peninsula.

Florence -When Florence attempted to appease France during its invasion in 1494, it led to the overthrow of the Medici family.

Girolamo Savonarola became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498.

Decline of the City States: SAVONAROLA

Dominican Friar

earlier predicted the French invasions due to paganism and moral decay in the Italian city-states

became a puppet of the French-imprisoned and then burned at the stake.

Savonarola: Reflections On

“Florence was surprised to discover that the swarthy preacher [Savonarola] who a decade before had chilled them with argument, could now awe them with apocalyptic fantasies, thrill them with vivid descriptions of the paganism, corruption, and immorality of their neighbor, lift up their souls to repentance and hope, and renew in them the full intensity of the faith that had inspired and terrified their youth:

Ye women, who glory in your ornaments, your hair, your hands, I tell you you are all ugly. Would you see true beauty? Look at the pious man or woman in whom spirit dominates matter; watch him when he prays, when a ray of the divine beauty glows upon him when his prayer is ended; you will see the beauty of God shining in his face, you will behold it as it were the face of an angel.

....The literature and art, said Savonarola, are pagan; the humanists merely pretend to be Christians; those ancient authors whom they so sedulously exhume and edit and praise are strangers to Christ and the Christian virtues, and their art is an idolatry of heathen gods, or a shameless display of naked women and men AP European History •”

The Italian Renaissance • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton Source: The Story of Civilization: The Reformation, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957), pp. 145-46.

Humanism

Humanism

Based on secularism and individualism based on the classics, the literary works of

ancient Greece and Rome. studied the subjects that are now known

as the humanities—for example, poetry, philosophy, and history.

Virtú: ―the quality of being a man; idea of excelling in all of one‘s pursuits

WELL-ROUNDED MAN

Renaissance Man – the gentleman has the ability to do many things well: academically, socially, politically, culturallyThus, a gentleman should develop every aspect of his personalityFree, Intelligent, trusting in his ideas

Humanism Through ART and Literature

POLITICAL FACTORS

Western Europe – rise of monarchial states – Spain, France, England

Central Europe – Florence, Switzerland, Venice – self-rule republics

Eastern Europe – Holy Roman Empire (HRE), Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire

Map – Lynn Hunt

Welcome back! Bell Ringer

With a partner, go over your reading questions

Agenda- review northern renaissance thought in literature and art

Objectives- Understand the differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance Humanists

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer: Compare with your neighbor your list of positions of power, and the characteristics of power people (leaders)

For Tuesday: Come prepared to discuss Renaissance Humanism

Agenda and Objective: Through a reading activity, students will able to understand Renaissance Politics as well as identify Point of View (P.O.V)

Welcome Back! Bell Ringer- Quiz!

1. Define Humanism

2. What is “Virtu?”

3. Humanism promoted what two concepts?

4. What does it mean to be a Renaissance Man?

5. What are the characteristics of Christian Humanism?

Today’s Agenda and Objective: Through notes and readings students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic authors

Renaissance Humanism: New Conception of Life

secularism: valued life on earth

•there was more to life than trying to achieve salvation (heaven) •wealth was to be enjoyed •stressed an active life •civic responsibilities important •looked to classical Europe (Greece & Rome) for models, inspiration & heroes

promoted individualism

•optimistic about the range of human powers• stressed importance of individual attainments •argued that humans were the shaper of their own destiny• religion was still incredibly important but religion was interpreted more humanistically (“the humanization of the divine”)

Northern Renaissance

Christian Humanism:

Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church

Christian Humanism (Northern Renaissance)

Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church

Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece and Rome

Drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers.

Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement.

Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation

Readings on Humanism

Answer the questions provided (highlight in text)

Be ready to discuss with your group. (similarities/differences)

Be ready to discuss Also, by Monday

have section on social classes and last page of your graphic organizer completed.

Thursday- ART!!!

Welcome Back!

Bell Ringer Review with your neighbor the three primary documents and their relationship to Humanism.

Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students will 1. evaluate Humanist writers 2. Identify characteristics of Renaissance Art.

Some Italian Humanists

Petrarch (1304-1374)—the “father of humanism”

Claimed that the Middle Ages were the “Dark Ages”

perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts.

Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)

Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)

most famous Renaissance work on the nature of humankind.

Humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it.

Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)

The Book of the Courtier (1528)

Perhaps most important work on Renaissance education

Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman

Described the ideal of a “Renaissance man”

virtú

Writers

Erasmus (1466-1536) Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists

In Praise of Folly (1513) Criticized immorality

and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy.

The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther.

Thomas More (1478-1536)

Utopia (1516) Mixes civic humanism

with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island

More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it—most don’t

Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)

Don Quixote (1605-15

Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature

Critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance

François Rabelais (1494-1553)

secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes

Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1542)

A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society.

Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

Greatest of the English Renaissance authors

works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism

Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets

Bell Ringer!

Compare and contrast one Italian and Northern Renaissance writer

Objectives- finish Northern Renaissance, Review how Renaissance thought impacted the State

For Thursday- Social Classes and review!

Northern Renaissance

Art

mannerism

Spain: El Greco (1541-1614) Reaction against the

Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color

High Renaissance had taken art to perfection; there was little that could be done to improve it; thus, mannerists rebelled against it

Works often used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated

Flemish style

Heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance

More detail throughout paintings (especially the background) than the Italian Renaissance

Use of oil paints (in contrast to Italian Renaissance that used tempera)

More emotional than the Italian style

Works often preoccupied with death

Jan Van Eyck (c. 1339- c. 1441)

Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century

Perfected oil painting Naturalistic wood

panel paintings used much religious symbolism.

Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) is perhaps his most famous work.

Bosch (c. 1450-1516)

Master of symbolism and fantasy

His art often looks surrealistic (like Dali of the 20thcentury) and focused often on death and the torments of Hell.

Works reflect confusion and anguish that people felt in the Later Middle Ages

Death and the Miser (c. 1490)

Garden of Earthly Delights

Germans

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)

Foremost northern Renaissance artist.

First northerner artist to master Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion, perspective

Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)

Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and also his family members

The Ambassadors (1533) encompasses some of the major themes of the era: exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death and the rising tide of international relations in an age of expansion

Bell Ringer

In your group, Discuss 1, the effects of the Renaissance on social classes and 2. the formation of nation states during this time.

Agenda/objective- Through group discussion, students will analyze the impact of the Renaissance on social classes as well as the rise of the Nation state.

Welcome Back! Bell Ringer:

With your index card…. On each side…

1. Evaluate the impact of the Renaissance on specific social classes.

2. Evaluate the importance of the formation of nation states during this time.

Agenda/objective-

Through group discussion, students will analyze the impact of the Renaissance on social classes as well as the rise of the Nation state.

MC TEST TOMORROW!!!

Social Relationships during the Renaissance

Race

Group by blood (i.e. Jews) and tradition, language, and customs.

By the 1400s, black Africans entered Europe through the Portuguese slave trade.

Many began to intermingle and intermarry with white Europeans (i.e. Iberian peninsula)

Were seen as a source of domestic servitude, manual labor, as well as entertainment.

European attitudes seem ambivalent.

Class

Medieval period- organized in to orders/estates

Difference in rights between noble and commoner.

By 14th century came the development of hierarchy of wealth.

Many moved into the nobility class.

Created sumptuary laws.

Peasants and Townspeople

Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom

Urban Society Patricians shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and

guildsmen The poor and unemployed

Social Norms in Renaissance Italy

Fundamentally divided: First, Second, and Third Estates

Valued duty and service to the state Families: Patriarchal, patria potesta head of

the fam. sons had to be liberated in their 20s or 30s Daughters were married off as early as their

midteens, arranged for financial benefit Slavery: 10% of Italian pop. in 1400 was

slaves. Mostly domestic servants. Declined in the 15th C.

Gender

Wealthy women Querelles des Femmes (“The

Problem of Women”): A new debate emerged over the proper role of women in society (starting with Christine de Pisan in the 14th century); the debate continued for six hundred years.

Women enjoyed increased access to education; However, lost some status compared to women in the Middle Ages

women functioned now as “ornaments” to their middle-class or upper-class husbands education and culture

Women were to make themselves pleasing to the man (Castiglione)- only applied to the upper classes

Sexual double-standard: women were to remain chaste until marriage; men were permitted to “sow their wild oats.”

Important Renaissance noblewomen at court:

1. Christine de Pisan2. Isabella d’Este

Isabella d’ Este

well educated woman from noble Italian family

skilled musician (espoused ideas of Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier )

known as the “The First Lady of the Renaissance”

collector of Roman art & coins

many new buildings and sculptures were commissioned by her

Christine de Pisan

The City of Ladies (1405); The Book of Three Virtues

Chronicle of accomplishments of great women of history.

Renaissance woman’s survival manual.

Perhaps Europe’s first feminist

Extremely well-educated in France.

Politics and the State

Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England and Spain.

Reduced the power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands (from uncooperative nobles), and the hiring of mercenary armies or the creation of standing armies

Reduced the political power of the clergy

Created more efficient bureaucracies

France

Political and economic recovery began after the Hundred Years’ War.

Louis XI “Spider King” (r. 1461-83)

Francis I (r. 1515-1547):

Condordat of Bologna (1516): The king of France now had power to appoint bishops to the Gallican (French) Church.

England:

Henry VII (r. 1489-1509):

Reduced the influence of the nobility, in part, through the Star Chamber (secret trials)

Nobles were tried without a jury, could not confront witnesses, and were often tortured

Nobles were not allowed to have private armies with their own insignias

Spain

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) & Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504): unified Spain

1492, Reconquista

hermandades: alliances of cities to oppose nobles, helped bring cities in line with royal authority

Spanish Inquisition conversos: Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism

CONSEQUENCES

Weakening of Church AuthorityModern frame of mind emergesRevival of Classical style, ideas, textImproved technology – PrintingUse of vernacularIncreasing self-awareness – “know thyselfContinued subordination of womenLife in the present can be improved, not just in the hereafterGreater interest in science, exploring unknown Awesome ART!