Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Welcome Back!
Bell ringer…
Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students with define the Renaissance and identify differences between the Renaissance and M.A.
Review…Why the “Dark Ages?”(Six Causes)
FRIDAY’S QUIZ: Review “Prelude to the Modern World.” article
Review…Why the “Dark Ages?”(Six Causes)
(1) Great Famine (1315-1322)
From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine.
Death sits astride a lion whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.
(2) Black Death (1348)
Boccaccio in The Decameron:
The victims ate lunch with their friends and
dinner with their ancestors.
(3) Hundred Years’ War (ca 1337-1453)
Battle of Sluys (1340). Illustration from a manuscript of Froissart’s Chronicles.
ENGLAND VS. FRANCE
(4) Church in Decline
(5) Fur collar crime
Nobles attack rich and poor to raise money
(6) Peasant Revolts
Jacquerie (1358) Causes:
Long-term socioeconomic grievances 100 Years War – taxation
Result: Crushed by nobility
English Peasants’ Revolt (1381) Causes:
Long-term socioeconomic grievances (Statute of Laborers freezes wages)
Urging by preachers 100 Years War – French raids Head tax on adult males
Result: Crushed by Richard II but serfdom disappeared by 1550
Society
Life went on even in the face of calamity.
What did 14th c. society look like?
Marriage & Family
Arranged Based on economics (vs.
♥) Age: men in mid-late 20s,
women <20 Children = objects of
affection No divorce (annulments in
rare cases)
Prostitution
Legal & regulated
Not respected Urban
Life in the Parish
Work Rural: farming Urban: craft guilds – hard to enter (more open
post-plague) Women “inferior” limited opportunities
Religion Central to life lay control over parish affairs
Recreation Aristocracy: tournaments Commoners: archery, wrestling, alcohol Both: “blood sports,” executions
Race & Ethnicity on the Frontiers
Migration of peoples to frontier regions “race”/“ethnicity” = used to mean language,
customs, laws (vs. blood) Legal dualism: natives subject to local laws
& newcomers subject to laws of former homeland
As time passed, moved away from legal dualism toward homogeneity & emphasis on blood descent
Vernacular Literature Dante, Divine
Commedy (Italy) Chaucer, Canterbury
Tales (England) Villon, Lais & Grand
Testament (France) Christine de Pisan,
The City of Ladies, etc. (France)
lay literacy – due to needs of commerce & gov’t.
Dante
Christine de Pisan presenting her book to the Queen of France
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
14th – 16th Century
(1350-1600)
OBJECTIVES
1. What does the term Renaissance mean?
2. Why did it begin in Italy?
3. How was the Renaissance manifested in politics, government, and social organization
4. What were the intellectual and artistic hallmarks of the Renaissance?
5. Did the Renaissance involve shifts in religious attitudes?
6. What developments occurred in the evolution of the Nation-State?
First things first
What do you think the term Renaissance means?
Departure from the Middle Ages
“rebirth” – revival of classical learning, character, and life
Beginning of the Modern Era
Changes in Art, Architecture, Literature, Science, Technology, Politics, Religion
TWO FLAVORS – ITALIAN, NORTHERN
THEMES
The Birth of the Modern World
what events mark the birth of the Modern World
1. the Renaissance2. the rise of the nation state3. discovery of the New World4. widespread use of the printing
press5. the Reformation6. the Scientific Revolution
these are the topics we’ll deal with over the next month
Vitruvian Mandrawn by Leonardo
in 1487it has become an
iconic symbolwhat does it
represent?
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: Define the Renaissance. What are some events that marked the birth of the Modern World?
Agenda and Objective: Through notes and class discussion, students will identify characteristics of the Italian Renaissance, why it started in Italy, and how Florence became the most influence city during the Italian Renaissance.
DEFINITION
French “rebirth”
Intellectual and cultural transformation of Europe
Giorgio Visari (1511-1574) – Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painter, Sculptors (1550) – rinascita – Italian “rebirth”
Jacob Burckhardt The Civilization of the Renaissance of Italy (1860)
Italy, France, Spain, Low Countries, central Europe
RENAISSANCE
Geographically – Florence “birthplace” Italy
Emphasis on the individual
New World View
Moral and personal gradual shift from religion
Italian Renaissance Basics
The Italian Peninsula: location at geographic center of the Mediterranean•allowed for contact with advanced Arab civilization •allowed easy access to & inspiration from classical civilizations (Ancient Greece & Rome)•ideal for trade between Eastern Mediterranean & Western Europe
Renaissance wealth •trade (ex. silk, spices, glass, jewelry) •Politics (oligarchy)•banking (ex. the Medici family) •allowed nobles and merchants to enjoy secular lives: comfortable palaces, grand banquets, patrons of the arts (sculpture, painting, architecture)
When did the MIDDLE AGES end and the Renaissance
begin?
MIDDLE AGES
500-1500 C.E.
Battle of Hastings (1066), Magna Carta (1215)
Charlemagne (r. 768-814)
Guilds, Universities
The Black Death (1347)
The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
Middle Ages – Dominated by Agriculture and The Church
Dance of Death (1493)
THE CHURCH
During the Middle Ages or so-called “Dark Ages” only civilizing agent remained
The Roman Catholic Church
Latin predominant language – literate mostly clergy
Most people saw themselves as part of a larger community
Little “self-awareness”
Largely spiritual
WHY ITALY?
Northern Italy – market economy – banking, wool trade
Crusades (1095-?) new wealth and ideas
Enlarged merchant class, literate and with leisure
No single controlling authority in Italy
“Economic growth laid the material basis for the Italian Renaissance” - McKay
Glory of the rich and powerful (CHURCH?)
Patronize the Arts
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Geographical position – crossroads of trade
Commercial competition b/w city-states
Venice, Genoa, Milan
Powerful merchants controlled politics
Medici Family
Politically unstable
Review!
List two characteristics that defined a break between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
List two reasons was Italy became the center of the Renaissance
Politics of the Renaissance(Pages 409-412,415)
Politics and the Rise of the City States
Competition among city-states meant that Italy did not unify politically
In effect, an early balance-of-power pattern emerged where weaker states would ally with other states to prevent a single state from dominating the peninsula
The political disunity of the Italian city-states led to their downfall in the late-15th and early 16th centuries when French and Spanish armies invaded Italy.
Condottieri: mercenary generals of private armies hired by cities for military purposes
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: Review for Quiz!
Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion, students will identify the causes for the rise and fall of the Italian city states during the Renaissance.
POLITICAL FACTORS
Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities
Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?)
*Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies
Signori – one man ruled
Rise of the Italian City-States
Northern Italian cities developed international trade: Genoa, Venice, Milan
Signori (despots) or oligarchies (rule of merchant aristocracies) controlled much of Italy by 1300
Commenda: Contract between merchant and merchant-adventurer who agreed to take goods to distant locations and return with the proceeds
As a result, Italy became more urban: more towns and cities with significant populations than anywhere else in Europe at this
FLORENCE
Capital of TuscanyRepublicGuilds – Goldsmiths, Lawyers, Merchants (wool & silk), PoetsIl Dumo100 years dome remained unfinished
The City States
Republic of Florence (included Republic of Genoa)
Center of the Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries.
Dominated by the Medici family
Cosimo de’ Medici (1389-1464): allied with other powerful families of Florence and became unofficial ruler of the republic
Most powerful of the Medici rulers
Lorenzo de’ Medici (the “Magnificent”) (1449- 92): significant patron of the arts (son of Cosimo)
THE MEDICI FAMILY
Status and power – not thru warfare, marriage, or inheritance
COMMERCE – Wool Industry, “God’s Banker” – Papal Banking
Giovanni de Medici (1360-1429) – Founder
Cosimo de Medici (r. 1434-1464) – “The Elder”
Lorenzo de Medici ( r. 1469-1492) – “The Magnificent”
Pope Leo X (1513-1521), Pope Clement VII (1523-1534)
a refresher…
Communes – merchants guilds northern Italian cities
Republics – power reside with people – popolo – (middle class) excluded from gov’t rose up to overthrow city gov’t and establish republics (or façade?)
Oligarchs - ruled by an elite wealthy few – merchant aristocracies
Signori – one man ruled
Bell Ringer Review!
What was the most powerful city state in Italy? Give one example of how these city states were run
(type of government) Who was considered the most powerful family
during the Renaissance?
Objective…
How did the MEDICI FAMILY influence the
Renaissance?
What was the legacy of Renaissance Politics?
PATRONAGE
ARCHITECTUREBrunelleschi’s DuomoUffizi GalleryPalazzo Medici ARTDonatello’s DavidMichelangelo's David, The Last Judgment Botticelli’s Birth of Venus
MEDICI CHAPEL
Basilica of San Lorenzo
“Chapel of Princes”Medici Tomb
Michelangelo“New Sacristy” (1520)
Duchy of Milan
ruled by Sforza family after 1450
was a major enemy of Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi (1454) created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy
The peace was, in part, a response to concerns over the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople a year earlier.
Created a stable balance of power for a time
The Rest…
Rome, the Papal States: popes served both as religious and political leaders; controlled much of central Italy
Venice, Venetian Republic - Longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800s)
Greatest maritime power in Italy and one of the world‘s great naval and trading powers during the 14th and 15th centuries.
Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Included southern Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily
Only Italian city-state to officially have a king
Controlled by France between 1266-1435
Controlled by Spain after 1435
Philosophy of The Renaissance(Pages 412-421)
Today’s Objective:To understand the components of Humanism and its impact on the politics of the Renaissance
Activity!
identify positions that call for leadership—from leader of a service organization to leader of a country
what are skills that leaders should have?
What skills, traits, or powers that a leader should have to get ahead or get things done?
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer… Compare your answers and Venn Diagram with your neighbor regarding The Prince
Agenda and Objective: 1. By reviewing the Prince, students will identify Machiavelli’s qualities of a good leader.
2. Through notes and Art discussion, students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic artists.
Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
The Prince (1513) The quintessential
political treatise of the 16th century
Observed the political leadership of Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) who had ambitions of uniting Italy under his control
Stated that politically, ―the ends justifies the means
Rulers had to be practical and cunning, in addition to being aggressive and ruthless
Sack of Rome in 1527 by armies of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also king of Spain) symbolized the end of the Renaissance in Italy
The Prince
Create a Venn diagram that shows the following:
In the overlapping area, what both you and Machiavelli think of as essential traits, skills, or powers of a leader of a nation
On the left, what you look for in a leader of a nation but Machiavelli doesn't
On the right, what Machiavelli wants in a leader of a nation but you don’t.
The Prince!
Chapter 17
Should a leader be loved or feared in ruling over the people?
Which type would be more successful? Why?
Chapter 18
What makes a good leader?
Is being honest a good policy in the realm of politics? Why/why not?
“The princely court afforded the despot or
oligarch the opportunity to display and assert his wealth and power. He flaunted his patronage
and learning and the arts by munificent gifts to
writers, philosophers, and artists.” - McKay
Decline of City States
French invasions began in 1494 (―First Italian War)
This was the beginning of foreign invasions throughout the Italian peninsula.
Florence -When Florence attempted to appease France during its invasion in 1494, it led to the overthrow of the Medici family.
Girolamo Savonarola became the unofficial leader of Florence between 1494 and 1498.
Decline of the City States: SAVONAROLA
Dominican Friar
earlier predicted the French invasions due to paganism and moral decay in the Italian city-states
became a puppet of the French-imprisoned and then burned at the stake.
Savonarola: Reflections On
“Florence was surprised to discover that the swarthy preacher [Savonarola] who a decade before had chilled them with argument, could now awe them with apocalyptic fantasies, thrill them with vivid descriptions of the paganism, corruption, and immorality of their neighbor, lift up their souls to repentance and hope, and renew in them the full intensity of the faith that had inspired and terrified their youth:
Ye women, who glory in your ornaments, your hair, your hands, I tell you you are all ugly. Would you see true beauty? Look at the pious man or woman in whom spirit dominates matter; watch him when he prays, when a ray of the divine beauty glows upon him when his prayer is ended; you will see the beauty of God shining in his face, you will behold it as it were the face of an angel.
....The literature and art, said Savonarola, are pagan; the humanists merely pretend to be Christians; those ancient authors whom they so sedulously exhume and edit and praise are strangers to Christ and the Christian virtues, and their art is an idolatry of heathen gods, or a shameless display of naked women and men AP European History •”
The Italian Renaissance • J.F. Walters & G.W.Whitton Source: The Story of Civilization: The Reformation, Will Durant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1957), pp. 145-46.
Humanism
Humanism
Based on secularism and individualism based on the classics, the literary works of
ancient Greece and Rome. studied the subjects that are now known
as the humanities—for example, poetry, philosophy, and history.
Virtú: ―the quality of being a man; idea of excelling in all of one‘s pursuits
WELL-ROUNDED MAN
Renaissance Man – the gentleman has the ability to do many things well: academically, socially, politically, culturallyThus, a gentleman should develop every aspect of his personalityFree, Intelligent, trusting in his ideas
Humanism Through ART and Literature
POLITICAL FACTORS
Western Europe – rise of monarchial states – Spain, France, England
Central Europe – Florence, Switzerland, Venice – self-rule republics
Eastern Europe – Holy Roman Empire (HRE), Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire
Map – Lynn Hunt
Welcome back! Bell Ringer
With a partner, go over your reading questions
Agenda- review northern renaissance thought in literature and art
Objectives- Understand the differences between Italian and Northern Renaissance Humanists
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer: Compare with your neighbor your list of positions of power, and the characteristics of power people (leaders)
For Tuesday: Come prepared to discuss Renaissance Humanism
Agenda and Objective: Through a reading activity, students will able to understand Renaissance Politics as well as identify Point of View (P.O.V)
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer- Quiz!
1. Define Humanism
2. What is “Virtu?”
3. Humanism promoted what two concepts?
4. What does it mean to be a Renaissance Man?
5. What are the characteristics of Christian Humanism?
Today’s Agenda and Objective: Through notes and readings students will be able to define Humanism and its impact of the Renaissance as well as important Humanistic authors
Renaissance Humanism: New Conception of Life
secularism: valued life on earth
•there was more to life than trying to achieve salvation (heaven) •wealth was to be enjoyed •stressed an active life •civic responsibilities important •looked to classical Europe (Greece & Rome) for models, inspiration & heroes
promoted individualism
•optimistic about the range of human powers• stressed importance of individual attainments •argued that humans were the shaper of their own destiny• religion was still incredibly important but religion was interpreted more humanistically (“the humanization of the divine”)
Northern Renaissance
Christian Humanism:
Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church
Christian Humanism (Northern Renaissance)
Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church
Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece and Rome
Drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers.
Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement.
Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation
Readings on Humanism
Answer the questions provided (highlight in text)
Be ready to discuss with your group. (similarities/differences)
Be ready to discuss Also, by Monday
have section on social classes and last page of your graphic organizer completed.
Thursday- ART!!!
Welcome Back!
Bell Ringer Review with your neighbor the three primary documents and their relationship to Humanism.
Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students will 1. evaluate Humanist writers 2. Identify characteristics of Renaissance Art.
Some Italian Humanists
Petrarch (1304-1374)—the “father of humanism”
Claimed that the Middle Ages were the “Dark Ages”
perhaps the first to use critical textual analysis to ancient texts.
Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494)
Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
most famous Renaissance work on the nature of humankind.
Humans were created by God and therefore given tremendous potential for greatness, and even union with God if they desired it.
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
The Book of the Courtier (1528)
Perhaps most important work on Renaissance education
Specified qualities necessary to be a true gentleman
Described the ideal of a “Renaissance man”
virtú
Writers
Erasmus (1466-1536) Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists
In Praise of Folly (1513) Criticized immorality
and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy.
The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther.
Thomas More (1478-1536)
Utopia (1516) Mixes civic humanism
with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island
More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it—most don’t
Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
Don Quixote (1605-15
Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature
Critical of excessive religious idealism and chivalric romance
François Rabelais (1494-1553)
secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes
Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1542)
A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society.
Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Greatest of the English Renaissance authors
works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism
Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets
Bell Ringer!
Compare and contrast one Italian and Northern Renaissance writer
Objectives- finish Northern Renaissance, Review how Renaissance thought impacted the State
For Thursday- Social Classes and review!
Northern Renaissance
Art
mannerism
Spain: El Greco (1541-1614) Reaction against the
Renaissance ideals of balance, symmetry, simplicity and realistic use of color
High Renaissance had taken art to perfection; there was little that could be done to improve it; thus, mannerists rebelled against it
Works often used unnatural colors while shapes were elongated or otherwise exaggerated
Flemish style
Heavily influenced by the Italian Renaissance
More detail throughout paintings (especially the background) than the Italian Renaissance
Use of oil paints (in contrast to Italian Renaissance that used tempera)
More emotional than the Italian style
Works often preoccupied with death
Jan Van Eyck (c. 1339- c. 1441)
Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century
Perfected oil painting Naturalistic wood
panel paintings used much religious symbolism.
Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) is perhaps his most famous work.
Bosch (c. 1450-1516)
Master of symbolism and fantasy
His art often looks surrealistic (like Dali of the 20thcentury) and focused often on death and the torments of Hell.
Works reflect confusion and anguish that people felt in the Later Middle Ages
Death and the Miser (c. 1490)
Garden of Earthly Delights
Germans
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
Foremost northern Renaissance artist.
First northerner artist to master Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion, perspective
Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)
Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and also his family members
The Ambassadors (1533) encompasses some of the major themes of the era: exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death and the rising tide of international relations in an age of expansion
Bell Ringer
In your group, Discuss 1, the effects of the Renaissance on social classes and 2. the formation of nation states during this time.
Agenda/objective- Through group discussion, students will analyze the impact of the Renaissance on social classes as well as the rise of the Nation state.
Welcome Back! Bell Ringer:
With your index card…. On each side…
1. Evaluate the impact of the Renaissance on specific social classes.
2. Evaluate the importance of the formation of nation states during this time.
Agenda/objective-
Through group discussion, students will analyze the impact of the Renaissance on social classes as well as the rise of the Nation state.
MC TEST TOMORROW!!!
Social Relationships during the Renaissance
Race
Group by blood (i.e. Jews) and tradition, language, and customs.
By the 1400s, black Africans entered Europe through the Portuguese slave trade.
Many began to intermingle and intermarry with white Europeans (i.e. Iberian peninsula)
Were seen as a source of domestic servitude, manual labor, as well as entertainment.
European attitudes seem ambivalent.
Class
Medieval period- organized in to orders/estates
Difference in rights between noble and commoner.
By 14th century came the development of hierarchy of wealth.
Many moved into the nobility class.
Created sumptuary laws.
Peasants and Townspeople
Peasants Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population Decline of manorial system and serfdom
Urban Society Patricians shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and
guildsmen The poor and unemployed
Social Norms in Renaissance Italy
Fundamentally divided: First, Second, and Third Estates
Valued duty and service to the state Families: Patriarchal, patria potesta head of
the fam. sons had to be liberated in their 20s or 30s Daughters were married off as early as their
midteens, arranged for financial benefit Slavery: 10% of Italian pop. in 1400 was
slaves. Mostly domestic servants. Declined in the 15th C.
Gender
Wealthy women Querelles des Femmes (“The
Problem of Women”): A new debate emerged over the proper role of women in society (starting with Christine de Pisan in the 14th century); the debate continued for six hundred years.
Women enjoyed increased access to education; However, lost some status compared to women in the Middle Ages
women functioned now as “ornaments” to their middle-class or upper-class husbands education and culture
Women were to make themselves pleasing to the man (Castiglione)- only applied to the upper classes
Sexual double-standard: women were to remain chaste until marriage; men were permitted to “sow their wild oats.”
Important Renaissance noblewomen at court:
1. Christine de Pisan2. Isabella d’Este
Isabella d’ Este
well educated woman from noble Italian family
skilled musician (espoused ideas of Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier )
known as the “The First Lady of the Renaissance”
collector of Roman art & coins
many new buildings and sculptures were commissioned by her
Christine de Pisan
The City of Ladies (1405); The Book of Three Virtues
Chronicle of accomplishments of great women of history.
Renaissance woman’s survival manual.
Perhaps Europe’s first feminist
Extremely well-educated in France.
Politics and the State
Consolidated power and created the foundation for Europe’s first modern nation-states in France, England and Spain.
Reduced the power of the nobility through taxation, confiscation of lands (from uncooperative nobles), and the hiring of mercenary armies or the creation of standing armies
Reduced the political power of the clergy
Created more efficient bureaucracies
France
Political and economic recovery began after the Hundred Years’ War.
Louis XI “Spider King” (r. 1461-83)
Francis I (r. 1515-1547):
Condordat of Bologna (1516): The king of France now had power to appoint bishops to the Gallican (French) Church.
England:
Henry VII (r. 1489-1509):
Reduced the influence of the nobility, in part, through the Star Chamber (secret trials)
Nobles were tried without a jury, could not confront witnesses, and were often tortured
Nobles were not allowed to have private armies with their own insignias
Spain
Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1478-1516) & Isabella of Castile (r. 1474-1504): unified Spain
1492, Reconquista
hermandades: alliances of cities to oppose nobles, helped bring cities in line with royal authority
Spanish Inquisition conversos: Jews who had converted to Christianity but were now suspected of backsliding into Judaism
CONSEQUENCES
Weakening of Church AuthorityModern frame of mind emergesRevival of Classical style, ideas, textImproved technology – PrintingUse of vernacularIncreasing self-awareness – “know thyselfContinued subordination of womenLife in the present can be improved, not just in the hereafterGreater interest in science, exploring unknown Awesome ART!
