Vision Lecture 12 Notes: Motion Perception and Pursuit Eye … · 2020-01-04 · The effects of...

Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, 2013

Motion perception and pursuit eye movements

1

Topics:

1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions.

2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective neurons.

3. The effects of brain lesions on motion perception.

4. Structure from motion.

5. Apparent motion.

6. Metacontrast and brightness masking.

7. Optokinetic nystagmus

8. The accessory optic system

9. Summary

2

Neuronal responses to motion in cortex

3

Method for stimulating V1 RFs with moving targets

LL D

L

L

L

L

D

D

D

D

D

Moving bar Photocell

A

B

C

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

4

2

1 RF

2

2RF

UNIT 78-4-12.30

30sp

1o

L D L D

D D LL

Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field

3 D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

Response of an S1 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.5

3

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8

Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field

LDLD

10sp

UNIT 72-8-13.55

1o

DL

1

2

L DL D

DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.6

2

3

Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field

LD

D

L

LL

D

D

20sp

1

UNIT 91-1-22.27 1o

D

L

.1 .2 .6.3 .5.4 .8 .9.7 deg

Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.7

s1 D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

s5

.1

D

D

.2 .3 .4

L

L .5 .6 .7 deg

s2 L D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE

.8

s6 D L

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 deg1.1

s3 L L D

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 deg

D s7

L

D L

s4 L D

.1 .2 .3

L .4 .5 .6

D L

.7 .8 .9 1.0 deg

.1 .2 .3

D

.4 .5 .6 deg

CX D L

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 deg

Summary of cell types in V1

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.8

Neuronal responses to motion in MT and MST

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please refer to lecture video.

9

CONTROL

PICROTOXIN

RECOVERY

+_+_ +_

+_null preferred+_

Picrotoxin acts on GABA receptor channels. For mechanism of action 1.5o see Newland and Cull-Candy, J. Physiol; 1992, 447, 191-2132.h

The effect of picrotoxin on direction selectivity in retina

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

10

spatially specific inhibition

Simple inhibitory model with spatial specificity

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.11

100

deg

100

deg

A conceptual scheme for types of motion

PLANAR 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg

100

deg

100

deg

100

deg

LEFT RIGHT DOWN UP

CIRCULAR RADIAL

100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg

100

deg

100

deg

100

deg

COUNTERCLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE IN OUT

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

12

Neuronal responses in MST to various types of motion

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Figure 4 from Duffy, Charles J., and Robert H. Wurtz.

"Sensitivity of MST Neurons to Optic Flow Stimuli. I. A Continuum of Response

Selectivity to Large-field Stimuli." J Neurophysiol 65, no. 6 (1991): 1329-45.

13

Specificity of directional attributes in MST

40% of the cells respond to all three types of motion

30% of the cells respond to two types of motion

20% of the cells respond to one type of motion

14

Neural mechanisms of directional specificity

15

The effects of lesions on

motion perception

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Motion detection

17

Motion detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions

Perc

ent C

orre

ct

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10 V4 Lesion

Normal

Latencies: Normal = 318ms MT Lesion = 362ms

Eager

6 8 1210

Motion Detection

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Zeno

Normal

Latencies: Normal = 234ms MT Lesion =278ms

MT Lesion

Zeno

6 8 10 12 14

Percent Luminance Contrast

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

18

19

20

Flicker detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

5 8 10 15 20 Flicker rate (Hz)

Flicker Detection Pe

rcen

t Cor

rect

Green Flicker

Normal

V4 LesionMT Lesion

Peachy

Red/Green Flicker

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

21

Structure from motion

22

23

24

Apparent motion

The jumping disk

25

26

27

THE BASIC BISTABLE QUARTETS DEMO

28

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 1a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

29

30

31

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 1b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

32

THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

33

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see lecture video or Display 2 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.

34

THE INFLUENCE OF RED/GREEN COLOR ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

35

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 3a from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

36

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 3b from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

37

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 7 from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

38

THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

2 to 1 diameter ratio

A.

39

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 8a from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

40

THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

3.5 to 1 diameter ratio

B.

41

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 8b from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christin

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

a

42

THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR, BRIGHTNESS, SHAPE AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION

43

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 9 from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

44

THE INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY

45

Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 12b from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina

E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they

Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.

46

Why we see wheels rotate backwards in the movies

47

A wheel rotating slowly

234567891 10111213

48

1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

A wheel rotating rapidly

49

Slow rotation

Frame 3 Frame 1 Frame 2

50

Rapid rotation

Frame 1 Frame 2

51

Metacontrast

Disk-ring sequence

52

53

54

Simultaneous presentation

55

56

Sequential presentation

57

58

59

Disk and ring and disk alone side

by side shown four times

16ms 16ms

time

60

cycling disk and ring with

equal cycle times

61

Brightness masking

62

Brightness masking

1 2

63

64

65

66

Brightness masking and me

Brightness masking

1. Effect declines with increasing interstimulus interval

2. Does not occur interocularly

3. Mostly due to differential conduction velocity in retina

Metacontrast

1. U shaped function

2. Continues t o occur interocularly

3. Physiology unclear but linked to motion perception

tacontrast

t ceffef oe dutginga

m 100 150 50 interstimulus interval in ms

t ceffef oe dutginga

m 50 100 150 interstimulus interval in ms

67

Schematized RGC cell response to brightness masking

50 50

Target alone Mask alone sp

ikes

time

Target and mask with two interstimulus intervals

ISI

ISI

68

Optokinetic nystagmus

69

Optokinetic nystagmus

1

fast phase

slow phase

2

3

70

Optokinetic nysgtagmus induced in the left and right eyes of a rabbit

Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.

71

Optokinetic nysgtagmus after APB injected into the right eye

Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.

72

The effect of APB on optikinetic nyustagmus in monkey

Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.

73

Optokinetic response in normal and immobilized eye

Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.

Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.

74

Motion analysis in the accessory optic system

75

Prime axes of the retinal ganglion cells of Dogiel that feed into the accessory optic system

2 1Ant

3

The axons of the cells of Dogiel project to the terminal nuclei

76

BS

Velocity response of AOS neurons = 0.1-1.0 deg/sec

Major Pathways of the Accessory Optic System (AOS)

Number

of AOS RGCs in rabbit = 7K out of 350K

12

3

Cortex Cerebellum

Ant

climbing fibers Prime axes of the cells of Dogiel NOT

BS

rate code

D

M

L

1

2,3

2,3

Terminal Nuclei

Inferior Olive Semicircular

canals

Vestibular Nucleus

vestibulo-ocular reflex

77

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9.04 Sensory Systems Fall 2013

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