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Vision and Eye Movements Peter H. Schiller, 2013
Motion perception and pursuit eye movements
1
Topics:
1. The responses of neurons to motion in various brain regions.
2. Mechananisms for creating motion-selective neurons.
3. The effects of brain lesions on motion perception.
4. Structure from motion.
5. Apparent motion.
6. Metacontrast and brightness masking.
7. Optokinetic nystagmus
8. The accessory optic system
9. Summary
2
Neuronal responses to motion in cortex
3
Method for stimulating V1 RFs with moving targets
LL D
L
L
L
L
D
D
D
D
D
Moving bar Photocell
A
B
C
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
4
2
1 RF
2
2RF
UNIT 78-4-12.30
30sp
1o
L D L D
D D LL
Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field
3 D
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
Response of an S1 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.5
3
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8
Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field
LDLD
10sp
UNIT 72-8-13.55
1o
DL
1
2
L DL D
DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.6
2
3
Spatio-temporal organization of receptive field
LD
D
L
LL
D
D
20sp
1
UNIT 91-1-22.27 1o
D
L
.1 .2 .6.3 .5.4 .8 .9.7 deg
Response of an S2 cell in striate cortex to drifting bars
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.7
s1 D
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
s5
.1
D
D
.2 .3 .4
L
L .5 .6 .7 deg
s2 L D
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 DEGREES OF VISUAL ANGLE
.8
s6 D L
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 deg1.1
s3 L L D
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 deg
D s7
L
D L
s4 L D
.1 .2 .3
L .4 .5 .6
D L
.7 .8 .9 1.0 deg
.1 .2 .3
D
.4 .5 .6 deg
CX D L
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 deg
Summary of cell types in V1
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.8
Neuronal responses to motion in MT and MST
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please refer to lecture video.
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CONTROL
PICROTOXIN
RECOVERY
+_+_ +_
+_null preferred+_
Picrotoxin acts on GABA receptor channels. For mechanism of action 1.5o see Newland and Cull-Candy, J. Physiol; 1992, 447, 191-2132.h
The effect of picrotoxin on direction selectivity in retina
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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spatially specific inhibition
Simple inhibitory model with spatial specificity
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.11
100
deg
100
deg
A conceptual scheme for types of motion
PLANAR 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg
100
deg
100
deg
100
deg
LEFT RIGHT DOWN UP
CIRCULAR RADIAL
100 deg 100 deg 100 deg 100 deg
100
deg
100
deg
100
deg
COUNTERCLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE IN OUT
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
12
Neuronal responses in MST to various types of motion
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Figure 4 from Duffy, Charles J., and Robert H. Wurtz.
"Sensitivity of MST Neurons to Optic Flow Stimuli. I. A Continuum of Response
Selectivity to Large-field Stimuli." J Neurophysiol 65, no. 6 (1991): 1329-45.
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Specificity of directional attributes in MST
40% of the cells respond to all three types of motion
30% of the cells respond to two types of motion
20% of the cells respond to one type of motion
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Neural mechanisms of directional specificity
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The effects of lesions on
motion perception
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Motion detection
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Motion detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions
Perc
ent C
orre
ct
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10 V4 Lesion
Normal
Latencies: Normal = 318ms MT Lesion = 362ms
Eager
6 8 1210
Motion Detection
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Zeno
Normal
Latencies: Normal = 234ms MT Lesion =278ms
MT Lesion
Zeno
6 8 10 12 14
Percent Luminance Contrast
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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19
20
Flicker detection in in intact, V4 and MT blocked regions
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 8 10 15 20 Flicker rate (Hz)
Flicker Detection Pe
rcen
t Cor
rect
Green Flicker
Normal
V4 LesionMT Lesion
Peachy
Red/Green Flicker
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
21
Structure from motion
22
23
24
Apparent motion
The jumping disk
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26
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THE BASIC BISTABLE QUARTETS DEMO
28
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 1a from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
29
30
31
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 1b from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
32
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRY AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
33
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see lecture video or Display 2 from Schiller, Peter H., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations of Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35, no. 11 (2006): 1521.
34
THE INFLUENCE OF RED/GREEN COLOR ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
35
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 3a from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
36
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 3b from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
37
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 7 from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
38
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
2 to 1 diameter ratio
A.
39
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 8a from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
40
THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
3.5 to 1 diameter ratio
B.
41
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 8b from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christin
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
a
42
THE INFLUENCE OF COLOR, BRIGHTNESS, SHAPE AND SIZE ON THE PERCEIVED DIRECTION OF APPARENT MOTION
43
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 9 from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
44
THE INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY
45
Figure removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase see lectur e video or Display 12b from Schiller, Peter H ., and Christina
E. Carvey. "Demonstrations o f Spatiotemporal Integration and What they
Tell us About the Visual System." Perception 35 , no. 11 (2006): 1521.
46
Why we see wheels rotate backwards in the movies
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A wheel rotating slowly
234567891 10111213
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1 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
A wheel rotating rapidly
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Slow rotation
Frame 3 Frame 1 Frame 2
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Rapid rotation
Frame 1 Frame 2
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Metacontrast
Disk-ring sequence
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53
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Simultaneous presentation
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Sequential presentation
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58
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Disk and ring and disk alone side
by side shown four times
16ms 16ms
time
60
cycling disk and ring with
equal cycle times
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Brightness masking
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Brightness masking
1 2
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65
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Brightness masking and me
Brightness masking
1. Effect declines with increasing interstimulus interval
2. Does not occur interocularly
3. Mostly due to differential conduction velocity in retina
Metacontrast
1. U shaped function
2. Continues t o occur interocularly
3. Physiology unclear but linked to motion perception
tacontrast
t ceffef oe dutginga
m 100 150 50 interstimulus interval in ms
t ceffef oe dutginga
m 50 100 150 interstimulus interval in ms
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Schematized RGC cell response to brightness masking
50 50
Target alone Mask alone sp
ikes
time
Target and mask with two interstimulus intervals
ISI
ISI
68
Optokinetic nystagmus
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Optokinetic nystagmus
1
fast phase
slow phase
2
3
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Optokinetic nysgtagmus induced in the left and right eyes of a rabbit
Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
71
Optokinetic nysgtagmus after APB injected into the right eye
Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
72
The effect of APB on optikinetic nyustagmus in monkey
Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
73
Optokinetic response in normal and immobilized eye
Figur e removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ple ase refer to lecture video or Knapp, A. G., M. Ariel, et al. "Analysis of Vertebrat e EyeMovements following Intravitreal Drug Injection s. I. Blockad e of Retinal ON-cells by 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate Eliminates Optokinetic Nystagmus." Journal ofneurophysiology 60, no. 3 (1988): 1010-21.
74
Motion analysis in the accessory optic system
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Prime axes of the retinal ganglion cells of Dogiel that feed into the accessory optic system
2 1Ant
3
The axons of the cells of Dogiel project to the terminal nuclei
76
BS
Velocity response of AOS neurons = 0.1-1.0 deg/sec
Major Pathways of the Accessory Optic System (AOS)
Number
of AOS RGCs in rabbit = 7K out of 350K
12
3
Cortex Cerebellum
Ant
climbing fibers Prime axes of the cells of Dogiel NOT
BS
rate code
D
M
L
1
2,3
2,3
Terminal Nuclei
Inferior Olive Semicircular
canals
Vestibular Nucleus
vestibulo-ocular reflex
77
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9.04 Sensory Systems Fall 2013
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