Use, Needs and Production of Bio-diesel

WELCOMETO THE

SEMINAR SESSIONPRESENTING BY

ANEESH KS5 ME

REG. NO: 13021902

USE, NEEDS AND PRODUCTION OF

BIODIESEL

ON THE TOPIC

WHAT IS BIODIESEL?

Biodiesel, a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from variety of vegetable oils or animal fats, designated as B100, and confirming to different quality standards e.g. ASTM D 6751, EN14214 or IS 15607.

ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL Produced from renewable materials – eco friendly / closed

CO2 cycle.

Local & self production – less reliance on foreign oil. Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) – non toxic. Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%). Easily decomposes – does not harm soil or ground water. Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above 110°C). Eligible as fuels under international standards & specifications

(world-wide). Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto

Treaty).

CLOSED CO2 CYCLE BY BIODIESEL

BIODIESEL DRAWBACKS

Biodiesel can be corrosive to rubber materials.

Biodiesel is not necessarily more economic than regular diesel. Depend on the plants, their related processes and, other incentives.

Biodiesel can last up to 6 months. In 6-12 months need to be treated.

USE OF BIODIESEL

MAJOR USE OF BIODIESEL For running IC engine Producing Hydrogen for Fuel-Cell Vehicles Cleaning Up Oil Spills Generating Electricity Camping: Cooking and Illumination Cleaning Up Tools and Grease Adding Lubricity to Diesel Fuel Removing Paint and Adhesives Asphalt Cleanup Agent

MAJOR USE OF BIO-DIESEL Hand Cleaner Crop Adjuvant Screen Printing Ink Remover Auto Wax Remover Corrosion Preventative Metal Working Lubricant

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS WHILE USING BIODIESEL AS FUEL IN IC

ENGINE Main Problems:

These fuels are too thick. The must be thinned to function in a diesel engine

How? By heating or a by chemical reaction (the chemical reaction is the biodiesel production)

Problem is worse the lower the temperature Modified engines still typically use SVO in conjunction

with diesel for start up and shut down

NEED OF BIODIESEL

WHAT IS TODAY’S NEED OF BIODIESEL?

Energy security Economic development Mitigation of climate change

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

MAJOR SOURCES OF BIODIESEL

Rapeseed (Europe) Soybean (US) Atrophy (Africa, India) Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America) Palm Oil (Tropical areas)

STEPS IN PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

Extraction of vegetable oil from oilseed/crop Tansesterification reaction for converting vegetable

oil to crude biodiesel Washing of crude biodiesel

BIODIESEL – CROPS & YIELDS

Oil Content US gal/acre

Liters oil/ha

Kg oil/ha Crop

50% - 55% 151 1413 1188 Castor beans70% 287 2689 2260 Coconut

12% 18 172 145 Corn (maize)

13% - 15% 35 325 273 Cotton

30% - 35% 202 1892 1590 Jatropha

35% 635 5950 5000 Palm oil

36% 113 1059 890 Peanuts

37% 127 1190 1000 Rapeseed

15% 48 446 375 Soybean

32% 102 952 800 Sunflower

METHODS FOR EXTRATION OF VEGITABLE OIL FROM OIL SEED/CROP

Solvent Extraction Standard technology for facilities with daily capacities

of greater than 300 tons per day Commonly used in conjunction with some form of

mechanical extractionMechanical Extraction

Typically used for facilities with daily capacities of less than 150 tons per day

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

The basic process:Solvent Application

Solvent is applied to the pre-pressed material The solvent bonds to the oil in the material

Solvent & oil mixture is removed from the mealThe oil is then separated from the solvent which is

reused in the process

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Benefits: Solvent Extraction is capable of recovering of 99% of

the oil contained in the seed Lowest cost per ton for commercial processing

Challenges: Large capital investment Not feasible for small-scale processing Environmental concerns

MECHANICAL EXTRACTION

The basic process: Seed Preparation

Removal of foreign objects Removal of seed hulls or shells for some seeds

Extraction Seed is processed by a mechanical press

Removing 65-80% of oil contained in the seed

MECHANICAL EXTRACTION

Required Equipment Mechanical Press Power source for the press Seed Bins Meal Bins Oil Tanks Pumps, Filters, Plumbing

TRANSESTIRIFICATION REACTION

It a chemical reaction to concert vegetable oil to bio-diesel.

In which the vegetable oil is reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst to produce bio-diesel and glycerol

TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION

Glycerol

O O OMe Me Me

O = O =O =HO

HO

HO

Biodiesel(Methyl Ester Alcohol)

3 ester alcohol + 1 glycerine

O = O OO = OO =

Triglyceride

1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol

3 MeOH

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF BIODIESEL & VEGITABLE OIL

Fats and oils have quite big molecules with a spinal of glycerol on which are bond three fatty acid rests.By the transesterification, the fatty acid rests are removed from the glycerol and each is bond with methanol.

The products are one mole glycerol and three mole of fatty acid methyl ester.

SCHEMATIC OF THE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS

CATALYST

CATALYST ?

“Chemical marriage brokers”The presence of a catalyst facilitates reactions that would be kinetically impossible or very slow without a catalyst

VARIOUS CATALYSTS USED IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

• Base Catalysts: NaOH, KOH, NaMeO• Acid Catalysts: H2SO4, PTSA, MSA, H3PO4, CaCO3

Typical base concentrations are :NaOH/KOH – 0.3 to 1.5 %Na MeO – 0.5 % or less

• Sulfated Zeolites & Clays• Hetro-poly acids• Metal Oxides, Sulfates• Composite materials

Homogenous

Heterogeneous

HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS HETEROGENEOUS

HOMOGENOUS

The catalyst, reactants and products are all in one phase, normally the liquid phase. The reactions proceed over a intermediate complex and are often highly selective, but separation of the products and the catalyst is difficult.

HETROGENOUS

The catalyst is in one phase, normally solid, while the reactants and products are in another phase. Separation of catalyst and products is easy, but the reaction is often less selective, because the catalyst material is not homogeneous

LAY-OUT OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROCESSOR

A- REACTORB- SEPERATORD- PRODUCT

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

Biodiesel

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM JATROPHA

The final product of transesterification process is crude biodiesel

It needs a purification process to use.

WASHING OF CRUDE BIODIESEL

Water wash only (a misting of water over the fuel, draining water off the bottom)

Air bubble wash (slow bubbling of air through the fuel)

Air/water bubble wash (with water in the bottom of the tank, bubbling air through water and then the fuel)

THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE PROCESSES- BIODIESEL

WILL LOOK LIKE THIS

CONCLUSION

QUESTIONS ?

Thank You all for your precious time

BYANEESH K