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Comparison of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 -08 lab test (referred to as NAFS-08) to the AAMA 502 quality assurance field test and the AAMA 511 forensic evaluation

Determination of appropriate water test pressures, test durations and water applications via NAFS-08, AAMA 502-08, 503-08 and 511-08

How to specify project-specific quality assurance field testing

The proper use of AAMA 511 for forensic evaluations

“NAFS-08” Lab Testing –Performed on prototype specimen to validate product performance ratings

“502” Quality Assurance Field Testing –Performed on “newly” installed products to verify installed performance of the product and the installation

“511” Forensic Testing –Performed on wall assemblies with known water control problems as a means to accurately identify suspect wall construction components and details

Utilizes ASTM E 547 and/or E 331 for test methodologyTest is performed under controlled environmental conditions Test sample is installed strictly per the manufacturer’s instructions in a precisetest buck opening

Conversion as per NAFS-0815% for R, LC, CW20% for AWWater Resistance Test Pressure is capped at 12.00 psf for the U.S. and 15.00 psf for Canada

Gateway RequirementsPerformanceClass

Minimum DesignPressure, Pa (psf)

MinimumStructural test pressure, Pa (psf)

MinimumWater ResistanceTest Pressure, Pa (psf)

R 15.0 22.5 2.90LC 25.0 37.5 3.75CW 30.0 45.0 4.50AW 40.0 60.0 8.00N

6.00 PSF (~50 mph)1.16”

Equivalent hydrostatic water head

NAFS Overview

7.50 PSF (~55 mph)1.44”

Equivalent hydrostatic water head

NAFS Overview

AAMA 502-08AA

AAMA 502-90 Original publication by AAMA

AAMA 502-02 Added reference to AAMA accredited laboratory and first introduced the 1/3 WTP reduction for water resistance testing of installed products

AAMA 502-08 Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after installation of the fenestration product.

ASTM E 783◦ Field Measurement of Air Leakage through

Installed Exterior Windows and Doors

ASTM E 1105◦ Field Determination of Water Penetration of

Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference

Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditions. In some cases, temporary enclosures are required to reduce adverse effects of wind and temperature at the project site.

The default air leakage for quality assurance field testing is 1.5 times the applicable laboratory standard for the product type and performance class

THE CHAMBER SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED TO MAKE ANY CONTACT WITH THE FENESTRATION PRODUCT

CALIBRATED WATERSPRAY RACK

PRESSURE GAUGE VALVE

ALTERNATE TEST CHAMBER

INNERMOST PLANEFOR WATER PENETRATION(REFERENCE PARAGRAPH 4.3.4)

AIR SYSTEM

PRESSURE MEASURINGDEVICE

TO OUTSIDE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

TEST CHAMBER

EXHAUST

Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditionsTest is performed on the entire fenestration product opening

The test pressure shall not be less than 91 Pa (1.9 psf)

Tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure equal to 2/3 of the tested and rated laboratory performance per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440

1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products."

2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration product specimens after the products have been completely installed for air leakage resistance and water penetration resistance as specified.

3. Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a uniform static test pressure of ___ Pa (___ psf). The maximum allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed L/s•m2 (___ cfm/ft2)

4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure of ___Pa (____ psf). No water penetration shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of AAMA 502

1/3 reduction to the laboratory rating of the WTP is the default

Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and moved to the 511 document

Method “A” ◦ Product only testing has been eliminated from

the 502-08 and moved to AAMA 511.

If the source of the water cannot be determined, a forensic evaluation using the procedures outlined in AAMA 511 shall be performed

AAMA 503-08AA

AAMA 503 was originally published in 1992AAMA 503 is a similar document to AAMA 502 for Storefronts, Curtain Walls & Sloped Glazing Systems.Updated in 2003 & 2008 AAMA 503-08 – Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after issuance of the occupancy permit.

StorefrontsCurtain Wall Sloped Glazing

AAMA 503

Curtain Wall Chamber ArrangementAA

AAMA 503

Sloped Glazing Systems Chamber Arrangement

AAMA 503

ASTM References in AAMA 511

ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls

This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating water leakage of exterior walls. A wall is considered a system including its exterior and interior finishes, fenestration, and structural components.

Involves more than just testingThe purpose of diagnostic testing is to recreate water leaks that are known to occurAAMA 511 testing either follows up on AAMA 502 and 503 testing or is used in a water intrusion investigation

“…The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic testing is to recreate existing leakage behavior that occurs under in-service conditions.”

Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing ◦ Review of project documents◦ Evaluation of design concept◦ Determination of service history◦ Inspection

Three Steps During and After Testing◦ Investigative Testing◦ Analysis◦ Report

Step #1: Review Project Documents• Architectural drawings• Structural drawings• Shop drawings• Installation instructions• Contracts• Purchase orders• Specifications• Warranties

Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept• Water management concept• Critical details• Test reports• Flashing• Sealants• Weep Holes

Step # 3: Determination of Service History• Review maintenance records• Interview knowledgeable personnel• Research leak history

Step #4: Inspection• Interior observations• Exterior observations• Observe workmanship• Observe product

deficiency • Develop a

hypothesis for the source of the water intrusion

Determination is based on:◦ Field Standards◦ Laboratory Standards◦ Prior Testing◦ Weather Data◦ Experience

◦ Simulate the weather events◦ Obtain wind speed◦ If calculated wind speed is greater then 2/3 of

the rated WTP for the product it may be that the product was not the most appropriate for the project.

◦ At least one pressure difference test must be done at the 2/3pressure

ASCE – 7 accounts for:◦ Exposure◦ Height above grade◦ Basic wind speed

(or weather data)◦ Location of

specimen within façade

• The objective of testing is to identify the leak paths

Consistent leaks more than one yearHeaviest leakage twice during September 2005Class IIBuilding height is 33 ft., window (z) is 27 ft. above groundWindow is 4’ high x 4’ wide, wind area (A) of 16 ft2

AAMA rating C35

AAMA 511 Example #1

ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following information:◦ Location of building (Newark, NJ) ◦ Building usage designation (Class II)◦ Exposure level (Exposure B) ◦ Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )◦ Building height (33 ft.)◦ Window area (16 square ft.)From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 2.4 psf.

Estimating the Test PressureAA

Local weather data is analyzed by daily readings for September of 2005, allowing the investigator to observe the weather condition, amount of precipitation and maximum wind speed for each day

AAMA 511 Example #1

The maximum 5‐second gust wind speeds are recorded for every day in September in which measurable rainfall occurred

Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust

4-Sep-05 0.12 1612-Sep-05 0.33 1121-Sep-05 0.67 52

Only two leak events are reported during September 2005

Average wind determined to be 34 mph

Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust

4-Sep-05 0.12 1612-Sep-05 0.33 1121-Sep-05 0.67 52

Result = 2.1 psf which is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in questionWeather data analysis is used to determine field water penetration resistance pressure Table 3 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440‐05 shows tested water penetration resistance pressureThe result of the weather data analysis (2.2 psf ) is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question

Leak Reported during storm on September 21, 2005Class II, Exposure CBuilding height is 60 ft., window (z) is 55 ft. above groundWindow is 2’ high x 2’ wide, wind area (A) of 4 ft2AAMA rating C35

ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following information:◦ Location of building (Chicago, Il) ◦ Building usage designation (Class II)◦ Exposure level (Exposure C) ◦ Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )◦ Building height (60 ft.)◦ Window area (4 square ft.)From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 3.2 psf.

Estimating the Test PressureAA

Referring to tabulated local weather data above, the investigator can determine and record the maximum 5‐second gust speeds on the date of the reported leak

Date Rain Fall (in)Max Wind Speed

(mph) 5-Sec. Gust

21-Sep-05 0.67 52

52 mph can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 from SEI/ASCE 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psfSince specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐23 to calculate maximum test pressureResult = 8.4 psf, which is greater than the laboratory water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as prescribed for a C 35 product rating. Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the rated performance value for the product, investigator shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3 of the product performance rating prior to testing at calculated pressure.

Test Water Head measured from bottom of exterior wrap

Interior Weep Holes

Tape applied over Exterior Weep

Water shall cover all horizontal surfaces expected to be wet

AAMA 511 Example #2

Need to determine:◦ How to apply water◦ How long to run test◦ Whether or not to include differential

pressureHow much air pressureHow to step or phase pressure

How long would you test these substrates?

Which application best fulfills the objective?

How does differential pressure affect the test specimen?

Start with zero differential pressure then step up to higher pressures

Start testing at lower elevations and work higherIntroduce one new element at a time into each new water testUse isolation to protect features from water sprayDo not turn the water off at the first moment a leak appearsTry to trace the leak from the exterior to the interior and use destructive wall probes as required to identify this leak pathDo not end non-leaking tests until you are confident the specimen is not contributing to leakage

No or limited leak historyLeak reported as window leak when leak is actually from another sourceNot enough water pressureNot able to achieve differential pressureOwner does not want to remove interior finishesNo or limited access to concealed wall areasInclement weatherIsolation failures

Identifying the Source

The forensic investigator has the responsibility to make every attempt to ascertain the exact path of water intrusion

Conclusions are formed in this step on the basis of the inspection and testing data collected in the previous steps.

If conclusions cannot be fully supported by sound scientific principles then additional investigation is needed

All reports shall be self-contained documents

Shall include justification for deviations from the methodology described in the standard

The reports shall not include any unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions.

If results are not conclusive the forensic investigator shall present options for obtaining conclusive results

Please take a moment to complete the evaluation form. Thank You.

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