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This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services may be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
This presentation is protected by U.S. and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© American Architectural Manufacturers Association 2010
Comparison of the AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 -08 lab test (referred to as NAFS-08) to the AAMA 502 quality assurance field test and the AAMA 511 forensic evaluation
Determination of appropriate water test pressures, test durations and water applications via NAFS-08, AAMA 502-08, 503-08 and 511-08
How to specify project-specific quality assurance field testing
The proper use of AAMA 511 for forensic evaluations
“NAFS-08” Lab Testing –Performed on prototype specimen to validate product performance ratings
“502” Quality Assurance Field Testing –Performed on “newly” installed products to verify installed performance of the product and the installation
“511” Forensic Testing –Performed on wall assemblies with known water control problems as a means to accurately identify suspect wall construction components and details
Intr
oduc
tion
NAF
S O
verv
iew
Utilizes ASTM E 547 and/or E 331 for test methodologyTest is performed under controlled environmental conditions Test sample is installed strictly per the manufacturer’s instructions in a precisetest buck opening
NAF
S O
verv
iew
Conversion as per NAFS-0815% for R, LC, CW20% for AWWater Resistance Test Pressure is capped at 12.00 psf for the U.S. and 15.00 psf for Canada
Gateway RequirementsPerformanceClass
Minimum DesignPressure, Pa (psf)
MinimumStructural test pressure, Pa (psf)
MinimumWater ResistanceTest Pressure, Pa (psf)
R 15.0 22.5 2.90LC 25.0 37.5 3.75CW 30.0 45.0 4.50AW 40.0 60.0 8.00N
AFS
Ove
rvie
w
6.00 PSF (~50 mph)1.16”
Equivalent hydrostatic water head
NAFS Overview
7.50 PSF (~55 mph)1.44”
Equivalent hydrostatic water head
NAFS Overview
AAMA 502-08AA
MA
502
AAMA 502-90 Original publication by AAMA
AAMA 502-02 Added reference to AAMA accredited laboratory and first introduced the 1/3 WTP reduction for water resistance testing of installed products
AAMA 502-08 Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after installation of the fenestration product.
AAM
A 50
2
ASTM E 783◦ Field Measurement of Air Leakage through
Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
ASTM E 1105◦ Field Determination of Water Penetration of
Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
AAM
A 50
2
Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditions. In some cases, temporary enclosures are required to reduce adverse effects of wind and temperature at the project site.
AAM
A 50
2
The default air leakage for quality assurance field testing is 1.5 times the applicable laboratory standard for the product type and performance class
AAM
A 50
2
THE CHAMBER SHALL NOT BE PERMITTED TO MAKE ANY CONTACT WITH THE FENESTRATION PRODUCT
CALIBRATED WATERSPRAY RACK
PRESSURE GAUGE VALVE
W
ALTERNATE TEST CHAMBER
INNERMOST PLANEFOR WATER PENETRATION(REFERENCE PARAGRAPH 4.3.4)
VALVE
AIR SYSTEM
PRESSURE MEASURINGDEVICE
TO OUTSIDE BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
TEST CHAMBER
EXHAUST
AAM
A 50
2
Requires testing agency to report and make adjustments for ambient conditionsTest is performed on the entire fenestration product opening
AAM
A 50
2
The test pressure shall not be less than 91 Pa (1.9 psf)
Tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure equal to 2/3 of the tested and rated laboratory performance per AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440
AAM
A 50
2
1. Newly installed fenestration product(s) shall be field tested in accordance with AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products."
2. Test three (unless otherwise specified) of the fenestration product specimens after the products have been completely installed for air leakage resistance and water penetration resistance as specified.
3. Air leakage resistance tests shall be conducted at a uniform static test pressure of ___ Pa (___ psf). The maximum allowable rate of air leakage shall not exceed L/s•m2 (___ cfm/ft2)
4. Water penetration resistance tests shall be conducted at a static test pressure of ___Pa (____ psf). No water penetration shall occur as defined in Section 4.3.4 of AAMA 502
AAM
A 50
2
1/3 reduction to the laboratory rating of the WTP is the default
Sill Dam test is removed from 502 and moved to the 511 document
AAM
A 50
2
Method “A” ◦ Product only testing has been eliminated from
the 502-08 and moved to AAMA 511.
If the source of the water cannot be determined, a forensic evaluation using the procedures outlined in AAMA 511 shall be performed
AAM
A 50
2
AAMA 503-08AA
MA
503
AAMA 503 was originally published in 1992AAMA 503 is a similar document to AAMA 502 for Storefronts, Curtain Walls & Sloped Glazing Systems.Updated in 2003 & 2008 AAMA 503-08 – Defined “newly” installed as prior to issuance of the occupancy permit not to exceed 6 months after issuance of the occupancy permit.
AAM
A 50
3
AAM
A 50
3
StorefrontsCurtain Wall Sloped Glazing
AAMA 503
Curtain Wall Chamber ArrangementAA
MA
503
AAMA 503
StorefrontsCurtain Wall Sloped Glazing
Sloped Glazing Systems Chamber Arrangement
AAM
A 50
3
AAMA 503
StorefrontsCurtain Wall Sloped Glazing
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
ASTM References in AAMA 511
ASTM E 2128, Standard Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls
This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating water leakage of exterior walls. A wall is considered a system including its exterior and interior finishes, fenestration, and structural components.
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Involves more than just testingThe purpose of diagnostic testing is to recreate water leaks that are known to occurAAMA 511 testing either follows up on AAMA 502 and 503 testing or is used in a water intrusion investigation
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
“…The ultimate goal of 511 diagnostic testing is to recreate existing leakage behavior that occurs under in-service conditions.”
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Four Preliminary Steps prior to testing ◦ Review of project documents◦ Evaluation of design concept◦ Determination of service history◦ Inspection
Three Steps During and After Testing◦ Investigative Testing◦ Analysis◦ Report
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Step #1: Review Project Documents• Architectural drawings• Structural drawings• Shop drawings• Installation instructions• Contracts• Purchase orders• Specifications• Warranties
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Step # 2: Evaluation of Design Concept• Water management concept• Critical details• Test reports• Flashing• Sealants• Weep Holes
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Step # 3: Determination of Service History• Review maintenance records• Interview knowledgeable personnel• Research leak history
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Step #4: Inspection• Interior observations• Exterior observations• Observe workmanship• Observe product
deficiency • Develop a
hypothesis for the source of the water intrusion
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Determination is based on:◦ Field Standards◦ Laboratory Standards◦ Prior Testing◦ Weather Data◦ Experience
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
◦ Simulate the weather events◦ Obtain wind speed◦ If calculated wind speed is greater then 2/3 of
the rated WTP for the product it may be that the product was not the most appropriate for the project.
◦ At least one pressure difference test must be done at the 2/3pressure
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
ASCE – 7 accounts for:◦ Exposure◦ Height above grade◦ Basic wind speed
(or weather data)◦ Location of
specimen within façade
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
• The objective of testing is to identify the leak paths
Fore
nsic
Inve
stig
atio
n
Consistent leaks more than one yearHeaviest leakage twice during September 2005Class IIBuilding height is 33 ft., window (z) is 27 ft. above groundWindow is 4’ high x 4’ wide, wind area (A) of 16 ft2
AAMA rating C35
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 1
AAMA 511 Example #1
ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following information:◦ Location of building (Newark, NJ) ◦ Building usage designation (Class II)◦ Exposure level (Exposure B) ◦ Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )◦ Building height (33 ft.)◦ Window area (16 square ft.)From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 2.4 psf.
Estimating the Test PressureAA
MA
511-
Exam
ple
1
Local weather data is analyzed by daily readings for September of 2005, allowing the investigator to observe the weather condition, amount of precipitation and maximum wind speed for each day
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 1
AAMA 511 Example #1
The maximum 5‐second gust wind speeds are recorded for every day in September in which measurable rainfall occurred
Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust
4-Sep-05 0.12 1612-Sep-05 0.33 1121-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 1
Only two leak events are reported during September 2005
Average wind determined to be 34 mph
Date Rain Fall (in) Max Wind Speed (mph) 5-Sec. Gust
4-Sep-05 0.12 1612-Sep-05 0.33 1121-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 1
Result = 2.1 psf which is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in questionWeather data analysis is used to determine field water penetration resistance pressure Table 3 of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S. 2/A440‐05 shows tested water penetration resistance pressureThe result of the weather data analysis (2.2 psf ) is the differential pressure used to evaluate the window opening in question
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 1
Leak Reported during storm on September 21, 2005Class II, Exposure CBuilding height is 60 ft., window (z) is 55 ft. above groundWindow is 2’ high x 2’ wide, wind area (A) of 4 ft2AAMA rating C35
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 2
ASCE/SEI 7‐05 analysis is used with the following information:◦ Location of building (Chicago, Il) ◦ Building usage designation (Class II)◦ Exposure level (Exposure C) ◦ Building design (enclosed structure with a flat roof )◦ Building height (60 ft.)◦ Window area (4 square ft.)From these features, the water resistance test pressure is, theoretically, 3.2 psf.
Estimating the Test PressureAA
MA
511-
Exam
ple
2
Referring to tabulated local weather data above, the investigator can determine and record the maximum 5‐second gust speeds on the date of the reported leak
Date Rain Fall (in)Max Wind Speed
(mph) 5-Sec. Gust
21-Sep-05 0.67 52
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 2
52 mph can now be used in Eq.‐ 6‐15 from SEI/ASCE 7‐05 to establish a wind pressure of 7.9 psfSince specimen height is above 60 feet above grade, this wind pressure is inserted into Eq.‐ 6‐23 to calculate maximum test pressureResult = 8.4 psf, which is greater than the laboratory water penetration resistance test pressure of 5.25 psf as prescribed for a C 35 product rating. Since calculated differential air test pressure exceeds the rated performance value for the product, investigator shall first perform at least 1 test at 2/3 of the product performance rating prior to testing at calculated pressure.
AAM
A 51
1-Ex
ampl
e 2
Test Water Head measured from bottom of exterior wrap
Interior Weep Holes
Tape applied over Exterior Weep
Water shall cover all horizontal surfaces expected to be wet
AAMA 511 Example #2
Need to determine:◦ How to apply water◦ How long to run test◦ Whether or not to include differential
pressureHow much air pressureHow to step or phase pressure
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
How long would you test these substrates?
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Which application best fulfills the objective?
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
How does differential pressure affect the test specimen?
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Start with zero differential pressure then step up to higher pressures
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Start testing at lower elevations and work higherIntroduce one new element at a time into each new water testUse isolation to protect features from water sprayDo not turn the water off at the first moment a leak appearsTry to trace the leak from the exterior to the interior and use destructive wall probes as required to identify this leak pathDo not end non-leaking tests until you are confident the specimen is not contributing to leakage
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
No or limited leak historyLeak reported as window leak when leak is actually from another sourceNot enough water pressureNot able to achieve differential pressureOwner does not want to remove interior finishesNo or limited access to concealed wall areasInclement weatherIsolation failures
Recr
eatin
g th
e Le
ak
Iden
tifyi
ng th
e So
urce
Iden
tifyi
ng th
e So
urce
Iden
tifyi
ng th
e So
urce
Iden
tifyi
ng th
e So
urce
Identifying the Source
The forensic investigator has the responsibility to make every attempt to ascertain the exact path of water intrusion
Conclusions are formed in this step on the basis of the inspection and testing data collected in the previous steps.
If conclusions cannot be fully supported by sound scientific principles then additional investigation is needed
Anal
ysis
and
Rep
ortin
g
All reports shall be self-contained documents
Shall include justification for deviations from the methodology described in the standard
The reports shall not include any unsubstantiated opinions or conclusions.
If results are not conclusive the forensic investigator shall present options for obtaining conclusive results
Anal
ysis
and
Rep
ortin
g
Please take a moment to complete the evaluation form. Thank You.