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Chapter Preview · Section 3Norms and Values (pages 81–91)
The essential components of culture are norms, values, beliefs, and material objects. Sanctions are used to encourage conformity to norms. Values, the broadest cultural ideas, form the basis for norms.
Section 3-Polling Question
In your opinion, which of the following values most closely identifies with American culture?
A. Belief in God
B. Achievement and success
C. Democracy
D. Equality
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D A B C D
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Section 3
Norms: The Rules We Live By
• Norms are rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Norms are so engrained in humans that they guide behavior without awareness.
Cultural Etiquette
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
Which of the following is a norm that affects behavior in the classroom?
A. Showing respect
B. Completing classwork
C. Sitting still
D. All of the above
A B C D
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Section 3
Folkways, Mores, and Laws
• There are three types of norms:
– Folkways—rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling and behaving but lack moral overtones.
– Mores—norms of great moral significance.
– Taboo—a norm so strong that its violation demands punishment by the group.
Patterns of Tourism
Section 3
Folkways, Mores, and Laws (cont.)
• Laws are norms that are formally defined and enforced by officials.
Silly Laws Still on the Books
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Which of the following do you think has the most influence on our laws?
A. Mores
B. Folkways
C. Taboos
A B C
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Section 3
Enforcing the Rules
• Sanctions are rewards and punishments used to encourage conformity to norms, either formally or informally.
• Formal sanctions are sanctions that may be applied, for positive or negative reasons, only by officially designated persons, such as judges and teachers.
Section 3
Enforcing the Rules (cont.)
• Informal sanctions can be applied by most members of a group, also for positive or negative reasons.
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 3
Is earning the Congressional Medal of Honor a formal or informal sanction?
A. Informal
B. Formal
C. Not sure
A B C
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Section 3
Values—The Basis for Norms
• Values are broad ideas about what most people in a society consider to be desirable.
• Different groups in the same society can have different norms based on the same value.
Section 3
Values—The Basis for Norms (cont.)
• Values have a tremendous influence on human social behavior because they form the basis for norms.
The Norm Kite
Section 3
Basic Values in the United States
• According to sociologist Robin Williams (1970), some of the important values that guide the values of most people in the United States are as follows:
– Achievement and success
– Activity and work
– Efficiency and practicality
– Equality
– Democracy
– Group superiority
Section 3
Basic Values in the United States (cont.)
• Although many of these values have remained the same over the years, some have changed.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B C D
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Which of Williams’s values do you feel is the least influential in American society?
A. Achievement and success
B. Activity and work
C. Efficiency and practicality
D. Equality
Section 3-Key Terms
• norms
• folkways
• mores
• taboo
• law
• sanctions
• formal sanctions
• informal sanctions
• values
Figure 3.2A
Figure 3.2B
Figure 3.3A
Figure 3.3B
Figure 3.4
The Norm Kite
Figure 3.5
Cultural Universals
Snapshot
Source: Bureau of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services: 2004 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics.
Immigration to the United States
World View
Patterns of Tourism
Adapted from the Student Atlas: DK Publishing, Inc.
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Vocab 9
norms
rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior
Vocab 10
folkways
norms that lack moral significance
Vocab 11
mores
norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of the society
Vocab 12
taboo
a rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment
Vocab 13
law
a norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials
Vocab 14
sanctions
rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms
Vocab 15
formal sanctions
sanctions imposed be persons given special authority
Vocab 16
informal sanctions
rewards or punishments that can be applied by most members of a group
Vocab 17
values
broad ideas about what is good or desirable shared by people in a society
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