86737554 Values Norms Beliefs

7/27/2019 86737554 Values Norms Beliefs

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VALUES, NORMS & BELIEFS





VALUES

Values are deeply held beliefs that guide our behaviour and decisions Values aredeep-seated and remain constant over time. We accumulate our values from childhood based on teachings and observations of our – parents, teachers, religious leaders, and other influential and powerful people In later years, as a result of critical thinking and life experiences, we may discard some values and add othersBut many values that subconsciously operate as a basis for choices, decisions, and behaviors are the core values assimilated during our early years – Jennifer felt stressed out and didn't know what to do when her boss implied she should lie to a client; – honesty is one of Jennifer's most deeply held values.



Values are considered subjective, Vary across people and cultures and Are in many ways aligned with belief and belief systems. Human values are a set of emotional rules people follow to help make the right decisions in life Types of valuesinclude

– Ethical/moral values, – Doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, – Social values, and aesthetic values.



WHY ARE VALUES IMPORTANT

Human values are a set of emotional rules people follow, to help make the rightdecisions in life A life based on a personal code of values brings meaning, purpose, and direction to living When we face a decision and choose A instead of B,it's often because A feels right to us. We might use words such as, "it's the right thing to do," or "that's the right way." We tend to think of our values as absolute and universal, what feels right to us must be right for everyone, but isit? Still, there are times when we bristle at someone's behavior, becoming outraged and angry, especially when a value we hold is challenged or violated any spontaneous and strong reaction to a situation can more than likely be traced to avalues conflict



NORMSNorms are expectations of proper behaviour Are the ways an individual expects all people to act, when faced with a given situation A norm is usually not published, may not be obeyed and cannot be enforced It is not consistent nor universal As per Sociologists, norms are collective expectations regarding a certain typeof behaviour



NORMS

Our choice of words, our tone, and our body language are all norm-based Nearly everything in human society is governed by norms of some kind As groups, organisations have their own norms When you move from one job to another, whether between companies, or even within the same organisation, part of learning your new role is– not just understanding the tasks you must perform – but also the unwritten rules – the norms – associated with that task

Norms give a sense of shared values, but values can also create their own norms.





Norms

have an "oughtness". They include moral prescriptions like– the Golden Rule, Do

unto others as you would have them do unto you

– notions of etiquette like where to place a knife or fork next to one's plate, and – sensible maxims such as "Look before you leap."





MORALS Adhering

to conventionally accepted standards of conduct Principles of behaviour in accordance with standards of right and wrong Changes in the moral standards results in change in legal requirements Moral standards are absorbed as a child from family and various societal influences



ETHICS vs MORALS Ethics

–

– A set of principles of right conduct – "An ethic of service is at war with a craving for gain“ Morals

–

– Of or concerned with the judgment of the goodness or badness of human action andcharacterA

person of loose morals; a decline in the public morals



Morals are one’s personal guiding principles Ethics are keys that these moral areapplied to decisions Moral implies conformity with the generally accepted standards of goodness, rightness in conduct or character It is generally used to describe people Morals are who we are and our unique personality Moral decisions aremade without much thought because they are based on principles and values we believe in most deeply Ethics are an extension and expression of our morals



The

character of a man is expressed in terms of his conduct Conduct of a person is aseries of actions which when taken together is termed as– Good or bad – Right or wrong – Moral or immoral



Ethico-moral

actions pertain to a set of actions engineered by the character and expressed through behaviour– Honesty – Truthfulness – Sincerity – Generosity – Transparency – Cooperation – Integr



ETHICAL CODESEthical codes in business organisations was in existence since early 1940s In the event of criminal proceedings, the existence of a company code or events is looked into In order to improve standards of behaviour, many American organisations have introduced codes on their own They may refer to general areas of businessconduct or may apply to a specific area of a firm’s business



ETHICAL CODE - conveying moral standards

Can the ethical code convey the moral standards of the organisation effectively?Who selects these codes?– Executive committee – Board of directors – chairman

Is it possible to state the norms and beliefs of an organisation relative to thevarious constitutional groups, without offending at least one of the followinggroups?– – – – – – Employees Customers Suppliers Distributors Stock holders General public



An organisation cannot give more weight to one group for its success, without mentioning the other groups Hence codes are usually written in general terms,– Noting obligations to each of the groups, but – Not stating the level of precedence in any given situation

The basic difficulty which arises with codes of ethics is that they do not establish priorities between– Norms – Beliefs

Priorities are the true values of a firm and they are not included Codes only provide guidance – a broad, written framework



To see what is right and not to do it, is want of courage – Chinese philosopher, Confucius A person who values his privileges above his principles, soon loses both – David Eisenhower Try not to become a man of success, rather try to become a man of value – Albert Einstein You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him to discover it in himself - Galileo When I do good, I feel good; when I do bad, I feel bad, and that is my religion – Abraham Lincoln Ethics and religion must not stay at home when you go out to work Not life, but good life, is to be chiefly valued – Socrates Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value ofnothing – Oscar Wilde



ETHICAL THEORIES

Ethical theories are the foundations of ethical analysis because they are the viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained along the pathway to a decision Each theory emphasizes different points such as predicting the outcome and following one's duties to others in order to reach an ethically correct decision They emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and lead to the most ethically correct resolution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself People usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experiences Ethical theories are broadly divided into two categories:– Teleological (ex. Utilitarian) – Deontological (ex. Kantianism)



TELEOLOGICAL THEORY

Telos as per Greek is “end” or “purpose” A teleological school of thought is one that– holds all things to be designed for or directed toward a final result, – That there is an inherent purpose or final cause for all that exists

Teleology would say that a person has eyes because he has the need of sight Determine the ethics of an act by looking to the consequences of the decision Rightness of actions is determined by the good consequences they produce The word teleology was first used by the German philosopher, Christian Wolff



Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its utility in providing happiness or pleasure. It is thus a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome



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86737554 Values Norms Beliefs