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Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Smart Grid Application and Testing
Volt VAR Optimization Testing
Presenter : Neelofar Anjum Prepared By : Dr. Vaibhav Donde, John Mead and Neelofar Anjum
Outline
• Smart Grid Distribution Systems
• PG&E Smart Grid Strategy
• Volt/VAR Optimization as a critical
component of smart grid applications
• VVO integration and testing at PG&E ATS
laboratories
Smart Grid at Distribution Network Level
• Goal is to Improve overall efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of electrical system operations, planning, and maintenance
• Smart Distribution Grid • Controllable using switched
devices, regulators • Optimized for min demand &
losses • Enables demand participation • Variety of sensors, smart
meters, communications • Sustainable using Renewable
Generation
Cap, Reg, LTC PV, EV, DG
Sub automation
DMS
Recloser, sw
PG&E Smart Grid Strategy
Targeted deployment
• Extend pilots to targeted roll-outs based on benefits
• Insights used to feed the next cycle of technology deployment
Controlled Pilots • Implement tested technologies in a real-world but
controlled setting to demonstrate value
• Work with customers to prepare for the new technologies and services
Analysis • Standards
• Benchmark
• Industry scanning
• Project Goals & Definitions
Testing • Prototyping and testing of smart-grid
technologies before piloting
• Accelerate technology development and ensures standards compliance early on
• Develop preliminary customer communications to support pilots
PG&E Service Area in Northern & Central California
Implementation Approach
Volt VAR Optimization
VVO: Improving Energy Efficiency of Distribution Grids
System Losses (1-2%)
Customer Power Demand (voltage-dependent loads) (99-98%)
Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming Problem
Problem Definition: Minimize (System losses + Customer Power Demand)
Subject to: • Power flow equations
(Unbalanced multi-phase system, mesh network possible)
• Voltage constraints (Phase to neutral, phase to phase)
• Current constraints (Cables, overhead lines, transformers, neutral, grounding)
• Operational constraints of actuators (Tap changers, shunt capacitors)
• DG considerations (various types, backfeed, max o/p)
Subject to: • Non-linear: voltage and current are coupled
• Mixed Integer: can’t have half a capacitor on
• Non-convex: can be a localized optimum point that is not true optimum
• Large scale due to multi-phase modeling
=
VVO Motivation • Reduction of demand typically ranges from 1% - 3.5%
– Cheap alternative to conventional generation – Reduction of total demand and need for peak-shaving generation – No carbon or emission offsets needed
• Reduction of energy consumption ranges from 1.3% - 2% • Reduce reactive power supplied via transmission system • Provide demand response capabilities • Decrease overloading of sub/feeder • Reduced complaints for high/low voltage • Improve customer voltage quality (less flicker) • Increase life of customer appliances by 15% • Lower customer bills by $16.50/year
– Recover like other conservation measures
Source: EPRI Seminar: Smart Control Centers and Feeders in a Smart Grid World (2011)
Voltage Profile along a Feeder
VVO helps optimize device setting & status for optimal voltage profile and demand reduction
Line Capacitor Line Regulator Substation LTC Load Distributed
Generation
• Voltage regulators and capacitors monitor data and coordinate actions to optimize the line
• Result is lower average voltage and a flatter voltage line
120V
126V
114V
Original voltage
Reduced voltage LTC Cap Reg
ANSI max
ANSI min
Typical VVO process Typical Field Devices
• LTCs • Primary devices
• Regulators • Cap Banks • Reclosers • EOL sensors
• Secondary devices
• Smart Meters
• FCIs
Monitor Field
Device Data
State Estimation
(if needed)
Optimization algorithms
(VVO)
Control Commands
(Via SCADA)
Validate Execution
ATS Smart Grid Test Capabilities
• PG&E ATS at San Ramon has advanced capabilities for smart grid technology testing
• High Voltage Test Dome can create up to 720,000 volts with full fog chamber capability
• High Current Test Yard can create up to 80,000 Amperes
• Distribution Test Yard (DTY) • Distribution Technology
Operations Center (DTOC) • Electric vehicles • Modular & renewable
generation
Distribution Test Yard Modular Generation
Customer Applications
Distribution Technology Operations Center
High Current Testing
EV Testing
High Voltage Testing
Radio Communication and SCADA Control
Hardwire and Simulation Controlled
Laboratory Testing of VVO at ATS
• Distribution Test Yard (DTY) is an integrated facility for evaluation, testing and demo of distribution system smart grid technologies
• Third-party VVO solutions are chosen for integration into DTY, lab testing and pilot
• Integration also involves interfacing with PG&E SCADA and smart-meters
• Hardware in loop testing will ensure safe operation
Three circuit breakers/feeders
DTY can be powered from either a 480 Volts or 21kV Source
Underground Distribution
Overhead Distribution
Regulator banks
Capacitor banks
VVO Testing Setup • Feeder model is
simulated in CYMDIST • Programmable Power
sources will be used to create the real field conditions into devices from Simulation results or historical data
• VVO receives information from SCADA and AMI and sends new controls to SCADA
DTY
Challenges
• Data Quality and Availability
• Integration with other Systems
• Closed loop Controls
• Computation Capabilities
• Communication
• Interoperability
• Security Guidelines
Q & A
Contact : Neelofar Anjum Supervisor, Smart Grid Testing and Application
neelofar.anjum@pge.com
Potential Used Cases
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