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55LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodologies employed in the
study. The research methodology includes the population and sampling
techniques, the research instruments, validity of research instruments and its
reliability, data collection methodology and the statistical treatment of data that
is used in the study. These techniques were used to accomplish the main
purpose of this study, which is to find the most appropriate and functional
solution for the “Silay City Watersports and Recreation Park”
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
The method that will be used in this study is Descriptive method.
According to Martyn Shuttleworth, “Descriptive research design is a valid
method for researching specific subjects and as a precursor to more
quantitative studies. Whilst there are some valid concerns about the
statistical validity, as long as the limitations are understood by the researcher,
this type of study is an invaluable scientific tool.”
56LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
The descriptive research design is the most suitable method to be used
in this study because it will be able to discuss provide answers to the different
topics pertaining to architectural design as to the site, site development,
building function, building aesthetics, building durability, and building utility
systems.
The investigation shall include survey questionnaires, library research,
computer research, interviews, observation, site documentation in order to
obtain a reliable data in order to complete the study.
On the different aspects of this research, it should be able to identify the
qualities, current status, stability and purposes of the site. The characteristics of
the site need to be investigated in order for a well planned site development.
Appropriate planning will be achieved in consideration of its function and space.
Specification of all the requirements needed and planning rules and
considerations shall be interpreted, while aesthetic concepts must be well
presented. Structural concepts and building utility systems shall be exemplified.
3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
In order to obtain a valid information, the study employs the population
and sampling techniques. “Sampling is process used in statistical analysis in
which a predetermined number of observations will be taken from a larger
57LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population will
depend on the type of analysis being performed, but will include simple random
sampling, systematic sampling and observational sampling.”
(http://www.investopedia.com)
The researcher can gain information and data at a certain time from the
given sample size through the use of sampling techniques in this study.
Conducting the survey is bounded by time, money, effort, travel and weather
concerns, therefore it is impossible to include the total number of population.
The subject as the population for this said study will be selected
residents of Silay City, visitors of resorts, youth organizations: FCCY and BLD
youth, as well as random tourists with a total population of 500.
Merriam-Webster defines population as “the total of individuals
occupying an area or making up a whole”. This study will make use of a
sampling technique. In order to determine the sample size, Slovin’s Formula
will be used.
Nn =
2 1+Ne
where:
58LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
n = a sample sizeN= population sizee = the standard margin of error
500n =
1+500(.05) 2
500 n =
1+500(.0025)
n = 222
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
Warwick and Linninger (1975) point out that there are two basic goals in
questionnaire design.
1. To obtain information relevant to the purposes of the survey.
2. To collect this information with maximal reliability and validity.
On the areas of this investigation on each aspect of architectural design study,
different research instruments were utilized in for data gathering. The instruments
used were Observation method, Interview method, Library method, and through Survey
Questionnaire.
59LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
3.4 METHODS OF COLLECTION AS RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The research instruments were used in gathering data about the topics
concerned under the different aspects of the architectural design study. The
following instruments applied in this study are:
Observation
Site visitation and observation is another appropriate method in this
study used for data collection. The researcher conducted a non-participant
observation on the site, and other similar projects of other architects who
were able to design the same project.
Interview
The researcher was able to conduct unstructured/ informal interviews
with selected organizations, facilitators and individuals who are concerned in
the field of tourism and recreation. They vary from students to administrators.
Questionnaire
The researcher gave out survey questionnaires to randomly selected
residents of Silay City, visitors of resorts, youth organizations: FCCY and BLD
youth and selected tourists in order to collect some information that will be able
to help in the design of the proposed project.
60LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
Validation of the survey questionnaire was done primarily before it was
distributed to the respondents. The survey is an organized method used to
determine, evaluate, interpret, and state the current condition of an area. It is
intended to get groups of categorized, common, and interpreted data that will
be used as a basis in the future.
Library Research
The most common instrument used by researchers to gather information
and ideas is library research. The researcher also gathered ideas in thesis
books of graduated architecture students, other relative books, magazines,
pamphlets, articles and other related studies.
Computer Research
Technology has become a helpful and reliable source of research
because of its easy access to multiple information. The internet allows the
researcher to browse and gather some data which is efficient for the study.
Through the use of computer research, the researcher able to obtain data
through websites and related e-books.
61LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
3.5 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
“Validity can be defined as the degree to which a test measures what it is
supposed to measure.” James P. Key (1997)
Content Validity is an approach that measures the degree to which the
test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being
measured. In order to establish the content validity of a measuring instrument,
the researcher must identify the overall content to be represented. Items must
then be randomly chosen from this content that will accurately represent the
information in all areas. By using this method the researcher should obtain a
group of items which is representative of the content of the trait or property to
be measured.
Identifying the universe of content is not an easy task. It is, therefore,
usually suggested that a panel of experts in the field to be studied be used to
identify a content area.
The survey questionnaire was presented to the jury of experts for face
validation using the criteria develop by Carter V. Good and Douglas Scates.
The jury of experts was composed of:
Arch’t. Moises Abellera - ARFIEN Faculty
Mrs. Margarita Infante - Director for Student Affairs
62LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
Mrs. Melona Guitche - LCC Faculty
Mr. Manuel J. Radislao - Acting DEAN, SLAE Department
Mr. Randdie P. Cuelo - Head, Office for Instruction
The mean ranking of the jury of experts was calculated and interpreted to
reveal the validity of the instrument.
The computed mean rating was 4.77 which showed that the data
gathering instrument was excellent.
The scale used to validate the instrument is hereby shown:
Mean Score Range Interpretation
4.21- 5.00 Excellent
3.41- 4.20 Very good
2.61- 3.40 Good
1.81- 2.60 Fair
1.00- 1.80 Poor
63LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
3.6 RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The reliability of a research instrument concerns the extent to which the
instrument yields the same results on repeated trials. Although unreliability is
always present to a certain extent, there will generally be a good deal of
consistency in the results of a quality instrument gathered at different times.
The tendency toward consistency found in repeated measurements is referred
to as reliability (Carmines & Zeller, 1979).
In conducting research, accuracy in measurement is of great importance.
The researcher should determine the reliability of the data gathering instrument
to be used by measuring instrument’s accuracy or precision.
After the validation of the survey questionnaire was completed, the
researcher enhanced, modified, and finalized the survey questionnaire while
considering the corrections and suggestions of the jury. The questionnaires
was then distributed to the respondents of selected residents of Silay City,
visitors of resorts, youth organizations: FCCY and BLD youth, as well as
random tourists.
Split-Halves Method. This method is more practical in that it does not
require two administrations of the same or an alternative form test. In the split-
halves method, the total number of items is divided into halves, and a
correlation taken between the two halves. This correlation only estimates the
reliability of each half of the test. It is necessary then to use a statistical
64LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
correction to estimate the reliability of the whole test. This correction is known
as the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula (Carmines & Zeller, 1979).
To compute for the reliability of the research instrument, the researcher
performed a preliminary evaluation of the validated survey by the use of the
split- half method. The split half method treats the two halves of the measure as
alternate forms. This “halves reliability” calculates using the Spearman rho with
regards to the ranked data collected from the questionnaire. It is then followed
by another computation using the Spearman- Brown prediction formula.
Spearman rho and Spearman- Brown Formulas:
rht = 1- (6 Σd2/ N (N2- 1)
rwt = 2rht/ 1+rht
where:
rht = reliability of the Half Test
rwt = Reliability of the Whole Test
Σd2 = Sum of the squared differences between ranks of scores
N = Total number of respondents
The interpretation of the reliability coefficient uses the following scale:
1.00 - Perfect Correlation
65LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
0.80- 0.99 - Very High Correlation
0.60- 0.79 - High Correlation/ High Reliable
0.40- 0.59 - Moderate Correlation/ Moderately Reliable
0.20- 0.39 - Low Correlation
0.01- 0.19 - Very Low Correlation
The computed correlation coefficient or reliability of the test is 0.94 which
indicates that the survey questionnaire is very high correlation/ reliability.
3.7 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
The researcher utilized a systematic gathering procedure of the
important information for the research study. The research methodology
included direct observation, computer and library study, survey questionnaire,
and interview of which were treated with a different process prior to the form of
the method used.
Direct observation is a measuring instrument used to measure the
current traits and characteristics of the site. In many cases, systematic direct
observation is the most desirable measurement method. The researcher
identified the character or status of the site and used photo and/or video
66LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
documentation as a systematic procedure for identifying, categorizing, and
recording the natural situation.
An interview is a direct attempt to obtain reliable and valid measures in
the form of verbal responses from one or more respondents. It is a conversation
in which the roles of the interviewer and the respondent change continually. The
researcher conducted an informal interview with architects who have done
projects related to the study.
Web based questionnaires. A new and inevitably growing methodology is
the use of Internet based research. This would mean receiving an e-mail on
which you would click on an address that would take you to a secure web-site
to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often quicker and less detailed.
Some disadvantages of this method include the exclusion of people who do not
have a computer or are unable to access a computer. Also the validity of such
surveys are in question as people might be in a hurry to complete it and so
might not give accurate responses. (http://www.statcan.ca)
The researcher was able to dispense the survey questionnaire through
the internet by posting online generated survey which automatically retrieves
the answers after being submitted by the selected respondents. Consecutively,
the researcher also personally distributed and reclaims the survey
questionnaires to selected respondents. The researcher primarily gives
67LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
background information, guidance and explanation before sending or posting
the survey questionnaires.
3.8 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
An analysis and interpretation of data and is called for a statistical
treatment in order to solve the problems posed in the study. Hence, the
researcher herein uses the formula:
1. SLOVIN’S FORMULA. This formula will be able to determine the number
of respondents by computing for the sample size from the total population
which will be the amount of respondents to be randomly surveyed.
Nn = 2
1+Ne
where:
n = a sample sizeN= population sizee = the standard margin of error, 0.05 %
2. FREQUENCY & PERCENTAGE. The percentage of the respondents
and their responses of each item will be determined by frequency method.
68LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
The formula for computing the percentage is as follows:
f
P = x 100
N
Where: P = percentagef = frequencyn = number of respondents
This was used on questions 1-6 and 11 to determine the percentage
of their responses.
3. MEAN. In the survey questionnaires, the respondents were able to answer
the given items provided. This method will be used in order to interpret
the given answers of the respondents to each statement. At the same
time, the most common score, mean or average of the response of the
entire group is to be determined through this formula:
ΣxX =
N
69LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE
Where: Σ = summation of scores
N = number of respondents
X = mean
This was used on questions 7-10 to determine the average of their
responses.
Following the accomplishment of the methods of data collection is to
analyze and determine the responses to the questions solicited. The researcher
will verify the sought choice of preference of the respondents according to their
responses and will evaluate the ranks using a pie graph and a bar graph, that
will be shown in the next chapter, to illustrate the ranking process of the
answers to the survey questionnaire.
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