Silay City Watersports and Recreation Park (Chapter III)

55LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE-ARFIEN DEPARTMENT PAGE

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodologies employed in the

study. The research methodology includes the population and sampling

techniques, the research instruments, validity of research instruments and its

reliability, data collection methodology and the statistical treatment of data that

is used in the study. These techniques were used to accomplish the main

purpose of this study, which is to find the most appropriate and functional

solution for the “Silay City Watersports and Recreation Park”

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

The method that will be used in this study is Descriptive method.

According to Martyn Shuttleworth, “Descriptive research design is a valid

method for researching specific subjects and as a precursor to more

quantitative studies. Whilst there are some valid concerns about the

statistical validity, as long as the limitations are understood by the researcher,

this type of study is an invaluable scientific tool.”


The descriptive research design is the most suitable method to be used

in this study because it will be able to discuss provide answers to the different

topics pertaining to architectural design as to the site, site development,

building function, building aesthetics, building durability, and building utility

systems.

The investigation shall include survey questionnaires, library research,

computer research, interviews, observation, site documentation in order to

obtain a reliable data in order to complete the study.

On the different aspects of this research, it should be able to identify the

qualities, current status, stability and purposes of the site. The characteristics of

the site need to be investigated in order for a well planned site development.

Appropriate planning will be achieved in consideration of its function and space.

Specification of all the requirements needed and planning rules and

considerations shall be interpreted, while aesthetic concepts must be well

presented. Structural concepts and building utility systems shall be exemplified.

3.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

In order to obtain a valid information, the study employs the population

and sampling techniques. “Sampling is process used in statistical analysis in

which a predetermined number of observations will be taken from a larger


population. The methodology used to sample from a larger population will

depend on the type of analysis being performed, but will include simple random

sampling, systematic sampling and observational sampling.”

(http://www.investopedia.com)

The researcher can gain information and data at a certain time from the

given sample size through the use of sampling techniques in this study.

Conducting the survey is bounded by time, money, effort, travel and weather

concerns, therefore it is impossible to include the total number of population.

The subject as the population for this said study will be selected

residents of Silay City, visitors of resorts, youth organizations: FCCY and BLD

youth, as well as random tourists with a total population of 500.

Merriam-Webster defines population as “the total of individuals

occupying an area or making up a whole”. This study will make use of a

sampling technique. In order to determine the sample size, Slovin’s Formula

will be used.

Nn =

2 1+Ne

where:


n = a sample sizeN= population sizee = the standard margin of error

500n =

1+500(.05) 2

500 n =

1+500(.0025)

n = 222

3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Warwick and Linninger (1975) point out that there are two basic goals in

questionnaire design.

1. To obtain information relevant to the purposes of the survey.

2. To collect this information with maximal reliability and validity.

On the areas of this investigation on each aspect of architectural design study,

different research instruments were utilized in for data gathering. The instruments

used were Observation method, Interview method, Library method, and through Survey

Questionnaire.


3.4 METHODS OF COLLECTION AS RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The research instruments were used in gathering data about the topics

concerned under the different aspects of the architectural design study. The

following instruments applied in this study are:

Observation

Site visitation and observation is another appropriate method in this

study used for data collection. The researcher conducted a non-participant

observation on the site, and other similar projects of other architects who

were able to design the same project.

Interview

The researcher was able to conduct unstructured/ informal interviews

with selected organizations, facilitators and individuals who are concerned in

the field of tourism and recreation. They vary from students to administrators.

Questionnaire

The researcher gave out survey questionnaires to randomly selected

residents of Silay City, visitors of resorts, youth organizations: FCCY and BLD

youth and selected tourists in order to collect some information that will be able

to help in the design of the proposed project.


Validation of the survey questionnaire was done primarily before it was

distributed to the respondents. The survey is an organized method used to

determine, evaluate, interpret, and state the current condition of an area. It is

intended to get groups of categorized, common, and interpreted data that will

be used as a basis in the future.

Library Research

The most common instrument used by researchers to gather information

and ideas is library research. The researcher also gathered ideas in thesis

books of graduated architecture students, other relative books, magazines,

pamphlets, articles and other related studies.

Computer Research

Technology has become a helpful and reliable source of research

because of its easy access to multiple information. The internet allows the

researcher to browse and gather some data which is efficient for the study.

Through the use of computer research, the researcher able to obtain data

through websites and related e-books.


3.5 VALIDITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

“Validity can be defined as the degree to which a test measures what it is

supposed to measure.” James P. Key (1997)

Content Validity is an approach that measures the degree to which the

test items represent the domain or universe of the trait or property being

measured. In order to establish the content validity of a measuring instrument,

the researcher must identify the overall content to be represented. Items must

then be randomly chosen from this content that will accurately represent the

information in all areas. By using this method the researcher should obtain a

group of items which is representative of the content of the trait or property to

be measured.

Identifying the universe of content is not an easy task. It is, therefore,

usually suggested that a panel of experts in the field to be studied be used to

identify a content area.

The survey questionnaire was presented to the jury of experts for face

validation using the criteria develop by Carter V. Good and Douglas Scates.

The jury of experts was composed of:

Arch’t. Moises Abellera - ARFIEN Faculty

Mrs. Margarita Infante - Director for Student Affairs


Mrs. Melona Guitche - LCC Faculty

Mr. Manuel J. Radislao - Acting DEAN, SLAE Department

Mr. Randdie P. Cuelo - Head, Office for Instruction

The mean ranking of the jury of experts was calculated and interpreted to

reveal the validity of the instrument.

The computed mean rating was 4.77 which showed that the data

gathering instrument was excellent.

The scale used to validate the instrument is hereby shown:

Mean Score Range Interpretation

4.21- 5.00 Excellent

3.41- 4.20 Very good

2.61- 3.40 Good

1.81- 2.60 Fair

1.00- 1.80 Poor


3.6 RELIABILITY OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The reliability of a research instrument concerns the extent to which the

instrument yields the same results on repeated trials. Although unreliability is

always present to a certain extent, there will generally be a good deal of

consistency in the results of a quality instrument gathered at different times.

The tendency toward consistency found in repeated measurements is referred

to as reliability (Carmines & Zeller, 1979).

In conducting research, accuracy in measurement is of great importance.

The researcher should determine the reliability of the data gathering instrument

to be used by measuring instrument’s accuracy or precision.

After the validation of the survey questionnaire was completed, the

researcher enhanced, modified, and finalized the survey questionnaire while

considering the corrections and suggestions of the jury. The questionnaires

was then distributed to the respondents of selected residents of Silay City,

visitors of resorts, youth organizations: FCCY and BLD youth, as well as

random tourists.

Split-Halves Method. This method is more practical in that it does not

require two administrations of the same or an alternative form test. In the split-

halves method, the total number of items is divided into halves, and a

correlation taken between the two halves. This correlation only estimates the

reliability of each half of the test. It is necessary then to use a statistical


correction to estimate the reliability of the whole test. This correction is known

as the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula (Carmines & Zeller, 1979).

To compute for the reliability of the research instrument, the researcher

performed a preliminary evaluation of the validated survey by the use of the

split- half method. The split half method treats the two halves of the measure as

alternate forms. This “halves reliability” calculates using the Spearman rho with

regards to the ranked data collected from the questionnaire. It is then followed

by another computation using the Spearman- Brown prediction formula.

Spearman rho and Spearman- Brown Formulas:

rht = 1- (6 Σd2/ N (N2- 1)

rwt = 2rht/ 1+rht

where:

rht = reliability of the Half Test

rwt = Reliability of the Whole Test

Σd2 = Sum of the squared differences between ranks of scores

N = Total number of respondents

The interpretation of the reliability coefficient uses the following scale:

1.00 - Perfect Correlation


0.80- 0.99 - Very High Correlation

0.60- 0.79 - High Correlation/ High Reliable

0.40- 0.59 - Moderate Correlation/ Moderately Reliable

0.20- 0.39 - Low Correlation

0.01- 0.19 - Very Low Correlation

The computed correlation coefficient or reliability of the test is 0.94 which

indicates that the survey questionnaire is very high correlation/ reliability.

3.7 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE

The researcher utilized a systematic gathering procedure of the

important information for the research study. The research methodology

included direct observation, computer and library study, survey questionnaire,

and interview of which were treated with a different process prior to the form of

the method used.

Direct observation is a measuring instrument used to measure the

current traits and characteristics of the site. In many cases, systematic direct

observation is the most desirable measurement method. The researcher

identified the character or status of the site and used photo and/or video


documentation as a systematic procedure for identifying, categorizing, and

recording the natural situation.

An interview is a direct attempt to obtain reliable and valid measures in

the form of verbal responses from one or more respondents. It is a conversation

in which the roles of the interviewer and the respondent change continually. The

researcher conducted an informal interview with architects who have done

projects related to the study.

Web based questionnaires. A new and inevitably growing methodology is

the use of Internet based research. This would mean receiving an e-mail on

which you would click on an address that would take you to a secure web-site

to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often quicker and less detailed.

Some disadvantages of this method include the exclusion of people who do not

have a computer or are unable to access a computer. Also the validity of such

surveys are in question as people might be in a hurry to complete it and so

might not give accurate responses. (http://www.statcan.ca)

The researcher was able to dispense the survey questionnaire through

the internet by posting online generated survey which automatically retrieves

the answers after being submitted by the selected respondents. Consecutively,

the researcher also personally distributed and reclaims the survey

questionnaires to selected respondents. The researcher primarily gives


background information, guidance and explanation before sending or posting

the survey questionnaires.

3.8 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

An analysis and interpretation of data and is called for a statistical

treatment in order to solve the problems posed in the study. Hence, the

researcher herein uses the formula:

1. SLOVIN’S FORMULA. This formula will be able to determine the number

of respondents by computing for the sample size from the total population

which will be the amount of respondents to be randomly surveyed.

Nn = 2

1+Ne

where:

n = a sample sizeN= population sizee = the standard margin of error, 0.05 %

2. FREQUENCY & PERCENTAGE. The percentage of the respondents

and their responses of each item will be determined by frequency method.


The formula for computing the percentage is as follows:

f

P = x 100

N

Where: P = percentagef = frequencyn = number of respondents

This was used on questions 1-6 and 11 to determine the percentage

of their responses.

3. MEAN. In the survey questionnaires, the respondents were able to answer

the given items provided. This method will be used in order to interpret

the given answers of the respondents to each statement. At the same

time, the most common score, mean or average of the response of the

entire group is to be determined through this formula:

ΣxX =

N


Where: Σ = summation of scores

N = number of respondents

X = mean

This was used on questions 7-10 to determine the average of their

responses.

Following the accomplishment of the methods of data collection is to

analyze and determine the responses to the questions solicited. The researcher

will verify the sought choice of preference of the respondents according to their

responses and will evaluate the ranks using a pie graph and a bar graph, that

will be shown in the next chapter, to illustrate the ranking process of the

answers to the survey questionnaire.

Documents

Silay City Watersports and Recreation Park (Chapter III)