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Research ArticleAvailability of Wild Edible Fungi in La MalincheNational Park Mexico
A Montoya1 A Kong1 R Garibay-Orijel2 C Meacutendez-Espinoza3
Rodham E Tulloss45 and A Estrada-Torres1
1 Laboratorio de Biodiversidad Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma de TlaxcalaKm 105 Autopista San Martın Texmelucan-Tlaxcala 90120 Ixtacuixtla TLAX Mexico
2 Instituto de Biologıa Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Circuito Exterior sn Ciudad Universitaria04510 Mexico DF Mexico
3 Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrıcolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP)Centro Nacional de Investigacion Disciplinaria enConservacion y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales Avenida Progreso No 5 Colonia Barrio de Santa Catarina04010 Coyoacan DF Mexico
4 PO Box 57 Roosevelt NJ 08555-0057 USA5New York Botanical Garden Bronx NY USA
Correspondence should be addressed to A Montoya ametnomicolhotmailcom
Received 30 September 2013 Revised 22 December 2013 Accepted 28 December 2013 Published 5 March 2014
Academic Editor Clemencia Chaves-Lopez
Copyright copy 2014 A Montoya et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
The aim of this paper is to compare edible mushroom availability between the two slopes of La Malinche National Park in centralMexico and to discuss the possible relation between their availability and traditional use Eight transects were set up Samples werecollected weekly during the rainy seasons of years 1998ndash2000 Sixty-one ediblemushroom species were collected from a total area of3200m2 (032 ha) Over the three-year period the diversity of mushrooms ranged from 21 to 28 taxa per transect line Sporocarpswere produced at a rate from 206 to 605 kg40151m2 The highest species richness and production values for spatio-temporalfrequency were obtained in Southeast slope Edible mushrooms availability in the Southeast slope showed a strong dominancedriven mainly by Laccaria trichodermophora and Hebeloma mesophaeum The Southwest slope had more diversified availability intime and space with the most representative species being L trichodermophora The characteristics of traditional management oneach slope determined the differences found
1 Introduction
ldquoLa Malincherdquo volcano (altitude 4460m) is one of the mostimportant mountains in central Mexico Located in theTrans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the southern part of thestate of Tlaxcala it has been considered one of its eldestmountains (INEGI 1986)Most of its forests are protected as aNational Park However timber and nontimber forest prod-ucts are extracted as part of the subsistence strategy of localcommunities People gather firewood edible and medicinalplants seeds andmoss andmushrooms and hunt small preys[1] 226 species of macromycetes have been listed [2] 93 ofwhich are used by local people as food fuel cosmeticsmedicines and insecticides [2 3] In the surroundings of
La Malinche there are 236 villages [4] some inhabitedby Nahua and Otomı indigenous descendants and otherssettled by mestizo people In consequence East and Westforests are under differentmanagement practices [5] Inmanyof these localities Amanita basii Lyophyllum decastes andBoletus pinophilus are the species with the highest culturalsignificance (cultural significance refers to the importance ofthe role that the organism plays within a particular culture[6]) [5] As a preliminary suggestion it has been proposedthat both fruit body abundance and price are related to thecultural significance of species Montoya et al [7] found anegative correlation between the fruit body abundance andthe mention frequency suggesting that the most valuedresources are not always the most abundant
Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of MycologyVolume 2014 Article ID 241806 15 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014241806
2 Journal of Mycology
It has been proposed that the volcano is regionalizedinto two cultural areas based on the different valuations ofmushroom speciesThere are several differences in the uses ofthe forest In Javier Mina a community located on Southeastslope of the volcano 735of the total population collects andsells mushrooms every year [4 5] In the Southwest slopein San Isidro Buensuceso 21 from a total of 220 personssell wild mushrooms [4 5] Available information showsthat mushrooms are used and granted value by people fromboth slopes however the use and importance of particularspecies are different in both sidesNevertheless there is scarceinformation about ecology parameters such as the fruit bodyproduction [8] and their relation with mushroom traditionaluse The aim of this paper is to compare wild edible mush-room availability in the two slopes of ldquoLa Malincherdquo volcanoand to assess the possible relation between availability andtraditional use
2 Materials and Methods
21 Study Area La Malinche National Park is locatedbetween northern latitudes 97∘ 551015840 and 98∘ 081015840 and betweenwestern longitudes 19∘ 201015840 and 19∘ 081015840 The local climateis temperate subhumid with a rainy season in the summer[C(w2)(w)] the pressuretemperature ratio is 419 and there is
little annual variation in average monthly temperatures withfluctuations between 5∘ and 7∘The annual mean temperatureis 153∘C May is the hottest month (mean temperature =177∘C) and January is the coldest (mean temperature = 11∘C)Over 4000m weather tends to be very cold type E (T) Hwith temperatures under 0∘C in the coldest month [9]
There are threemain vegetation kinds a forest dominatedby P hartwegii in higher altitudes a forest dominated byPinusmontezumae andP teocotemixedwithAlnus jorullensisQuercus laurina and Q crassifolia in lower altitudes andan Abies religiosa forest sometimes mixed with individualsof P montezumae P hartwegii Salix cana S paradoxa andJuniperus monticola in some gullies
22 Sampling Eight sample units (SUs) were established forthis study (Table 1) Four SUs (1ndash4) were placed in Southeastslope (4ndash7 km west of Francisco Javier Mina) and the otherfour (5ndash8) in the Southwest slope (6-7 km north of San IsidroBuensuceso) (Figure 1) SUs were placed in locations usuallyvisited by mushroom collectors This had the purpose toreproduce not the natural production ofmushrooms but theirreal availability since there is a strong competition amongmushroom collectors To reduce the impact of mushroomcollection in our data transects were always visited as earlyas possible
The SUs were sampled at one week intervals during therainy seasons (July to October) Both areas were visited dur-ing three years from 1998 to 2000 SUs 1ndash4 (Southeast slope)were visited 40 times and SUs 5ndash8 (Southwest slope) werevisited 37 times At each visit all fruit bodies were countedpicked up and weighed to avoid double counting at the nextvisit At least one sample of each species was taken to the lab-oratory processed as a voucher specimen for identificationand deposited at TLXM herbarium
Each SU was composed of two parallel transects of 250meach Both transects were separated by a 50m distanceTransects were permanently marked every 5m using stickssurrounded by black pieces of plastic on one side We had atotal of 100 sampling plots on each SU Each plot had a radio of113m and a total area of 4011m2 [10]The total area sampledeach year was of 3200m2
Edibility of each species was determined through localinformation literature from the area [3] literature fromMex-ico [11] and literature from other parts of the world [12] Thecomplete list of the material reviewed was published previ-ously by Montoya et al [3]
23 Data Analysis Species richness was determined by thenumber of species registered in each SU Abundance of fruitbodies was defined as the number of fruit bodies of eachspecies in each SU during the three-year period Productionwas calculated as the total fresh weight of each speciesBiomass was calculated by measuring the dry weight of eachspecies (fruit bodies were dehydrated at least 24 h at 105∘C)Spatiotemporal frequency was calculated as the sum of thenumber of sampling plots where a species was found in eachsampling date Spatial frequency is the number of differentplots in which a species was found during the three-yearperiod in each SU Spatial frequency was categorized inexponential classes very infrequent (1ndash3) infrequent (4ndash9)frequent (10ndash21) very frequent (22ndash45) and extremely fre-quent (46ndash100) We looked for statistical differences in fruitbody abundance and fruit body production between the twoslopes For this purpose either the total number of fruit bod-ies or the total fresh weight in each SU (8) was considered asindependent observations while the data in each SU alongthe years (3) were considered as repeated measures havingtwelve observations per slope Means were compared by abifactorial ANOVA formixed designs in STATISTICA10 [13]Availability of each species was determined by means of itsecological importance value which equals the sum of its rel-ative abundance relative spatiotemporal frequency and rela-tive production [14]
Similarity between the SUs according to their speciescomposition was computed using the species spatiotemporalfrequency A distance matrix was built where rows corre-sponded to the species and columns to the eight SUs Thecorrelation index (Pearson product moment) was computedand SUs were clustered with the UPGMA method then thecophenetic value was computed An ordination of the eightOTUs (=SUs) in a multidimensional space of characters wasmade by means of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)Analyses were done in NTSYS-pc [15] The diversity wascalculated by using the Shannon-Wiener index Since it is notpossible to know the number of individuals fruit bodies werecounted and instead of using abundance rates spatiotempo-ral frequency was used These analyses were done in the pastsoftware version 216 [16]
3 Results
31 Species Richness During the three sampling years 61 edi-ble mushroom species were found (Table 2) 48 species in
Journal of Mycology 3
Location of the study area in MexicoLa Malinche National ParkSan Isidro Buensuceso
Francisco Javier MinaForest areaSampling units 1ndash8
Figure 1Map showing sampling units of LaMalincheNational Park TlaxcalaMexicowhere the ecological data sampling ofwildmushroomswas conducted
the Southeast slope and 49 in Southwest slope The speciesbelonged to 37 genera Fifty-one species were Basidiomycetesand the best represented families were Russulaceae with 9species and Amanitaceae with 5 species We identified 9Ascomycetes the family Helvellaceae being the best repre-sented with 4 species 44 species were mycorrhizal 15 weresaprotrophs and 2 were parasitic
During the three years of sampling the highest speciesrichness was found in the Pinus-Abies forest (SU2 and SU6)and the lowest value was observed in the Pinus forest (SU7)of the Southwest slope Despite the sampling year the highestspecies richness was always observed in the Pinus-Abiesforests (in 1998 at SU6 in 1999 at SU1 and SU5 in 2000 atSU5 SU6 and SU8) In 1999 a Pinus forest (SU3) located inthe Southeast slope also showed a high species richness Thepresence of different tree host species offersmore possibilitiesto find a higher diversity of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms
and more substrates for saprotrophic mushrooms Likewisemicrohabitats produced by the soil humidity and mossesassociated toAbies produce several differences for the mush-room community
Species exclusive to the Southeast slope were Amanitabasii Amanita vaginata Armillaria aff mellea Cantharelluscibarius Laccaria amethystina Lyophyllum sp 1 Ramaria sp1 Ramaria sp 2 Ramaria sp 3 Russula integra and Rus-sula olivacea Species exclusive to the Southwest slope wereAgaricus augustus Amanita fulva Boletus luridus Clavulinacinerea Clavulina coralloides Geopora sp Turbinellus floc-cosus Helvella acetabula Russula albonigra Hygrophoropsisaurantiaca Hygrophorus hypothejus and Sarcosphaera coro-naria
32 Abundance of Fruit Bodies During the three samplingyears the highest number of fruit bodies (1319) was found in
4 Journal of Mycology
Table 1 Geographic location of the sampling units selected for registering ecological data of wild edible mushrooms in LaMalinche NationalPark Tlaxcala MexicoSamplingunit (SU) Location Vegetation Altitude
(p = plot)Geographical coordinatesNorth West
SU175 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
Pinus montezumaemdashAbies religiosa forest 50plots are located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms during the rainy season
3263 (p1)3189 (p50)3260 (p51)3189 (p100)
19∘121015840171015840101584019∘121015840121015840101584019∘121015840111015840101584019∘1210158400710158401015840
97∘591015840401015840101584097∘591015840251015840101584097∘591015840411015840101584097∘5910158402610158401015840
SU245 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumaemdashA religiosa forest 50 plotsare located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms and firewood during the rainyseason
2900 (p1)2868 (p50)2898 (p51)2868 (p100)
19∘121015840091015840101584019∘121015840081015840101584019∘121015840141015840101584019∘1210158401310158401015840
97∘571015840471015840101584097∘571015840311015840101584097∘571015840481015840101584097∘5710158403310158401015840
SU37 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushrooms andfirewood during the rainy season
3146 (p1)3104 (p50)3139 (p51)3097 (p100)
19∘121015840051015840101584019∘111015840591015840101584019∘121015840001015840101584019∘1110158405410158401015840
97∘591015840151015840101584097∘591015840031015840101584097∘591015840161015840101584097∘5910158400410158401015840
SU455 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushroomsduring the rainy season
2996 (p1)2951 (p50)2989 (p51)2954 (p100)
19∘121015840001015840101584019∘111015840581015840101584019∘111015840551015840101584019∘1110158405210158401015840
97∘581015840281015840101584097∘581015840131015840101584097∘581015840291015840101584097∘5810158401510158401015840
SU5145 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest The forest is subject tofrequent tree cutting
3600 (p1)3660 (p50)3390 (p51)3540 (p100)
19∘131015840491015840101584019∘131015840571015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘1310158405210158401015840
98∘031015840281015840101584098∘031015840351015840101584098∘031015840361015840101584098∘0310158402510158401015840
SU6115 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest with some individuals of Pmontezumae and Salix sp
3111 (p1)3134 (p50)3116 (p51)3154 (p100)
19∘131015840581015840101584019∘141015840021015840101584019∘131015840561015840101584019∘1410158400110158401015840
98∘051015840051015840101584098∘041015840571015840101584098∘051015840061015840101584098∘0410158405610158401015840
SU712 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Open forest dominated by P montezumaeThe forest is subject to frequent tree cutting
3150 (p1)3330 (p 50)3240 (p51)3330 (p100)
19∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158404910158401015840
98∘041015840001015840101584098∘041015840081015840101584098∘041015840071015840101584098∘0310158405810158401015840
SU813 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Mixed forest dominated by P montezumaemixed with Alnus jorullensis A religiosaand Salix sp The forest is subject to frequenttree cutting
3315 (p1)3269 (p50)3316 (p51)3270 (p100)
19∘131015840541015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158405110158401015840
98∘041015840021015840101584098∘041015840131015840101584098∘041015840011015840101584098∘0410158401410158401015840
(For an integer (119899) SU119899 = sampling unit 119899 and p119899 = plot 119899)
the SU4 in a Pinus forest on Southeast slopeThis means thatthey were 56 times more than those recorded at SU1 wherethe less number of fruit bodies was found (230) The lowestabundancewas observed in thePinus-Abies forest (SU1) of thesame areaMore fruit bodies were found in the year 2000 thanin the two previous years Southeast slope produced almosttwice as many fruit bodies as the Southwest slope (Table 2)The most abundant species in the three years were L tricho-dermophora Hebeloma mesophaeum Clitocybe gibba Helve-lla lacunosa Morchella elata Suillus pseudobrevipes Helvellacrispa and S coronaria
Although themean of fruit bodies produced in the South-east slope (25683 fruit bodiesSU year) doubled those pro-duced in the Southwest slope (11442 fruit bodiesSU year)no statistical differences were found between slopes (119865
(118)=
377 119875 = 006) nor between years (119865(218)= 0291 119875 =
0750) because of the high standard deviation in the data ofSoutheast slope (233882)The interaction between slopes andyears also showed any difference (119865
(218)= 1034 119875 = 0375)
33 Production Comparing the values obtained for the twoareas higher values (1610 Kg3200m2) were found on theSoutheast slope L trichodermophora being the most pro-ductive species whereas on the Southwest slope (1344Kg3200m2) S coronaria showed the highest values The totalfresh weight recorded at the SUs during the three-yearperiod was 2954Kg3200m2 (Table 2) This amount means9210 Kgha3 years of edible wild mushrooms SU3 locatedin a Pinus forest had the highest values of fresh weight Year2000 had the greatest production of edible mushroom freshweight
The species with the highest values of fresh weight were in1998 L ovispora R acrifolia R brevipesHmesophaeum andL trichodermophora in 1999L trichodermophoraR brevipesR acrifolia andA rubescens and in year 2000 S coronaria Ltrichodermophora S pseudobrevipes R acrifolia C glauco-pus and B pinophilus No statistical differences were foundbetween the means of fresh weight of edible mushroomsproduced in each slope (119865
(118)= 0417 119875 = 0526) nor
Journal of Mycology 5
Table2Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Agaric
aceae
Agaricu
saugustusF
rS0
10
000
073
018
0000134
01
0000
080
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m(Scop)F
ayod
S15
14000549
001020
517
43
000321
000
032
358
038
000225
000225
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
PersS
518
000183
001311
398
1414
5000
025
001052
064
1425
000
040
001137
Amanita
ceae
Amanita
affvaginata(Bull)
LamM
20
000
073
097
0000
060
013
30
000
084
0Am
anita
basii
Guzman
andRa
m-G
uill
M4
0000146
0289
0001795
02259
0001422
0Am
anita
franchetii
(Bou
d)F
ayod
M50
2001831
000146
8299
1052
005155
000783
6599
847
004153
000
676
Amanita
fulva
FrM
02
0000146
0194
0000144
0174
0000139
Amanita
rubescensP
ersM
434
001574
000291
8182
112
005083
000833
5811
1062
003657
000847
Auric
ulariaceae
Auric
ulariaauric
ula-judae(Bu
ll)Q
uelP
25
000
073
000364
06
5637119864minus05
000
042
0039
03924119864minus05
000
031
Boletaceae
Boletus
lurid
usSchaeff
M
02
0000146
0764
0000568
010
30
000
082
Boletus
pinophilu
sPilatand
Dermek
M5
2000183
000146
9205
2437
005718
001813
8495
2453
005346
001957
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellu
scibariusF
rM0
20
000146
0254
0000189
0234
0000187
Clavariadelphaceae
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
Don
kM10
0000366
0333
0000207
0412
0000259
0Clavulinaceae
Clavulinacin
erea
(Bull)
JSchrotM
01
0000
073
054
0000
040
0093
0000
074
Clavulinacoralloides(L)JSchrotM
01
0000
073
087
0000
065
013
70
000110
Cortin
ariaceae
Cortinariusglaucopus
(Schaeff)F
rM1
15000
037
001092
605
41283
000376
003071
371
3202
000233
000233
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
(Pers)
QuelM
316
36011571
002622
75805
8695
004709
000
647
9357
943
005888
005888
Disc
inaceae
Gyromitraınfula(Schaeff)Q
uelS
137
000
037
002695
112
1604
000
070
001193
121648
000
075
000
076
Entolomataceae
Entolomacly
peatum
(L)PKu
mmM
7212
002636
000873
7332
1308
004554
000
973
4872
1169
00306
600306
6Gom
phaceae
Ramariasp1
M1
0000
037
05299
0000329
0393
0000247
0Ra
mariasp2
M1
0000
037
03368
0002092
02561
0001612
0Ra
mariasp3
M2
0000
073
01079
0000
670
01228
0000773
0Tu
rbinellus
floccosus
(Schwein)E
arleex
Giachiniand
Caste
llano
M0
99
000
655
0395
0002938
03241
00
Gom
phidiaceae
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis(M
urrill)
OK
MillM
62
000220
000146
263
94000163
000
070
339
072
000213
000
057
6 Journal of Mycology
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Helv
ellaceae
Helv
ellaacetabulum
(L)QuelM
020
0001457
01214
40
000
903
01547
00
Helv
ellacrisp
a(Scop)F
rM39
80001428
005827
213
4724
001323
003514
3343
6854
002104
002104
Helv
ellaela
stica
Bull
M3
12000110
000874
55
306
000
034
000228
132
198
000
083
000
083
Helv
ellalacunosa
Afzel
M49
122
001794
008886
2118
7304
001316
005433
3898
1003
002453
002453
Hydnang
iaceae
Laccariaam
ethystina
Coo
keM
150
000549
076
0000
047
010
20
000
064
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
GM
Muell
M1678
225
06144
3016387
321512
77305
019972
005750
3677
36557
023142
005230
Hygroph
oraceae
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s(Fr)FrM
04
0000291
0159
0000118
017
20
0Hygrophorus
chrysodon(Batsch)
FrM
1350
000
476
00364
244
98631
000279
000
642
314
776
000198
000198
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
(Alband
Schw
ein)F
rM7
1000256
000
073
2167
186
001346
000138
1537
051
000
967
000
967
Hygroph
orop
sidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
(Wulfen)
Maire
S0
20
000146
051
0000
038
0046
00
Lyop
hyllaceae
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s(Fr)Singer
S46
12001684
000874
3553
712
002207
000530
262
659
001649
000526
Lyophyllu
msp1
S1
0000
037
01385
0000860
0632
0000398
0Morchellaceae
Morchellaela
taFrS
Mlowast
6151
000220
010998
3346
86
000205
003486
295
6859
000186
005471
Morchellaesculen
ta(L)Perslowast
110
000
037
000728
165
557
000102
000
414
23
3000145
000239
Omph
alotaceae
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s(Bu
ll)M
urrillS
1642
000586
003059
3915
1522
000243
001132
375
878
000236
000236
Pezizaceae
Sarcosphaera
coronaria
(Jacq)JSchrotM
0104
0007575
028342
0021081
02198
0017532
Pluteaceae
Pluteuscervinu
s(Schaeff)PKu
mmS
28
000
073
000583
329
931
000204
000
693
152
103
000
096
000822
Pyronemataceae
Geopora
spM
01
0000
073
0183
0000136
0324
00
Physalacria
ceae
Armillariaaffm
ellea
(Vahl)PKu
mmP
440
001611
034203
0002124
0281
0001768
0Rh
izop
ogon
aceae
Rhizopogon
spM
312
001135
000146
481
173
000299
000129
914
309
000575
000246
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Signal TransductionJournal of
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Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
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Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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International Journal of
Microbiology
2 Journal of Mycology
It has been proposed that the volcano is regionalizedinto two cultural areas based on the different valuations ofmushroom speciesThere are several differences in the uses ofthe forest In Javier Mina a community located on Southeastslope of the volcano 735of the total population collects andsells mushrooms every year [4 5] In the Southwest slopein San Isidro Buensuceso 21 from a total of 220 personssell wild mushrooms [4 5] Available information showsthat mushrooms are used and granted value by people fromboth slopes however the use and importance of particularspecies are different in both sidesNevertheless there is scarceinformation about ecology parameters such as the fruit bodyproduction [8] and their relation with mushroom traditionaluse The aim of this paper is to compare wild edible mush-room availability in the two slopes of ldquoLa Malincherdquo volcanoand to assess the possible relation between availability andtraditional use
2 Materials and Methods
21 Study Area La Malinche National Park is locatedbetween northern latitudes 97∘ 551015840 and 98∘ 081015840 and betweenwestern longitudes 19∘ 201015840 and 19∘ 081015840 The local climateis temperate subhumid with a rainy season in the summer[C(w2)(w)] the pressuretemperature ratio is 419 and there is
little annual variation in average monthly temperatures withfluctuations between 5∘ and 7∘The annual mean temperatureis 153∘C May is the hottest month (mean temperature =177∘C) and January is the coldest (mean temperature = 11∘C)Over 4000m weather tends to be very cold type E (T) Hwith temperatures under 0∘C in the coldest month [9]
There are threemain vegetation kinds a forest dominatedby P hartwegii in higher altitudes a forest dominated byPinusmontezumae andP teocotemixedwithAlnus jorullensisQuercus laurina and Q crassifolia in lower altitudes andan Abies religiosa forest sometimes mixed with individualsof P montezumae P hartwegii Salix cana S paradoxa andJuniperus monticola in some gullies
22 Sampling Eight sample units (SUs) were established forthis study (Table 1) Four SUs (1ndash4) were placed in Southeastslope (4ndash7 km west of Francisco Javier Mina) and the otherfour (5ndash8) in the Southwest slope (6-7 km north of San IsidroBuensuceso) (Figure 1) SUs were placed in locations usuallyvisited by mushroom collectors This had the purpose toreproduce not the natural production ofmushrooms but theirreal availability since there is a strong competition amongmushroom collectors To reduce the impact of mushroomcollection in our data transects were always visited as earlyas possible
The SUs were sampled at one week intervals during therainy seasons (July to October) Both areas were visited dur-ing three years from 1998 to 2000 SUs 1ndash4 (Southeast slope)were visited 40 times and SUs 5ndash8 (Southwest slope) werevisited 37 times At each visit all fruit bodies were countedpicked up and weighed to avoid double counting at the nextvisit At least one sample of each species was taken to the lab-oratory processed as a voucher specimen for identificationand deposited at TLXM herbarium
Each SU was composed of two parallel transects of 250meach Both transects were separated by a 50m distanceTransects were permanently marked every 5m using stickssurrounded by black pieces of plastic on one side We had atotal of 100 sampling plots on each SU Each plot had a radio of113m and a total area of 4011m2 [10]The total area sampledeach year was of 3200m2
Edibility of each species was determined through localinformation literature from the area [3] literature fromMex-ico [11] and literature from other parts of the world [12] Thecomplete list of the material reviewed was published previ-ously by Montoya et al [3]
23 Data Analysis Species richness was determined by thenumber of species registered in each SU Abundance of fruitbodies was defined as the number of fruit bodies of eachspecies in each SU during the three-year period Productionwas calculated as the total fresh weight of each speciesBiomass was calculated by measuring the dry weight of eachspecies (fruit bodies were dehydrated at least 24 h at 105∘C)Spatiotemporal frequency was calculated as the sum of thenumber of sampling plots where a species was found in eachsampling date Spatial frequency is the number of differentplots in which a species was found during the three-yearperiod in each SU Spatial frequency was categorized inexponential classes very infrequent (1ndash3) infrequent (4ndash9)frequent (10ndash21) very frequent (22ndash45) and extremely fre-quent (46ndash100) We looked for statistical differences in fruitbody abundance and fruit body production between the twoslopes For this purpose either the total number of fruit bod-ies or the total fresh weight in each SU (8) was considered asindependent observations while the data in each SU alongthe years (3) were considered as repeated measures havingtwelve observations per slope Means were compared by abifactorial ANOVA formixed designs in STATISTICA10 [13]Availability of each species was determined by means of itsecological importance value which equals the sum of its rel-ative abundance relative spatiotemporal frequency and rela-tive production [14]
Similarity between the SUs according to their speciescomposition was computed using the species spatiotemporalfrequency A distance matrix was built where rows corre-sponded to the species and columns to the eight SUs Thecorrelation index (Pearson product moment) was computedand SUs were clustered with the UPGMA method then thecophenetic value was computed An ordination of the eightOTUs (=SUs) in a multidimensional space of characters wasmade by means of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)Analyses were done in NTSYS-pc [15] The diversity wascalculated by using the Shannon-Wiener index Since it is notpossible to know the number of individuals fruit bodies werecounted and instead of using abundance rates spatiotempo-ral frequency was used These analyses were done in the pastsoftware version 216 [16]
3 Results
31 Species Richness During the three sampling years 61 edi-ble mushroom species were found (Table 2) 48 species in
Journal of Mycology 3
Location of the study area in MexicoLa Malinche National ParkSan Isidro Buensuceso
Francisco Javier MinaForest areaSampling units 1ndash8
Figure 1Map showing sampling units of LaMalincheNational Park TlaxcalaMexicowhere the ecological data sampling ofwildmushroomswas conducted
the Southeast slope and 49 in Southwest slope The speciesbelonged to 37 genera Fifty-one species were Basidiomycetesand the best represented families were Russulaceae with 9species and Amanitaceae with 5 species We identified 9Ascomycetes the family Helvellaceae being the best repre-sented with 4 species 44 species were mycorrhizal 15 weresaprotrophs and 2 were parasitic
During the three years of sampling the highest speciesrichness was found in the Pinus-Abies forest (SU2 and SU6)and the lowest value was observed in the Pinus forest (SU7)of the Southwest slope Despite the sampling year the highestspecies richness was always observed in the Pinus-Abiesforests (in 1998 at SU6 in 1999 at SU1 and SU5 in 2000 atSU5 SU6 and SU8) In 1999 a Pinus forest (SU3) located inthe Southeast slope also showed a high species richness Thepresence of different tree host species offersmore possibilitiesto find a higher diversity of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms
and more substrates for saprotrophic mushrooms Likewisemicrohabitats produced by the soil humidity and mossesassociated toAbies produce several differences for the mush-room community
Species exclusive to the Southeast slope were Amanitabasii Amanita vaginata Armillaria aff mellea Cantharelluscibarius Laccaria amethystina Lyophyllum sp 1 Ramaria sp1 Ramaria sp 2 Ramaria sp 3 Russula integra and Rus-sula olivacea Species exclusive to the Southwest slope wereAgaricus augustus Amanita fulva Boletus luridus Clavulinacinerea Clavulina coralloides Geopora sp Turbinellus floc-cosus Helvella acetabula Russula albonigra Hygrophoropsisaurantiaca Hygrophorus hypothejus and Sarcosphaera coro-naria
32 Abundance of Fruit Bodies During the three samplingyears the highest number of fruit bodies (1319) was found in
4 Journal of Mycology
Table 1 Geographic location of the sampling units selected for registering ecological data of wild edible mushrooms in LaMalinche NationalPark Tlaxcala MexicoSamplingunit (SU) Location Vegetation Altitude
(p = plot)Geographical coordinatesNorth West
SU175 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
Pinus montezumaemdashAbies religiosa forest 50plots are located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms during the rainy season
3263 (p1)3189 (p50)3260 (p51)3189 (p100)
19∘121015840171015840101584019∘121015840121015840101584019∘121015840111015840101584019∘1210158400710158401015840
97∘591015840401015840101584097∘591015840251015840101584097∘591015840411015840101584097∘5910158402610158401015840
SU245 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumaemdashA religiosa forest 50 plotsare located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms and firewood during the rainyseason
2900 (p1)2868 (p50)2898 (p51)2868 (p100)
19∘121015840091015840101584019∘121015840081015840101584019∘121015840141015840101584019∘1210158401310158401015840
97∘571015840471015840101584097∘571015840311015840101584097∘571015840481015840101584097∘5710158403310158401015840
SU37 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushrooms andfirewood during the rainy season
3146 (p1)3104 (p50)3139 (p51)3097 (p100)
19∘121015840051015840101584019∘111015840591015840101584019∘121015840001015840101584019∘1110158405410158401015840
97∘591015840151015840101584097∘591015840031015840101584097∘591015840161015840101584097∘5910158400410158401015840
SU455 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushroomsduring the rainy season
2996 (p1)2951 (p50)2989 (p51)2954 (p100)
19∘121015840001015840101584019∘111015840581015840101584019∘111015840551015840101584019∘1110158405210158401015840
97∘581015840281015840101584097∘581015840131015840101584097∘581015840291015840101584097∘5810158401510158401015840
SU5145 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest The forest is subject tofrequent tree cutting
3600 (p1)3660 (p50)3390 (p51)3540 (p100)
19∘131015840491015840101584019∘131015840571015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘1310158405210158401015840
98∘031015840281015840101584098∘031015840351015840101584098∘031015840361015840101584098∘0310158402510158401015840
SU6115 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest with some individuals of Pmontezumae and Salix sp
3111 (p1)3134 (p50)3116 (p51)3154 (p100)
19∘131015840581015840101584019∘141015840021015840101584019∘131015840561015840101584019∘1410158400110158401015840
98∘051015840051015840101584098∘041015840571015840101584098∘051015840061015840101584098∘0410158405610158401015840
SU712 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Open forest dominated by P montezumaeThe forest is subject to frequent tree cutting
3150 (p1)3330 (p 50)3240 (p51)3330 (p100)
19∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158404910158401015840
98∘041015840001015840101584098∘041015840081015840101584098∘041015840071015840101584098∘0310158405810158401015840
SU813 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Mixed forest dominated by P montezumaemixed with Alnus jorullensis A religiosaand Salix sp The forest is subject to frequenttree cutting
3315 (p1)3269 (p50)3316 (p51)3270 (p100)
19∘131015840541015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158405110158401015840
98∘041015840021015840101584098∘041015840131015840101584098∘041015840011015840101584098∘0410158401410158401015840
(For an integer (119899) SU119899 = sampling unit 119899 and p119899 = plot 119899)
the SU4 in a Pinus forest on Southeast slopeThis means thatthey were 56 times more than those recorded at SU1 wherethe less number of fruit bodies was found (230) The lowestabundancewas observed in thePinus-Abies forest (SU1) of thesame areaMore fruit bodies were found in the year 2000 thanin the two previous years Southeast slope produced almosttwice as many fruit bodies as the Southwest slope (Table 2)The most abundant species in the three years were L tricho-dermophora Hebeloma mesophaeum Clitocybe gibba Helve-lla lacunosa Morchella elata Suillus pseudobrevipes Helvellacrispa and S coronaria
Although themean of fruit bodies produced in the South-east slope (25683 fruit bodiesSU year) doubled those pro-duced in the Southwest slope (11442 fruit bodiesSU year)no statistical differences were found between slopes (119865
(118)=
377 119875 = 006) nor between years (119865(218)= 0291 119875 =
0750) because of the high standard deviation in the data ofSoutheast slope (233882)The interaction between slopes andyears also showed any difference (119865
(218)= 1034 119875 = 0375)
33 Production Comparing the values obtained for the twoareas higher values (1610 Kg3200m2) were found on theSoutheast slope L trichodermophora being the most pro-ductive species whereas on the Southwest slope (1344Kg3200m2) S coronaria showed the highest values The totalfresh weight recorded at the SUs during the three-yearperiod was 2954Kg3200m2 (Table 2) This amount means9210 Kgha3 years of edible wild mushrooms SU3 locatedin a Pinus forest had the highest values of fresh weight Year2000 had the greatest production of edible mushroom freshweight
The species with the highest values of fresh weight were in1998 L ovispora R acrifolia R brevipesHmesophaeum andL trichodermophora in 1999L trichodermophoraR brevipesR acrifolia andA rubescens and in year 2000 S coronaria Ltrichodermophora S pseudobrevipes R acrifolia C glauco-pus and B pinophilus No statistical differences were foundbetween the means of fresh weight of edible mushroomsproduced in each slope (119865
(118)= 0417 119875 = 0526) nor
Journal of Mycology 5
Table2Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Agaric
aceae
Agaricu
saugustusF
rS0
10
000
073
018
0000134
01
0000
080
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m(Scop)F
ayod
S15
14000549
001020
517
43
000321
000
032
358
038
000225
000225
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
PersS
518
000183
001311
398
1414
5000
025
001052
064
1425
000
040
001137
Amanita
ceae
Amanita
affvaginata(Bull)
LamM
20
000
073
097
0000
060
013
30
000
084
0Am
anita
basii
Guzman
andRa
m-G
uill
M4
0000146
0289
0001795
02259
0001422
0Am
anita
franchetii
(Bou
d)F
ayod
M50
2001831
000146
8299
1052
005155
000783
6599
847
004153
000
676
Amanita
fulva
FrM
02
0000146
0194
0000144
0174
0000139
Amanita
rubescensP
ersM
434
001574
000291
8182
112
005083
000833
5811
1062
003657
000847
Auric
ulariaceae
Auric
ulariaauric
ula-judae(Bu
ll)Q
uelP
25
000
073
000364
06
5637119864minus05
000
042
0039
03924119864minus05
000
031
Boletaceae
Boletus
lurid
usSchaeff
M
02
0000146
0764
0000568
010
30
000
082
Boletus
pinophilu
sPilatand
Dermek
M5
2000183
000146
9205
2437
005718
001813
8495
2453
005346
001957
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellu
scibariusF
rM0
20
000146
0254
0000189
0234
0000187
Clavariadelphaceae
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
Don
kM10
0000366
0333
0000207
0412
0000259
0Clavulinaceae
Clavulinacin
erea
(Bull)
JSchrotM
01
0000
073
054
0000
040
0093
0000
074
Clavulinacoralloides(L)JSchrotM
01
0000
073
087
0000
065
013
70
000110
Cortin
ariaceae
Cortinariusglaucopus
(Schaeff)F
rM1
15000
037
001092
605
41283
000376
003071
371
3202
000233
000233
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
(Pers)
QuelM
316
36011571
002622
75805
8695
004709
000
647
9357
943
005888
005888
Disc
inaceae
Gyromitraınfula(Schaeff)Q
uelS
137
000
037
002695
112
1604
000
070
001193
121648
000
075
000
076
Entolomataceae
Entolomacly
peatum
(L)PKu
mmM
7212
002636
000873
7332
1308
004554
000
973
4872
1169
00306
600306
6Gom
phaceae
Ramariasp1
M1
0000
037
05299
0000329
0393
0000247
0Ra
mariasp2
M1
0000
037
03368
0002092
02561
0001612
0Ra
mariasp3
M2
0000
073
01079
0000
670
01228
0000773
0Tu
rbinellus
floccosus
(Schwein)E
arleex
Giachiniand
Caste
llano
M0
99
000
655
0395
0002938
03241
00
Gom
phidiaceae
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis(M
urrill)
OK
MillM
62
000220
000146
263
94000163
000
070
339
072
000213
000
057
6 Journal of Mycology
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Helv
ellaceae
Helv
ellaacetabulum
(L)QuelM
020
0001457
01214
40
000
903
01547
00
Helv
ellacrisp
a(Scop)F
rM39
80001428
005827
213
4724
001323
003514
3343
6854
002104
002104
Helv
ellaela
stica
Bull
M3
12000110
000874
55
306
000
034
000228
132
198
000
083
000
083
Helv
ellalacunosa
Afzel
M49
122
001794
008886
2118
7304
001316
005433
3898
1003
002453
002453
Hydnang
iaceae
Laccariaam
ethystina
Coo
keM
150
000549
076
0000
047
010
20
000
064
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
GM
Muell
M1678
225
06144
3016387
321512
77305
019972
005750
3677
36557
023142
005230
Hygroph
oraceae
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s(Fr)FrM
04
0000291
0159
0000118
017
20
0Hygrophorus
chrysodon(Batsch)
FrM
1350
000
476
00364
244
98631
000279
000
642
314
776
000198
000198
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
(Alband
Schw
ein)F
rM7
1000256
000
073
2167
186
001346
000138
1537
051
000
967
000
967
Hygroph
orop
sidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
(Wulfen)
Maire
S0
20
000146
051
0000
038
0046
00
Lyop
hyllaceae
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s(Fr)Singer
S46
12001684
000874
3553
712
002207
000530
262
659
001649
000526
Lyophyllu
msp1
S1
0000
037
01385
0000860
0632
0000398
0Morchellaceae
Morchellaela
taFrS
Mlowast
6151
000220
010998
3346
86
000205
003486
295
6859
000186
005471
Morchellaesculen
ta(L)Perslowast
110
000
037
000728
165
557
000102
000
414
23
3000145
000239
Omph
alotaceae
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s(Bu
ll)M
urrillS
1642
000586
003059
3915
1522
000243
001132
375
878
000236
000236
Pezizaceae
Sarcosphaera
coronaria
(Jacq)JSchrotM
0104
0007575
028342
0021081
02198
0017532
Pluteaceae
Pluteuscervinu
s(Schaeff)PKu
mmS
28
000
073
000583
329
931
000204
000
693
152
103
000
096
000822
Pyronemataceae
Geopora
spM
01
0000
073
0183
0000136
0324
00
Physalacria
ceae
Armillariaaffm
ellea
(Vahl)PKu
mmP
440
001611
034203
0002124
0281
0001768
0Rh
izop
ogon
aceae
Rhizopogon
spM
312
001135
000146
481
173
000299
000129
914
309
000575
000246
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
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Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 3
Location of the study area in MexicoLa Malinche National ParkSan Isidro Buensuceso
Francisco Javier MinaForest areaSampling units 1ndash8
Figure 1Map showing sampling units of LaMalincheNational Park TlaxcalaMexicowhere the ecological data sampling ofwildmushroomswas conducted
the Southeast slope and 49 in Southwest slope The speciesbelonged to 37 genera Fifty-one species were Basidiomycetesand the best represented families were Russulaceae with 9species and Amanitaceae with 5 species We identified 9Ascomycetes the family Helvellaceae being the best repre-sented with 4 species 44 species were mycorrhizal 15 weresaprotrophs and 2 were parasitic
During the three years of sampling the highest speciesrichness was found in the Pinus-Abies forest (SU2 and SU6)and the lowest value was observed in the Pinus forest (SU7)of the Southwest slope Despite the sampling year the highestspecies richness was always observed in the Pinus-Abiesforests (in 1998 at SU6 in 1999 at SU1 and SU5 in 2000 atSU5 SU6 and SU8) In 1999 a Pinus forest (SU3) located inthe Southeast slope also showed a high species richness Thepresence of different tree host species offersmore possibilitiesto find a higher diversity of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms
and more substrates for saprotrophic mushrooms Likewisemicrohabitats produced by the soil humidity and mossesassociated toAbies produce several differences for the mush-room community
Species exclusive to the Southeast slope were Amanitabasii Amanita vaginata Armillaria aff mellea Cantharelluscibarius Laccaria amethystina Lyophyllum sp 1 Ramaria sp1 Ramaria sp 2 Ramaria sp 3 Russula integra and Rus-sula olivacea Species exclusive to the Southwest slope wereAgaricus augustus Amanita fulva Boletus luridus Clavulinacinerea Clavulina coralloides Geopora sp Turbinellus floc-cosus Helvella acetabula Russula albonigra Hygrophoropsisaurantiaca Hygrophorus hypothejus and Sarcosphaera coro-naria
32 Abundance of Fruit Bodies During the three samplingyears the highest number of fruit bodies (1319) was found in
4 Journal of Mycology
Table 1 Geographic location of the sampling units selected for registering ecological data of wild edible mushrooms in LaMalinche NationalPark Tlaxcala MexicoSamplingunit (SU) Location Vegetation Altitude
(p = plot)Geographical coordinatesNorth West
SU175 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
Pinus montezumaemdashAbies religiosa forest 50plots are located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms during the rainy season
3263 (p1)3189 (p50)3260 (p51)3189 (p100)
19∘121015840171015840101584019∘121015840121015840101584019∘121015840111015840101584019∘1210158400710158401015840
97∘591015840401015840101584097∘591015840251015840101584097∘591015840411015840101584097∘5910158402610158401015840
SU245 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumaemdashA religiosa forest 50 plotsare located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms and firewood during the rainyseason
2900 (p1)2868 (p50)2898 (p51)2868 (p100)
19∘121015840091015840101584019∘121015840081015840101584019∘121015840141015840101584019∘1210158401310158401015840
97∘571015840471015840101584097∘571015840311015840101584097∘571015840481015840101584097∘5710158403310158401015840
SU37 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushrooms andfirewood during the rainy season
3146 (p1)3104 (p50)3139 (p51)3097 (p100)
19∘121015840051015840101584019∘111015840591015840101584019∘121015840001015840101584019∘1110158405410158401015840
97∘591015840151015840101584097∘591015840031015840101584097∘591015840161015840101584097∘5910158400410158401015840
SU455 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushroomsduring the rainy season
2996 (p1)2951 (p50)2989 (p51)2954 (p100)
19∘121015840001015840101584019∘111015840581015840101584019∘111015840551015840101584019∘1110158405210158401015840
97∘581015840281015840101584097∘581015840131015840101584097∘581015840291015840101584097∘5810158401510158401015840
SU5145 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest The forest is subject tofrequent tree cutting
3600 (p1)3660 (p50)3390 (p51)3540 (p100)
19∘131015840491015840101584019∘131015840571015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘1310158405210158401015840
98∘031015840281015840101584098∘031015840351015840101584098∘031015840361015840101584098∘0310158402510158401015840
SU6115 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest with some individuals of Pmontezumae and Salix sp
3111 (p1)3134 (p50)3116 (p51)3154 (p100)
19∘131015840581015840101584019∘141015840021015840101584019∘131015840561015840101584019∘1410158400110158401015840
98∘051015840051015840101584098∘041015840571015840101584098∘051015840061015840101584098∘0410158405610158401015840
SU712 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Open forest dominated by P montezumaeThe forest is subject to frequent tree cutting
3150 (p1)3330 (p 50)3240 (p51)3330 (p100)
19∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158404910158401015840
98∘041015840001015840101584098∘041015840081015840101584098∘041015840071015840101584098∘0310158405810158401015840
SU813 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Mixed forest dominated by P montezumaemixed with Alnus jorullensis A religiosaand Salix sp The forest is subject to frequenttree cutting
3315 (p1)3269 (p50)3316 (p51)3270 (p100)
19∘131015840541015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158405110158401015840
98∘041015840021015840101584098∘041015840131015840101584098∘041015840011015840101584098∘0410158401410158401015840
(For an integer (119899) SU119899 = sampling unit 119899 and p119899 = plot 119899)
the SU4 in a Pinus forest on Southeast slopeThis means thatthey were 56 times more than those recorded at SU1 wherethe less number of fruit bodies was found (230) The lowestabundancewas observed in thePinus-Abies forest (SU1) of thesame areaMore fruit bodies were found in the year 2000 thanin the two previous years Southeast slope produced almosttwice as many fruit bodies as the Southwest slope (Table 2)The most abundant species in the three years were L tricho-dermophora Hebeloma mesophaeum Clitocybe gibba Helve-lla lacunosa Morchella elata Suillus pseudobrevipes Helvellacrispa and S coronaria
Although themean of fruit bodies produced in the South-east slope (25683 fruit bodiesSU year) doubled those pro-duced in the Southwest slope (11442 fruit bodiesSU year)no statistical differences were found between slopes (119865
(118)=
377 119875 = 006) nor between years (119865(218)= 0291 119875 =
0750) because of the high standard deviation in the data ofSoutheast slope (233882)The interaction between slopes andyears also showed any difference (119865
(218)= 1034 119875 = 0375)
33 Production Comparing the values obtained for the twoareas higher values (1610 Kg3200m2) were found on theSoutheast slope L trichodermophora being the most pro-ductive species whereas on the Southwest slope (1344Kg3200m2) S coronaria showed the highest values The totalfresh weight recorded at the SUs during the three-yearperiod was 2954Kg3200m2 (Table 2) This amount means9210 Kgha3 years of edible wild mushrooms SU3 locatedin a Pinus forest had the highest values of fresh weight Year2000 had the greatest production of edible mushroom freshweight
The species with the highest values of fresh weight were in1998 L ovispora R acrifolia R brevipesHmesophaeum andL trichodermophora in 1999L trichodermophoraR brevipesR acrifolia andA rubescens and in year 2000 S coronaria Ltrichodermophora S pseudobrevipes R acrifolia C glauco-pus and B pinophilus No statistical differences were foundbetween the means of fresh weight of edible mushroomsproduced in each slope (119865
(118)= 0417 119875 = 0526) nor
Journal of Mycology 5
Table2Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Agaric
aceae
Agaricu
saugustusF
rS0
10
000
073
018
0000134
01
0000
080
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m(Scop)F
ayod
S15
14000549
001020
517
43
000321
000
032
358
038
000225
000225
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
PersS
518
000183
001311
398
1414
5000
025
001052
064
1425
000
040
001137
Amanita
ceae
Amanita
affvaginata(Bull)
LamM
20
000
073
097
0000
060
013
30
000
084
0Am
anita
basii
Guzman
andRa
m-G
uill
M4
0000146
0289
0001795
02259
0001422
0Am
anita
franchetii
(Bou
d)F
ayod
M50
2001831
000146
8299
1052
005155
000783
6599
847
004153
000
676
Amanita
fulva
FrM
02
0000146
0194
0000144
0174
0000139
Amanita
rubescensP
ersM
434
001574
000291
8182
112
005083
000833
5811
1062
003657
000847
Auric
ulariaceae
Auric
ulariaauric
ula-judae(Bu
ll)Q
uelP
25
000
073
000364
06
5637119864minus05
000
042
0039
03924119864minus05
000
031
Boletaceae
Boletus
lurid
usSchaeff
M
02
0000146
0764
0000568
010
30
000
082
Boletus
pinophilu
sPilatand
Dermek
M5
2000183
000146
9205
2437
005718
001813
8495
2453
005346
001957
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellu
scibariusF
rM0
20
000146
0254
0000189
0234
0000187
Clavariadelphaceae
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
Don
kM10
0000366
0333
0000207
0412
0000259
0Clavulinaceae
Clavulinacin
erea
(Bull)
JSchrotM
01
0000
073
054
0000
040
0093
0000
074
Clavulinacoralloides(L)JSchrotM
01
0000
073
087
0000
065
013
70
000110
Cortin
ariaceae
Cortinariusglaucopus
(Schaeff)F
rM1
15000
037
001092
605
41283
000376
003071
371
3202
000233
000233
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
(Pers)
QuelM
316
36011571
002622
75805
8695
004709
000
647
9357
943
005888
005888
Disc
inaceae
Gyromitraınfula(Schaeff)Q
uelS
137
000
037
002695
112
1604
000
070
001193
121648
000
075
000
076
Entolomataceae
Entolomacly
peatum
(L)PKu
mmM
7212
002636
000873
7332
1308
004554
000
973
4872
1169
00306
600306
6Gom
phaceae
Ramariasp1
M1
0000
037
05299
0000329
0393
0000247
0Ra
mariasp2
M1
0000
037
03368
0002092
02561
0001612
0Ra
mariasp3
M2
0000
073
01079
0000
670
01228
0000773
0Tu
rbinellus
floccosus
(Schwein)E
arleex
Giachiniand
Caste
llano
M0
99
000
655
0395
0002938
03241
00
Gom
phidiaceae
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis(M
urrill)
OK
MillM
62
000220
000146
263
94000163
000
070
339
072
000213
000
057
6 Journal of Mycology
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Helv
ellaceae
Helv
ellaacetabulum
(L)QuelM
020
0001457
01214
40
000
903
01547
00
Helv
ellacrisp
a(Scop)F
rM39
80001428
005827
213
4724
001323
003514
3343
6854
002104
002104
Helv
ellaela
stica
Bull
M3
12000110
000874
55
306
000
034
000228
132
198
000
083
000
083
Helv
ellalacunosa
Afzel
M49
122
001794
008886
2118
7304
001316
005433
3898
1003
002453
002453
Hydnang
iaceae
Laccariaam
ethystina
Coo
keM
150
000549
076
0000
047
010
20
000
064
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
GM
Muell
M1678
225
06144
3016387
321512
77305
019972
005750
3677
36557
023142
005230
Hygroph
oraceae
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s(Fr)FrM
04
0000291
0159
0000118
017
20
0Hygrophorus
chrysodon(Batsch)
FrM
1350
000
476
00364
244
98631
000279
000
642
314
776
000198
000198
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
(Alband
Schw
ein)F
rM7
1000256
000
073
2167
186
001346
000138
1537
051
000
967
000
967
Hygroph
orop
sidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
(Wulfen)
Maire
S0
20
000146
051
0000
038
0046
00
Lyop
hyllaceae
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s(Fr)Singer
S46
12001684
000874
3553
712
002207
000530
262
659
001649
000526
Lyophyllu
msp1
S1
0000
037
01385
0000860
0632
0000398
0Morchellaceae
Morchellaela
taFrS
Mlowast
6151
000220
010998
3346
86
000205
003486
295
6859
000186
005471
Morchellaesculen
ta(L)Perslowast
110
000
037
000728
165
557
000102
000
414
23
3000145
000239
Omph
alotaceae
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s(Bu
ll)M
urrillS
1642
000586
003059
3915
1522
000243
001132
375
878
000236
000236
Pezizaceae
Sarcosphaera
coronaria
(Jacq)JSchrotM
0104
0007575
028342
0021081
02198
0017532
Pluteaceae
Pluteuscervinu
s(Schaeff)PKu
mmS
28
000
073
000583
329
931
000204
000
693
152
103
000
096
000822
Pyronemataceae
Geopora
spM
01
0000
073
0183
0000136
0324
00
Physalacria
ceae
Armillariaaffm
ellea
(Vahl)PKu
mmP
440
001611
034203
0002124
0281
0001768
0Rh
izop
ogon
aceae
Rhizopogon
spM
312
001135
000146
481
173
000299
000129
914
309
000575
000246
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
4 Journal of Mycology
Table 1 Geographic location of the sampling units selected for registering ecological data of wild edible mushrooms in LaMalinche NationalPark Tlaxcala MexicoSamplingunit (SU) Location Vegetation Altitude
(p = plot)Geographical coordinatesNorth West
SU175 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
Pinus montezumaemdashAbies religiosa forest 50plots are located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms during the rainy season
3263 (p1)3189 (p50)3260 (p51)3189 (p100)
19∘121015840171015840101584019∘121015840121015840101584019∘121015840111015840101584019∘1210158400710158401015840
97∘591015840401015840101584097∘591015840251015840101584097∘591015840411015840101584097∘5910158402610158401015840
SU245 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumaemdashA religiosa forest 50 plotsare located in Pinus and the other 50 inAbies Abies is located in a ravine Pinus areais subject to frequent harvesting of wildmushrooms and firewood during the rainyseason
2900 (p1)2868 (p50)2898 (p51)2868 (p100)
19∘121015840091015840101584019∘121015840081015840101584019∘121015840141015840101584019∘1210158401310158401015840
97∘571015840471015840101584097∘571015840311015840101584097∘571015840481015840101584097∘5710158403310158401015840
SU37 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushrooms andfirewood during the rainy season
3146 (p1)3104 (p50)3139 (p51)3097 (p100)
19∘121015840051015840101584019∘111015840591015840101584019∘121015840001015840101584019∘1110158405410158401015840
97∘591015840151015840101584097∘591015840031015840101584097∘591015840161015840101584097∘5910158400410158401015840
SU455 km east fromFrancisco Javier
Mina
P montezumae forest The forest is subject tofrequent harvesting of wild mushroomsduring the rainy season
2996 (p1)2951 (p50)2989 (p51)2954 (p100)
19∘121015840001015840101584019∘111015840581015840101584019∘111015840551015840101584019∘1110158405210158401015840
97∘581015840281015840101584097∘581015840131015840101584097∘581015840291015840101584097∘5810158401510158401015840
SU5145 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest The forest is subject tofrequent tree cutting
3600 (p1)3660 (p50)3390 (p51)3540 (p100)
19∘131015840491015840101584019∘131015840571015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘1310158405210158401015840
98∘031015840281015840101584098∘031015840351015840101584098∘031015840361015840101584098∘0310158402510158401015840
SU6115 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
A religiosa forest with some individuals of Pmontezumae and Salix sp
3111 (p1)3134 (p50)3116 (p51)3154 (p100)
19∘131015840581015840101584019∘141015840021015840101584019∘131015840561015840101584019∘1410158400110158401015840
98∘051015840051015840101584098∘041015840571015840101584098∘051015840061015840101584098∘0410158405610158401015840
SU712 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Open forest dominated by P montezumaeThe forest is subject to frequent tree cutting
3150 (p1)3330 (p 50)3240 (p51)3330 (p100)
19∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840501015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158404910158401015840
98∘041015840001015840101584098∘041015840081015840101584098∘041015840071015840101584098∘0310158405810158401015840
SU813 km west from
San LuisTeolocholco
Mixed forest dominated by P montezumaemixed with Alnus jorullensis A religiosaand Salix sp The forest is subject to frequenttree cutting
3315 (p1)3269 (p50)3316 (p51)3270 (p100)
19∘131015840541015840101584019∘131015840551015840101584019∘131015840511015840101584019∘1310158405110158401015840
98∘041015840021015840101584098∘041015840131015840101584098∘041015840011015840101584098∘0410158401410158401015840
(For an integer (119899) SU119899 = sampling unit 119899 and p119899 = plot 119899)
the SU4 in a Pinus forest on Southeast slopeThis means thatthey were 56 times more than those recorded at SU1 wherethe less number of fruit bodies was found (230) The lowestabundancewas observed in thePinus-Abies forest (SU1) of thesame areaMore fruit bodies were found in the year 2000 thanin the two previous years Southeast slope produced almosttwice as many fruit bodies as the Southwest slope (Table 2)The most abundant species in the three years were L tricho-dermophora Hebeloma mesophaeum Clitocybe gibba Helve-lla lacunosa Morchella elata Suillus pseudobrevipes Helvellacrispa and S coronaria
Although themean of fruit bodies produced in the South-east slope (25683 fruit bodiesSU year) doubled those pro-duced in the Southwest slope (11442 fruit bodiesSU year)no statistical differences were found between slopes (119865
(118)=
377 119875 = 006) nor between years (119865(218)= 0291 119875 =
0750) because of the high standard deviation in the data ofSoutheast slope (233882)The interaction between slopes andyears also showed any difference (119865
(218)= 1034 119875 = 0375)
33 Production Comparing the values obtained for the twoareas higher values (1610 Kg3200m2) were found on theSoutheast slope L trichodermophora being the most pro-ductive species whereas on the Southwest slope (1344Kg3200m2) S coronaria showed the highest values The totalfresh weight recorded at the SUs during the three-yearperiod was 2954Kg3200m2 (Table 2) This amount means9210 Kgha3 years of edible wild mushrooms SU3 locatedin a Pinus forest had the highest values of fresh weight Year2000 had the greatest production of edible mushroom freshweight
The species with the highest values of fresh weight were in1998 L ovispora R acrifolia R brevipesHmesophaeum andL trichodermophora in 1999L trichodermophoraR brevipesR acrifolia andA rubescens and in year 2000 S coronaria Ltrichodermophora S pseudobrevipes R acrifolia C glauco-pus and B pinophilus No statistical differences were foundbetween the means of fresh weight of edible mushroomsproduced in each slope (119865
(118)= 0417 119875 = 0526) nor
Journal of Mycology 5
Table2Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Agaric
aceae
Agaricu
saugustusF
rS0
10
000
073
018
0000134
01
0000
080
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m(Scop)F
ayod
S15
14000549
001020
517
43
000321
000
032
358
038
000225
000225
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
PersS
518
000183
001311
398
1414
5000
025
001052
064
1425
000
040
001137
Amanita
ceae
Amanita
affvaginata(Bull)
LamM
20
000
073
097
0000
060
013
30
000
084
0Am
anita
basii
Guzman
andRa
m-G
uill
M4
0000146
0289
0001795
02259
0001422
0Am
anita
franchetii
(Bou
d)F
ayod
M50
2001831
000146
8299
1052
005155
000783
6599
847
004153
000
676
Amanita
fulva
FrM
02
0000146
0194
0000144
0174
0000139
Amanita
rubescensP
ersM
434
001574
000291
8182
112
005083
000833
5811
1062
003657
000847
Auric
ulariaceae
Auric
ulariaauric
ula-judae(Bu
ll)Q
uelP
25
000
073
000364
06
5637119864minus05
000
042
0039
03924119864minus05
000
031
Boletaceae
Boletus
lurid
usSchaeff
M
02
0000146
0764
0000568
010
30
000
082
Boletus
pinophilu
sPilatand
Dermek
M5
2000183
000146
9205
2437
005718
001813
8495
2453
005346
001957
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellu
scibariusF
rM0
20
000146
0254
0000189
0234
0000187
Clavariadelphaceae
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
Don
kM10
0000366
0333
0000207
0412
0000259
0Clavulinaceae
Clavulinacin
erea
(Bull)
JSchrotM
01
0000
073
054
0000
040
0093
0000
074
Clavulinacoralloides(L)JSchrotM
01
0000
073
087
0000
065
013
70
000110
Cortin
ariaceae
Cortinariusglaucopus
(Schaeff)F
rM1
15000
037
001092
605
41283
000376
003071
371
3202
000233
000233
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
(Pers)
QuelM
316
36011571
002622
75805
8695
004709
000
647
9357
943
005888
005888
Disc
inaceae
Gyromitraınfula(Schaeff)Q
uelS
137
000
037
002695
112
1604
000
070
001193
121648
000
075
000
076
Entolomataceae
Entolomacly
peatum
(L)PKu
mmM
7212
002636
000873
7332
1308
004554
000
973
4872
1169
00306
600306
6Gom
phaceae
Ramariasp1
M1
0000
037
05299
0000329
0393
0000247
0Ra
mariasp2
M1
0000
037
03368
0002092
02561
0001612
0Ra
mariasp3
M2
0000
073
01079
0000
670
01228
0000773
0Tu
rbinellus
floccosus
(Schwein)E
arleex
Giachiniand
Caste
llano
M0
99
000
655
0395
0002938
03241
00
Gom
phidiaceae
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis(M
urrill)
OK
MillM
62
000220
000146
263
94000163
000
070
339
072
000213
000
057
6 Journal of Mycology
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Helv
ellaceae
Helv
ellaacetabulum
(L)QuelM
020
0001457
01214
40
000
903
01547
00
Helv
ellacrisp
a(Scop)F
rM39
80001428
005827
213
4724
001323
003514
3343
6854
002104
002104
Helv
ellaela
stica
Bull
M3
12000110
000874
55
306
000
034
000228
132
198
000
083
000
083
Helv
ellalacunosa
Afzel
M49
122
001794
008886
2118
7304
001316
005433
3898
1003
002453
002453
Hydnang
iaceae
Laccariaam
ethystina
Coo
keM
150
000549
076
0000
047
010
20
000
064
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
GM
Muell
M1678
225
06144
3016387
321512
77305
019972
005750
3677
36557
023142
005230
Hygroph
oraceae
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s(Fr)FrM
04
0000291
0159
0000118
017
20
0Hygrophorus
chrysodon(Batsch)
FrM
1350
000
476
00364
244
98631
000279
000
642
314
776
000198
000198
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
(Alband
Schw
ein)F
rM7
1000256
000
073
2167
186
001346
000138
1537
051
000
967
000
967
Hygroph
orop
sidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
(Wulfen)
Maire
S0
20
000146
051
0000
038
0046
00
Lyop
hyllaceae
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s(Fr)Singer
S46
12001684
000874
3553
712
002207
000530
262
659
001649
000526
Lyophyllu
msp1
S1
0000
037
01385
0000860
0632
0000398
0Morchellaceae
Morchellaela
taFrS
Mlowast
6151
000220
010998
3346
86
000205
003486
295
6859
000186
005471
Morchellaesculen
ta(L)Perslowast
110
000
037
000728
165
557
000102
000
414
23
3000145
000239
Omph
alotaceae
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s(Bu
ll)M
urrillS
1642
000586
003059
3915
1522
000243
001132
375
878
000236
000236
Pezizaceae
Sarcosphaera
coronaria
(Jacq)JSchrotM
0104
0007575
028342
0021081
02198
0017532
Pluteaceae
Pluteuscervinu
s(Schaeff)PKu
mmS
28
000
073
000583
329
931
000204
000
693
152
103
000
096
000822
Pyronemataceae
Geopora
spM
01
0000
073
0183
0000136
0324
00
Physalacria
ceae
Armillariaaffm
ellea
(Vahl)PKu
mmP
440
001611
034203
0002124
0281
0001768
0Rh
izop
ogon
aceae
Rhizopogon
spM
312
001135
000146
481
173
000299
000129
914
309
000575
000246
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
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International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 5
Table2Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Agaric
aceae
Agaricu
saugustusF
rS0
10
000
073
018
0000134
01
0000
080
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m(Scop)F
ayod
S15
14000549
001020
517
43
000321
000
032
358
038
000225
000225
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
PersS
518
000183
001311
398
1414
5000
025
001052
064
1425
000
040
001137
Amanita
ceae
Amanita
affvaginata(Bull)
LamM
20
000
073
097
0000
060
013
30
000
084
0Am
anita
basii
Guzman
andRa
m-G
uill
M4
0000146
0289
0001795
02259
0001422
0Am
anita
franchetii
(Bou
d)F
ayod
M50
2001831
000146
8299
1052
005155
000783
6599
847
004153
000
676
Amanita
fulva
FrM
02
0000146
0194
0000144
0174
0000139
Amanita
rubescensP
ersM
434
001574
000291
8182
112
005083
000833
5811
1062
003657
000847
Auric
ulariaceae
Auric
ulariaauric
ula-judae(Bu
ll)Q
uelP
25
000
073
000364
06
5637119864minus05
000
042
0039
03924119864minus05
000
031
Boletaceae
Boletus
lurid
usSchaeff
M
02
0000146
0764
0000568
010
30
000
082
Boletus
pinophilu
sPilatand
Dermek
M5
2000183
000146
9205
2437
005718
001813
8495
2453
005346
001957
Cantharellaceae
Cantharellu
scibariusF
rM0
20
000146
0254
0000189
0234
0000187
Clavariadelphaceae
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
Don
kM10
0000366
0333
0000207
0412
0000259
0Clavulinaceae
Clavulinacin
erea
(Bull)
JSchrotM
01
0000
073
054
0000
040
0093
0000
074
Clavulinacoralloides(L)JSchrotM
01
0000
073
087
0000
065
013
70
000110
Cortin
ariaceae
Cortinariusglaucopus
(Schaeff)F
rM1
15000
037
001092
605
41283
000376
003071
371
3202
000233
000233
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
(Pers)
QuelM
316
36011571
002622
75805
8695
004709
000
647
9357
943
005888
005888
Disc
inaceae
Gyromitraınfula(Schaeff)Q
uelS
137
000
037
002695
112
1604
000
070
001193
121648
000
075
000
076
Entolomataceae
Entolomacly
peatum
(L)PKu
mmM
7212
002636
000873
7332
1308
004554
000
973
4872
1169
00306
600306
6Gom
phaceae
Ramariasp1
M1
0000
037
05299
0000329
0393
0000247
0Ra
mariasp2
M1
0000
037
03368
0002092
02561
0001612
0Ra
mariasp3
M2
0000
073
01079
0000
670
01228
0000773
0Tu
rbinellus
floccosus
(Schwein)E
arleex
Giachiniand
Caste
llano
M0
99
000
655
0395
0002938
03241
00
Gom
phidiaceae
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis(M
urrill)
OK
MillM
62
000220
000146
263
94000163
000
070
339
072
000213
000
057
6 Journal of Mycology
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Helv
ellaceae
Helv
ellaacetabulum
(L)QuelM
020
0001457
01214
40
000
903
01547
00
Helv
ellacrisp
a(Scop)F
rM39
80001428
005827
213
4724
001323
003514
3343
6854
002104
002104
Helv
ellaela
stica
Bull
M3
12000110
000874
55
306
000
034
000228
132
198
000
083
000
083
Helv
ellalacunosa
Afzel
M49
122
001794
008886
2118
7304
001316
005433
3898
1003
002453
002453
Hydnang
iaceae
Laccariaam
ethystina
Coo
keM
150
000549
076
0000
047
010
20
000
064
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
GM
Muell
M1678
225
06144
3016387
321512
77305
019972
005750
3677
36557
023142
005230
Hygroph
oraceae
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s(Fr)FrM
04
0000291
0159
0000118
017
20
0Hygrophorus
chrysodon(Batsch)
FrM
1350
000
476
00364
244
98631
000279
000
642
314
776
000198
000198
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
(Alband
Schw
ein)F
rM7
1000256
000
073
2167
186
001346
000138
1537
051
000
967
000
967
Hygroph
orop
sidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
(Wulfen)
Maire
S0
20
000146
051
0000
038
0046
00
Lyop
hyllaceae
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s(Fr)Singer
S46
12001684
000874
3553
712
002207
000530
262
659
001649
000526
Lyophyllu
msp1
S1
0000
037
01385
0000860
0632
0000398
0Morchellaceae
Morchellaela
taFrS
Mlowast
6151
000220
010998
3346
86
000205
003486
295
6859
000186
005471
Morchellaesculen
ta(L)Perslowast
110
000
037
000728
165
557
000102
000
414
23
3000145
000239
Omph
alotaceae
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s(Bu
ll)M
urrillS
1642
000586
003059
3915
1522
000243
001132
375
878
000236
000236
Pezizaceae
Sarcosphaera
coronaria
(Jacq)JSchrotM
0104
0007575
028342
0021081
02198
0017532
Pluteaceae
Pluteuscervinu
s(Schaeff)PKu
mmS
28
000
073
000583
329
931
000204
000
693
152
103
000
096
000822
Pyronemataceae
Geopora
spM
01
0000
073
0183
0000136
0324
00
Physalacria
ceae
Armillariaaffm
ellea
(Vahl)PKu
mmP
440
001611
034203
0002124
0281
0001768
0Rh
izop
ogon
aceae
Rhizopogon
spM
312
001135
000146
481
173
000299
000129
914
309
000575
000246
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
6 Journal of Mycology
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Helv
ellaceae
Helv
ellaacetabulum
(L)QuelM
020
0001457
01214
40
000
903
01547
00
Helv
ellacrisp
a(Scop)F
rM39
80001428
005827
213
4724
001323
003514
3343
6854
002104
002104
Helv
ellaela
stica
Bull
M3
12000110
000874
55
306
000
034
000228
132
198
000
083
000
083
Helv
ellalacunosa
Afzel
M49
122
001794
008886
2118
7304
001316
005433
3898
1003
002453
002453
Hydnang
iaceae
Laccariaam
ethystina
Coo
keM
150
000549
076
0000
047
010
20
000
064
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
GM
Muell
M1678
225
06144
3016387
321512
77305
019972
005750
3677
36557
023142
005230
Hygroph
oraceae
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s(Fr)FrM
04
0000291
0159
0000118
017
20
0Hygrophorus
chrysodon(Batsch)
FrM
1350
000
476
00364
244
98631
000279
000
642
314
776
000198
000198
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
(Alband
Schw
ein)F
rM7
1000256
000
073
2167
186
001346
000138
1537
051
000
967
000
967
Hygroph
orop
sidaceae
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
(Wulfen)
Maire
S0
20
000146
051
0000
038
0046
00
Lyop
hyllaceae
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s(Fr)Singer
S46
12001684
000874
3553
712
002207
000530
262
659
001649
000526
Lyophyllu
msp1
S1
0000
037
01385
0000860
0632
0000398
0Morchellaceae
Morchellaela
taFrS
Mlowast
6151
000220
010998
3346
86
000205
003486
295
6859
000186
005471
Morchellaesculen
ta(L)Perslowast
110
000
037
000728
165
557
000102
000
414
23
3000145
000239
Omph
alotaceae
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s(Bu
ll)M
urrillS
1642
000586
003059
3915
1522
000243
001132
375
878
000236
000236
Pezizaceae
Sarcosphaera
coronaria
(Jacq)JSchrotM
0104
0007575
028342
0021081
02198
0017532
Pluteaceae
Pluteuscervinu
s(Schaeff)PKu
mmS
28
000
073
000583
329
931
000204
000
693
152
103
000
096
000822
Pyronemataceae
Geopora
spM
01
0000
073
0183
0000136
0324
00
Physalacria
ceae
Armillariaaffm
ellea
(Vahl)PKu
mmP
440
001611
034203
0002124
0281
0001768
0Rh
izop
ogon
aceae
Rhizopogon
spM
312
001135
000146
481
173
000299
000129
914
309
000575
000246
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 7
Table2Con
tinued
Species
Totalabu
ndance
Relativea
bund
ance
Totalfresh
weight
Relativefresh
weight
Totald
ryweight
Relatived
ryweight
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWE
SES
SWS
Russulaceae
Lactariusd
elicio
sus(L)G
rayM
158
000549
000583
2246
2293
001395
001706
1866
1618
001174
001290
Lactariussalmonico
lorR
Heim
and
Lecla
irM
2113
000769
000
947
35453
18332
002202
001364
297
2119
001869
001690
Russu
laacrifoliaRo
magn
M21
18000769
001312
61395
1677
003814
012474
5865
1474
9003691
0117
64Ru
ssulaalbonigra(K
rombh
)FrM
20
000
073
01447
0000899
0852
0000536
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
naSing
erM
197
000
696
000510
2149
1368
001335
001018
1605
1086
001010
000866
Russu
labrevipesPeck
M19
19000
696
001384
12495
1222
007762
009090
12838
1318
6008079
010518
Russu
laintegra(L)FrM
160
000586
04529
0002813
044
740
002816
0Ru
ssulaolivacea
(Schaeff)F
rM1
0000
037
0572
0000355
0528
0000332
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a(Schaeff)F
rM5
5000183
000364
1621
1058
001007
000787
2013
1134
001267
000
905
Stroph
ariaceae
Pholiota
lenta
S5
16000183
001165
275
1089
000171
000810
222
849
000140
000
677
Strophariacoronilla
(Bullex
DC)Q
uelS
014
0001020
0625
0000
465
0401
0000320
Suillaceae
Suillus
pseudobrevipesAH
Smand
Thiers
M70
52002563
003787
7028
69055
004366
005136
5533
4906
003482
003913
Tricho
lomataceae
Clito
cybe
gibba(Pers)
PKu
mmS
21152
000769
011071
964
5651
000598
004
203
963
4962
000
606
003958
Clito
cybe
odora(Bull)
PKu
mmS
14
000
037
000291
102
212
000
063
000158
009
06856119864minus05
000
054
Lepista
ovisp
ora(J
ELange)GuldenS
161
000586
000
073
17843
174
011084
000129
2104
311
013241
000248
Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
(Pers)
Murrill
Kuhn
erandMaire
S11
45000
403
003277
337
4225
000209
003143
314
3769
000198
00300
6
Trich
olom
aequestre(L)PK
ummM
18
000
037
000583
49
762
000
030
000567
309
663
000194
000529
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslopeSsaprobicMm
ycorrhizalP
parasitic
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
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International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
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Molecular Biology International
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BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
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Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
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BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
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Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
8 Journal of Mycology
between the years (119865(218)= 224 119875 = 0135) The interaction
between mushrooms abundance by slopes and years did notshow any difference (119865
(218)= 119 119875 = 0325)
34 Biomass The highest biomass production (159 Kg3200m23 years) was recorded in the SUs located in Southeastslope while 125 Kg3200m23 years was produced in theSouthwest slope L trichodermophora and L ovispora werethe species with the highest biomass production values in theSoutheast slope and S coronaria and R brevipes in the South-west slope The total biomass was 284Kg3200m23 yearswhich would mean 887 kgha SU3 had the highest valuesThe highest values were recorded in year 2000 (Table 2)
35 Spatiotemporal Frequency Southeast slope had a higherspatiotemporal frequency (STF) presenting 905 plots withmushrooms while Southwest slope had 590 plots withmush-rooms SU4 located in a Pinus forest had the highest overallSTF with 371 while SU7 also in a Pinus forest had the lowestwith 96 Year 2000 had the highest overall STFwith 642 plotsThe species observed in the biggest number of sampling plotswere L trichodermophora H mesophaeum H lacunosa Hcrispa S pseudobrevipes and C gibba then they were thespecies most widely distributed in the study area (Table 3)
36 Spatial Frequency Southeast slope had the highest spatialfrequency (SF) (471 plots) and Southwest slope showed arelative SF of 389 plots The SUs with the highest values offrequency were SU4 SU3 SU6 and SU5 SU7 presented thelowest SF Species with the highest percentage of SF through-out all the sampled areawereL trichodermophora (1775)Hmesophaeum (900)H lacunosa (800)H crispa (638)Mmelaleuca (438) S pseudobrevipes (425) andC gibba(413) (Table 3)
The SF values for A basii A rubescens B pinophilusH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and L decastes werehigher in the Southeast slope while forT floccosusH crispaH lacunosaM elata andM esculenta higher SFs were regis-tered in the Southwest slope In both cases those species havebeen determined to be the most important from a culturalperspective [5]
37 Availability Values obtained as the availability index foreach species are showed in Table 3 Species with the highestvalues in this study were L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosa H crispa M elata C gibba M melaleuca Racrifolia R brevipes and S pseudobrevipes The informationobtained from the availability index shows the presence ofseveral different environments adequate for the fruiting ofmushrooms In the Southwest slope Abies forests are locatedin a lower altitude than those in the Southeast slope wherePinus forests are predominant so there are differences inspecies between the two sites
L trichodermophora H mesophaeum E clypeatum andS pseudobrevipes had the highest values in the Southeastslope while L trichodermophora S coronariaH lacunosaCgibba and H crispa had the highest values on the Southwestslope As for the Southwest slope Figure 2 shows a greater
diversity of species with considerable availability These werepresent in space and time in a differential way As well as inthe Southeast slope (Figure 3) the significance of L tricho-dermophora stands out In this case S coronaria because ofits consistency showed high production values consideringits low abundance
The availability of species measured by the ecologicalimportance value did show remarkable differences betweenthe two slopesThe Southeast slope has two dominant speciesL trichodermophora and H mesophaeum The other speciesregistered on this area showed low values suggesting theirscarce availability in the three sampling years L trichoder-mophora was very abundant it was widely distributed in thesaid space and time In contrast its production was not veryhigh because of the size of its fruit bodies It is interesting tonotice that mushrooms as B pinophilus have relatively highvalues of production due to the consistence and size of theirfruit bodies despite their low abundance and distributionin time and space These characteristics contribute to theincrease of the high production values in the Southeast slope
38 Similarity The cluster analysis (Figure 4) shows the sim-ilarity between SUs based on the values of the spatiotemporalfrequency of species Twomain clusters can be observedThefirst is composed of three SUs two from the Southwest slope(SU6 SU8) and one from the Southeast slope (SU1) The twomost similar SUs of this group are SU1 and SU6 and arerelated to SU8 half of SU1 and all SU6 are located in an Abiesforest and SU8 which is the most different SU is in a mixedforest The second cluster includes SU2 SU4 SU7 and SU3three of them from the Southeast slope and SU7 is from theSouthwest slope all of which are set up on Pinus forests SU2and SU4 are the two most similar SU3 is the most differentwithin this group SU5 is the most different of all SUs
As shown in Figure 5 the results of PCAprovide a sharperdefinition of the different clusters described aboveThe resultsof PCA indicate that the species that contributed to clusterformation (which have a loading gt07 on the first two PCs)wereM affmelaleucaL trichodermophoraA basiiHmeso-phaeumC cibarius andC amianthinum in PC1A vaginataGeopora spG dryophilusG infulaM elata and S coronariain PC2 are all absent from SU3 The first two Principal Com-ponents explain cumulatively 449 of data variation
The representation of the OTUs in a three-dimensionalspace of characters (Figure 5) shows that SUs studied arecloser to one another by vegetation type In the clustersformed by these SUs it is possible to identify subgroupsaccording to the species of edible mushrooms present orabsent Sampling units 1 and 6 showed 17 species in commonsome are characteristic ofAbies forests for example C gibbaC odora H crispa H elastica H lacunosa L salmonicolorandM esculenta And some others also grow in Pinus forestsfor exampleA rubescens and E clypeatum SU8 presented sixexclusive species which had the highest values in the analysisof PCA Conforming a subgroup distinct from the previousSUs 2 and 4 presented 19 species in common most of themaremushrooms associated with Pinus forests (egA basiiAfranchetiiH mesophaeum L trichodermophora and S pseu-dobrevipes among others) and SUs 3 and 7 share 16 species
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 9
Table3Mushroo
mecologicalvaria
bles
measuredin
eighttransectslocatedin
LaMalincheN
ationalP
arkTlaxcalaM
exico
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relatives
patia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Agaricu
saugustus
01
000
425
000257
01
0000169
0000
633
Amanita
affvaginata
20
000849
04
0000
442
000100
00
Amanita
basii
40
004
246
031
2003425
000339
006216
000339
Amanita
franchetii
202
0000514
02
0000339
0112
32001781
Amanita
fulva
01
00360
9000257
202
002219
000339
002211
000886
Amanita
rubescens
171
001274
000257
20
000221
0010487
001381
Armillariasp1
60
000212
010
0001105
0006115
0Au
riculariaauric
ula
12
0000514
13
000110
000508
000
400
001428
Boletus
lurid
us0
2000849
000514
02
0000339
0001567
Boletus
pinophilu
s4
2000849
000514
52
000552
000339
007303
002811
Cantharellu
scibarius
42
000
425
000514
02
0000339
000849
001188
Chroogom
phus
jamaicensis
22
000
425
000514
40
000
4412
0001250
000730
Clavariadelphu
struncatus
20
00
11
000110
000169
001108
000169
Clavulinacin
erea
01
0000257
11
000110
000169
000110
000540
Clavulinacoralloides
01
002123
000257
1342
001436
007119
001436
007513
Clito
cybe
gibba
1023
000212
005913
12
000110
000339
003601
021526
Clito
cybe
odora
11
000
424
000257
17
000110
001186
000
423
001893
Cortinariusglaucopus
15
000212
001285
113
001215
000508
001840
005957
Cysto
derm
aam
ianthinu
m6
2001274
000514
32
000331
000339
002476
001905
Entolomacly
peatum
252
005308
000514
325
003536
000847
016035
003209
Geopora
sp
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
636
Gymnopu
sdryophillu
s3
9000
637
002314
512
000552
002033
002018
008539
Gyromitrainfula
19
000212
002314
117
000110
002881
000
429
009083
Hebelo
mamesophaeum
5715
012102
003856
9921
010939
003559
039321
010684
Helv
ellaacetabulum
09
0002314
012
0002034
0006707
Helv
ellacrisp
a18
33003822
008483
2550
002762
008475
009335
026298
Helv
ellaela
stica
17
000212
001799
38
000331
001356
000
688
004
257
Helv
ellalacunosa
1747
00360
9012082
2562
002762
010508
009482
036909
Hygrophoropsis
aurantiaca
01
0000257
01
0000169
0000
610
Hygrophorus
hypotheju
s0
10
000257
821
000884
003559
000884
004
226
Hygrophorus
chrysodon
810
001699
002571
02
0000339
002453
007193
Hygrophorus
purpurascens
21
000212
001285
52
000552
000339
002580
000807
Laccariaam
ethystina
20
000
425
000257
30
000331
0001353
0La
ccariatrichodermophora
109
33000
425
0380
70041989
011864
146546
042485
Lactariusd
elicio
sus
73
023142
008483
115
001215
000847
004
646
003907
Lactariussalmonico
lor
108
001486
000771
1212
001326
002034
006
420
006
401
Lepista
ovisp
ora
91
004
671
001542
151
001657
000169
015238
000
629
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
10 Journal of Mycology
Table3Con
tinued
Species
Totalspatia
lfrequ
ency
Relativ
espatia
lfrequ
ency
Totalspatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Relativ
espatio
tempo
ral
frequ
ency
Availabilityindex
Availabilityindex
SESa
SWSb
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
SES
SWS
Lycoperdon
perla
tum
47
002123
002057
411
000
442
001864
001499
006
027
Lyophyllu
mdecaste
s22
6000849
001799
297
003204
001186
0117
67004132
Lyophyllu
msp1
10
001911
000257
10
000197
0001220
0Mela
noleu
camela
leuca
728
000212
08
34000884
005763
002982
019381
Morchellaela
ta3
17001492
007198
323
000331
003898
001393
022752
Morchellaesculen
ta1
5000
637
004370
16
000110
001017
000
462
00344
4Ph
oliota
lenta
59
000212
001285
511
000552
001864
001968
006153
Pluteuscervinu
s2
6001062
002314
27
000221
001186
000
923
004
004
Ramariasp1
10
000
425
001542
10
000110
0000
689
0Ra
mariasp2
10
000212
01
0000110
0002452
0Ra
mariasp3
10
000212
01
0000110
0001067
0Rh
izopogon
sp
72
001486
000514
62
000
663
000339
003583
001127
Russu
laacrifolia
138
002760085
002057
1911
002099
001864
00944
2017706
Russu
laalbonigra
10
000212
01
0000110
0001295
0Ru
ssulaam
erica
na8
5001699
001285
106
001105
001017
004
834
003830
Russu
labrevipes
613
001274
003342
2317
002541
002881
012273
016697
Russu
laintegra
120
002548
015
0001657
000760
40
Russu
laolivacea
10
000212
01
0000110
0000715
0Ru
ssulaxerampelin
a3
2000
637
000514
52
000552
000339
002379
00200
4Sarcosphaera
coronaria
018
0004
627
031
0005254
0038538
Strophariacoronilla
03
0000771
07
0001186
000344
2Suillus
pseudobrevipes
2212
004
671
003085
3626
003978
004
407
015578
016415
Turbinellus
floccosus
04
0001028
05
0000847
0005469
Trich
olom
aequestre
16
000212
001542
18
000110
001356
000390
004
048
a Sou
theastslo
pebSouthw
estslope
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 11
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
045La
ccar
ia tr
ichod
erm
opho
raSa
rcos
phae
ra co
rona
riaH
elvell
a la
cuno
saH
elvell
a cr
ispa
Mor
chell
a ela
taCl
itocy
be gi
bba
Mela
noleu
ca m
elaleu
caRu
ssula
acr
ifolia
Russu
la b
revi
pes
Suill
us p
seud
obre
vipe
sH
ebelo
ma
mes
opha
eum
Gyro
mitr
a in
fula
Gym
nopu
s dry
ophi
lus
Clav
ulin
a co
rallo
ides
Hyg
roph
orus
chry
sodo
nH
elvell
a ac
etab
ulum
Lact
ariu
s sal
mon
icolo
rPh
olio
ta le
nta
Lyco
perd
on p
erla
tum
Cort
inar
ius g
lauc
opus
Turb
inell
us fl
occo
sus
Helv
ella
elasti
caH
ygro
phor
us h
ypot
heju
sLy
ophy
llum
dec
aste
sTr
ichol
oma
eque
stre
Plut
eus c
ervi
nus
Lacta
rius d
elicio
sus
Russu
la a
mer
icana
Mor
chell
a es
culen
taSt
roph
aria
coro
nilla
Ento
lom
a cly
peat
umBo
letus
pin
ophi
lus
Russu
la x
eram
pelin
aCy
stode
rma
amia
nthi
num
Clito
cybe
odo
raAm
anita
fran
chet
iiBo
letus
lurid
usAu
ricul
aria
aur
icula
-juda
eAm
anita
rube
scen
sCa
ntha
rellu
s cib
ariu
sRh
izop
ogon
sp
RFW-SWRSF-SW
RSTF-SWRAB-SW
Figure 2 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southwest slope of LaMalinche National ParkMexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SWrelative fresh weight of Southwest slope RSF-SW relative spatial frequency of Southwest slope RSTF-SW relative spatiotemporal frequencyof Southwest slope RAB-SW relative abundance of Southwest slope
which are mushrooms associated with Pinus forests (eg Afranchetii and B pinophilus) SU 5 was the most different ithad two exclusive species (Geopora sp and S coronaria) andis located higher in altitude than other SUs
Comparing information obtained for both slopes of LaMalinche National Park the highest values in all parametersconsidered were observed in the Southeast slope Howeverwe did not find statistical differences
39 Diversity Based on the abundance of fruit bodies theShannon-Wiener diversity index (1198671015840) in the Southeast slope
was 178 with a max 1198671015840 of 387 1198671015840 in Southwest slope was300 with amax 3891198671015840 Based on the abundance of plots1198671015840was 253 for Southeast slope and 326 for Southwest slope Insummary considering the abundance of fruit bodies or plotsthe greatest diversity values were found in the SouthwestThe calculation of the weighted diversity index (119867
119901) showed
that both slopes are statistically different with respect to oneanother (Table 4)
The highest value for the Shannon-Wiener diversity indexwas obtained in SU7 (1198671015840 = 343) located in the Southwestslope with 21 species The lowest value of diversity was
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
12 Journal of Mycology
Table 4 Wild edible mushrooms diversity in La Malinche National Park Mexico
Abundance of fruit bodies Abundance of plotsSouthwest slope Southeast slope Southwest slope Southeast slope
119878 = species richness 49 48 49 48119873 = number of fruit bodiesplots 1373 2731 590 9031198671015840 = Shannon-Wiener diversity 300 178 326 2551198671015840
max = maximum diversity 389 387 389 387119867119901= weighted diversity 298 177 322 250
Var = variance 0000930 0001224 000173 000296119905 = Studentrsquos 119905-test minus26055 minus10573df = degree of freedom 39374 14888119875 (same) = probability 33256119890188 3048711989025
0
02
04
06
08
1
12
14
16
RFW-SERSF-SE
RSTF-SERAB-SE
Lacc
aria
trich
oder
mop
hora
Sarc
osph
aera
coro
naria
Helv
ella
lacu
nosa
Helv
ella
crisp
aM
orch
ella
elata
Clito
cybe
gibb
aM
elano
leuca
mela
leuca
Russu
la a
crifo
liaRu
ssula
bre
vipe
sSu
illus
pse
udob
revi
pes
Heb
elom
a m
esop
haeu
mGy
rom
itra
infu
laGy
mno
pus d
ryop
hilu
sCl
avul
ina
cora
lloid
esH
ygro
phor
us ch
ryso
don
Helv
ella
acet
abul
umLa
ctar
ius s
alm
onico
lor
Phol
iota
lent
aLy
cope
rdon
per
latu
mCo
rtin
ariu
s gla
ucop
usTu
rbin
ellus
floc
cosu
sH
elvell
a ela
stica
Hyg
roph
orus
hyp
othe
jus
Lyop
hyllu
m d
ecas
tes
Trich
olom
a eq
uestr
ePl
uteu
s cer
vinu
sLa
ctariu
s deli
ciosu
sRu
ssula
am
erica
naM
orch
ella
escu
lenta
Stro
phar
ia co
roni
llaEn
tolo
ma
clype
atum
Bolet
us p
inop
hilu
sRu
ssula
xer
ampe
lina
Cysto
derm
a am
iant
hinu
mCl
itocy
be o
dora
Aman
ita fr
anch
etii
Bolet
us lu
ridus
Auric
ular
ia a
uricu
la-ju
dae
Aman
ita ru
besc
ens
Cant
hare
llus c
ibar
ius
Rhiz
opog
on sp
Figure 3 Availability of wild edible mushrooms in Southeast slope of LaMalinche National Park Mexico Availability Index was obtained byadding the relative values of abundance spatial frequency spatiotemporal frequency and fresh weight of each mushroom species RFW-SErelative fresh weight of Southeast slope RSF relative spatial frequency of Southeast slope RSTF-SE relative spatiotemporal frequency ofSoutheast slope RAB-SE relative abundance of Southeast slope
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 13
SU1SU6
SU2
SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7
SU8
Correlation coefficient000 025 050 075 100
r = 0923
Figure 4 Phenogram showing the similarity between SUs locatedin La Malinche National Park Mexico according to spatiotemporalfrequency of species of wild edible mushrooms SUs 1 and 2 arelocated inAbies-Pinus forests (50 plots inAbies and 50 in Pinus) SUs5 and 6 are located in Abies-Pinus forests SUs 3 4 and 7 are locatedin Pinus forests SU 8 is located in a mixed forest
obtained in SU4 (1198671015840 = 181) located in the Southeast slopewith 25 speciesThe evenness ranged from088 in SU1 (Pinus-Abies forest) to 078 in SU8 (mixed forest dominated byPinus)(Table 4)
4 Discussion
The area located in Southeast slope of La Malinche NationalPark presented the highest values of abundance productionbiomass STF and SF of fruiting bodies of edible wildmushrooms while the values obtained in the SUs located inthe Southwest slopes were lower Southeast slope is an areainfluenced by mestizo communities contrary to the indige-nous condition in the Southwest region this is a relevant factin terms of forest managementThe other difference betweenboth slopes related to the management of mushrooms is thelevel of commercialization which is made in great scale insome communities of the Southeast slope for example inJavier Mina opposite to the Southwest region where thereexists a low-level trade of mushrooms and in San IsidroBuensuceso where their use is mainly for self-consumptionBy this way different extractive techniques and uses havedifferent impacts on the availability of mushrooms in theforest areas surrounding the communities [5]
Both locations had almost the same number of species Inyear 2000 higher values were found in all variablesmeasuredWith regard to the SUs the highest values were recorded forSU4 and the lowest for SU1 Highest values in production(fresh weight) and biomass (dry weight) were recorded inSU3 Highest species richness was detected in SUs 2 and 6Largest number of exclusive species was found in SU8 andSU2 Mycorrhizal fungi were more abundant than saprobessince families with more species observed were RussulaceaeTricholomataceae Amanitaceae Gomphaceae and Helvel-laceae
It should be noticed thatHmesophaeum andM elata hadtheir highest abundance in 1998 this was probably a result ofthe fires before the rainy season Fires had a favorable effect instimulating fruiting and in increasing the number of sporo-carps Moser [17] mentions the carbonicolous habit of H
PC1
PC2
000
200
400
minus200
minus400
minus850 minus538 minus225 088 400
SU1
SU6
SU2SU3
SU4
SU5
SU7 SU8
Figure 5 Representation of the sampling units in La MalincheNational Park in a bidimensional space of characters with aPrincipal Component Analysis Sampling units (SUs) from 1 to 8 aregrouped (inside rectangles) according to the spatiotemporal fre-quency of edible mushrooms growing in each one Principal Com-ponent (PC) 1 versus PC 2 The first two Principal Componentsexplain cumulatively 449 of data variation
mesophaeum and Lincoff et al [18] describe the preferenceofM elata to fruit in areas that have been burned prior to therainy season That is the reason why such species presentedhigh values of abundance during the three years of samplingM elata was collected from the Pinus-Abies forest (SUs 1 5and 8) andH mesophaeum from both Pinus and Pinus-Abiesforests (SUs 1ndash8)
Most significant species in the Southeast slope have thehighest values in production abundance and spatial fre-quency in this area compared to the same species in the otherslope The same behavior was observed in the Southwestslope Then the possibility to make a more comprehensiveresearch is suggested that takes into consideration the mon-itoring of ecology of mushrooms for a long period includingthe measurement of structural characteristics of vegetationand weather variables It would also be very importantto include the measurement of the impact of harvestingand other traditional management practices as ecologicalvariables Intentional fires increase the production of somespecies asH mesophaeum andMorchella spp but there is noinformation of their effect on other species in the area
Investigations made about the ecology of wild ediblefungi in Mexico have used different methods cannot makeany kind of comparisons However in some forests of Cen-tral and Southern Mexico production values obtained arevery variable compared to the present study We recorded2953 kg3200m2 or 92101 kgha3 years and Zamora-Mar-tınez and Nieto de Pascual-Pola [19] reported a productionof 763 kghayear and for the other year 524 kgha ofedible wildmushrooms in a Christmas trees plantation (Abiesreligiosa) in Topilejo Mexico The authors suggest that theannual variations in the production of mushrooms were dueto temperature and precipitation as well as the age of thetrees Also in the Malinche Volcano Hernandez-Dıaz [8]assessed the production of wild edible mushrooms in a pineand fir forest sampling two permanent plots of 900m2 eachThere were 35 species of fungi 28 in fir and 22 in pine
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
14 Journal of Mycology
The total production was 5550 kghayear of weight freshAnahid [20] reported 49 species of wild edible mushroomsin the fir forest of La Malinche volcano with a production of2734 kghayear
Garibay-Orijel et al [14] recorded 81 species of wildedible mushrooms in the pine-oak forest of Ixtlan deJuarez Oaxaca The production was of 5901 kg105600m2or 558 kgha2 years Availability is very heterogeneous indense areas within the same forest Species composition isvery different abundance and production are contrastingThis was not the case with La Malinche where the speciescomposition in both slopes compared was very similar andthe availability of species shows two patterns few availablespecies in Southeast slope and greater availability of manyspecies in Southwest slope Both in Ixtlan and in LaMalincheL trichodermofora is one of the most abundant speciesGaribay-Orijel et al [14] suggest that the utilization of thespecies must be done using different strategies taking intoaccount their availability
It is necessary to remark the importance of designingan ecological method more adequate to sample mushroomspecies Because of the way that data were obtained with inthis study the real values in all parameters are underesti-mated It is possible to say the above if comparisons aremadebetween the amounts of mushrooms which collectors obtainduring their travels Montoya et al [21] reported 2196 Kgof A basii in one rainy season and Pacheco-Cobos [22]showed a value of 2494 fruit bodies of T floccosus and 2066of C gibba on 55 fungi search paths with persons from SanIsidro Buensuceso This means that there are considerabledifferences between those species for the values found in thisstudy
On the other hand climatic conditions are one of the keyfactors for fructification [23] and the climatic informationof La Malinche volcano suggests several differences betweenthe two slopes This is important because rain is one of themost important factors that could affect the soil humiditynutriment availability and temperature However rains havean irregular distribution in the studied area Comparingthe rain regime with the annual average precipitation it isobserved that San Pablo del Monte (in Southwest slope) isthe area with more rains with annual values of 9427mmValues in the municipality of Zitlaltepec located in the Eastpart are of 800mm of annual rains These differences affectthe availability of plants and other organisms as mushroomsAnother important weather element is temperature becausedepending on its values it could affect the assimilation ofseveral nutrients minerals and water The lowest temper-ature in Zitlaltepec is 0∘C during the coldest months andthe maximum temperature is from 20 to 28∘C San Pablodel Monte is the warmest area with maximum temperaturesfrom 22 to 28∘C throughout the year and its coldest temper-ature is never under 5∘C Frosts affect negatively the fruitingof mushrooms this was observed in this study during threeyears of collection In La Malinche the highest incidenceof frosts is registered from November to February with anincidence of 60 to 80 days per year [24] In addition thecharacteristics of climatic variables in the study area explainthe differences found in the two sampled areas Information
about temperature is important because it affects the levelof humidity retention in the soil throughout time with abeneficial effect in the fruiting of some mushroom speciesApparently mushroom collection did not affect abundanceproduction and frequency of mushrooms even though therewere more frequent visits from mushroom collectors in theSoutheast slope than in the Southwest region nevertheless itwould be convenient to test their actual effect in experimen-tal plots in the park
5 Conclusions
The results show differences between the two La Malincheslopes regarding production abundance richness and diver-sity of edible species of mushrooms Southeast slope pre-sented in all variables measured higher values than South-west slope However the availability of mushroom speciesin space and time is more homogeneous in the Southwestslope where it is possible to find more species and betterdistribution during the rainy season There are few speciesthat dominate the fruit body production in the Southeastslope We believe that the management of forests by peopleof different origins (indigenous in the West and mestizo inthe East) and the level of commercialization of mushroomspecies that are important in each slope as well as the typeof forests with their microenvironments are determinants ofthose differences
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Trinidad Romero from Javier Mina whokindly collected mushrooms in the forest with the authorsThe authors are also grateful to Jose Jimenez-Lopez forassisting them with weather information and to Andrea VeraReyes for the support at soilrsquos Laboratory in Centro de Inves-tigaciones en Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autonoma deTlaxcala (CICB UAT) The authors are grateful to HectorLuna for his assistance during field trips Special thanks aredue to the staff of Mycorrhiza Laboratory in the CICB UATThis research was supported by CONACyT (Reference no980022) and PROMEP (code PPROMEP UATLAX-2000-07) Thanks are due to Coordinacion General de EcologıaTlaxcala for the permissions to enter the Park
References
[1] A Espejel-Rodrıguez N Santacruz-Garcıa and I Castillo-Ramos ldquoApropiacion deterioro y conservacion de los bosquesde la Malinche una vision retrospectivardquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Cas-tro Tucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 275ndash304CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Journal of Mycology 15
[2] A Kong A Montoya and A Estrada-Torres ldquoHongos macro-scopicosrdquo in Biodiversidad Del Parque Nacional MalincheTlaxcala Mexico F J A Fenandez and J C Lopez-DomınguezEds pp 47ndash72 Coordinacion General de Ecologıa y Gobiernodel estado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 2005
[3] A Montoya A Kong A Estrada-Torres J Cifuentes and JCaballero ldquoUseful wild fungi of La Malinche National ParkMexicordquo Fungal Diversity vol 17 pp 115ndash143 2004
[4] C Netzahuatl-Munoz ldquoPolıtica de conservacion de los recursosdel Parque Nacional Malincherdquo in MatlalcueYetl Visiones Pop-ulares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo P Castro Tuckerand T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds vol 2 pp 253ndash274CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
[5] A Montoya E A Torres-Garcıa A Kong A Estrada-Torresand J Caballero ldquoGender differences and regionalization of thecultural significance of wild mushrooms around La MalincheVolcano Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 104 no 4 pp 826ndash834 2012
[6] E Hunn ldquoThe utilitarian factor in folk biological classificationrdquoAmerican Anthropologist vol 84 no 4 pp 830ndash847 1985
[7] A Montoya O Hernandez-Totomoch A Estrada-Torres AKong and J Caballero ldquoTraditional knowledge about mush-rooms in a Nahua community in the state of Tlaxcala MexicordquoMycologia vol 95 no 5 pp 793ndash806 2003
[8] L Hernandez-Dıaz Evaluacion de la productividad de los hon-gos comestibles silvestres en el Volcan LaMalintzi estado de Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Departamento de Agrobiologıa UniversidadAutonoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1998
[9] Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Sın-tesis Geografica de Tlaxcala Mexico D F Instituto Nacional deEstadıstica Geografıa e Informatica Anexo Cartografico delEstado de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico 1986
[10] A Y Rossman R E Tulloss T E Orsquodell and R G Thorn Pro-tocols for an All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Fungi in a CostaRican Conservation Area Parkway Boone NC USA 1998
[11] G Guzman Los Nombres de los Hongos y lo Relacionado conEllos en America Latina Instituto de Ecologıa AC XalapaMexico 1997
[12] E Boa Wild Edible Fungi A Global Overview of Their Use andImportance to People FAO Rome Italy 2004
[13] Stat-Soft Statistica 10 Para Windows Stat-Soft Tulsa OklaUSA 2010
[14] R Garibay-Orijel M Martınez-Ramos and J CifuentesldquoDisponibilidad de esporomas de hongos comestibles en losbosques de pino-encino de Ixtlan de Juarez Oaxacardquo RevistaMexicana De Biodiversidad vol 80 pp 521ndash534 2009
[15] J F Rohlf Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate AnalysisSystem Version 21 Applied Biostatistics New York NY USA2000
[16] Oslash Hammer D A T Harper and P D Ryan ldquoPast paleontolog-ical statistics software package for education and data analysisrdquoPalaeontologia Electronica vol 4 no 1 pp 19ndash20 2001
[17] M Moser Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales BoletalesAgricales Russulales) Roger Phillips London UK 1983
[18] G D Lincoff H Mitchel and I E Liberman Toxic and Hallu-cinogenic Mushroom Poisoning Van Nostrand Reinhold Com-pany New York NY USA 2001
[19] M C Zamora-Martınez and C Nieto de Pascual-Pola ldquoNaturalproduction of wild edible mushrooms in the southwester ruralterritory of Mexico City Mexicordquo Forest Ecology and Manage-ment vol 72 no 1 pp 13ndash20 1995
[20] T G E Anahid Estudio ecologico y frecuencia de mencion delos hongos silvestres en el Parque Nacional La Malinche Tlax-cala [PhD thesis] Facultad de Ciencias Universidad NacionalAutonoma de Mexico Mexico City Mexico 2009
[21] AMontoya N Hernandez CMapes A Kong andA Estrada-Torres ldquoThe collection and sale of wild mushrooms in a com-munity of TlaxcalaMexicordquo Economic Botany vol 62 no 3 pp413ndash424 2008
[22] L Pacheco-Cobos Analisis de las trayectorias de busqueda derecursos forestales el caso de la recoleccion de hongos en SanIsidro Buensuceso Tlaxcala [PhD thesis] Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Distrito FederalMexico 2010
[23] I Brunner F Brunner and G A Laursen ldquoCharacterizationand comparison of macrofungal communities in an Alnus ten-uifolia and an Alnus crispa forest in Alaskardquo Canadian Journalof Botany vol 70 no 6 pp 1247ndash1258 1992
[24] M Hernandez-Lopez and J Jimenez-Lopez ldquoEl clima de laMatlalcueye y el conocimiento tradicionalrdquo in MatlalcueYetlVisiones Populares Sobre Cultura Ambiente y Desarrollo C PTucker and T M El Colegio de Tlaxcala Eds pp 109ndash134CONACYT Mesoamerican Research Foundation TlaxcalaMexico 2009
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Anatomy Research International
PeptidesInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom
International Journal of
Volume 2014
Zoology
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Molecular Biology International
GenomicsInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioinformaticsAdvances in
Marine BiologyJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Signal TransductionJournal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
BioMed Research International
Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Biochemistry Research International
ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Genetics Research International
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Advances in
Virolog y
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom
Nucleic AcidsJournal of
Volume 2014
Stem CellsInternational
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
Enzyme Research
Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014
International Journal of
Microbiology
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