Introduction of edible fungi

靳利蕊

陈斯国

Overview

（Ⅰ）Definition

（Ⅱ）Classification

（Ⅲ）Cultivation (Production)

（Ⅳ）Nutrition Value and other Applications

（Ⅰ）Definition

Edible fungi are the fleshy and edible fruiting

bodies of higher fungi. They belong to the

macrofungi, because their fruiting structures are

large enough to be seen with the naked eye.

Edible fungi

Mushroom

vs

Edibility may be defined by criteria that include

absence of poisonous effects on humans and

desirable taste and aroma.

Mushroom

Edible

fungi

Edible

Mushroom

Less than 10% of all mushrooms may be edible.

1. Toth, B. Mushroom toxins and cancer (review). Int J Oncol 1995;6:137

（Ⅱ）Classification

(1) Basidiomycotina （担子菌亚门 ）

Lentinus edodes （香菇/厚菇）

Agaricus campestris （蘑菇）

Auricularia （木耳）

Tremella （银耳）

(2) Ascomycotina （子囊菌亚门）

Morehella esculenta (L. ) Pers （羊肚菌）

Helvella elastica Bull.∶ Fr. （马鞍菌）

Tuber mdicum cook et Massee （块菌）

Lentinus edodes （香菇/厚菇）

“山珍”、“植物皇后”

Agaricus campestris （蘑菇）

"植物肉"

Auricularia （木耳）

Tremella （银耳）

“菌中之冠” 、“雪耳 ”

Morehella esculenta

(L. ) Pers （羊肚菌）

Helvella elastica

Bull.∶ Fr. （马鞍菌）

Tuber mdicum cook et

Massee （块菌）

“黑色金刚石”

（Ⅲ）Cultivation （Production）

Taking edible mushroom as example

Depend on the mushroom species to be cultivated：

Substrate preparation （培养料预处理）

Inoculation （接种）

Incubation （孵育）

Production conditions （生产条件控制）

Flow chart

1st stage：

obtaining pure mycelium（获取纯种子）

2nd stage：

inoculation（接种）

3rd stage：

culture（种植）

4th stage：

picking and packing（收获）

1st stage：obtaining pure mycelium（获取纯种子）

a. spores

b. a piece of

mushroom

c. Germplasm

providers

2nd stage：inoculation（接种）

d. On cereal grain

（五谷杂粮）

e. Spawn

（菌种体）

f. Inculation of

Bulk substrate

（大批量底物）

2nd stage：inoculation（接种）

3rd stage：culture（种植） depending on species

Tray culture(托盘)

Wall culture(墙架)

Column culture(吊柱)

Bag culture(袋装)

Mound culutre(垛)

Stump culture(树墩)

Log culture(原木)

3rd stage：culture（种植）

4th stage：picking and packing（收获）

Further processing

Overall：

(a) the critical need for food, and in particular for

protein, that exists in many parts of the world;

(b) the economic advantages of microbial

elaboration of foods or vitamins from relatively

inexpensive raw materials;

(c) the reduction of the cost of disposal of

fermentable factory wastes.

Compositional analyses

Health & Nutritional Benefits of Eating Mushrooms

Medicinal application

Soil decontamination， environmental engineering

（Ⅳ）Nutrition Value and other Applications

10%

90%dry matter

water

* Folate (Vitamin B9) - 16.0 mcg 维生素B9

* Niacin (Vitamin B3) - 3.6 mg 维生素B3

* Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) - 1.5 mg 维生素B5

* Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) - 0.4 mg 维生素B2

* Thiamin (Vitamin B1) - 0.1 mg 维生素B1

* Vitamin B6 - 0.1 mg 维生素B6

* Copper - 0.3 mg 铜元素* Iron - 0.5 mg 铁元素* Magnesium - 9.0 mg 镁元素* Phosphorus - 86.0 mg 磷元素* Potassium - 318 mg 钾元素* Selenium - 9.3 mcg 硒元素* Zinc - 0.5 mg 锌元素* Fiber 纤维

100 grams of uncooked, white button

mushrooms contain the following

nutrients:

Compositional analyses (Part1)

Compositional analyses (Part2)

dry weight basis：

（1）19 to 35% protein ， 20% fibre ， 4% carbohydrate ；

（2）all the essential amino acids，especially rich in lysine and leucine

which are lacking in most staple cereal foods（主食谷类食物 ）；

（3） low total fat content；

（4） high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids（多不饱和脂肪酸 ）(72 to 85%) relative to total fatty acids, is considered a significant

contributor to the health value of mushrooms；

（5） good source of vitamins, including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin,

biotin and ascorbic acid；

（6）minerals

Health & Nutritional Benefits of Eating Mushrooms

rich in potassium

less calories good for weight loss

lower blood pressure &

diminished the risk of stroke

rich in copper cardio-protective

Selenium（硒元素） antioxidant & against cancer

stimulation of the immune system

& fighting against AIDS Lentinan（蘑菇多糖 ）

Overall：Their nutritional value can be compared to those of

eggs, milk, and meat (Oei 2003).

From edible to useful mushrooms

Eating mushroom is only one of several significant

potential uses.

Depending on the species, thy can also be used in

medicine, environmental engineering and ecosystem

protection.

Medicinal application

medicinal value being devoid of undesirable side-effects

Mushroom extracts ：antibacterial, hematological, antiviral, antitumor,

hypotensive and hepatoprotective effects

against cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lungs, etc.

Soil decontamination， environmental engineering

able to break down a large number of structurally different

organic substances, including many pollutants that are

difficult to degrade.

able to break down several aromatic

（芳香族） compounds (containing a

benzene（苯） skeleton), such as

vanillic acid（香草酸）, and even

lindane（六六六） and DDT

oyster mushroom

蚝蘑,木牡蛎

谢谢聆听！

Q & A