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R I V E R 2 0 0 2R I V E R 2 0 0 2
AArchitectrchitect Elena PaparizouElena Paparizou BerkeleyBerkeley
EEngineerngineer Paul KulsethPaul Kulseth KansasKansas
CConst. Manageronst. Manager Wendy WangWendy Wang StanfordStanford
OOwnerwner Jonathan WongJonathan Wong
W i n t e r P r e s e n t a t i o nW i n t e r P r e s e n t a t i o n
Thorton-Thorton-Tomasetti Tomasetti EngineersEngineers
The SiteAA
The SiteAA
The SiteAAAccess
The SiteAABuildings
Soil ConditionsSource: Earth Sciences Library and Map Collection on Stanford Campus
EE
Soil Survey for Yolo County :
Well Drained
Nearly Level
Silt Loams to Silty Clay Loams
On Alluvial Fans
Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet
The soil is not affected by seasonal high water table to a depth of 5 feet.
Foundation IssuesDeep Foundation
EE
Proposal :
2-½’ dia. Drilled Shafts for column loads.
Grade Beams for wall loads.
Reasoning :
Earthquake regions may have problems with liquefaction in non-cemented soils, such as alluvial fans.
Bearing Pressure for non-cemented soils is typically between 2000 - 3000 psf.
Building Column
Casing
Rebar Cage
Rock Socket
Loading ConditionsGravity
EEFLOOR DEAD LOAD = 85 psf Lightweight Concrete Slab 40 psf (4" @ 120 pcf)
Estimated Weight of Structure 5 psf (Joists and Beams)
Metal Decking and Flooring 3 psf
Interior Partitions 20 psf
MEP Overhead Systems 10 psf
Suspended Ceiling 2 psf
Cladding 5 psf
FLOOR LIVE LOAD [ 1997 UBC, Table 16-A ]
Office 50 psf
Restrooms 50 psf
Storage ( light ) 125 psf
Classrooms 40 psf
Auditorium ( fixed seating ) 50 psf
Auditorium ( stage area ) 125 psf Exit Facilities 100 psf
ROOF DEAD LOAD
Floor Dead Load
- Interior Partitions
= 65 psf
ROOF LIVE LOAD
[ 1997 UBC, Table 16-C ]
Flat Roof = 20 psf
( < 33% slope )
Loading ConditionsLateral
EE
WIND LOADS [ 1997 UBC ] Exposure "B" [ Section 1616 ]
Basic Wind Speed = 70 mph [ Figure 16-1 ]
Wind Importance Factor (Iw) = 1.00 [ Table 16-K ]
Design Wind Pressure = P = ( Ce ) ( Cq ) ( qs ) ( Iw )
SEISMIC LOADS [ 1997 UBC ] Zone 3 [ Figure 16-2 ]
Soil Profile Type “SD” [ Table 16-J ]
Seismic Importance Factor (Ip) = 1.00 [ Table 16-K ]
1st AlternativeAAOrientation
N
1st AlternativeAAAccess
1st AlternativeAAConcept
100 ft
100 ft
1st AlternativeAAConcept
1st AlternativeAAConcept
1st AlternativeAAConcept
1st AlternativeAAConcept
1st AlternativeAAAdjacencies
1st floor
2nd floor
student offices
chair/senior admin./secretaries
faculty offices
3rd floor
1st AlternativeAAOrganization
1st floor
3rd floor
2nd floorN
student offices
chair/senior admin./secretaries
faculty offices
1st AlternativeAA
1st AlternativeAAFloor Plans
1st floor
3rd floor
2nd floorN
1st AlternativeAASections
1st AlternativeAAElevations & Sketches
South-East North-West
South-West
1st Alternative OptionsStructural Systems
EE
Design Considerations : Curved walls
• Interior and Exterior Non-Intrusive Columns Long spans in Auditorium Loading in Mechanical Room Symmetrical
Option # 1 : Steel Framing Braced Frame Lateral System
Option # 2 : Reinforced Concrete Framing Shear Wall Lateral System Steel support for Auditorium
Steel Option - 1st Alternative1st Floor Plan
EERationale : Ample locations for bracing
Braced Frame vs. Moment
• Reduces overall weight
• Simple connections
Wide, column free Auditorium proposes need for steel trusses.
W10x33
W10x33
LL 3x3x¼
Steel Option - 1st Alternative2nd Floor Plan
EESystem : Steel Framing
Open Web Steel Joists used to support flooring system
Total slab depth = 4” LWC
Non-Composite Metal Decking
• Type 1.0 C 26W16x40
20 K 4 (7.6 lb/ft)
Steel Option - 1st Alternative3rd Floor Plan
EE
W10x19
W16x57
W12x22
Steel Option - 1st AlternativeRoof Plan
EE
Details :
Reduced roof loading allows for greater spacing of joists.
Columns need to be placed within the Faculty Office area due to floor height restrictions.
Option # 1 Advantages :
Rigid, but flexible
Lightweight
Challenging
Opt. # 1 Disadvantages :
Curved Steel Fabrication
Truss DetailPanel Loading
EE
Details :
Faculty Offices above the Auditorium can not utilize similar framing to that in the Auditorium due to ceiling height restrictions.
Inner Column loads are carried by the Truss to the Outer Columns.
RC Option - 1st Alternative3rd Floor Plan
EESystem : Reinforced Concrete Framing
One-Way slab @ 6” NWC
Long spans necessitate similar support above the Auditorium as used in Option # 1
Column and lateral support locations are the same as in Option #1
12” x 12”
h = 10”
20”x10”
20”x10”
RC Option - 1st AlternativeRoof Plan
EE
Details :
Columns again needed in Faculty Office area to reduce span lengths and beam depths.
Option # 2 Advantages :
Curved Walls could be easily done through formwork.
Site AccessSquare Option
CC
Site LayoutSquare Option
CC
Equipment SelectionSquare Option
CC
•Hydraulic Excavator (front shovel & backhoe)
•Dump truck
•Hydraulic mobile crane
•Compactor
•Concrete pump
Constructibility IssuesCC• Curved Form: Steel members must be rolled during fabrication and formwork for concrete must be carefully designed.
• Symmetry allows for repetitious construction and ordering of steel elements; and reuse of formwork is possible for cost savings.
• Installation of trusses will be a challenge due to variable sizes.
Construction MethodsCC• Floor by Floor
Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3
Construction MethodsCC• Floor by Floor
•Phased
Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3
1 1 1
2 23 3
ScheduleCC
Milestone: 1st Floor Deck and Slab
Milestone: 2nd Floor Deck and Slab
Milestone: 3rd Floor Deck and Slab
Finish: 4/21/2016
Cost DistributionCC
Substructure1.4%
Foundations4.3%
Special Construction
3.8%
Electrical10.3%
Mechanical37.2% Conveying
3.6%
Interior Construction
13.7%
Roofing0.8%
Exterior Closure
4.6%
Superstructure20.4%
Steel: $2,946,535
Hybrid: $2,831,030
2nd AlternativeAAOrientation
N
2nd AlternativeAAAccess
2nd AlternativeAAConcept
76 ft
38 ft
76 ft
76 ft
76 ft
38 ft
38 ft
38 ft
2nd AlternativeAAConcept
2nd AlternativeAAConcept
2nd AlternativeAAConcept
2nd AlternativeAAOrganization
1st floor
3rd floor
2nd floor
student offices
chair/senior admin./secretaries
faculty offices
N
2nd AlternativeAA
2nd AlternativeAAFloor Plans
1st floor
3rd floor
2nd floorN
2nd AlternativeAASections
2nd AlternativeAAElevations & Sketches
South-East
North-East
2nd Alternative OptionsStructural Systems
EE
Design Considerations : Regular Grid
Non-Intrusive Columns
Non-Symmetrical
Option # 1 :
Steel Moment Frame
Option # 2 :
Reinforced Concrete Framing
Shear Wall Lateral System
Steel Option - 2nd Alternative1st Floor Plan
EE
Rationale :
Few locations for bracing
Cantilevered, exterior circulation necessitates a stiffer structure.
Regular grid makes steel quick and easy
Wide, column free Auditorium proposes need for steel trusses or deep girders.
W12x50
W10x33
Steel Option - 2nd Alternative2nd Floor Plan
EE
System :
Steel Moment Frame
Open Web Steel Joists used to support flooring system
Total slab depth = 4” LWC
Non-Composite Metal Decking (Type 1.0 C 26)
W18x60
20 K 4 (7.6 lb/ft)
Steel Option - 2nd Alternative3rd Floor Plan
EE
W16x36
Steel Option - 2nd AlternativeRoof Plan
EE
Details :
Reduced roof loading allows for greater spacing of joists.
Option # 1 Advantages :
Rigid, Sturdy
No wall intrusions
Option # 1 Disadvantages :
Heavy
Connections …$$$
RC Option - 2nd Alternative2nd Floor Plan
EE
System :
Reinforced Concrete
Framing
Shear Wall Lateral Support
One-Way slab @ 6” NWC
Column locations are the
same as in Option #1
12” x 12”
h = 10”
18”x16”
16”x14”
RC Option - 2nd AlternativeRoof Plan
EE
Details :
Columns again needed in Faculty Office area to reduce span lengths and structural depths.
2-Way slab above Auditorium (hatched area) needed to support those columns.
Option # 2 Advantages :
Structural Regularity allows for formwork reuse.
Site AccessDouble-Square Option
CC
Site LayoutDouble-Square Option
CC
Equipment SelectionDouble-Square Option
CC
•Hydraulic Excavator (front shovel & backhoe)
•Dump truck
•Tower crane
•Compactor
•Concrete pump
Constructibility IssuesCC
• Shorter spans allow easier construction; rectangular form allows for fairly straightforward construction process.
• No symmetry: Lead to higher costs.
• Consider pre-fabricated concrete elements to shorten construction time.
• Longer boom length required for crane =>more expensive.
Construction MethodsCC• Floor by Floor
Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3
Construction MethodsCC• Floor by Floor
•Phased
1 1 2 21
3
Floor 1 Floor 2 Floor 3
Schedule - SteelCC
Milestone: 1st Floor Deck and Slab
Milestone: 2nd Floor Deck and Slab
Milestone: 3rd Floor Deck and Slab
Finish: 4/21/2016
Schedule - ConcreteCC
Finish: 5/12/2016
Milestone: 1st Floor Deck and Slab
Milestone: 2nd Floor Deck and Slab
Milestone: 3rd Floor Deck and Slab
Cost DistributionCCSteel:
$2,952,709
Concrete: $2,805,125
$2,484,563
$2,946,535$2,831,070
$2,952,709$2,805,125
Budget Square Steel SquareSteel/Concrete
D. SquareSteel
D. SquareConcrete
Cost ComparisonCC
4% Inflation
& Fees Adjusted
Material ComparisonCC
PROS CONS
Steel Faster construction
Expensive,
Lead time
Concrete
(Cast-in-Place)
Cheap,
Flexible formwork
Time
consuming
Concrete
(Prefabricated)
Faster than CIP concrete
Expensive if no regular grid
Team Process & Interaction AA EE CC
Conceptual Sketches
Spatial Organization &
Circulation
Revision/ Redesign
Material Proposal
Constraints & Structural Options
Column Locations & Framing
Refining
Material Stability Issues
Site Constraints &
Considerations
Constructibility Issues
Material Options & Costs
Construction Costs &
Scheduling
Decision Matrix AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Square Base
Double-Square Base
CC
CC
AA
EE
•Symmetrical•Short Construction Time
•Expensive Structural System•Curved form
•Rectangular form•Well-defined grid
•Longer reach for crane
•Much longer construction time with concrete
A A
EE
•Meets Spatial Requirements
•Minimal Circulation
•Floor Plan is crammed•Volume appears too massive
•Circulation as a path
•Interaction between inside and outside
•Spatial requirements are not entirely fulfilled
•Circulation has flaws
•Structural Symmetry•Lateral Support Availability
•Non-Orthogonal Connections•Non-regular column locations
•Regular structural grid•Relatively short spans
•Structural Symmetry•Lateral Support Availability
Proposed Solution
Square Base
11stst Alternative Alternative Provides a challenge for all disciplines
More Learning opportunities
Lessons Learned & Goals
How can we continue our design ?
Utilize available technology more efficiently
Improve and increase communication
Challenge each other
What did we learn ?
Each other’s work habits
How to get the most out of each other
The best ways to convey our ideas
Q U E S T I O N S ?Q U E S T I O N S ?
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