Protest Movements

Protest MovementsProtest Movements

……And their effect(s)And their effect(s)

The Early Civil Rights The Early Civil Rights MovementMovement

President TrumanPresident Truman

• 1946 Truman appoints 1946 Truman appoints the Committee on Civil the Committee on Civil RightsRights

• 1948 Truman 1948 Truman desegregates the armed desegregates the armed services & banned services & banned racial discrimination in racial discrimination in hiring federal hiring federal employeesemployees

African American Civil African American Civil Rights Rights

The roots of a movementThe roots of a movement

Emmett TillEmmett Till• 1955 1955 • 14-year-old 14-year-old • abducted and murdered abducted and murdered

by two white men while by two white men while visiting his uncle in visiting his uncle in LeFlore County, LeFlore County, Mississippi. Mississippi.

• His murder sparked His murder sparked outrage among African outrage among African Americans that helped Americans that helped spur advances in civil spur advances in civil rights.rights.

Brown v. the Board of Education of Brown v. the Board of Education of TopekaTopeka

• May 17, 1954May 17, 1954- Supreme Court Case- Supreme Court Case- Reverses Plessy v. - Reverses Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 (separate Ferguson 1896 (separate but equalbut equal- Chief Justice Earl - Chief Justice Earl Warren Warren

• ““We conclude that in the We conclude that in the field of public education field of public education the doctrine of separate the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. but equal has no place. Separate education Separate education facilities are inherently facilities are inherently unequal.”unequal.”

George E.C. Hayes, George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, Thurgood Marshall, and James Nabrit, and James Nabrit,

congratulating each congratulating each other, following other, following Supreme Court Supreme Court

decision declaring decision declaring segregation segregation

unconstitutional unconstitutional

Separate but equal?Separate but equal?

Separate is inherently unequalSeparate is inherently unequal

Mothers escort their children past white protesters on their way to newly Mothers escort their children past white protesters on their way to newly desegregated Elementary School No. 34 in Baltimore, Maryland. Efforts to desegregated Elementary School No. 34 in Baltimore, Maryland. Efforts to

desegregate schools still faced strong local opposition after the 1954 desegregate schools still faced strong local opposition after the 1954 BrownBrown v. v. Board Board of Educationof Education Supreme Court decision, which declared that racially-based school Supreme Court decision, which declared that racially-based school

segregation was unconstitutional.segregation was unconstitutional.

Rosa ParksRosa Parks• arrested 1st of December arrested 1st of December

1955 1955 • Rosa not the first Rosa not the first

African-American to be African-American to be arrested for this "crime.”arrested for this "crime.”

• first to be arrested who first to be arrested who was well knownwas well known

• once the secretary to the once the secretary to the president of the NAACP president of the NAACP (National Association for (National Association for the Advancement of the Advancement of Colored People). Colored People).

Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. white man.

On December 1, 1955, On December 1, 1955, one voice in one voice in Montgomery, Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama, quietly and resolutely quietly and resolutely said “No.” That single said “No.” That single “no” kindled a fire that “no” kindled a fire that had burned from a had burned from a decades-long tradition decades-long tradition of activism and lit the of activism and lit the way to the most way to the most influential boycott in influential boycott in this nation’s history. this nation’s history.

Rosa ParksRosa Parks

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

• December 2, 1955 Black December 2, 1955 Black Leaders call for a Bus Leaders call for a Bus BoycottBoycott

• Blacks stop taking the Blacks stop taking the busbus- organize carpools- organize carpools- bus line loses money- bus line loses money- downtown stores lose - downtown stores lose moneymoney

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.• Rises to a leadership positionRises to a leadership position• nonviolent protest based onnonviolent protest based on

- Gandhi- Gandhi

- Thoreau- Thoreau

- Christianity- Christianity• leads the SCLCleads the SCLC• Southern Christian Southern Christian

Leadership ConferenceLeadership Conference

The best way to solve any problem is to remove its cause.

Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has

constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue.

Martin Luther King Jr.Martin Luther King Jr.

Boycott EndsBoycott Ends• Supreme Court Rules Supreme Court Rules

the laws the laws unconstitutional and unconstitutional and buses must buses must desegregate!desegregate!- December 1956- December 1956- boycott lasted 13 - boycott lasted 13 monthsmonths

• The bus company The bus company resumes full serviceresumes full service

Martin Luther King Jr. talks to Texas clergyman Glenn Smiley as they ride Martin Luther King Jr. talks to Texas clergyman Glenn Smiley as they ride up front on a Montgomery bus after a United States Supreme Court ruling up front on a Montgomery bus after a United States Supreme Court ruling

brought the Montgomery bus boycott to a successful close.brought the Montgomery bus boycott to a successful close.

Boycott ViolenceBoycott Violence• Someone fires into King’s home Someone fires into King’s home • Five white men attack a 15-year-Five white men attack a 15-year-

old black girl at a Montgomery old black girl at a Montgomery bus stopbus stop

• Rosa Jordan is shot in both legs Rosa Jordan is shot in both legs while riding a Montgomery bus while riding a Montgomery bus

• Four churches and two homes Four churches and two homes are bombed: Bell Street Baptist, are bombed: Bell Street Baptist, Hutchinson Street Baptist, First Hutchinson Street Baptist, First Baptist and Mount Olive Baptist and Mount Olive Baptist, plus the homes of the Baptist, plus the homes of the Revs. Robert Graetz and Ralph Revs. Robert Graetz and Ralph Abernathy. An unexploded Abernathy. An unexploded bomb is found on the porch of bomb is found on the porch of King’s parsonage. King’s parsonage.

The Little Rock Nine The Little Rock Nine

Central High School Little Rock ArkansasCentral High School Little Rock Arkansas

The order to DesegregateThe order to Desegregate• 1957 Central High1957 Central High• Little Rock Nine: nine Little Rock Nine: nine

students chosen To students chosen To desegregate the schooldesegregate the school

• Gov. Orval Faubus calls in Gov. Orval Faubus calls in the National Guard to stop the National Guard to stop themthem

• Eisenhower sends in Eisenhower sends in Federal troops to Federal troops to desegregate the school.desegregate the school.

Students wait beside Students wait beside Arkansas National Guard Arkansas National Guard

troops blocking their troops blocking their admission to Little Rock admission to Little Rock

Central High. Central High.

What do What do you think you think

this this soldier is soldier is thinking?thinking?

Mrs. Margaret Jackson, vice president of Mrs. Margaret Jackson, vice president of the Mothers' League of Central High the Mothers' League of Central High

School:   "we hope to have a big School:   "we hope to have a big demonstration [on Park Street in front of demonstration [on Park Street in front of

the school] to show that the people of the school] to show that the people of Little Rock are still against integration.   Little Rock are still against integration.  

I hope they [Negroes] won't get in." I hope they [Negroes] won't get in."

““It is easy for a court to issue a It is easy for a court to issue a proclamation, but who carries it proclamation, but who carries it

out?” Foley asked. “The out?” Foley asked. “The executive branch carries them executive branch carries them out. But who carries out the out. But who carries out the

executive branch orders? The executive branch orders? The military does.”military does.”

““On the 25th, we gathered at the home of the On the 25th, we gathered at the home of the state president of the NAACP,” Eckford said. state president of the NAACP,” Eckford said. “We were picked up there by the 101st. They “We were picked up there by the 101st. They had gun-mounted jeeps and a military station had gun-mounted jeeps and a military station

wagon. They transported us [to school] for wagon. They transported us [to school] for about a week. And they dispersed the mob. about a week. And they dispersed the mob.

That was the most important thing they did -- That was the most important thing they did -- allowed us the opportunity to get in school.” allowed us the opportunity to get in school.”

Elizabeth EckfordElizabeth Eckford

Governor Faubus Governor Faubus closed schools during closed schools during the 1958-1959 School the 1958-1959 School

year to avoid year to avoid integrationintegration

The Anti-War MovementThe Anti-War Movement

Essential Question: Essential Question: Who were the people that protested the Who were the people that protested the Vietnam War? And Why?Vietnam War? And Why?

Doves questioned the war. They included liberal politicians and students who saw the conflict as a localized civil war.

Hawks supported Johnson’s war policies. They were mostly conservatives who believed the war was crucial to a U.S. Cold War victory.

Doves vs. HawksDoves vs. Hawks

Media’s Impact

• Reporters and television crews went on patrol with the soldiers.

• Television brought scenes of firefights and burning villages into America’s living rooms.

• Criticized the government’s reports about the war

Hawks and Doves

• Doves—people opposed to the war

• Hawks—people who supported the war’s goals

• Both criticized the war effort.

• Hawks wanted more troops and bombing.

• Doves opposed the war for many reasons.

Public Opinion Regarding the Vietnam WarPublic Opinion Regarding the Vietnam War

Antiwar Movement

• Movement attracted a broad range of participants

• Much antiwar activity took place on college campuses.

• Most vocal group—Students for a Democratic Society.

• Antiwar protesters made up a small percentage of the U.S. population.

Reasons that Doves Opposed the WarReasons that Doves Opposed the War

• Argued that Vietnam was not crucial to American Argued that Vietnam was not crucial to American national securitynational security

• Argued that the United States was fighting against Argued that the United States was fighting against the wishes of a majority of Vietnamesethe wishes of a majority of Vietnamese

• Argued that the war was draining needed Argued that the war was draining needed resources from Great Society programs resources from Great Society programs

• Argued that it was unfair for African Americans to Argued that it was unfair for African Americans to fight for democracy in a foreign land when fight for democracy in a foreign land when discrimination continued at homediscrimination continued at home

• Argued that Johnson’s policies were too extremeArgued that Johnson’s policies were too extreme

As more troops died and no clear victory emerged, As more troops died and no clear victory emerged, increasing numbers of Americans opposed the increasing numbers of Americans opposed the Vietnam War.Vietnam War.

Many people opposed the policies of the draft.Many people opposed the policies of the draft.

• More than 1.5 million young men were drafted during the Vietnam War.

• Many argued the draft unfairly gave deferments to students.

• Most of the draftees came from a poor or working-class background.

Public Opinion and Opposition Public Opinion and Opposition

African Americans were African Americans were less likely than whites less likely than whites to become to become commissioned officers. commissioned officers.

They were more likely to They were more likely to serve, and die, in combat serve, and die, in combat positions.positions.

The number of African Americans fighting in Vietnam was The number of African Americans fighting in Vietnam was disproportionately high.disproportionately high.

Public Opinion and Opposition Public Opinion and Opposition

Inequalities in the draft led to widespread Inequalities in the draft led to widespread resistance against the war.resistance against the war.

In 1969, the In 1969, the draft was draft was

restructured to restructured to introduce a introduce a

lottery system.lottery system.

Public Opinion and Opposition Public Opinion and Opposition

Students’ opposition to the war grew.

• Colleges and universities became centers of antiwar activism.

• Most upper middle-class students opposed the war; working-class students generally supported the war.

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) campaigned to end the war in Vietnam.

Public Opinion and Opposition Public Opinion and Opposition

Campus Violence

• Kent State University in Ohio

• 4 students were killed and 9 injured

• Jackson State College in Mississippi

• 2 students were killed and 9 wounded

Antiwar Movement

• Polls showed that fifty percent of Americans opposed the war.

• Coalition of clergy, trade unionists, and veterans established a nationwide day of protest called Moratorium Day.

• 250,000 protesters made up the largest antiwar demonstration in U.S. history.

Increasing ProtestsIncreasing ProtestsRadical Protests

• Some antiwar groups turned to violent measures.

• The Weathermen set off more than 5,000 bombs and carried out the Days of Rage.

• Most antiwar protesters did not support extremist groups or terrorist measures.

• At Kent State University in At Kent State University in Ohio, four students were shot Ohio, four students were shot by National Guardsmen.by National Guardsmen.

• A similar confrontation at A similar confrontation at Jackson State University in Jackson State University in Mississippi left two students Mississippi left two students dead.dead.

• Counterprotests were held by Counterprotests were held by those supporting Nixon and those supporting Nixon and the war efforts.the war efforts.

At home, protests escalated. At home, protests escalated. Public Opinion and Opposition Public Opinion and Opposition

Protest Movements Protest Movements involving Native involving Native

AmericansAmericans

•Loss of Native culture Loss of Native culture & languages, yet kept & languages, yet kept touch with rural touch with rural reservationreservation•Increased contact Increased contact among different tribes; among different tribes; growth of pan-Indian growth of pan-Indian identityidentity•Common experience of Common experience of urban poverty & urban poverty & strugglestruggle•Exposure to civil rights Exposure to civil rights activism, successesactivism, successes

Effects of Urban Relocation, 1960s Effects of Urban Relocation, 1960s

POLITICAL SELF-DETERMINATION POLITICAL SELF-DETERMINATION ERA, 1970s-1980s ERA, 1970s-1980s

American Indian Movement, 1968American Indian Movement, 1968

• Founded at Stillwater Prison; Founded at Stillwater Prison;

inspired by Black Panthersinspired by Black Panthers

• Urban Indians monitored Urban Indians monitored

Minneapolis police brutalityMinneapolis police brutality

on Franklin Avenueon Franklin Avenue

• Made contact with traditionalMade contact with traditional

chiefs on reservations; fusedchiefs on reservations; fused

urban and rural activismurban and rural activism

• Indians of All Tribes Indians of All Tribes occupies abandoned occupies abandoned San Francisco Bay San Francisco Bay prisonprison

• Cites law that unused Cites law that unused federal property federal property reverts to tribesreverts to tribes

• First major national First major national pan-Indian action pan-Indian action

Alcatraz 1969Alcatraz 1969

Trail of Broken Treaties 1972Trail of Broken Treaties 1972• Caravan to Washington, Caravan to Washington,

DC for self-DC for self-determinationdetermination

• Unplanned occupation of Unplanned occupation of BIA headquarters before BIA headquarters before 1972 election1972 election

• Nixon White House Nixon White House embarrassed by clashesembarrassed by clashes

The Feminist The Feminist MovementMovement

The Feminist MovementThe Feminist MovementSuccesses and FailuresSuccesses and Failures

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

–Outlawed job discrimination Outlawed job discrimination on the basis of race, color, on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, AND religion, national origin, AND GENDERGENDER

Women in Women in the US the US

WorkforceWorkforce

Equal Pay ActEqual Pay ActOutlawed paying men more than women Outlawed paying men more than women

for the same jobfor the same job

Wages:Wages: Women vs. MenWomen vs. Men

N.O.W.N.O.W.NNational ational OOrganization for rganization for WWomenomen

• Organized by Betty Friedan and later run Organized by Betty Friedan and later run by Gloria Steinemby Gloria Steinem

• Pushed for a Constitutional Amendment for Pushed for a Constitutional Amendment for women’s rights…the ERAwomen’s rights…the ERA– Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment

Roe Roe vsvs. Wade - 1973. Wade - 1973

• Supreme Court rules that state’s Supreme Court rules that state’s cannot deny women the right to an cannot deny women the right to an abortion in the first 3 month of abortion in the first 3 month of pregnancy. pregnancy.

• After three months the states have the After three months the states have the rights to regulate abortionrights to regulate abortion

Educational Amendments - Educational Amendments - TITLE IX TITLE IX

–Educational Rights for Women. Educational Rights for Women.

–Federally funded schools can not Federally funded schools can not discriminate against women, must discriminate against women, must offer equal opportunities in: offer equal opportunities in: • Admissions Admissions • Course Offerings Course Offerings • Sports Sports

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

Constitutional Amendment for equal Constitutional Amendment for equal rights for women.rights for women.

• Strong Opposition from “Stop-ERA” Strong Opposition from “Stop-ERA” group.group.

Led by Phyllis SchlaflyLed by Phyllis Schlafly

–Why?Why?

Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment

• Didn’t want to lose traditional rights:Didn’t want to lose traditional rights:– Rights to alimonyRights to alimony– Right to single gender collegesRight to single gender colleges– Afraid of being included in DraftsAfraid of being included in Drafts– May eliminate special protections in workforceMay eliminate special protections in workforce

AlsoAlso– Thought it gave Federal Govt too much power Thought it gave Federal Govt too much power

over state rights.over state rights.

Equal Rights AmendmentEqual Rights Amendment

• 10 years of political debate and “fighting”10 years of political debate and “fighting”

• Needs 38 states to ratify to become a Needs 38 states to ratify to become a Constitutional AmendmentConstitutional Amendment

• In 1982 it finally comes to a vote.In 1982 it finally comes to a vote.

»…….FAILS.FAILS

Immigration Reform Immigration Reform MovementsMovements

Latinos Migrate Latinos Migrate to Americato America

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WWII brings WWII brings opportunity for farming opportunity for farming in southwestin southwestEconomic problems bring Economic problems bring Puerto Ricans to NYPuerto Ricans to NY

Communism (Castro) Communism (Castro) brings Cubans to Miamibrings Cubans to Miami

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César ChávezCésar ChávezFought for better working conditions Fought for better working conditions

UNITED FARM WORKERS (UFW)UNITED FARM WORKERS (UFW)

Boycotted grapes in CaliforniaBoycotted grapes in California

- 17 million citizens participated -- 17 million citizens participated -

Four years later they received higher wages Four years later they received higher wages and better working conditionsand better working conditions

Questions?Questions?