THE MIGRANT EMPOWERED

THE CULTURE OF PROTEST

OUTLINE• HISTORY OF FILIPINO MIGRANT

MOVEMENTS

• TRANSFORMING/CONTINUING A MOVEMENT

• INTERNATIONALIZING A MOVEMENT

• THE CULTURE OF PROTEST

HISTORY OF MIGRANT MOVEMENTS

• THE ILUSTRADO MOVEMENT IN SPAIN

• THE FARM WORKERS’ MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

• MOVEMENTS FOR HISTORY AND IDENTITY

• DIASPORA NATIONALISM

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT IN SPAIN 1872-1892

ILUSTRADOS

REPRESENTATION OF THE PHILIPPINES IN THE SPANISH PARLIAMENT

SECULARIZATION OF CLERGY

LEGALIZATION OF SPANISH AND FILIPINO EQUALITY

CREATION OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM FREE OF FRIARS

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

ABOLITION OF FORCED LABOR

ABOLITION OF FORCED SALE OF LOCAL PRODUCTS

FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND ASSOCIATION

EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES GOVT SERVICE

JOSE RIZAL

NOVELS “Noli Me Tangere” or “Touch Me Not”

“El Filibusterismo” or “The Subversive”

Essays on race, language, and nationalism – scientific arguments

LA SOLIDARIDAD 2/15/1889 – 11/ 15/1895

7 VOLUMES, 160 ISSUES

EDITORS GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA and MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

15TH AND LAST DAY, 12 -16 PAGES

LA SOLIDARIDAD

• All Filipino org est. Dec. 1988

• First president Galicano Apacible

• Rizal – honorary president

• Rival organization for Miguel Morayta’s Spanish Orient of Freemasonry

EXECUTION OF RIZAL

THE USE OF THE LETTER K

• “K” has a value more fixed than c and q• It also facilitates the grammatical

formulation of verbs whose roots begin with “ka” and “ku.”

• Also, the Tagalog syllables ka, ki, ko, ku do not sound the same as the Spanish ca, qui, co, qu, because the Tagalog “k” is subtly aspirated;

K and Nationalism

“ K is for De-Kolonization: Anti-Colonial Nationalism and Orthographic Reform” in Comparative Studies in Society and History 2007; 49 (4) 938-967

By MEGAN THOMAS

THOMAS’S ASSERTIONS

• 1892, official Katipunan documents appeared using the letter K

• Their orthographic choices suggested a continuity between those who advocated the new orthography in 1899 and the Katipunan leaders-- ideology related not divorced

• Use of K in emblem exploited symbolic significance -- “flagging the nation”

THOMAS QUOTING KATHRYN WOOLARD, 1998

• “In countries where identity and nation are under negotiation, every aspect of language, including its graphic representation, can be contested. This means that orthographic systems… are symbols that themselves carry cultural, historical and political meanings.” Woolard 1898, “Language Ideology as a Field of Inquiry.”

First flag sewn by Benita Rodriguez with Gregoria de Jesus

FLAG USED BY SOME MEMBERS

BONIFACIO’S PERSONAL FLAG

NEW SYMBOLS

MAGDALO FLAG -- FIRST OFFICIAL BANNER

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT NOTES

• Movement of the educated elite

• Relationship to the revolution

• Continuity through the letter K

STRUGGLE OF FARM WORKERS

PAJARO VALLEY, 1939

PHILIP VERA CRUZ (1904-1994)CO-FOUNDER OF AGRICULTURAL WORKERS; ORGANIZING COMMITTEE WHICH MERGED WITH THE NATIONAL FARM WORKERS ASSOCIATION TO FORM THE UNITED FARM WORKERS .

WAS LONG TIME VICE-PRESIDENT

GREAT DELANO GRAPE STRIKE

• “On Sept 8, 1965, at the Filipino Hall at 1457 St. in Delano, the Filipino members of AWOC held a mass meeting to discuss and decide whether to go on strike or to accept wages proposed by the growers…

PHILIP VERA CRUZ’S WORDS

• “…The decision was “to strike” and it became one of the most significant and famous decisions ever made in the history of the farmworkers’ struggles in California. It was like an incendiary bomb, exploding out the strike message to the workers…

VERA CRUZ’S WORDS

• “… in the vineyards, telling them to have sit-ins in the labor camps, and set up picket lines at every grower’s ranch. It was this strike that eventually made the UFW, the farm workers’ movement and Cesar Chavez, famous worldwide.

NEW UNION

GROWERS’ ATTEMPT TO BRING IN MEXICAN AMERICAN WORKERS

MEETING BETWEEN NATIONAL FARM WORKERS AND NATIONAL FARM LABOR UNION – VERA CRUZ, LARRY ITLIONG, AND PETE VELASCO

BOTH UNIONS JOINED

WHY REMEMBER VERA CRUZ

• Symbol of resistance

• Countered assimilationist desires

• Important to second-generation Filipino Americans

• Less known than Cesar Chavez – reclaiming history

CONTINUING/TRANSFORMING A

MOVEMENT

THE BAYBAYIN SCRIPT

Variety of Letter Shapes-- from Scott’s 1984 study of

Santamaria’s book 1938

INTERNATIONALIZING A MOVEMENT

• THE CONCEPTS OF COSMOPOLITANISM AND NATIONALISM

• DIASPORA NATIONALISM

• MIGRANT ORGANIZING

MIGRANTE AUSTRALIA

KASAMMA KO --KOREA

• ROOTS IN THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT OF INTELLECTUALS

• FARM WORKERS

• THE RADICALIZED MIGRANT

• THE SECOND GENERATION FILIPINO-AMERICAN’S JOURNEY

• DIASPORA NATIONALISM